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Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers
Graduate School
1985
Isotonic and isokinetic training effect on vertical
jump performance
Sarah D. Novak
The University of Montana
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ISOTONIC AND ISOKINETIC TRAINING EFFECT
ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE
by
Sarah D. Novak
B .S ., Baylor U n iv e rs ity , 1978
Presented in p a r t ia l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the requirements
f o r the degree of
Master o f Science
U n ive rsity of Montana
1985
Approved by
ïirp e rs o n . Board o f Examint
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Novak, Sarah D.
Physical Education
Isotonic and Is o k in e tic Training E ffe c t on
V e rtic a l Jump Performance (51 pp.)
D ire c to r:
Dr. Kathleen M ille
The purpose of the study was to compare isotonic and
is o k in e tic weight tr a in in g and t h e i r e f f e c t on leg power in
women basketball players. A m odification o f the v e r tic a l jump
and reach te s t was the instrument chosen to measure the v e r tic a l
jumps o f each subject in th is in v es tig atio n . Fourteen women
basketball players o f the 1983-1984 Cornell College
in t e r c o lle g ia t e team ranging in age from 18 to 21 years served
as subjects.
Seven subjects were randomly selected f o r each experimental
tr a in in g group, isotonic and is o k in e tic . The programs were held
over a consecutive six week period. Each subject's v e rtic a l
jump height was obtained ju s t p r io r to the s t a r t of the tra in in g
period and again a t the conclusion o f the program. Six t r i a l s
o f v e r t ic a l jump height fo r each subject were administered
during the pre and p o s t-te s t.
An average v e rtic a l jump (in inches) o f the f i r s t three t r i a l s
and the la s t three t r i a l s was used fo r computation o f t e s t r e te s t r e l i a b i l i t y .
The c o rre la tio n c o e ff ic ie n t o f the
m odification o f the v e r tic a l jump and reach te s t was found to be
s ig n ific a n t .
A o n e -ta ile d t - t e s t fo r dependent samples was used to compare
mean v e rtic a l jump scores of both experimental tra in in g groups
before and a f t e r the six week tra in in g period. No s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e was found in the is o k in e tic group. A s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e at the .05 level and greatest v e r tic a l jump gains
were found in the isotonic exercise group. Each experimental
exercise groups' mean v e r tic a l gains were compared to those of
the group as a whole and no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e was found. A
f i n a l s t a t i s t i c a l analysis showed no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe ren c e when
the mean v e rtic a l jump gains o f the tra in in g groups were
compared.
The te s tin g instrument was found to be a r e lia b le measure of
explosive leg power. V e rtic a l jump gains were evidenced in both
tr a in in g groups. The greatest gains were found in the isotonic
t r a in in g group, but n e ith e r group was shown to be more
e f f e c t iv e in production o f explosive leg power.
n
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A special thank you to the members o f the committee. Dr. Kathleen
M i l l e r , Dr. Gary Nygaard, and Dr. John Hunt, f o r t h e i r time spent and
professional expertise in the reviewing of th is in v e s tig a tio n .
A very
sincere appreciation to Dr. M i l l e r , chairperson, f o r handling a l l
correspondence since I was away from campus and her time spent
reading.
The author wishes to thank my t y p i s t , Lori Reihle, f o r her
prompt, accurate and professional work.
Also, f o r spending the extra
time helping me learn how to use the word processor.
To E llen Whale,
a colleague, I am g ra te fu l fo r her encouragement, persistence and
b e l i e f in the study and in v es tig ato r.
A f i n a l thank you to my
husband, M a rtin , f o r his a c tiv e help w ith the study and his patience
and understanding during the period o f the study.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... i i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................i l i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... vi
Chapter
I.
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM............................................................ 3
DEFINITION OF TERMS......................................................................3
THE HYPOTHESIS.................................................................................... 5
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................ 5
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.............................................................6
DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY....................................................... 6
II.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE..........................................................................8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTONIC
AND ISOKINETIC CONTRACTIONS............................................... 8
EFFECTS OF RESISTIVE LOADS OF ISOTONIC AND
ISOKINETIC TRAINING ON STRENGTH GAINS........................ 10
VERTICAL JUMP TEST AS A MEASURE OF POWER........................15
EFFECTS OF ISOTONIC AND ISOKINETIC TRAINING
ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE........................................ 19
SUMMARY...............................................................................................23
III.
RESEARCH PROCEDURES .................................................................... 24
SELECTION OF THE SUBJECTS...................................................... 24
SELECTION OF THE EQUIPMENT..................................................... 25
TESTING PROCEDURES........................................................................ 26
TREATMENT OF THE DA TA ............................
30
IV.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .................................................. 32
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS................................................................... 32
INTERPRETATION................................................................................. 37
SUMMARY OF RESULTS....................................................................... 39
V.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... 40
SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 40
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 43
RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 45
iv
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APPENDICES.................................................................................................................... 49
A.
SUBJECTS' DATA CARD........................................................................... 49
B.
ISOTONIC EXPERIMENTALTRAINING GROUP
PROGRAM SHEET .................................................................................. 50
C.
ISOKINETIC EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING GROUP
PROGRAM SHEET .................................................................................. 51
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1. INDIVIDUAL TEST SCORES, GAINS. MEANSCORES................................. 33
2. PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS fo r WHOLE GROUP and
EACH EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.................................................................. 35
3. t-TEST COMPARING
o f ISOKINETIC
GROUPS BEFORE
EXPERIMENTAL
the MEAN VERTICAL JUMP SCORES
and ISOTONIC EXPERIMENTAL
TRAINING PERIOD to SAME
GROUPS AFTER TRAINING PERIOD.............................35
4. t-TEST COMPARING the MEAN VERTICAL JUMP SCORES
o f EACH EXPERIMENTAL GROUP'S GAINS AFTER
TRAINING PERIOD to the GAINS of the GROUP
as a WHOLE AFTER TRAINING PERIOD
....................................... 36
5. t-TEST COMPARING VERTICAL JUMP GAINS o f
ISOKINETIC EXPERIMENTAL GROUP and ISOTONIC
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP ......................................................................... 37
VI
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
As the years progress and more people accept the f a c t th a t women
can p a rt ic ip a t e in a com petitive manner in a t h l e t i c s , more in t e r e s t is
generated toward development o f g rea ter opportun ities f o r p a rtic p a tio n .
With the le g is la t io n o f Federal T i t l e IX , the i n i t i a l funding was
provided fo r these g re a te r opportun ities.
This i n i t i a l funding,
consequently, increased o pportunities and gave r is e to public exposure
and acceptance o f women's p a rtic ip a tio n in a th le t ic s .
Research evidence
has helped e lim in a te the e a r ly myths o f physical i n a b i l i t i e s ,
psychological c h a r a c te r is tic s , s tru c tu ra l and behavioral d iffe re n c e s ,
and c u ltu r a l values th a t kept female a th le te s from t h e i r sporting
a c tiv itie s .
These extended opp ortun ities f o r highly s k ille d women in a t h le t ic s
require e f f e c t iv e methods o f tr a in in g fo r competition a t high le v e ls
(Van Oteghen, 1975).
An increase in o v e ra ll muscular strength a t these
com petitive lev els has been shown to improve performance.
In addition
to helping performance, continued in t e r e s t in strength tr a in in g o ffe rs :
(1) a cosmetic value o f a f i r m l y muscled body; and (2) strength
necessary f o r various tasks in day-to-day l i v i n g (Hinson and
Rosentswieg,
1972).
U n til recent years there were two popular methods of r e s is tiv e
e x ercise , isom etric and iso ton ic.
Isom etric or s t a t ic contraction,
means th a t tension is developed but there is no change in the external
length o f the muscle (Mathew and Fox, 1976).
Isotonic or dynamic
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co n traction produces a muscle shortening w hile l i f t i n g a constant
resistance w ith muscle tension varying somewhat over a f u l l range o f
motion (Mathews and Fox, 1976).
also has i t s disadvantages.
As each program has i t s advantages, i t
The major concern w ith an iso ton ic program
is th a t i t is lim ite d to a maximal tension demand on a muscle or muscle
group, which can only occur a t the extremes in the range o f motion
(Pipes and Wilmore, 1975).
Isom etric exercises perm it the muscle to
development near maximum tension, but in only one position w ith no
mechanical work being performed and the speed co n tro lled a t zero (Hisiop
and P e rrin e ,
1967).
I f the amount o f resistance created is proportional to the amount
o f muscular force exerted throughout the f u l l range of motion,
is o k in e tic exercise is performed (M offroid and others, 1969 and Van
Oteghen, 1975).
This allow s f o r f u l l muscular force p o te n tial
throughout the range o f motion, but w ithout p e rm ittin g acceleration
(Hislop and P errin e, 1967).
a t v a ria b le speeds.
The amount o f resistance created can occur
Research has shown th a t approximating the speed o f
power tr a in in g to the speed o f the a t h l e t i c performance may prove
important in terms o f s p e c i f i c i t y o f tr a in in g .
Most isotonic procedures
r a r e ly exceed 60 degrees per second, w hile most movements in a t h l e t i c
events require a lim b speed in excess o f 90 degrees per second (Pipes
and Wilmore, 1975).
The d i f f i c u l t y comes in try in g to approximate speed
o f t r a in in g to the speed o f performance.
Most o f the research comparing is o m e tric , is o to n ic , and is o k in e tic
t r a in in g methods have shown strength gain in a l l th re e , w ith a
preference fo r is o k in e tic s (Rosentswieg and Hinson,
1972).
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L ittle
research has been completed w ith women as subjects u t i l i z i n g the
Universal Gym leg press and Mini-Gym Leaper equipment.
There also has
been lim ite d data co lle cte d in d ic a tin g th a t a s p e c ific performance task
may b e n e fit from power t r a in in g , such as the v e r t ic a l jump, which is
im portant to many a t h l e t i c events.
