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Literary Onomastics Studies
Volume 6
Article 13
1979
Place-Names in the Awntyrs off Arthure
Susan Kelly
Tufts University
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Recommended Citation
Kelly, Susan (1979) "Place-Names in the Awntyrs off Arthure," Literary Onomastics Studies: Vol. 6, Article 13.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/los/vol6/iss1/13
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PLACE- NAMES I N THE AWNTY RS OFF ARTH URE
S u s an Ke l l y
Tufts Un i vers i ty
The Awn tyrs off Arth ure at the Terne Wathe lyne i s an
a l l i terati ve Arth uri an verse n arrat i ve compose d very l i ke l y
duri n g the l ast qu arter o f t h e fo urteenth cen t ury.
1
As i s
general l y the case wi th the Mi ddl e Engl i s h roman ces , pos teri ty
h as fai l e d to preserve the i denti ty of the author of t h i s poem.
Di al ect s t u d i e s o f the At'ln tyrs i n di cate , howe ver , that the
composer was a n at i ve or at l e ast a l ong- term res i dent o f the
northwest o f Eng l an d .
He may .we l l h a ve been a Cumbri an ; the
poem contai n s s ome i nteres ti n g l y detai l ed des cri p t i ons of the
Carl i s l e envi rons that s ug gest s u ch w as the case.
The roman ce con s i s t s of two epi s odes.
.
The f i rs t opens wi th
.
a l engthy de s cri pt i on of Arth ur an d h i s court sett i n g forth to
hunt i n I n g l ewood Forest near Carl i s l e.
Q ueen G uene vere a n d
her es cort , G awai n , become separated from the res t of t h e p arty.
As the queen pauses to res t i n the s h a de o f a l a ure l , the s ky
1
LOS 163
Ke l l y
darkens an d s l eet begi n s to fal l .
2
Seek i ng she l ter from the
s to,rm , the coup 1 e run i n to the woods .
As they 1approach the banks
of the Tarn Wadl i ng ( the Terne Wathe l yne ) a s p i ri t ri s es from
the water an d cha l l enges them.
The appar i t i on i s the ghost
o f G uene vere • s mother , temporar i l y re l e ased from p urgatory i n
order to sol i ci t from the queen prayers that wi l l s peed her
p a s s age to heaven.
I n the co urs e o f thi s b i zarre confron t a t i o n ,
howe ver , the ghost t akes the opport un i ty t o prophe cy the fal l of
the Ro und Tabl e , to g i ve mor a l an d theo l oqi ca l ' advi ce t o her
l i s teners , and to di s cus s the nat ure of Fort une .
After g a i n i ng
the queen • s as s urance that she wi l l pray for her mother • s s o u l ,
the ghost van i s hes i n to the woods .
Guene vere a n d Gawa i n rejo i n
the i r compan i ons .
The se con d e p i s ode of the poem begi n s when a s tranger k n i ght ,
one G a l eron o f Gal l ow ay , presents hi mse l f at Arthur • s court to
demand the re turn o f l an ds i n Scot l and that Arthur has s e i ze d
a n d gi ven to G awa i n .
The k i ng and hi s fo l l owers , re l ax i ng o ver
the i r d i nner a fter the day • s hun t , l en d a tol erant e ar to the
i n truder • s pe t i ti on .
I t i s-eventu a l ly dec i ded that the di s p ute
wi l l be sett l e d by comb at between G awa i n a n d Gal eron , the l atter
to'be re i n s tated \'li th hi s l an ds . i f he wi ns .
Mi dway thro ugh the
b att l e , G uenevere i n tervenes on beha l f o f both kni ghts , who are
at the poi n t of fat al l y i njuri ng e a ch other .
G a l eron • s l ands
are re s tored to hi m , and i n due course he i s i n i t i ated i nto the
LOS 1 64
Ke l l y
fe l l owship o f the Round Table .
3
Gawain is rewarded for h i s
bravery with the grant o f a duke dom i n Wal es .
r
No s urrunary o f the Awn tyrs i s s uffi ci ent t o i l l u s trate one
o f the more remark ab l e fe atures of the poem : i ts ab undance of
p l a ce - n ames .
In the co urse of the n arrat i ve , r.e feren ces are
made to s i xteen l o cal i t i es i n s o uthwestern Sco t l and a l one .
of these h a ve yet to be i denti fi ed .
Ten
Admi ttedl y , there are a
n umber of di ffi cu l t i es i n vo l ve d i n s o doi n g .
�he ori g i n al
man u s cr i pt of the Awn tyrs , tran s cri be d i n the northern di a l e ct ,
n o l on ger exi s ts .
The four s urvi vi ng cop i es of the poem , a l l
of whi ch date from the mi d to l ate fi fteenth cen tury , are l es s
s at i s factory than we cou l d w i s h .
The Thornton
r1s.
( L i n co l n
Cathe dra l L i brary MS . 9 1 ) was trans cr i bed i n a di a l e ct cl oser
to that of the ori g i n a l th an were the other three , but l a cks
s ub s t an t i a l port i ons o f three s t anzas .
