MedicalAssisting
CertificationReviewCourse
Part5
HumanBehavior
Maslow’sHierarchy
Abraham Maslow developed a model of human behavior
known as a hierarchy, or classification, of needs.
1. Physiological Needs: Breathing, food, water, sex,
sleep, homeostasis, excretion
2. Safety Needs: Stability, consistency, security,
shelter, employment, safe environment
3. Love/Belonging Needs: Friendship, family, sexual
intimacy, acceptance by others
4. Esteem Needs: Worthiness to society, confidence,
competence, recognition, respect by others
5. Self-Actualization: Morality, creativity, spontaneity,
problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of
facts
DevelopmentalStagesoftheLifeCycle
• Infant
– 0to1yearold
– Trustvs.Mistrust
• Toddler
– 2to3yearsold
– Autonomyvs.ShameandDoubt
• Preschooler
– 3to6yearsold
– Initiativevs.Guilt
DevelopmentalStagesoftheLifeCycle
• SchoolAge
– 7to12yearsold
– Industryvs.Inferiority
• Adolescence
– 12to18yearsold
– EgoIdentityvs.RoleConfusion
• YoungAdult
– 20s
– Intimacyvs.Isolation
DevelopmentalStagesoftheLifeCycle
• MiddleAdult
– Late20s– 50s
– Generativityvs.Stagnation
• OldAdult
– 60sandolder
– Integrityvs.Despair
Freud'sStagesof
PsychosexualDevelopment
1. Oral(Birthto18months)
Mouthiscenterofpleasure
2. Anal(18monthsto3years)
Anusiscenterofpleasure,toilettraining
3. Phallic(4to6years)
Genitalsarecenterofpleasure
4. Latency(7yearstoPuberty)
Sexdriveseenasdormant
5. Genital(Pubertytoadulthood)
Genitalsarecenterofpleasure,sexualactivity
DefenseMechanisms
• Adaptive:havetheabilitytochangeoradjust
• Nonadaptive:doesnothavetheabilityto
changeoradjust
DefenseMechanisms
• Compensation:overemphasizingatraitto
makeupforaperceivedoractualfailing
• Denial:unconsciousattempttorejectthe
unacceptable
• Displacement:unconscioustransferof
unacceptablethoughts,feeling,ordesiresto
amoreacceptablesubstitute
• Dissociation:disconnectingemotional
significancefromspecificideasorevents
DefenseMechanisms
• Identification:mimickingthebehaviorof
anothertocopewithfeelingsofinadequacy
• Introjection:adoptingunacceptablethoughts
orfeelingsofothers
• Projection:projectingyourownfeelingsonto
anotherperson
• Rationalization:justificationofunacceptable
behavior,thoughts,andfeelings
DefenseMechanisms
• Regression:unconsciouslyreturningtomore
infantilebehaviorsorthoughts
• Repression:puttingunpleasantthoughts,
feelings,oreventsoutofyourmind
• Substitution:unconsciouslyreplacingan
unreachableorunacceptablegoalwith
another,moreacceptableone
Kübler-Ross’s Stages of Dying
(Stages of Grief)
These stages describe the behavior patients will
experience on learning of their condition, and are widely
used with terminally ill patients
• Denial: temporary; direct denial or periods of disbelief
• Anger: become difficult patients; may display temper
tantrums or fits of rage
• Bargaining: attempt to make deals; become more
cooperative
• Depression : withdraw; become lethargic; cry; body
begins to deteriorate
• Acceptance: begin to make arrangements for funeral;
family needs the most support at this time
MentalDisorders
• Alzheimer’sDisease:progressivedegenerative
diseaseofthebrainthatcausesgraduallossof
mentalandphysicalfunctioning
• Anxiety:anunpleasantstateofinnerturmoil,
oftenaccompaniedbynervousbehavior
1.
2.
3.
4.
GeneralAnxiety
PanicDisorder
PhobicDisorder
Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder
MentalDisorders
• BipolarDisorder:majoraffectivedisorder
withabnormallyintensemoodswingsfroma
hyperactive,ormanic,statetoadepressive
syndrome
• BodyDysmorphicDisorder:preoccupation
withanimaginedphysicaldefectoraminor
defectthatothersoftencannotsee
MentalDisorders
• Cognitive
– Delirium:suddensevereconfusionandrapid
changesinbrainfunction
– Dementia:progressivedeteriorationofmental
facultiesthatcausescognitivedecline
– Amnesia:lossofmemory,inabilitytorecallthe
past
MentalDisorders
• Depression:mental disordercharacterizedby
apervasiveandpersistentlowmoodthatis
accompaniedbylowself-esteemandbyaloss
ofinterestorpleasureinnormallyenjoyable
activities;deepandpersistentsadness,
despair,andhopelessness
MentalDisorders
EatingDisorders
• AnorexiaNervosa:potentiallylife-threatening
eatingdisorderthatischaracterizedbyselfstarvationandexcessiveweightloss
• Bulimianervosa:characterizedbyepisodesof
bingeeatingfollowedbyinappropriatemethods
ofweightcontrol(vomiting,fasting,enemas,
excessiveuseoflaxativesanddiuretics,
compulsiveexercising)
MentalDisorders
Schizophrenia:majorpsychiatricdisturbance
resultinginchronicmentaldysfunction
• Positivemanifestations
o Distortionofnormalfunction:hallucinationsand
disorganizedspeech
• Negativemanifestations
o Lossofnormalfunction:flataffect