The speed a t which the task is
performed in re la tio n s h ip to the t r a in in g speed is also an area of
lim it e d research.
The purpose o f t h is study is to compare iso ton ic and is o k in e tic
weight tr a in in g and t h e i r e f f e c t on leg power w ith the speed o f both
t r a in in g programs approximating the speed o f women performing the
v e r tic a l
jump.
Statement o f the Problem
The purpose o f th is study was to compare isotonic and is o k in e tic
weight tr a in in g and t h e i r e f f e c t on leg power in women basketball
players.
The speed of both tr a in in g programs approximates the speed of
the women performing the v e r t ic a l jump as i f rebounding.
in v e s tig a tio n sought to examine:
This
Is the iso to n ic leg press performed on
the Universal Gym or the is o k in e tic jumping exercise on the Leaper by
Mini-Gym, Incorporated more e f f e c t iv e in improving v e r tic a l jump?
D e fin itio n of Terms
The fo llo w in g terms w ith common d e f in itio n s from relevan t
l i t e r a t u r e have been provided fo r c l a r i t y in the study:
1)
Progressive Resistance Exercise - resistance against the muscle
is increased throughout the course o f the program as the muscle gains in
strength and endurance.
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2) Isom etric Contraction - tension is developed but there is no
change in the length o f the muscle.
3) Isotonic Contraction - the muscle shortens w ith varying tension
w hile l i f t i n g a constant load.
4) Is o k in e tic Contraction - the tension developed by the muscle
w hile shortening is maximal over the f u l l range o f motion.
5) Eccentric Contraction - muscle lengthens w hile contracting.
6) S ta t ic Contraction - another term f o r iso m etric contraction.
7) Constant Resistance - resistance remains unchanged throughout
the range of motion.
8) Accommodating Resistance - resistance is adjusted to equate the
force applied by a muscle or muscle group throughout the range o f
motion.
9) Overload - progressively increasing the in te n s ity of the
workouts over the course o f the tr a in in g program as fitn e s s capacity
Improves.
10) S p e c if ic it y o f Training - a tr a in in g program developed to achieve a
s p e c ific a c t i v i t y or s k i l l and tax the energy systems involved during
the performance.
11) Universal Centurion M u lt i- S ta t io n Machine - an apparatus containing
a number o f exercise sta tio n s designed to involve physical l i f t i n g or
p u llin g o f an object to a predetermined p osition and then returnin g i t
to i t s o r i g i n a l p o s i t i o n , thus producing i s o t o n i c c o n t r a c t io n .
leg press is one such exercise.
12) Mini-Gym (MGI) 16XB Leaper - an apparatus designed fo r the
development o f leg d rive and speed through is o k in e tic contractions.
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The
13) V e rtic a l Jump and Reach Test - a t e s t o f power measuring the
d iffe re n c e between a person's standing reach and the height to which the
in d iv id u a l can jump and reach.
14) Power - performance o f work expressed per u n it o f time.
15) Absolute Strength - the measurement is scored in terms o f the
amount o f weight l i f t e d .
16) Set - a group o f work and re s t in te rv a ls .
17) R epetition - the number o f work in te r v a ls w ith in one set.
18) R epetition Maximum - maximal load th a t a muscle group can l i f t
over a given number o f r e p e titio n s before fa tig u in g .
The Hypothesis
There is no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e in v e r t ic a l jump gains between
the experimental iso ton ic tr a in in g group and the experimental is o k in e tic
t r a in in g group o f the 1983-84 Cornell College women basketball players.
Importance o f the Study
Although strength gains have been shown to e x is t from both modes o f
t r a in i n g , no s ig n if ic a n t c o rre la tio n has been found between the two
modes as measured by v e r t ic a l jump gains.
The lack o f research
regarding tra in in g speed and the use o f female subjects is also an issue
to be examined.
The desire o f the in v e s tig a to r was to make a s ig n if ic a n t contribu­
tio n to the research o f the area o f weight t r a in in g and i t s re la tio n s h ip
to v e r t ic a l jump gains in women.
I f a precise weight tra in in g program
could be ascertained, including tr a in in g speed and mode, p r o fit a b le
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gains In v e r tic a l jumping a b i l i t y w i l l m a t e r ia liz e .
This re la tio n s h ip
may also allow f o r coaches and players to enhance the s k i l l of
rebounding in the game o f basketball.
An opportunity may also be
provided f o r fu rth e r research in the inconclusive area o f tr a in in g
speed.
lim ita t io n s o f the Study
The fo llo w in g lim it a t io n s should be considered when in te rp re tin g
the find in g s o f t h is study:
1) The sample size was small in comparison to the to ta l population
o f women basketball players.
2) The subjects' d a ily a c t i v i t i e s were not contro lled .
3) The time and s itu a tio n under which the v e r t ic a l jump t e s t was
administered was not completely co n tro lled .
One subject was unable to
meet a t the prescribed time fo r the p o s t-te s t.
th a t same day.
She was tested e a r l i e r
The te s tin g area was not closed to other occupants
during both te s tin g periods.
4) The subjects' actual workout period and the time in which i t
took place during the day was not co n tro lled .
D e lim ita tio n s o f the Study
The study consists o f the fo llo w in g d e lim ita tio n s :
1) The subjects were women basketball players who competed fo r
Cornell College during the 1983-84 season (N=14).
2) Explosive leg power, evidenced by gains in v e r tic a l jumping
a b i l i t y , was measured by a m odification o f the v e r t ic a l jump and reach
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te s t.
3)
The sample was lim it e d to the 1983-84 women basketball players
a t Cornell College.
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CHAPTER I I
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Advantages and P isadvan tag es o f Is o t o n ic
and Is o k in e tic C o n tr a c tio n s
As e a r ly as 1897 i t was s c i e n t i f i c a l l y shown, by Morpurgo, th a t a
d ir e c t re la tio n s h ip existed between increased muscle size and strength.
Increases in strength and muscle size are regulated by s tim u li o f
continued stress to the muscle groups.
S tim u li o f muscle contractions
produced from normal d a i ly a c t i v i t i e s may not be s u f f ic ie n t enough to
maintain strength l e t alone aid in the development o f maximum strength
(M u lle r ,
1970 and Hinson and Rosentswieg, 1972).
This overload
p r in c ip le was encountered as e a r ly as 1919 by Lange.
The r e s is tiv e load to develop maximum strength in an in d ivid u al is
adjusted according to the amount o f weight th a t th a t s p e c ific in d ivid u al
can l i f t .
Maximum strength is also influenced by the in d iv id u a l's
demands o f a job or d a i ly l iv i n g habits.
also found in weight tra in in g .
This concept of s p e c i f ic it y is
S p e c if ic it y in strength building must
sim ulate conditioning o f the exercise program th a t w i l l be encountered
in a t h l e t i c a c t i v i t y (Councilman, 1969).
The importance of s p e c i f ic it y
is obvious because o f the increase o f functional capacities of f i b e r
types as w ell as strength development s p e c ific to j o i n t angle o f train ed
muscle groups.
" S p e c ific ity was fu r th e r evidenced by the f a c t th a t
iso m e tric programs w i l l increase isom etric strength more than they w i l l
iso to n ic strength and vice-versa.
The same applies to isom etric versus
is o k in e tic versus eccen tric programs (Mathews and Fox, 1976)."
8
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An isotonic program's major advantage to th a t o f an isom etric
program is the e f f e c t o f muscle shortening during contraction.
The
fo llo w in g are other noted advantages of an iso to n ic program:
(1)
More strength gains shown
(2)
Some aid to endurance performances
(3)
Strength b u i l t a t a l l j o i n t angles
(Corbin and others,
1981).
The newest type o f weight t r a in in g , is o k in e t ic , appears to have a
number o f favorable advantages over i t s predecessor, isotonic.
major b e n e fit is the accommodating resistance to muscular force.
The
Others
include:
(1)
Muscle soreness diminished
(2)
Mechanical device fo r immediate reward
(3)
Biomechanical facto rs
(4)
Physiological facto rs
(5)
Time saver
(T h is t le and others,
1967).
In conventional strength tr a in in g , or fre e weights, a person is
lim it e d to maximum resistance th a t can be l i f t e d regardless o f the angle
o f p u ll.
Therefore, equal
range o f motion.
V ariab le
strength is not developed throughout af u l l
isotonics provide additional resistance as
one's s k e le ta l leverage improves (MGI S trength/Fitness Systems, 1980).
For example, the strongest range o f the s i t t i n g leg press is the
extended range.
This concept provides l i t t l e e f f e c t on strength
development though, i f the middle ranges are the strongest.
The greatest strength
development and gains as a re s u lt of
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r e s i s t i v e exercise have been shown to p a r a lle l functional a c t i v i t y .
Too
much emphasis has been on isotonic methods f o r development o f absolute
strength and not enough on is o k in e tic methods and the development of
power (H a ilin g and Dooley,
1979).
Strength gains are apparent in a l l the previously mentioned modes,
but is o k in e tic helps dim inish muscle soreness due to the lack of
eccen tric contraction allo w in g the muscles to re la x between re p e titio n s .
The equipment is safe, as the b u i l t - i n governor au to m atic ally adjusts to
fa tig u in g muscles.
I t also saves time because l i t t l e or no warm-up is
necessary and everyone can progress q uickly through a workout because no
adjustment o f resistance needs to be made.
Since strength is s p e c ific and not general, is o k in e tic exercise can
be performed to sim ulate exact movements o f one's sport a c t i v i t y .
sport has a combination of endurance and speed.
Every
More than any other
piece o f tra in in g equipment, the MGI, w ith f a s t speeded work tra in s the
muscle to react quicker and fa s te r (MGI Strength/Fitness Systems,
1980).