Do u ce (.Bodl e i an L i brary
MS .· 2 1 883 ) s uppl i es the pass ages mi s s i n g from T , but i s fl awe d
i n i ts t urn by a h i gh percentage o f grammat i cal errors a n d
a l terat i on s o f words a n d phras e s .
The Ire l an d Bl a ckburne MS .
( Bi bl i otheca Bodmer i an a , Col-i gnyt Gene v a ) offerrs cert a i n re adi n gs
s uperi or to those fo un d i .n T an d D , b u t was cop i ed i n a di a l ect
a�a e ven further remove d from that o f the ori g i n a l t h an was
Douce .
The L ambeth MS . ( Lambeth P a l a ce L i brary 4 9 1 ) was
comp i l e d by a s outhern s cri be .
Th i s copy , as one o f the edi tors
of. the Awn tyrs h as observe d , i s ri ddl e d w i th " errors o f geograp h i cal
LOS 1 65
Ke l ly
re fe rence as wel l as gramma t i ca l fonn . "
2
4
The unre l i ab i l i ty
o f al l fo u r man uscri pts i s il l u s t rated mo s t cl early by the
diffe rences i n the place-n ame re fe rences as reco rde d in each
text•: a re adi n g i n D may con fl i ct wi th its opposite n umbe r i n
T,
fi n d support i n I , and be omi tted from L .
Wi th one exception , the place-n ames mentioned in the fi rs t
episode of the A\'mtyrs a re fami l ia r to a l l s tudents of Mid dTe
En glis h Art h u rian romance .
3
The Tarn Wadling is located in
Hesket i n the Forest in the Leath Wa rd o f Cumbe rl an d .
Arthu r ' s
hunt and the adven t u re of Gueneve re and Gawai n take place in
I n glewood Fore s t , a n ame t h at appe ars i n the MSS . of the poem
as " Y g g i 1lwode " ( fo l lowing 1 . 71 5 i n T ) , " Englond" ( 7090 ) , an d
" ln g ulwud" ( 7091 ) .
Forms o f the n a ve gi ven in p ubli c documents
compile d between 1 22 7- 1 471 i nclude " Englewud�" " I ngelwod , "
"lnggi lwode , " an d " lngleswode , "
4
The a re a i s the set ting fo r
the romances of the Avowing of Arth u r , the Wedding of Sir Gawai n
and Dame Ragnell , an d the Ma rriage o f Sir Gawa i n.
5
I t may be
i denti cal with the forest o f Gorriende men t.i oned in the O F
Fe rgus , though s uch a conjecture Seems at bes t un l ike l y .
6
Afte r the h unt , Arth u r and h i s knights p roceed " to t>ai re
s up pe re " a t what i s vari ously gi ven as " Ro n do l es h a l l e " ( 3 370 ) ,
" Ran dolfe sett" ( 337T ) , and " Ron dal lesete " ( 33 7 I L ) .
John Robson
specul ated t h at " Ronda l lesete " may h ave been Ran dal holme ,
LO S 166
Kelly
5
a mano r in Plumpton P a rk i n L azonby in the Leath Ward , that
11hay11 of I n g l ewood Fo res t in which the T a rn Wadl i ng is locate d . 7
F . J. Amou rs concu rred wi th this hypothesis ; Prentis s Hoyt
reje��:ted it , p roposing t h at 11 Ron d a l lesete11 be identifie d with
H aworth Cas tle twelve mil es north of Carlisle .
8
The fo rce o f
Hoyt ' s a rgument that Ran da l ho l me i s in acces sib l e fr.om t h e T a rn
Wadl ing is con side rab ly diminished by the fact that later in
the Awn tyt�s a p a vi 1 ion for the s pect ato rs at the· combat between
Ga l e ron and Gawain is e rected on what is vario us:ly given as
11 P l umtone l an d11 ( 4 750 ) , 11 P l umt un l one11 ( 4751 ) an' d " Plontone
l an d " ( 4 75 L ) .
( Most o f the stan z a cont aining this refe re nce
has been torn away in T , but what is l e ft of 1 . 475 be gin s 11 By
t h at one Plu . . . . , " s o it is p rob abl.C t h at some form o f the n ame
appe a red here ) .
I n view of the p roximity o f Pl umpton P a rk to
Ran dal holme , it seems likely that Robs on's iden tification of the
site' with 11 Rondallesete11 is co rrect .
9
The. s t range r knig h t who rides in to Arth u r ' s court claims
to be the " g reate s t of G a l low ay 11 as well as l o rd of s e ve ral
othe r te rritories in the s u rro un di�g are a .
Modern Gal loway
comp' rises the s hire of Wigtown an d the Stew a rt ry of Ki rkcudb righ t,
the two southwes ternmost dis tricts in Scot l an d .
At one time ,
howeve r , the borde rs o f the te rritory we re exten ded to incl u de
p a rts of the shires o f Ay r an d Dumfries .
10
So it is difficul t
to s ay p recise l y what significance the term " Gal l oway " might
LOS 167
6
Ke l ly
h ave he l d fo r a poet who l i ved duri n g the l a tte r h a l f o f the
fo u rteen th cen t u ry .