E ffects o f R esistive Loads o f Isotonic and Is o k in e tic
T raining on Strength Gains
The e a r l i e s t and most successful attem pt a t organizing dynamic
resistance tra in in g loads was by Delorme and Watkins. I t simply involved
three sets of exercise a t heavy resistance moved through a range of
motion 10 consecutive times (Delorme and Watkins, 1948, Pipes, 1977 and
Sharkey, 1979).
Several other in v es tig ato rs followed with supporting
evidence as well as other e f f e c t iv e means to fu r t h e r increase strength.
One such author was Berger.
His study showed th a t strength can be s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased by a
10
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progressive weight tr a in in g program w ith maximum strength developed
fo llo w in g six maximum re p e titio n s f o r three sets, t r i- w e e k ly f o r 12
weeks (Berger, 1962).
This suggests th a t the closer one works to his
maximal strength, re s u lts in strength gains are g re a tly enhanced.
A major problem incurred by Berger was th a t most a th le te s were r a r e ly
able to maintain maximal contraction more than once.
Therefore i t
became necessary to decrease resistance in order to increase re p e titio n s
to enable the movement o f the constant resistance through the f u l l range
o f motion.
To date, a popular isotonic program is tw o -th ird s to th ree -
fourths o f maximum f o r three sets o f six to e ig h t re p e titio n s , three or
four times per week which continues to provide maximal re s u lts (Hinson
and Rosentswieg,
1972).
The accommodation resistance mode (is o k in e tic ) combines the best o f
the other modes; maximal force and f u l l range o f motion (Sharkey, 1979).
In a d d itio n , i t provides the opportunity to overload the muscle or
muscle groups near maximum resistance w hile c o n tro llin g the v e lo c ity
(Pipes,
1977).
Both isotonic and is o k in e tic modes place demands on
absolute strength w hile the amount o f resistance is controlled in
iso to n ic and speed is c o n tro lled in is o k in e tic .
As mentioned e a r l i e r
the speed o f tra in in g needs to match the speed o f performance (Pipes and
Wilmore,
1975).
In conventional iso to n ic procedures, limb speed ra re ly exceeds 60
degrees o f movement per second, w hile during most a t h l e t i c events limb
speed exceeds 90 degrees o f movement per second and some events exceed
200 degrees per second.
Is o k in e tic equipment provides degree o f limb
movement from zero to 270 degrees per second.
A fa s t set on is o k in e tic
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equipment is an approximate two second completion fo r an exercise and a
slow set is approximately a four second completion (Van Oteghen,
1975).
In terms o f degrees o f limb movement, a f a s t set is 136 degrees per
second compared to 24 degrees per second (Pipes and Wilmore,
1975).
Since the is o k in e tic mode is f a i r l y new, a l o t o f uncertainty s t i l l
ex is ts as to the number of re p e titio n s and sets to be performed.
L it e r a tu r e from the middle 1970's seems to in d ic a te th a t f a s t speed sets
demonstrate s ig n if ic a n t increases in the exercise performed, but
r e s is tiv e tra in in g loads are not as w ell defined.
In Pipes' and
Wilmore's 1975 study w ith is o k in e tic r e s is t iv e tr a in in g loads, the fa s t
set group performed 15 r e p e titio n s fo r three sets w hile the slow group
went e ig h t re p e titio n s f o r three sets t r i- w e e k ly .
In one o f the f i r s t
studies to involve females, the two is o k in e tic tr a in in g groups, slow and
fa s t speed, performed three sets of 10 re p e titio n s three days a week f o r
eig h t weeks (Van Oteghen, 1975).
An extensive study in 1977 involving
females used a tr a in in g program o f eig h t re p e titio n s f o r three sets
three days a week (Copeland,
1977).
During a period from 1978-1980 a number o f new studies were
completed a f t e r using is o k in e tic equipment.
The number o f sets and
weekly workouts remained s im ila r to past studies, but the number o f
re p e titio n s increased.
Exercises were performed using 20 to 35
re p e titio n s during a sp e cifie d time frame (Spielman, 1978 and H e llin g ,
1980).
This is an in d ic a tio n o f the d i f f i c u l t y in try in g to
approximate tra in in g speed o f a t h l e t i c performances.
R esistive tr a in in g loads fo r the iso ton ic mode have brought fo rth
increases in some a t h l e t i c performances.
V e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y
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demonstrated increases o f one cen tim eter to 12 centim eters as measured
by the standing Sargent Jump & Reach and one to 14 cen tim eter gains
measured by the running Sargent (Chui, 1950).
In 1963, two dynam ically
weight tra in e d (is o to n ic ) groups showed s ig n ific a n t increases in
v e r tic a l jumping a b i l i t y as compared to a s t a t ic or is o m e tric , and
control groups (Berger, 1963).
By means o f a series o f exercises; bench
press, biceps c u r l, leg press, and bent rowing, increases in iso to n ic
s ta t ic strength measurements were found in a l l exercise movements
although there was no s ig n ific a n t increase in motor performance (Pipes
and W ilmore, 1975).
Is o k in e tic and is o to n ic tra in in g have shown increases in strength
as w ell as motor performances.
Strength gains, determined by e le c tr ic a l
a c t i v i t y present in the muscle during co n tra c tio n , on maximum
performance o f the bicep b rac h ii ind icated s ig n ific a n tly more e le c tr ic a l
a c t i v i t y during is o k in e tic c o n trac tio n , im plying th a t more muscle work
was required to perform the exercise , th e re fo re producing g rea ter
strength gains (Hinson and Rosentswieg, 1972).
to ta l work o f the quadricep fem oris muscle.
Another study measured
Results showed higher
scores from accommodating re s is tiv e exercise than constant re s is tiv e
exercise (T h is tle and o th e rs,
1967).
Since speed is the most in d e fin ite concept in is o k in e tic tra in in g a
number o f authors have looked a t the idea in re la tio n to motor
performance.
Based on a v e rtic a l jump t e s t , the slow and fa s t mean
measurements were not great enough to d if f e r e n t ia t e s ig n ific a n tly in
fa v o r o f one speed although the two groups showed s ig n ific a n t superior
gains to the control group (Van Oteghen, 1975).
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A s im ila r re s u lt was seen in a 1980 study where is o k in e tic torque
a t two speeds was re la te d to the v e r tic a l jump.
an Orthotron Cybex,
The group was tested on
Three t r i a l s were given a t each speed, 30 degrees
per second and 180 degrees per second, w ith 15 second recovery periods
between t r i a l s .
The best score was used fo r the s t a t is t ic a l analysis.
The fo llo w in g exercises were performed:
fle x io n , then p la n ta r fle x io n .
leg extension follow ed by leg
Each o f these were performed a t 30
degrees per second fo llow ed by 180 degrees per second.
The highest
c o rre la tio n s found between v e rtic a l jump and is o k in e tic torque involved
the fa s t speed.
On leg extension a c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n t o f .587 was
found, .445 on leg fle x io n and .502 on p la n ta r fle x io n .
Even though
these c o rre la tio n s were shown to be s ig n ific a n t, Genuario and Dolgener
questioned i f torque was fu n c tio n a lly re la te d to v e rtic a l jumping
a b ility
(Genuario and Dolgener,
1980).
Pipes' and Wilmore's re s u lts showed a l l exercise movements were
Increased s ig n ific a n tly a t the .05 lev el in the high group (136 degrees
lim b movement per second) over the low group (24 degrees lim b movement
per second).
The is o k in e tic high speed ind icated a s ig n ific a n tly
g re a te r increase in the leg press exercise and v e rtic a l jump.
Kehl
re a ffirm e d th is concept in 1977 when he found 2.18 inches o f increase in
v e r tic a l jumping a b i l i t y in a group perform ing two sets of 30
re p e titio n s fo r a s ix week exercise period perform ing two fe e t per
second compared to a 1.3 inch gain on two sets o f 10 re p e titio n s a t one
fo o t per second (Kehl,
1977).
High speed exercise produced increases in muscular force a t a l l
speeds o f contraction u n lik e low speed (M o ffro id and Whipple,
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1970).
High speed is o k in e tic exercises increased strength a t a l l lim b speeds
in d ic a tin g th a t high speed appears to be the p referred method fo r
maxim izing change (Pipes and Wilmore, 1975).
Although lit e r a t u r e has
shown s ig n ific a n t strength gains and motor performance improvement
w ith constant and accommodating re s is ta n ce, la rg e r gains have been
accessed w ith accommodating.
V e rtic a l Jump Test as a Measure o f Power
Sargent, in 1921, developed a new te s t ca lle d "The Physical
Test o f Man".
Sargent was concerned th a t the physical measure o f man
was not always an in d ic a tio n o f his p o te n tia l power (Sargent,
1921).
Other co n trib u tin g fa c to rs lik e the "unkown equation", as termed by
Sargent, were found to influen ce The Physical Test o f Man.
Dr.
Sargent defined his jump as the a b i l i t y o f one's body to develop power
r e la t iv e to the weight o f the in d iv id u a l h im self (McCloy, 1932).
The
scoring was based upon the amount o f energy developed by man using the
constant facto rs o f height and weight.
In 1924, L.W. Sargent reviewed the Sargent Jump and found no
s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip between various anthropom etric measures and
performance o f the Sargent Jump, the height jumped, and the amount o f
squat or dip preceding the actual jump.
A c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n t o f
.39 was found between age (up to 16 and 17 years) and performance o f the
Sargent Jump.
The Sargent Jump was examined by Bovard and Cozens in 1928.
They
c o rre la te d the jump w ith fo ur a th le t ic events; the running high jump,
standing broad jump, rope clim b fo r speed and a 980 yard run.
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The
re s u lts showed a c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n t o f .55 between a l l v a ria b le s , a
r e l i a b i l i t y o f .61, and a very small c o e ffic ie n t between age and the
jump (Bovard and Cozens,
1928).