W.J. Watson wri tes that 1 1 o f the h i s to ry of G a l l oway and
Dumfri ess h i re--the
1 and
of the Novan tae and the Se1 go vae-- i n
the cent u ri es fo l l owi n g the Roman evacuati on we have but l i tt l e
defi n i te knowl edge· 11
ll
The fi fth cen tury i n h ab i tan ts of the·
terr-i tory.we re B ri tons .
Du ri n g the s e venth cen t u ry , G a l l oway
was taken ove r by the Angl i an t ri bes of Northumb ri a .
Ro ugh l y
a h u n d red years befo re thi s , howe ve r , there commenced a n i n fl ux
of Gae l i c speake rs i n to the are a--an i n fl ux that cont i n ue d i n to
the n i nth cen t u ry .
G a l l oway was settl e d between 875 and 95U by
the Gal l -gh a i dh i l , a peopl e o f Ce l t i c-Scan di n a vi an h e ri tage
wh o ul t i mate l y became the p redomi n at i n g popul ati on g ro up of
the reg i on.
The n ame Gal l -gh a i dh i l me an s 11 fo re i gn Gae l , ..
al though , as John �1acQueen has rema rke d , 11i t i s ·cl e a r that by
1 1 38 the Gal l o vi d i ans d i d not t h i n k of thems e l ves as be i n g i n any
12
way 2!_L--t
11
h e te rm was res e rve d f or the Normans an d E n g1.1 s h' 1 1
•
Th i s. l atte r wave of i mmi g rants p ro ve d to be an i n domi tab l y
sep arat i s t mi nded peo p l e.
1 1ln the twe l fth and earl y th i rteenth
cen t u ri es the G a l l -gha i dh i l exi sted as a vi rt ual ly i n depen dent
s t ate wi th thei r own l aws an d cus toms a dmi n i s te re d by rul e rs
w h om th e
I ns
• h
II
ann a 1 1s
• t s h a b 1 t u a11y descnb e as. k 1n gs . . . .
•
•
13
•
The Scott i s h l oca l e de a l t w i th i n the Awn tyrs t akes on a
p a rti cul a r s i gn i fi cance fo r me di e val romance i n gene ral .
K. G. T.
L OS 1 68
Ke l ly
7
Webste r notes that Gal lo w ay 11 Was fo r the Middl e Ages a l an d
14
11
For wh ateve r re ason s , the a re a
o f speci a1 cha racter
•
.
..
ce rtain l y attracted con side rab l e notice.
I n L aJamon • s B rut ,
the rren o f Gall oway , a l ong \'lith the I ris h , Picts!l Sco ts , Danes
and
Norwe gian s , a re defe ated by Con s tan tine and the B ritons .
Arthu r late r conque rs the rebell io us p rovince an d aqds it to
his own dominion .
15
The re are re fe rences to the l o rdship in
Of Artho ur an d of Merl in
an d in the p rose Me rl in.
16
I n the
l atter , the men of G a l l oway a re s aid to form a mil itary unit
unde r the le ade rs hip of B rete l , duke of Tin tage l .
11 G a ll owa 11
is mentione d in the late fifteenth cen t u ry Scots L ance l ot o f
the Laik , in the co urse of a n obscure pas s age t h a t seems to
connect the te rrito ry with Gawain.
17
I n this con text it should be note d that the a s s ociation
of Gawain with Galloway , fa r from bei nq an inve ntion of the
l ate r me dieval Engli s h an d Sco ttis h poets , may be trace d as
far b ack as the early t\'lelfth century .
The firs t reference in
written lite rat ure to s uch a connection occurs not in a romance
but in the ch ronic l e of Wil l iam of �al me s b u ry ( c . 1 1 2 5 ) .
He re , it is reco rde d that during the reign o f Wil l iam the
Conque ro r the tomb of one W a l wen was discove red in the p rovince
of Ros . This renovme d wa rrior , 11qui fuit h a ud degener Arturis
ex s o rore nepos , 11 h ad been rul e r of W a l weitha ( Gal l oway ) until
LOS
169
Ke l ly
8
h i s expu l sion from the terri tory by the n e phew and brothe r of
Hen g i s t .
18
The fi rs t cl us ter of Gal l o vi di an p l ace - n ames i n the Awn tyrs
appe a rs i n 1 1 . 41 9-20, when Gal e ron announces h i s c l a i m to
those te rri tori es Arthur h as s e i ze d 11W i th a wro n g wi 1111 and
g i ven to Gawa i n .
As each o f the manuscri pts o ffe rs a sli g h t l y
d i ffe ren t rea di n g of t h i s p as s age , i t woul d p rob a b l y be best
t o quote from a l l four i n o rde r to determi ne wh i ch mo s t cl o s e l y
approxi mates that given i n t h e ori g i n a l ve rsion o f t h e poem.
Accordi n g t o the Thornton text ,
the Scott i s h k n i gh t a s s e rt s hi s
ri ght to the lo rds h i p
Of Konynqe of Carryke o f Conyngame of Ky l l e
Of Lamon de of Len ay o f Lowthyane h i l li s.
I n the Douce ve rs i on , hm-Je ve r , Gal e ron l ays cl ai m to the te rri tori es
Of Con nok of Conyngham a n d als o Kyle
Of Lomond of Losex o f L oyane h i lles.
The I reland MS . l i s t s the ho l di ngs i n que s t i on-as i nc l udi n g the
di s tri cts of
Of e a rrake of Cunmake o f Cony n g ame of Ki 1 e
Of Lonwi k of Lannax of L audoune h i l l us.
An d fi n a l ly , acco rdi ng to L ambeth , Ga l e ron h as been d i s po s sessed
1
Of Connok of Ca reyk of Coynh am of Kyll e
O f Lomoun d o f Leyn aux o f Lewans h i l l i s.
Des p i te the o�vi ous vari ati on from one manuscri pt to the
next , the p l ace - n ames men t i oned i n the fi rs t o f these l i nes
p resent no prob l ems i n te rms of i de n t i fi cat i on .
As was noted
LOS 170
Ke l l y
9
be fore , Ga l loway ori g i nal l y i ncl uded some parts o f the s h i res of
AYr an d Dumfr i es .
Ayr i ts e l f i s parti t i one d i nto th i rds by
the ri vers Irvi ne and Doon.
Of thes e natural di v i s i ons , the are a
des i gnated as Carri ck l i es to the s out h and that of Cunni ngh ame
to the north , wi th Ky l e fal l i ng between the two.
Ly i ng wi th i n
Kyle i tself are the p ar i shes of Old and New Cumnock , whi _ch were
at one t i me i ncor�orated i n to a s i ngle barony .
(Carri ck was
the e arldom of the Bruce fami ly , and Cunni ngh ame and Kyle
separate baroni es i n the i r own ri ght ) .
"Carryke" (T )
''Carrake': (I) "Careyk" (L ) of cours e correspond t o Carri ck ,
"Conyng ame" (T I )"Conyngh am" (D) "Coynh am" (L ) to Cunn i ngh ame ,
and "Kylle" (T ) "Kyle" (D ) "Ki le" (K ) "Kylle" (L) t o Ky l e .
Frede ri c Madden es tab 1 i s hed that the "Konynge" of T an d the
"Connok" of D a re vari ati ons of Cumnock .
19
Des p i te t he fact that "Konynge" does not re ally bear much
s i mi lar i ty to Cumnock , i t would seem that no reference to another
locali ty was i ntende d here .
In the process of transcri b i ng the
text , the scri be probably acci dent ally subs t i tuted the fi rs t two
sy l lables of "Conyng ame" for.a name that more closely resembled
the "Cumma ke" and "Connok" of the other MSS .
In v i ew of the
fact that a l l i terat i on is the pri nci p l e s ty l i s t i c fe ature o f
the li ne , i t i s not di ff i cul t t o s ee h ow s uch an e rror coul d
h ave been made .
At any rate , no di s tri ct known s i mp ly as "Konynge "
--or any re asonable vari at i on thereof--appe a rs to h a ve ex i s te d
LOS 1 71
Ke l l y
10
i n s outhwes tern Scotlan d at the t i me the poem was wri tten .
And
as T i s a northe rn copy , i t i s enti re l y poss i b l e t h at the scri be
was at l ea s t rough l y famil i a r wi th the geography of the are a .
Because o f the di s agreement among the texts , t he l ocal i t i es
men t i oned i n 1 . 420 are somewh at mo re di ffi cul t t o i denti fy than
those refe rred t o i n 1 . 419 .
But i t i s pos s i b l e t o determi ne
some s o rt of pattern not on l y i n the scri b a l a l terat i on to wh i ch
the pl ace- n ames h a ve been subject but the pos i t i on each occup i e s
w i th i n the l i ne i ts e l f .
The g roups b reak down i n the fo l l owi ng
manne r :
Lomon de
Lomon d
Lonwi k
Lomoun d
(T)
(D)
(t)
Len ay
Losex
Lannax
Leynaux
(I)
(L)
(D)
(I)
(L)
Lowthy ane h i l l i s
Loy ane h i l l e s
Laudoune h i l l us
Lewans h i l l i s
(T)
(D)
(I)
( L)
t1adden remarks t h at the te rri tory des i gn ated i n T as
II
20
1n
•
•
Dun b ar t ons h .1re.
L omon de II 1s
F . J . Amours reco gn i zes t h i s
re ference and t h at t o " L omon d" i n D , but con fesses h i ms e l f
puzz l ed by the man ner i n wh i ch they are app l i e d .
the n ame_ as
a
21
The use of
te rri to ri al des i gn at i on i s enti re l y app ro p ri ate ,
h o\'te ve r , both wi th i n the context of the poem an d i n geog rap h i c
�
te rms .
-·
Loch Lomond i ts e l f i s s i tuate d i n Dun b a rton s h i re and
S t i rl i ng s h i re .
Renfrew and L a n a rk l i e rough l y s i de by s i de
beneath Dunb a rton s h i re , wh i ch run s a l ong and be l ow the l och .
Ay rs h i re i s i n turn bo rde red i n p art by L an a rk and Ren frew .