These were not the end o f the in v e s tig a tio n s on the Sargent Jump.
McCloy in 1932 became in te re s te d due to what he termed "the s im p lic ity
o f the even t, and the reasonableness o f Dr. Sargent's arguments".
Most
o f the arguments against the jump as a te s t in physical education were
due to the lack o f knowledge about the jump and i t s procedures.
saw the te s t as an in d ic a tio n o f how fa s t one can work.
McCloy
With s u ffic ie n t
r a p id ity the momentum o f the body could cause i t to leave the ground and
move upward, thus the work was being done in a shorter tim e frame w ith
g re a te r power (McCloy, 1932).
A number o f a t h le t ic performances are
power events, the Sargent Jump should be an e x c e lle n t te s t designed to
measure explosive leg power.
McCloy f e l t th a t f a u lt in previous te s tin g
was p rim a r ily due to the lack o f s k i l l , a b i l i t y and coordination to
perform the jump c o rre c tly and the p o te n tia l fo r one to do his best a t
any given tim e (McCloy, 1932).
The Sargent Jump showed a r e l i a b i l i t y of .890 when associated w ith
a te s t b a tte ry including the 100 yard dash, running high jump, standing
broad jump and p u ttin g an e ig h t pound shot.
I t also showed
r e l i a b i l i t i e s from .65 to .80 when re la te d to other track and f i e l d
events.
When each best jump o f a two series o f three jumps o f the
Sargent Jump, performed on d iffe r e n t days, were c o rre la te d , the re s u lt
was .854 (McCloy,
1932).
One o f the e a rly m o d ificatio n s o f the Sargent Jump was the Chalk
Jump.
The subject in th is jump reached his dominant arm and hand as
16
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high as possible and marked the w all w ith a piece o f chalk in d ic a tin g
his reach height.
He then jumped v e r t ic a lly and a t the peak o f his jump
he marked the w a ll.
The major d iffe re n c e fo r the subject was lea rn in g
to swing only one arm downward a t the peak o f the jump instead o f two.
This m o d ificatio n was follow ed by another known as the jump and
reach.
In th is p a r tic u la r jump the subject faced the w all and, w ith
both arms and fin g e rs stretched f u l l y , marked his reach height w ith two
pieces o f chalk or la t e r w ith chalked fin g e rs .
Again the in d iv id u a l was
in s tru cte d th a t his fre e arm be swung downward a t the top o f the jump.
In 1940, VanDalen attempted to c l a r i f y and v a lid a te the various
te s t types o f jumps in use to date.
He found, when co rrela te d w ith four
tra c k events, the c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts were as fo llo w s :
the Sargent
Jump, .810; the Chalk Jump, .776; and the jump and reach, .780
(VanDalen, 1940).
As the years progressed the m o d ificatio n s continued, p a r tic u la r ly
w ith the jump and reach te s t.
Gray, S ta r t, and Glencross reported the
t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y o f the jump and reach te s t to be .954 in
r e la tio n to inches o f the jump and .973 in terms o f work (Gray and
o th e rs, 1962).
The most common reported r e l i a b i l i t y and v a lid it y fo r
the jump and reach te s t are .93 and .78 re s p e c tiv e ly (Johnson and
Nelson, 1979 and Jensen and H ir s t, 1980).
To d ate, v a ria tio n s o f the jump and reach te s t are s t i l l being
found.
The change in protocol fo r determ ining reach height has found
the subject facing the jump board, eyes s tra ig h t ahead, w ith fe e t f l a t
on the f lo o r d ir e c t ly below the board.
The arms are then extended
upward and the height marked by how f a r one can reach.
A number o f
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various approaches have been u t iliz e d as w e ll, but the fundamental two
fo o t ta k e -o ff and arm swing remain r e la t iv e ly unaffected.
Many o f the m o d ificatio n s found in recent lit e r a t u r e re la te to the
areas o f th is study, mode o f tr a in in g , exercise p ro to co l, c r ite r io n
measure and subjects.
F ifte e n high school g ir l basketball players
were tested using the Sargent Jump w ith a one-step approach fo llo w in g a
s ix week weight tra in in g program.
T h e ir e ffe c tiv e n e s s in jumping and
rebounding was increased by the weight tra in in g program as s ig n ific a n t
gains were shown in t h e ir mean height jumped (Callahan, 1965).
A study
in v o lv in g d iffe r e n t modes o f tra in in g and t h e ir e f fe c t on the v e rtic a l
jump w ith the use o f a tw o-step approach to Gray, S ta r t, and Glencross'
jump and reach m o d ifica tio n found improvement in v e rtic a l jumping
a b i l i t y (H e llin g , 1980).
As e a rly as 1938, Carpenter found th a t power and muscular strength
have the most influen ce on a t h le t ic performance o f college women
(C arpenter, 1938).
U n til 1973, leg strength and leg power were often
used synonymously in the same sentence.
In recent lit e r a t u r e leg power
has been shown to be a separate e n tity consisting o f a number o f
fa c to rs , namely stren g th , but i t is not the most prominent.
Therefore,
leg power and leg strength did not bear a high re la tio n s h ip when the
v e r tic a l jump was u t iliz e d as the c r ite r io n measure fo r explosive leg
power (Considine and S u lliv a n , 1973).
Although the re s u lts indicated no
s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip between the two, fu rth e r lit e r a t u r e to date has
not supported those fin d in g s.
The v e r tic a l jump te s t continues to be
the c r ite r io n measure o f leg power.
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E ffec ts o f Iso to n ic and Is o k in e tic T rain in g on
V e rtic a l Jump Performance
Many studies have shown an increased a b i l i t y in performance o f the
v e r tic a l jump by the use o f weight tra in in g programs.
One such study by
Holmes put 33 ju n io r high school boys on a 10 week program.
Group I
performed a weight tra in in g program three days a week w ith normal
physical education class p a rtic ip a tio n on Tuesday and Thursday.
Group
I I jumped a t a basketball standard set two to three inches above t h e ir
highest recorded v e r tic a l jump, and Group I I I p a rtic ip a te d in t h e ir
re g u lar physical education class.
A ll three groups' mean scores showed
gains in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y as measured by the Sargent Jump Test
every two weeks.
The la rg e s t gain was found in Group I w ith a mean
increase o f 3.01 inches, although there was no s ig n ific a n t increase a t
the .05 le v e l in jumping a b i l i t y between groups (Holmes,
1962).
One o f the f i r s t meaningful studies involvin g is o k in e tic s , v e rtic a l
jump and women was by Copeland.
and high jumpers.
Forty subjects were divided in to low
They were then randomly put in to one control and two
experim ental groups.
Each experim ental group performed three sets o f
e ig h t re p e titio n s three days a week fo r f iv e weeks on an Orthotron
Exercise System.
The control groups were asked to r e fr a in from weight tra in in g but
continue w ith normal d a ily a c t iv it ie s .
The subjects were tested a t the
beginning and end o f the f iv e week period using VanDalen's m o d ificatio n
o f the Sargent Jump and Reach Test.
Is o k in e tic s improved the v e rtic a l
jumping a b i l i t y o f the low jumping group, but did not improve th a t o f
the high group, th e re fo re in d ic a tin g th a t the e ff e c t was dependent on
the i n i t i a l
jumping a b i l i t y o f the subjects (Copeland, 1977).
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Another study in vo lvin g the effe c tiv e n e s s o f is o k in e tic tra in in g
d ivid ed 48 male subjects in to three groups.
Group I performed
is o k in e tic exercise on the Mini-Gym Model 16XB Leaper.
T h eir program
included three sets o f 10 re p e titio n s over an e ig h t week period.
I I was involved w ith plyom etric depth jumping.
Group
Each subject performed
th ree sets o f 10 re p e titio n s from a 34 inch step w ith added resistance
during the th ir d , f i f t h and seventh week.
pounds were added.
Respectively, 10, 15 and 20
The la s t group was the control group.
Follow ing a
b r ie f warm-up p erio d, s ix t r i a l s o f the jump and reach te s t were
adm inistered.
Each jump was separated by 30 seconds o f re s t.
The mean
score o f the t r i a l s th ree through s ix were then used fo r s t a t is t ic a l
an alysis.
Both experim ental groups showed s ig n ific a n t improvement in
v e r tic a l jumping a b i l i t y .
The g reatest gain was found in the is o k in e tic
group, 1.94 inches, but n e ith e r Group I or I I were shown to be more
e ffe c tiv e (B la ttn e r and Noble, 1979).
Haun in vestig ated the e ffe c ts o f is o to n ic and is o k in e tic exercise
on v e r tic a l jumping a b i l i t y .
His re s u lts ind icated a s ig n ific a n t
increase in leg power in only the is o k in e tic group as measured by the
m odified v e rtic a l power jump.
No s ig n ific a n t increase was seen when the
groups were compared (Haun, 1975).
This study was la t e r duplicated w ith
minor a lte ra tio n s in the actual exercise program.
Although minor gains
were seen in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t i e s , u n lik e Haun's study, n e ith e r
the is o to n ic or is o k in e tic sep arately showed a s ig n ific a n t increase in
v e r tic a l jump performance (Spielman, 1978).
Haun and Spiel man's studies were conducted w ith male subjects.
Through 1980 a very small number o f studies were conducted w ith fem ale
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subjects.
One such study by Ruley looked a t the ca rry over value o f the
two modes o f tra in in g .
Five to seven r e p e titio n maximums (RM) were
performed every 45 seconds by the iso to n ic group on the leg press.
The
is o k in e tic group worked a t a fa s t speed doing three sets o f 10
re p e titio n s .
Each o f the experim ental and control groups ( f i e l d hockey)
p a rtic ip a te d in an e ig h t week program exercisin g a lte rn a te days.
Pre-
and p o s t-te s ts were measured by the jump and reach te s t given m u ltip le
t r i a l s , three sets o f three consecutive jumps, preceded by two warm-up
jumps.