Bel ow
these s h i res l i e Dumfi re s t o the e as t an d Wi gtown an d Ki rkcudbri ght
LOS 1 72
Kel l y
to the we s t .
As
I
11
h ave alre ady po i n ted out , several o f these
terri tor i e s h ave been cl a i me d by Gal eron as part of h i s l ords h i p .
The place - n ame Lomon d mi g h t here be i nten de d t o refe r t o the
northernmo s t ha l f of the Scott i s h kn i ght ' s :1,o l di ngs .
I n t he I re l and MS . , however , the re fe rence t o " Lomon d" has
been rep l ace d by one to "Lonwi k. "
The re are s e ve ra l poss i b l e
explan at i on s fo r t h i s subs t i tut i on .
a scri b a l er ro r fo r "Lana rk;"
22
Rob son con s i ders "Lonwi k"
Amours , who be l i e ves th at I
offe rs a re adi n g cl ose r to the ori g i n a l ve rs i on o f 1 . 420 t h an do
the othe r t h ree texts , poi n ts out that "Lonwi k"' may i n fact be
a co rrupt spel l i n g of "Lanri k,'� the o l d fonn of L a n a rk .
23
Th i s
sugges t i on i s subs tan t i ated by the fact that at l e a s t p a rts o f
L an a rk 1 i e we 1 1 wi th i n the te rri tory
to wre s t b ack from Arthur and Gawa i n .
GJ l er· on
i s attemrt i nq
An d i n 1 . 681 of D we
fi n d a re ference to the di s tri ct of "Loyn ak"--a p l ace-n ame beari n g
s ome s i mi l a ri ty t o "Lonwi k. "
A 1 1 these e 1 ements add up to the pos s i b i 1 i ty th at the
I re l an d MS . does , i n th i s case , p reserve
a
bette r re adi n g o f
1 . 420 t h an do the othe rs . . .Qne f.;j n a 1 cons i de rat i on remai ns .
was t ranscri bed i n L ancas h i re , an d here we fi n d the t own o f
Low i ck .
T h e use of th i s n ame d ates b ack t o at l ea s t 1 202 , whe re
one_ s ou rce g i ves i t as "Lofwi c . "
. I t i s de ri ved from the ON
4
/.
Lauf-v1k
, meamn g 111 e a fy b end . .2
·
II
Now , s i nce Lowi ck an d . Lo fw i c'
be a r a cl ose r s i mi l ari ty to "Lonwi ck" than do "Lanri ck " or
1
LOS 1 73
Ke l ly
12
Lan ark , i t is pos s i ble that the scri be of I i n tent i on a l l y o r
acci den t a l l y sub s t i tuted fo r the Scott i s h pl ace - n ame a p l ace
n ame c l oser to h ome .
The fact th at a s i mi l a r s o rt of emen dati on
occurs l ater on i n the I re l an d text o f the Awntyrs a dds wei ght
to th i s a rgument .
At any rate , the agreement i n 1 . 420 betv1een
T and 0- -wh i ch are cl ose r i n a geo g raph i c sense.t o the o ri g i n a l ·
ve rs �on o f the poem than l- - a s we l l as the e vi dence of L both
support the re adi n g of Lomon d and con t ra di ct Amours • as s umpt i on .
But s i nce " Lonwi ck" i nte rp rete d as L a n a rk fa l l s 'n atura l l y wi th i n
the d i s t ri .c t o f Lomon d the di s pari ty between I and T , 0 a n d L
does not re a l l y affect the actua 1 sett i n g of the Awntyrs .
Des p i te the wi l d va ri a t i on s i n the spel l i n g , i t woul d seem
that the n ames i n the seco n d co l umn al l des i gn ate the s ame a re a .
" Le n ay " a n d " Losex" do not s oun d much l i ke Lenno x , but there i s
a soun d l ingui s t i c b as i s fo r equ at i ng the th ree;
The re gi on o f
Lenn o x , a n e a rl dom a n d anci ent county , "compri sed Dun b a rtons h i re ,
a 1 arge p art o f S t i rl i ngs h i re , and part s o f Pe rth s h i re a n d
Renf.rews h i re;11•
25
or rough l y t h e s ame te rri to ry des i gn ated by
the :poet as " Lomond·.,... Th i s 'o rres.pon dence h as a defi ni te
h i s to ri ca l p receden t .
Leamh a i n .
26
On
The n ame Lennox i s deri ved from G ae l i c
Gough • s map ( c . 1 360 ) , the te rri tory i s refe rre d
to a s comi t atus d e l e ven ay- - a n ame much resemb l i ng the " Le n ay " o f
T.
Othe r e a rl y fo rms of Lennox i ncl ude " L e ven aus " ( 1 296 )
" Le ve n ax " ( 1 35 7 ) .
28
27
Al l s uch v a ri ants a re me re l y Ang l i ci ze d
and
LOS 1 74
Ke l l y
13
p l ura l s of Gaeli c Leamhr'l ach , " men of Lennox. " ( Such a te rm
o f cou rs e refl ects the s t atus of the di s tr i ct as an earl dom. )
The fo rm " Le ven aus " i n p a rt i cul a r be ars a cl ose �resemb l ance to
the " Leyn a ux" o f L.