No s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e was shown between experim ental groups
in v e r tic a l jumping a b i l i t y .
R esistive tra in in g produced e ffe c tiv e
improvement in v e rtic a l jump w ith the most s ig n ific a n t e ffe c ts occurring
during the f i r s t fo u r weeks o f the program.
There also appeared a
s ig n ific a n t d e -tra in in g e ffe c t w ith in fo ur weeks o f post tra in in g
(R u le y , 1979).
An e a rly 1972 study by DeLateur and others was designed to assess
whether is o k in e tic o r iso to n ic exercise was superior in quadriceps
strengthening.
F o rty -fo u r fem ale subjects were randomly selected fo r
is o k in e tic or iso to n ic exercise.
One session was performed per day.
The program lasted fo r 18 sessions.
The in d iv id u a l performed her
exercise u n til fa tig u e , as defined in the p ilo t study.
At the end o f
the 18 sessions, a set number from each exercise group changed ro les.
A ll subjects performed e ig h t more te s t t r i a l sessions to allo w fo r any
delay tra n s fe r between programs.
The re s u lts indicated th a t both task
groups improved in stren g th , but not s ig n ific a n tly .
Is o k in e tic exercise
o ffe re d no p a r tic u la r advantage over weights w ith quadricep
strengthening and the tra n s fe r o f tra in in g programs was "immediate,
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com plete, and sustained throughout the tra n s fe r period (DeLateur and
o th e r s , 1972)".
U n til the tim e o f H e llin g 's 1980 study, the lit e r a t u r e ind icated no
s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the is o to n ic and is o k in e tic modes as
measured by v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t i e s found p rim a rily in men.
A six
week, th ree day per week program was designed fo r two exercise groups.
The Delorme-Watkins progressive resistance program was contrived fo r the
is o to n ic mode.
could l i f t
F ir s t , the maximum amount o f weight th a t each in d iv id u a l
10 tim es was determined fo r each exercise.
percent o f the maximum was fig u re d .
Then 50 and 75
On exercise days, the subjects
performed three sets o f 10 re p e titio n s a t the various percentages o f
maximum weight and maximum weight on leg press, toe raises and double
leg extension.
The is o k in e tic group performed a t a fa s t speed doing
fo u r sets o f exercises w ith 30 re p e titio n s w ith in 30 seconds.
Two p re -te s ts and two p o s t-te s ts were given on separate days
e s ta b lis h in g a r e l i a b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n t o f .92 - .97.
The instrum ent
o f measure was a m o d ific a tio n o f the v e r tic a l jump and reach te s t
where a tw o-step approach was allow ed.
A fte r three warm-ups the best
o f the fo llo w in g three t r i a l s was the score used fo r s t a t is t ic a l
an alysis.
The re s u lts o f the study are c r i t i c a l as they give one o f
the f i r s t re s u lts th a t show the mean scores o f the is o k in e tic group
s ig n if ic a n t ly higher than the iso to n ic group (H e llin g , 1980).
A 6.5
percent increase in v e r tic a l jump was discovered w ith a 6.37
ce n tim eter gain.
Not only was th is study im portant in e s tab lis h in g
p o s itiv e re s u lts about the e ffe c ts o f iso to n ic and is o k in e tic weight
tr a in in g , i t s subjects were female.
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Summary
In summary, weight tra in in g has been shown to provide strength
gains in muscle and muscle groups.
This strength gain is not only
b e n e fic ia l in d a ily liv in g ro u tin es , but once i t is sp ecified to an
a t h le t ic a c t iv it y the fu n c tio n a l c a p a b ilitie s o f the muscle are
increased.
These strength gains are best met in the iso to n ic mode by the
im plem entation o f the Delorme-Watkins progressive resistance program
where fo u r to e ig h t re p e titio n s fo r three sets are performed.
Although
the resistan ce load is not as d is tin c t fo r the is o k in e tic mode, the
speed o f the a c t iv it y should be approximated on the piece o f equipment
fo r the production o f maximal re s u lts .
As H a ilin g and Dooley reported, power is a product o f stren g th , and
tra in in g fo r an increase in power w il l also increase absolute strength
(H a ilin g and D o lley, 1979).
For a number o f years the emphasis in
weight tra in in g was on absolute strength.
legs was measured by the Sargent Jump Test.
The strength developed in the
This strength was la t e r
re fe rre d to as power and the Sargent Jump Test was modified to a jump
and reach te s t which is the popular c r ite r io n measure fo r v e rtic a l
jumping a b i l i t y today.
V e rtic a l jump gains are evident in both modes of weight tra in in g .
Is o k in e tic v e rtic a l jump gains appear more ra p id ly during the program,
are fo r g rea ter distance and have a longer la s tin g a ffe c t than those
gains from iso to n ic.
"Power tra in in g meets the demands o f the sport
more s p e c ific a lly not only in terms o f the required strength le v e l but
in the actual v e lo c ity th a t the strength is applied (Stevens,
23
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1980)."
CHAPTER I I I
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
The purpose o f th is study was to compare two s p e c ific weight
tr a in in g programs, is o to n ic and is o k in e tic , and to determine i f a
s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip e x is ts between these programs and v e rtic a l
jump gains.
Fourteen women basketball players served as subjects.
The programs were conducted p rio r to the opening day o f basketball
p ra c tic e , October 25, 1983, and were held over a consecutive s ix week
period.
Each subject's v e r tic a l jump height was obtained ju s t p rio r
to the s ta r t o f the tra in in g period and again a t the conclusion o f the
program.
S election o f the Subjects
The selectio n o f the subjects in th is study included those women
basketball players who in d icated a preference to play on the 1983-1984
Cornell College in te r c o lle g ia te team p rio r to the s ta r t o f p ra c tic e .
A to ta l o f 14 subjects, ranging in age from 18 to 21 years, were
a v a ila b le fo r te s tin g .
Seven subjects were randomly selected fo r each experimental
tr a in in g group.
Six o f the to ta l number o f subjects were also members
o f the in te r c o lle g ia te v o lle y b a ll team, three were randomly selected
to each tra in in g group.
One subject in the is o k in e tic tra in in g group
was unable to complete the program due to an in ju ry suffered during
the v o lle y b a ll
season.
The subjects were orien ted to the purpose o f the p ro je c t, te s tin g
procedures, and the importance fo r a maximal e f f o r t w hile tra in in g and
24
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te s tin g .
S election o f the Equipment
A m o d ifica tio n o f the v e rtic a l jump and reach te s t was the
instrum ent chosen to measure the v e r tic a l jumps o f each subject in
th is in v e s tig a tio n .
The m o d ifica tio n was w ritte n to approximate the
s k i ll o f rebounding in basketball and was based on the o rig in a l
v e r tic a l jump te s t by Sargent.
M o d ificatio n s o f the Sargent Jump; the
chalk jump, the jump and reach, the squat jump, the v e rtic a l power
jump, and the m o d ifica tio n o f the v e r t ic ia l power jump have been
reported as acceptable measures o f leg power (Gray and others, 1962;
VanDalen, 1940).
T e s t-re te s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s indicated th a t the m o d ifica tio n o f the
v e r tic a l power jump had the highest r e l i a b i l i t y a t .977 and the lowest
was found in the squat jump a t .940 (Gray and o thers, 1962).
The
squat jump, jump and reach, and m o d ificaito n o f the v e rtic a l power
jump were c la r if ie d and va lid ate d using the v e rtic a l power jump as the
c r ite r io n measure.
The highest v a lid it y , .989, was shown fo r the
v e r tic a l power jump m o d ific a tio n .
The v a lid it ie s fo r the squat jump
and jump and reach were .840 and .780 re s p e c tiv e ly .
The chalk jump
was va lid a te d to fo u r tra c k and f i e l d power events; a s ix second run,
running high jump, standing broad jump, and the shot put.
The
reported v a lid it y c o e ffic ie n t was .776 (McCloy and Young, 1954).
On the basis th a t the s k i ll o f rebounding is a power event and
the above mentioned m o d ificatio n s o f the Sargent Jump have proven to
be r e lia b le and v a lid te s ts fo r leg power, the instrum ent o f measure
in th is in v e s tig a tio n had face and content v a lid it y .
25
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A fo u r fo o t by 20 inch piece o f chalk board was marked o f f every
inch w ith a f e l t marker.
A hash mark was made between the inch lin e s
to in d ic a te every o n e -h a lf inch.
The chalk board was then backed by a
piece o f 1 /4 ” plywood, f iv e fo o t by 20 inches.
The v e rtic a l jump
board was placed on the backboard o f a rectang u lar fib e rg la s s basket.
I t was held in place by metal C-clamps and the bottom o f the jump
board hung 6*5" above the flo o r .
This board was used to measure each
subjects' reach height and t h e ir jumped height p rio r to and a f t e r the
tra in in g program.
Testing Procedures
Once the instrum ent and subjects were chosen and the equipment
and programs developed, a data card was constructed fo r each
in d iv id u a l and used to record a l l te s t t r i a l s
(Appendix A).
The
fo llo w in g data were obtained from each subject:
1)
2)
3)
Reach height
Six t r i a l s
o f height jumped from p re -te s t
Six t r i a l s
o f height jumped from p o s t-te s t
These data were c o lle c te d on 13 subjects.
The study was explained and questions were answered a t a pre­
season meeting w ith the subjects.
They were then n o tifie d by
telephone and/or in person o f the date and tim e o f the p re -te s t.
Once
the subjects were assembled the fo llo w in g in s tru c tio n s were given fo r
the m o d ifica tio n o f the jump and reach te s t:
The subject sh a ll stand facing the jump board w ith her
toes on a lin e d ir e c t ly below and p a r a lle l to the board.