On l y in I does a ve rs i on o.P the name occur
that cl osely resemb l es the mode rn s pe l l i n g o f Lennox , whi ch i s
pe rh·aps why Amo urs chose to reg a rd the I text as th.e mos t
acc u-rate i n th i s case .
Robson i denti fi e d t h e " Laudo une h i l l us " o f'I as L oudon
Hi l l .
29
The " Lowthyane h i l l i s " o f T , the " Loyane h i l l e s " o f
D a n d the "Le�1ans h i 11 i s " o f L p robab l y re fe r t o t h e Loth i an
H i l l s.
But , as Amo urs remarks , " the • Loth i an h i l l s • a re too
far e a s t to be p a rts o f the 1 ands of the 1ords of G a 11oway·. "
30
On the other h an d , the l ocal i ty ci ted i n 420! fa l l s we l l wi th i n
the boun ds of Ga l e ron • s l o rds h i p as i t h as so far been descri be d ;
Lo udon H i l l i s i n Ay rs h i re .
The next cl uster of p l ace - n ames appe a rs i n 1 1 . 665- 70 ,
i mmedi a te l y fo l l owi ng the p as s age de scri b i n g the pe ace ab l e
settl ement o f the di s p ute between G awa i n and Gal e ron .
P l eased
by the manne r in whi ch h i s n�phew··has acqui tted h i mse l f , Arth u r
rewa rds G awai n wi th a s i zab l e t ract of l an d , cons i s t i n g acco rdi ng
to Tt , D arid I o f " Gl amergane " l an d ( " G l omo rgan s " i n L) a n d the
wors h i p o f Wal es ( 1 1 . 665-66 ) .
I n D , th i s g rant a l s o i nc l u des
LOS 1 75
Kell y
14
. . . cri ffones cas tell es curne l l e d ful cl ene;
Eke Vl s te r hal l e, to h a fe and to ho l de ,
Wayfo rd and Wate rford i n Wal e s I wen e;
Two b aron rees i n B ret ayne , wi th b u rghes s o bo l de ,
� at a rne batai l e d aboujte and b i g ge d fu l bene.
The co rres pon di n g p a s s age i n T g i ves Gaw a i n the l o rds h i p o f
"Gryffones cas te l l e , " "f.>e Huste rs h a u l l e, " "Wayfu rthe" a n d
"Wak fe l de" an d two b a ro n i es i n B u rgundy .
I n I , these posses s i on s
be come "Ki rfre cas te ll e ," "Hu l ke rs home_ ," "Wayi ffo rthe ," an d
Waturfo rthe" a n d two baron i es i n "Bretan ." L i ne 6 6 7 i n L rea ds
s i mp.l y "cun t res and cas te l s , �·a p robab l y rat i on a l i zati o n on
t he p art o f a s c ri be to \'lhom the n ame " G ri ffon" ( o r s ome variation
t h e reo f ) me ant abso l utel y noth i n g .
The rest o f the pas s age
l i s ts G aw a i n • s new pos ses s i on s as "H u l ster al h o l _y , 11 "Wayfo rd
and Wate rfo rd11 an d the two baron i es men t i oned i n D and I .
11C ri ffones caste l l e s ," 11 G ryffones caste l l e " and " Ki rfre
ca s tel l e" a l l appe a r to re fe r to the s ame p l a ce , of whi ch I
cannot fi n d any t ra ce unde r those n ames i n Wal e s , s o uthwes te rn
S cot l an d o r n o rthwestern Eng l an d .
It i s o f co urse pos s i b l e that
s u chr a s i te co ul d h ave a t one t i me exi s te d i n any one of these
th ree territo ri es wi tho ut appe a ri ng i n con temporary re co rds .
But the compl ete l ack of any s u rvi vi n g noti ce seems to precl u de
the 'p os s i bi l i ty that a p l a ce we l l - known enough to comman d the
atten t i on o f a poet and at l e as t th ree s c ri bes-- al l of whom we re
work i n g at s e p a rate t i mes a n d p l aces - - co u l d h ave managed to
es cape the eyes of the comp i l e rs o f o ffi c i al do cuments . 31
LOS 1 76
Kel l y
15
''G r'iffon ' s Cas t l e" may h ave been a tag invented by the
composer of the Awn tyrs fo r appli cati on to a l egi t i mate but, from
h i s s tandpoi n t , l es s approp ri atel y n amed l ocal i ty .
I f th i s i s
so , ·then i t becomes neces s a ry to l ook for a s i te the a s s oci a t i ons
and l o cat i on of whi ch fi t mos t neatl y i n the con text o f 1 1 .
6 6 7 - 7 1 of the poem .
One s u ch i s Wa l wyn ' s Cas t l e , ci ted i n earl y
p ub l i c reco rds as Ca s t ro Walwam ( 1 29 1 ) , " Cast l e Gawen " ( 1 29 3 ) ,
" Cas t l e G a l wan " ( 1 299 ) , 11 Caste l l gawene11
Wa l l w ayn .. ( 1 437 ) .
32
( 1 350 ) , or " Cas t rum
From the vast n umber of referen ces to i t
i n o ffi ci a l do cument s - - on l y a s ampl e o f these h a s been g i ven
abo ve- -Wal wyn's Castl e seems to h a ve been qui te a wel l -known
l oc a l i ty duri ng the peri od when the Awn tyrs was composed a n d
t rans cr"i bed.
Furthermore , i t i s s i tuated i n an a rea fa l l i n g
wel l wi th i n the geog raph i c s cope of the poem--Pembrokes h i re
i n South Wa l es .
The very name o f the s i te g i ves i t an un do ubted
l ongst andi n g associ ati on wi th the Arthu ri an t radi t i on .
The connect i on between \.Jal wyn ' s Cas t l e and " Cri ffones " o r
11 Gryffones 11 cas t l e i s further just i fi ed by an i · n teres t i ng bi t
o f i n fo rmati on p ro vi ded ea rfi er fn Awn tyrs .
I n 1 1 . 509-1 0 ,
Gawai n's armo ri al beari ngs are des cri bed as
. . . gri ffons of go l de en gre l ed ful l e g ay ,
Tri fel ed wi the tranes a n d t rue-l o ves bi twene .
Now , i t i s on l y i n t h e al l i tera t i ve r1o rte Art h u re t h a t we fi n d
a s i mi l a r devi ce as cri bed to h i m . 33
I n S i r Gawai n an d t h e Green
LOS 177
Ke l l y
Kn ight , Gawai n bears a pen t an gl e ,
34
16
wh i l e i n mo s t o f the
othe r roman ces h i s arms cons i s t o f a l i on o r a two- he aded e a g l e .
35
Keep i n g th i s i n mi n d , i t be come s e as i e r t o un de rs t and how a
re fe rence to " Gri ffon's Cas t l e " cou l d h a ve bee n i n te n ded to
s i gn i fy " G awai n ' s Cas t l e . . "
In the romances , i t i s not at a l l
i n frequent fo r an i n di vi dual t o be i denti fi e d by h i s a rms rathe r
than by name--s uch a case i n fact occ urs i n 1 1 . 306-0 7 o f the
Awn tyrs , whe re Mo rdre d i s des cri be d as a s ubject be ari ng a
s i l ver s a l t i re on h i s shie l d .
Ano ther pos s i bi l i ty rema i ns t o be di s cu s s e d .
" G ryffone"
a n d "Cri ffone" a re ce rta i n l y An g l i ci zat i on s o f We l s h Gru ffyd d .
I t may be then that the re fe ren ce i n the Awntyrs app l i es to
a
s i te associ ated wi th G ruffydd ap Cyn an ( c . 1 054 ( 5]-1 1 37 ) , k i n g
.
o f Gwynedd i n North Wa 1 e s , Gru ffydd was bo rn i n Dubl i n of
We l s h-Scand i n avi an p a rent aqe , and was , on h i s mothe r' s s i de ,
a des cendant of S i htri c S i l kenbe a rd .
Hi s father was the son
o f I ago , who had been deposed f11om the th rone of Gwynedd and
s l a i n i n 1 039 .
Cynan does not ap pe a r to h a ve been i n cl i ne d to
exe rt h i ms e l f to regai n hi s inhe ri . t ance , p re fe rri n g to rema i n i n
Dub l �n enjoyi ng whatever emol uments came the way of an i n l aw of
a Vi k i n g royal fami l y .
H i s s on , howe ve r , dedi cated the g re ate r
o a rtI of h i s career to e s t ab l i s h i nq._, h i mse l f on the th rone o f
I
Gwyne dd .
S o pe rs i s tent 1-1e re G ruffydd's e ffo rts i n t h i s d i recti on
as to w i n h i m memo ri a l i zati on i n a b i ography-- an honor acco rde d
LOS 178
Ke l l y
n o oth e r W el s h prin ce .
17
This biog raphy, although heavi l y weighted
in its s ubje ct ' s favor , provides a good re co rd
Wa l es duri n g Gruffydd ' s l i fetime .
36
Of
a ffai rs i n
The ve ry fact that Gruffydd' s
pe rson a l his to ry 1-1as cons i de re d by -one w ri ter to be wo rth y o f
p rese rvat i on s uggests s ometh i ng o f the nat ure an� extent of the
fame•the pri nce enjoyed .
G i ven s u ch cel ebri ty , i t �s ent i re l y
pos s i b l e that h i s hame co ul d h a ve be come a s s o c i ated wi th a s i . te
i n Wa l e s , a s i te ( o r s i tes , i n vi ew of the p l u ra l 11Criffones
caste l l es'' in Awn tyrs D ) a l s o we l l - known eno ugh to come to the
atten ti on o f a fou rteenth century poet .
As d i ffi cul t to i denti fy as 11 Gri ffon's Ca s t l e 11 i s 11f>e Hus ters
haul l e 11 of 668 T , appe a ri ng i n D as 11 V l s te r h a l l e 11 and i n I as
11 H ul ke rs home· ,11 ( The 11 H u l ste r a l hol y 11 o f L can be e l i mi n ated
from the di s cus s i on as the rat i ona l i zation of a s cri be who was
not i n any case ve ry fami l i a r wi th many of the othe rbcal i t i es
n aiTIEd i n the poem ) .