The middle fin g e rs o f both hands are chalked. Thesubject
reaches as high
aspossible w ith both arms extended over
the head, eyes fix e d s tra ig h t ahead, fe e t f l a t on the flo o r
and makes a mark on the board w ith her chalked fin g ers.
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She then assumes a p ositio n behind a prescribed s ta rtin g
lin e . The subject is allowed a one-step approach. This
step is a r b i t r a r i l y lim ite d between a two and three fo o t
step fo r consistency among subjects.
I f the fo o t o f the
f i r s t step should exceed the fu rth e re s t lin e , or f a l l short
o f the two fo o t l in e , the subject sh a ll be awarded another
jump. I f any p a rt o f the fo o t should f a l l on e ith e r o f the
lin e s , the jump sh a ll continue.
The subject takes the f i r s t step drawing the t r a i l fo o t
forward gathering fo r a tw o-fo ot ta k e o ff. A crouch p ositio n
is assumed w ith knees bent approxim ately 90® and arms
swung downward and backward. The subject then jumps
v e r t ic a lly as high as possible swinging her arms forward and
upward vigorously w ith legs stretched downward. At the peak
o f the jump the board is touched w ith the chalked fin g e rs o f
both hands.
The measurement is taken to the nearest h a lf inch w ith each
subject executing s ix jumps, marking each tim e on the board,
w ith a 20-30 second re s t between jumps. Maximum e f f o r t is
requested w ith each jump.
The in s tru c tio n s were posted near the te s tin g s ite and the
in v e s tig a to r demonstrated what had been described.
The f i r s t two
jumps were used as p ra c tic e and the la s t fo u r t r i a l s were averaged fo r
the te s t score.
I f the marks by the fin g e rs were o f d iff e r e n t
h eigh ts, the highest mark was recorded.
These marks were read by
standing on a stepladder to avoid perceptual e rro r.
Upon completion o f the p re -te s tin g each subject was informed o f
the tra in in g group fo r which she was selected.
The in v e s tig a to r then
met w ith each experim ental group.
The iso to n ic experim ent group members were instru cted on the
c o rre c t procedure fo r performance o f the leg press on the Universal
Gym.
As the subject took her p ositio n on the c h a ir, she was
in s tru c te d to place the b a ll o f her fe e t on the low er set o f pedals.
By glance, the c h a ir was then adjusted so th a t fle x io n o f the knee
27
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jo in ts approximated 90°.
During the performance o f the e x e rc is e , the
knees were to be extended to a lo ck-o ut p o s itio n .
The weight was to
be moved to the above p o sitio n over a two second period.
Shortening
o f the muscle by re tu rn in g the weight to the s ta rtin g p ositio n took
place over a two to fo u r second tim e frame.
Subjects were reminded
to keep t h e ir seats in the c h a ir and cautioned not to hold t h e ir
breath.
In s tru c tio n was also given to determine in d iv id u a l re p e titio n
maximum.
Subjects were encouraged to determine t h e ir re p e titio n
maximum p rio r to t h e ir s ta r t o f the s ix week tra in in g program.
R ep etitio n maximum (RM) was defined as the maximum load th a t could be
l i f t e d a given number o f tim es.
An approximate beginning load fo r the
leg press was based on the subject's body weight.
O ne-half to two-
th ird s was suggested as the portion o f body weight fo r a beginning
load f o r the exercise (G e tc h e ll, 1983).
Once a suggested beginning
load was determined they were then asked to perform 10 re p e titio n s o f
the exercise.
I f the exercise could not be completed or was completed
w ith ease, the equipment was c a lib ra te d in f iv e pound increm ents, the
c o rre c t adjustments were made.
Upon determ ination o f the working
load, the subject then fig u re d 50% and 75% o f th a t maximum.
A program sheet was d is trib u te d to each subject (Appendix B).
The program was adm inistered three days a week fo r s ix weeks.
beginning o f each week the subjects rechecked t h e ir maximum.
was 10 re p e titio n s a t RM.
At the
The goal
A fte r each check, they continued tra in in g
according to the Delorme p rin c ip le as described on the program sheet.
This allow ed fo r muscle gains in strength and endurance throughout the
28
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program.
The is o k in e tic tra in in g group also received a program sheet
(Appendix C) and in s tru c tio n s on co rrec t procedure fo r performance on
the leaper.
As the subjects took t h e ir
they were in stru cted to keep t h e ir fe e t
p o s itio n a t the 16XB Leaper
shoulder w idth ap art and in a
s tr a ig h t lin e d ir e c t ly below t h e ir shoulders.
The s t a r t o f each set
was from a squat p o s itio n w ith knee fle x io n approxim ately 90*.
The
subjects were cautioned to keep t h e ir head up, back s tr a ig h t, and
m aintain pressure from the arms on the shoulder pad to one's shoulders
to avoid loss o f contact and eventual soreness due to fo rc e fu l th ru s t
in to the apparatus.
During each re p e titio n the subject was to th ru s t
from the squat p ositio n to f u l l knee extension and p la n ta r fle x io n o f
the fo o t.
On completion o f the ec ce n tric co n traction the s ta rtin g
p o s itio n was resumed and the set completed according to the prescribed
tim e.
The subject's tra in in g program was
illu s t r a t e d on the sheet.
According to
d elin eated each week as
recent stu d ies, speed o f
performance on is o k in e tic equipment should approximate th a t o f the
s k ill.
The program was designed fo r high speed work w ith a high number
o f re p e titio n s .
Subjects were required to date t h e ir program sheet on workout day
and record the weight l i f t e d fo r each set or pounds a tta in e d .
Six
weeks to the date o f the p re -te s t the subjects reported fo r the
v e r tic a l jump and reach p o s t-te s t.
posted a t the s ite .
The in s tru c tio n s were read and
The t r i a l s were adm inistered and recorded on the
subjects' d ata card s.
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Treatment o f the Data
The purpose o f the s t a t is t ic a l treatm en t o f the data included in
th is study was to determine i f there was a s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip
between the experim ental tra in in g groups and v e r tic a l jump gains o f
the subjects o f the in v e s tig a tio n .
I t should be noted th a t the
program studied is a n o n -a th le tic scholarship NCAA D ivisio n I I I
school.
The subjects' in te re s ts in p a rtic ip a tio n on the women's
basketball team were pleasure and personal.
Program requirements
include p ra c tic e and p a rtic ip a tio n in com petitive contests.
Many o f
the a th le te s in the program were tw o-sport a th le te s and any o ther
demands are f u l f i l l e d on a personal preference.
There were f iv e separate s t a t is t ic a l treatm ents performed in th is
study.
F ir s t , a Pearson product-moment c o rre la tio n was computed to
determ ine t e s t -r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y .
An average v e rtic a l jump (in
inches) o f the f i r s t th ree t r i a l s and the la s t three t r i a l s was
obtained.
Each subjects' average raw score was used fo r computation.
The re s u lt o f the group was tested fo r s ig n ific a n c e .
A Pearson product-moment c o rre la tio n was also computed between
the v e r tic a l jump averages o f each experim ental tra in in g group.
average raw scores were used in the computation.
The
Results o f each group
were tested fo r s ig n ific a n c e .
A th ir d s t a t is t ic a l tre atm en t, a o n e -ta ile d t - t e s t fo r two
dependent samples, was u t iliz e d to compare the mean v e rtic a l jump
scores o f the is o k in e tic and is o to n ic groups before tra in in g to the
id e n tic a l groups a f t e r the s ix week tra in in g period.
A o n e -ta ile d t -
t e s t fo r two independent samples was used to compare mean v e rtic a l
30
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jump gains established by the group as a whole.
These re s u lts were
also tested fo r s ig n ific a n c e .
In order to determine i f v e r tic a l jump gains derived from
is o k in e tic exercise d iffe re d s ig n ific a n tly from those o f is o to n ic
e x e rc is e , a o n e -ta ile d t - t e s t was used.
The t - t e s t tested fo r
s ig n ific a n c e the mean scores o f v e rtic a l jump gains between the two
exercise groups.
The re s u ltin g t-v a lu e was tested fo r sig n ific a n c e .
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Analysis o f Results
In analyzing the data o f th is in v e s tig a tio n , the fo llo w in g
questions were considered:
1) Does a s ig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n e x is t between the te s t - r e t e s t
o f the m o d ifica tio n o f the jump and reach te s t fo r the group as a
whole?
2) Does the m o d ific a tio n o f the jump and reach te s t in d ic a te a
s ig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n between the t e s t - r e t e s t method o f e s ta b lis h in g
r e l i a b i l i t y w ith in the experim ental groups?
3) Is there a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the mean v e rtic a l
jump gains and those subjects who performed is o k in e tic exercise on the
16XB Leaper?
4) Is there a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the mean v e rtic a l
jump gains and those subjects who performed iso to n ic exercise on the
Universal leg press?
5) Is there any s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the mean v e r tic a l
jump gains and the is o k in e tic and is o to n ic experim ental exercise
groups?
Mean scores were ca lcu la ted and presented in Table 1 along w ith
in d iv id u a l te s t scores and t h e ir gains, before and a f t e r the s ix week
w eight tra in in g program.
The appropriate su b scrip t, the l e t t e r a
representing the 16XB Leaper and b the Universal leg press, id e n t if ie s
each subject's tra in in g program.
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TABLE 1
In d iv id u a l Test Scores, Gains, Mean Scores
V e rtic a l Jump
(inches)
V e rtic a l Jump
(inches a f t e r 6 weeks)
Gain
(inches)
\
14.125
16.250
2.125
Bb
15.625
16.375
0.750
Cb
14.375
16.125
1.750
“a
14.750
14.250
-0 .5 0 0
Ea
11,000
13.500
2.500
Fa
17.000
17.625
0.625
%
10.250
10.500
0.250
"a
17.500
18.500
1.000
"b
14.125
16.875
2.750
Ja
15.500
15.625
0.125
Kb
15.250
15.875
0.625
l-b
16.000
17.750
1.750
"a
12.500
13.250
0.750
x=14.462
x=15.577
x=1.115
a
16X8 Leaper Xg=14.708
X a = 1 5 .4 5 8
Xa=0.750
b
Universal
Leg Press
X b = 1 5 .6 7 9
X5=1.429
Subjects
X b = 1 4 .2 5 0
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In response to the f i r s t o f the above questions, the r e l i a b i l i t y
o f the m o d ifica tio n o f the jump and reach te s t fo r the group as a
whole was obtained by ad m in isterin g a t e s t - r e t e s t on the same day.
A
Pearson product-moment c o rre la tio n was computed to te s t th is
hypothesis.
An average was obtained from the f i r s t three t r i a l s .
Each average raw score was rounded to the nearest o n e -h a lf inch to
comply w ith the procedure o f recording the scores to the nearest oneh a lf inch.
tr ia ls .
The same procedure was fo llow ed w ith the la s t three
The Pearson product-moment c o rre la tio n o f .92 was tested fo r
s ig n ific a n c e a t the .05 le v e l, fo r 11 degrees o f freedom.
In
conclusion, the r e l i a b i l i t y o f the v e r tic a l jump and reach
m o d ifica tio n fo r the group as a whole was s ig n ific a n t.
T e s t-re te s t o f
the m o d ifica tio n w ith in the experim ental groups also indicated
s ig n ific a n c e a t the .05 le v e l.
Table 2 is a summary o f the Pearson
product-moment c o rre la tio n s o f the t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y o f the
group as a whole and w ith in the experim ental groups.
A comparison o f mean v e rtic a l jump scores o f the is o k in e tic
tra in in g group was made before and a f t e r the tra in in g period.
The
purpose o f th is comparison was to determine whether a s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e existed among the v e r tic a l jump gains o f the is o k in e tic
exercise tra in in g programs.
A o n e -ta ile d t - t e s t involvin g means
from two dependent samples was u t iliz e d to compare the mean jump
scores before the is o k in e tic program w ith those scores a t the end o f
the s ix week tra in in g p erio d .
The same s t a t is t ic a l procedure was
u t iliz e d to compare the mean jump scores before the tra in in g period
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to the mean jump scores a t the end o f the tra in in g period fo r the
is o to n ic experim ental group.
Table 3 shows the re s u lts o f the t -
te s ts .
TABLE 2
Pearson Product-Moment C o rrelatio n s fo r Whole Group
and Each Experimental Group:
T est-R etest
t
Test Group
N
T est-R etest
Whole Group
13
0,92
7.79*
Experimental Group ^
6
0.94
5.51*
Experimental Group
7
0.96
7.67*
Whole Group: * t > 1.796 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05
Experimental Group g: * t > 2.132 s ig n if i cant a t a = .05
Experimental Group
* t ^ 2.015 s ig n if i cant a t a = .05
TABLE 3
t - t e s t Comparing the Mean V e rtic a l Jump Scores o f Is o k in e tic
and Iso ton ic Experimental Groups Before Train in g Period to
Same Experimental Groups A fte r T rain in g Period
Subjects
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
N
Group ^ (b e fo re )
Group ^ ( a f t e r )
Group ^ (b e fo re )
Group
(a fte r)
Experimental Group
Experimental Group
^
6
6
7
7
X
S
t
2.32
1.99
1.77
2.18
1.82
(inches)
14.71
15.46
14.25
15.68
4 .6 1 *
* t > 2.015 s ig n ific a n t a t a = .05
* t > 1.943 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05
The next comparison o f mean v e r tic a l jump scores was between each
experim ental group's gains a f t e r the six week tra in in g period and a l l
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o f those who p a rtic ip a te d in the study a t the end o f the s ix week
p eriod.
Again, a o n e -ta ile d t - t e s t in v o lv in g the means from two
independent samples was u t iliz e d .
Table 4 presents the re s u lts o f the
t-te s ts .
TABLE 4
t - t e s t Comparing the Mean V e rtic a l Jump Scores o f Each
Experimental Group's Gains A fte r T rain in g Period to the
Gains o f the Group as a Whole A fte r T rain in g Period
X
Subjects
N
(inches)
Experimental Group a
Whole Group
6
13
0.750
1.115
0.92
0.94
0.750
Experimental Group b
Whole Group
7
13
1.429
1.115
0.85
0.94
-0.699
Experimental Group a*
Experimental Group y:
S
t
* t > 1.740 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05
* t > 1.734 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05
A o n e -ta ile d t - t e s t in vo lvin g means from two independent samples
was also used to compare the mean v e r tic a l jump gains o f the
is o k in e tic group and those subjects who belonged to the iso to n ic
experiment group.
The re s u lt o f th is t - t e s t showed a n o n -s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e between v e r tic a l jump gains between experim ental tra in in g
groups as presented in Table 5.
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TABLE 5
t - t e s t Comparing V e rtic a l Jump Gains o f Is o k in e tic
Experimental Group and Iso to n ic Experimental Group
X
Subjects
Experimental Group *
Experimental Group
^
N
(inches)
6
0.750
1.429
7
t
S
.920
.850
1.280
* t > 1.796 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05
In te rp re ta tio n
A ll te s tin g fo r the m o d ifica tio n o f the v e rtic a l jump and reach
te s t was adm inistered on the same day.
The o rig in a l v e rtic a l jump and
reach te s t has been shown to be r e lia b le in past research.
R e li a b i l it y c o e ffic ie n t o f the group as a whole, .92, was s im ila r to
th a t reported by Johnson and Nelson and Jensen and H irs t o f .93.
Each
experim ental group's r e l i a b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n t was s lig h t ly h ig her, .94
and .96.
Consequently, measurements generated by the jump and reach
t e s t m o d ificatio n were unquestionably co n sisten t.
At the .05 le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e , the t-v a lu e comparing the mean
v e r tic a l jump score before and a t the end o f the tra in in g period o f
the experim ental group th a t tra in e d on the le a p e r, was found to be
n o n -s ig n ific a n t.
Those in the experim ental group th a t tra in e d on the
leg press evidenced a t-v a lu e th a t was s ig n ific a n t a t the .05 le v e l.
Although v e rtic a l jump gains were found in f iv e o f the s ix subjects on
the leap er and in a l l seven subjects tra in in g on the leg press, the
g re a te s t gains and s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e in v e r tic a l jump gains was
only found w ith the iso to n ic experim ental tra in in g group.
37
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This may be
a ttr ib u te d to the im plem entation o f the DeLorme-Watkins progressive
resistan ce program.
These re s u lts are c o n tra d ic tiv e to those reported by B la ttn e r and
Noble, and Haun.
S ig n ific a n t improvement in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y
w ith g re a te s t gains, and s ig n ific a n t increase in leg power were a l l
found w ith is o k in e tic exercise.
Spiel man found no s ig n ific a n t
increase in v e r tic a l jump performance in e ith e r iso to n ic or is o k in e tic
exercise programs.
Results reported by Holmes are s im ila r to those
found in th is in v e s tig a tio n .
The la rg e s t v e r tic a l jump gains were
found in iso to n ic weight tr a in in g , but no s ig n ific a n t increase in
jumping a b i l i t y between experim ental groups.
E ith e r is o k in e tic or
is o to n ic tra in in g w i l l increase v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y but the
g rea tes t s ig n ific a n t gains, almost tw ice those found from is o k in e tic
tr a in in g , were found w ith iso to n ic tra in in g .
The t-v a lu e comparing mean v e rtic a l jump scores o f each
experim ental group to the group as a whole were found to be non­
s ig n ific a n t a t the .05 le v e l.
The is o k in e tic group's re s u lts showed a
n o n -s ig n ific a n t trend in the same d ire c tio n as the mean score compared
before and a f t e r tra in in g .
This in d icates th a t the gains re s u ltin g
from iso to n ic tra in in g exceeded the gains o f the is o k in e tic tra in in g
group and those o f the group as a whole.
The re s u lts o f the f in a l t - t e s t showed non -sign ifican ce a t the .05
le v e l.
This re s u lt agrees w ith those reported by Spielman, Haun, and
Ruley, who found no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between experimental
tr a in in g groups in increasing v e r tic a l jump performance.
But, i t
co n tra d ic ts H e llin g who found mean v e r tic a l jump scores o f the
38
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is o k in e tic group were s ig n ific a n tly higher than the is o to n ic group.
In th is study, the n u ll hypothesis stated is re ta in e d .
There is
no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e in v e r tic a l jump gains between the
experim ental is o k in e tic and iso to n ic tra in in g groups.
N eith er
group was shown to be more e ffe c tiv e in improving v e rtic a l jumping
a b ility .
Summary o f Results
The re s u lts o f the in v e s tig a tio n may be summarized as fo llo w s :
1) The r e l i a b i l i t y c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n t was found to be s im ila r to
those p reviou sly reported fo r m odified v e rtic a l jump and reach te s tin g
fo r the whole group.
2) The c o rre la tio n between the te s t - r e t e s t method o f e s ta b lis h in g
r e l i a b i l i t y w ith in each experim ental group was found to be s lig h t ly
h ig h e r than others p reviou sly reported.
3) There was no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e found among the mean
v e r tic a l jump gains and those subjects who performed is o k in e tic
exercise on the 16XB Leaper.
4) There was a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e found among the mean
v e r tic a l jump gains and those subjects who performed iso to n ic exercise
on the Universal Leg Press.
5) There was no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the mean v e r tic a l
jump gains and the is o k in e tic and iso to n ic experim ental exercise
groups o f the 1983-84 Cornell College women's basketball team.
39
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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
The purpose o f th is in v e s tig a tio n was to examine the re la tio n s h ip
between two d is tin c t w eight tra in in g modes, is o k in e tic and is o to n ic ,
as measured by v e r tic a l jump gains o f the 1983-84 Cornell College
women basketball players.
Subjects (N=14) were basketball players who
in d ica te d a preference during pre-season to compete on the
in te r c o lle g ia te team fo r the 1983-1984 season.
A m o d ifica tio n o f the v e rtic a l jump and reach te s t was used as
the instrum ent to measure v e rtic a l jump gains.
Guidelines were
established fo r te s tin g procedures o f the m o d ifica tio n in a p ilo t
study.
Exercise protocol guidelines fo r each tra in in g program were
constructed, d is trib u te d and in te rp re te d to the subjects.
The
subjects were tested p rio r to t h e ir tra in in g program and again a t the
conclusion o f the s ix week program.
Summary
One o f the re s u lts o f th is study in d icated th a t a s ig n ific a n t
r e l i a b i l i t y c o rre la tio n e x is ts between t e s t - r e t e s t o f the m o d ifica tio n
o f the jump and reach te s t fo r the group as a whole.
A fte r the f i r s t
three t r i a l s and la s t th ree t r i a l s were averaged and c o rre la tio n
c o e ffic ie n t computed, the re s u lt was a s ig n ific a n t t-v a lu e a t the ,05
le v e l.
Follow ing the same procedure fo r each experim ental group, i t
was also found th a t a s ig n ific a n t t-v a lu e a t the .05 level existed .
The m o d ifica tio n o f the jump and reach te s t used as the instrum ent in
th is in v e s tig a tio n was found to be r e lia b le .
The very high
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r e l i a b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n ts may have occurred because o f same day
te s tin g , the delay between the two a d m in is tra tio n s not o f s u f fic ie n t
tim e to n u l l i f y the r e c a ll e f f e c t , or a combination o f these two
fa c to rs .
V e rtic a l jump gains were evident in both exercise groups.
When
mean v e r tic a l jump scores o f the is o k in e tic tra in in g group before
and a f t e r the tra in in g period were compared, no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e
was found.
Absence o f s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s a t the .05 le v e l may
be the smallness o f sample s iz e , sampling e r r o r , and/or chance.
A s e lf-r e p o rtin g statement by subjects E and H o f the is o k in e tic
group expressed extreme fa tig u e the la s t two weeks o f the tra in in g
p erio d.
Each subject in d icated th a t the pounds a tta in e d on the 16XB
Leaper declin ed .
This may be a ttrib u te d to the production o f gains
more q u ick ly than is o to n ic tra in in g and the subjects were experiencing
a plateau or d e -tra in in g e f f e c t .
Studies suggest th a t is o k in e tic
equipment reduces the chance o f muscle soreness due to the lack o f
performance o f ec ce n tric co n tra c tio n .
None o f the s ix subjects
reported any muscle soreness.
When the mean v e r tic a l jump scores o f the is o to n ic tra in in g group
before and a f t e r the tra in in g period were compared, a s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e a t the .05 le v e l was found.
Nearly double the gain (in
inches) was seen in the is o to n ic tra in in g group.
This may be
a ttr ib u te d to the estab lished progressive resistance exercise protocol
fo r development o f leg strength and power by DeLorme-Watkins.
The
g re a te s t gains might also be accredited w ith s p e c if ic it y o f tr a in in g .
The is o to n ic tra in in g procedure more c lo s e ly resembled the
41
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m o d ific a tio n o f the v e r tic a l jump and reach t e s t.
Each experim ental groups' mean v e r tic a l jump gains were compared
to those o f the group as a whole.
The re s u lts in d icated no
s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between e ith e r the is o k in e tic or iso to n ic
tr a in in g group and the group as a whole. These n o n -s ig n ific a n t t values were assumed to be due to sampling e rro rs and sampling size .
Another possible reason fo r the absence o f s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s may
be the lack o f d iv e r s ity in the samples being compared.
Women
basketball players in e ith e r experim ental tra in in g group did not
d i f f e r g re a tly from each other in v e rtic a l jumping a b i li t y .
Perhaps
d iffe re n c e s w il l appear a t a s ig n ific a n t le v e l when v e rtic a l jump
gains o f subjects from a major D ivisio n I or I I program are compared
to those o f a D ivisio n I I I program.
A s t a t is t ic a l an alysis comparing the mean v e rtic a l jump gains o f
the is o k in e tic tra in in g group and the iso to n ic tra in in g group was also
computed.
Again, no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the means o f the
two tra in in g modes was found.
I f the subjects and re s u lts o f th is study are rep resen tative o f the
general population o f in te r c o lle g ia te women basketball p layers, i t
appears th a t n e ith e r weight tra in in g mode is superior in production o f
explosive leg power as measured by v e r tic a l jump gains using a
m o d ific a tio n o f the v e r tic a l jump and reach te s t.
Although v e rtic a l
jump gains were evid en t in 12 o f the 13 subjects tested a t the
conclusion o f the tr a in in g p erio d , a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between
the means did not e x is t.
Acceptance o f the n u ll hypothesis in d ica te s
evidence th a t comparative research is n e ith e r substantiated nor
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unsubstantiated.
Conclusions
Based on the re s u lts obtained from th is study, the fo llo w in g
conclusions were made:
1)
The v e rtic a l jump and reach m o d ifica tio n was a r e lia b le
te s tin g Instrum ent to measure explosive leg power w ith th is p a r tic u la r
In v e s tig a tio n and sample.
2)
V e rtic a l jump gains were evident In both exercise groups.
G reater v e rtic a l jump gains can be obtained from Iso to n ic exercise.
3) There was no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the mean v e rtic a l
jumps when the c o rre la tio n s were computed w ith in the tra in in g group
before and a f t e r the tra in in g period o f those subjects who performed
Is o k in e tic exercise on the 16X8 Leaper.
Therefore, Is o k in e tic
exercise has no advantage In Increasing explosive leg power as
measured by v e rtic a l jump gains.
4) There was a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between the mean v e rtic a l
jumps when the c o rre la tio n s were computed w ith in the tra in in g group
before and a f t e r the tra in in g period o f those subjects who performed
Is o to n ic exercise on the Universal leg press.
Iso to n ic exercise
Improves explosive leg power as measured by v e rtic a l jump gains.
5) P ra c tic a l s ig n ific a n c e o f Is o k in e tic exercise from s e lf re p o rtin g , discloses maximal v e rtic a l jump gains established In a
sh o rter length o f time and muscle soreness dim inished.
6) Iso to n ic equipment o ffe rs visual feedback as the e x e rc is e r
can see the amount o f weight being l i f t e d , th e re fo re serving as a
m o tivatio n al stim ulus.
43
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7)
There was no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e between mean v e r tic a l jump
gains by iso to n ic exercise and mean v e r tic a l jump gains by is o k in e tic
exercise when c o rre la tio n s were computed between the tra in in g groups
a f t e r the tra in in g period.
N eith er is o k in e tic exercise nor is o to n ic
exercise appears to be superior in developing explosive leg power.
Recommendations
As a re s u lt o f the im p lic a tio n s and conclusions o f th is study, the
fo llo w in g recommendations have been made:
1) R ep licatio n o f th is study w ith a la rg e r sample.
2) R ep licatio n o f th is study using samples from d iffe r e n t le v e ls
o f c o lle g ia te women's basketball programs and in v e s tig a tio n s where the
s in g le sport a th le te s (b a s k e tb a ll) are the subjects.
3) Place more emphasis on maximum e f f o r t fo r each t r i a l .
4) Control the circumstances surrounding the subjects' actual
workout period and the tim e o f day i t took place to encourage maximum
e f f o r t and reduce e rro rs in exercise technique.
5) Check v e r tic a l jump gains during designated periods o f the
tra in in g session to help determine length o f tim e necessary fo r
maximal gains.
6)
Repeat a s im ila r in v e s tig a tio n w ith only is o k in e tic e x ercise ,
emphasizing exercise protocol and speed o f a c t i v i t y to help fo rm u late
conclusiveness in the area o f tra in in g speed.
44
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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48
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A p p e n d ix A
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NAME: ____________________________
VERTICAL JUMP AND REACH PRE-TEST
Reach Height: __________
Jumped Height: T r ia l One:
Four:
Two:
Five:"
Three:
Six:
AVG:
VERTICAL JUMP AND REACH POST-TEST
Jumped Height: T r ia l One:
Four:
Two:
Five:'
Three:
Six:
AVG:
49
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A p p e n d ix B
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DATE
PROGRAM
NAME
ACTIVITY:
W
E
E
K
_________________
LËG PRESS
1 S et/10 reps 0 1/2 lORM
_______________________________
1S et/10 reps 0 3 /4 lORM
1
1s e t/1 0 reps 04 /4 lORM
2 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE
___________________________
Check Maximum every week
1 1/2 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE
___________________________
Check Maximum every week
___________________________
3
W
E
E
K
1 min. re s t between sets
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE
__________________________
Check Maximum every week
45 sec. re s t between sets
W
E
E
__________________________
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE
K
_______________________________
Check Maximum every week
5
W
E
E
K
45 sec. re s t between sets
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE
__________________________
Check Maximum every week
_______________
______
30 sec. re s t between sets
50
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A p p e n d ix C
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DATE
PROGRAM
NAME
-------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITY:
W
E
E
K
LÊAPÊd---------------------
3 se ts/1 0 reps @ 35 sec.
2 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
___________________________
3 s e ts /2 0 reps @ 35 sec.
2 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
3 s e ts /3 0 reps @ 45 sec.
1 1 /2 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
4 s e ts /3 0 reps 0 40 sec.
1 1/2 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
__________________________
4 s e ts /3 5 reps @ 35-45 sec.
1 min. re s t between sets
W
E
E
K
__________________________
4 s e ts /3 5 reps @ 30-40 sec.
1 min. re s t between sets
51
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