11 Hus te rs haul l e 11 and 1 1 V l s te r h a l l e 11 h ave
no equ i val ents i n Wal e s or S cot l and,
37
11 Hul kers home , 1 1 h owe ve r ,
appe a rs t o h a ve one i n L ancas h i re , whe re the Ire l and MS . was
t rans cri bed.
I n Ca rtme l P a ris h , lon s d a l e H undre d o f th i s co un ty
there i s a Ho l ker H a l l .
The n ame dates back to at l e ast 1 276 ,
and t h ro ugh 1 557 i s given in th� forms of 11 Hol ke rre�'' 1 1 H o l ke r.,
and i" Howke r. "
Ekw a l l wri tes that 11 the o ri g i nal Ho l ker was no
do ubt near H o l ker H a l l ; the n ame to be extende d to the d i s t ri cts
now cal l e d Lowe r and Uppe r H o l ke r , the o l d W a l ton. "
38
LOS 179
Ke l ly
18
It is distinctly pos sib l e that the scribe of I was rem i n ded
o f Hol ke r o r Ho l ke r Hall by a s i mi l ar-soun di nq n ame i n 1 . 668 of
the p oem he was copyin g , an d s o s ubstitute d a p l ace-n ame he
was acquai nte d w i th fo r one l e s s fami l i a r .
i denti fy the s i te the poet of
the
But, th i s doe� not
Awntyrs h a d i n mi n d .
What the p oet m ay h a ve been th i n k i n g o f was a l ocal i ty i n
the vi ci n i ty o f Carl i s l e .
One such pos s i b i l i ty i s Hewer Hi l l ,
appe ari ng i n reco rds comri l e d between 1 292-1 371 as "Houe rg/ 1
" Houhe re , " " Hogher" an d "Hwe r· 11
40
Th i s h i 1 1 i s 1 ocated i n
Castl e Sowe rby o f the Le ath Wa rd , wh i ch p l aces i t n ot e s pec i a l ly
far from the othe r Cumberl and l ocal i ti es menti oned i n the poem.
The s ame can be s a i d of Hutton H a l l i n Pen ri th in Leath .
n ame appea rs as " Hutoun h a l l 11 o r " Huton h a l l 11 i n 1 582 .
Thi s
42
Hewthwai te H a l l i h Sel murthy , Al l e rdal e , i s " Hotweyt11 ( 1 260 ) ,
" Hothweyt" ( 1 290 ) , " Hothuuayt " ( 1 31 2 ) , " Hothw a i t " ( 1 366 ) ,
11 Ho .t hwayt 11 ( 1 369 )
and "Huthwayt " ( 1 26 8 , 1 383 , '1 399 ) .
43
Hul l e rbank i n Hayton , E s k da l e , appe a rs as " Hul verb ancke "
( c . 1 220) an d " hul l e rb an k " ( 1 380 ) . 44
Ul da l e i n Al l e rda l e i s
" Wol udal e" ( 1 2 86 ) , " U veda l e 1�. ( 1 305 ) , " Oul fsdal e" ( 1 32 8 ) ,
" Ul l e dal e " ( 1 3 32 ) , "Ul fd al e " ( 1 359 ) and " Ul dal e " ( 1 39 1 ) .
45
Al l
the se p l ace - n ame s contai n at l e ast one e l ement th at res emb l es
e i ther " Huste r" or " V l ster . "
Furthe rmore , each s i te i s a
.
.
46
fah l y s at i s facto ry one from a geog rap h i c stan dpowt .
LOS 180
Kel l y
19
D is the only man us cript of the Avmtxrs to ·lo calize 11 Wayford11
and 11 Waterfo rd 11 in Wales .
T, I
an d L merely refer to them as
walled areas , g i v i ng no h i nt of thei r lo cati on .
Robert Ackerman
s ug gests th at 11 Wayfo rd11 and 11 Waterfo rd11 may s i mp l y be the s ame
n ame repeated .
47
All the texts of th e poem refer to 11Wayfo rd 11
( 11Wayfurthe11 T , 11Way i ffo rthe11 I ) , wh i 1 e T c h an ge� 11Waterford11
to 11:W akfe1de . 11
B ut s i n ce there i s no Wakefi el d i n Cumberl an d ,
Wa l es o r southwestern S cotl and th at I co ul d fi n� noti ce of i t
seems l i kely th at th i s emen dati on resulted f rom the s c ri be 1 s
w i s h to avo i d the repet i ti on o f two vi rtually i denti cal n ames .
The re i s a Wakefi e l d i n the West Ri di ng of Yorksh i re , as wel l as
a Wakefi el d G ate and a Wakefi el d Fol ly , b ut i t i s h i ghly i mp robab l e
th at the p oet o f the Awntyrs h a d any of these i n mi n d .
I t wo ul d b e tempti n g t o i denti fy 11 Wayfo rd11 wi th Watfo rd
i n Egl wys i l i an , Caerph i ll y Hun dred , G l amo rgan s h i re ,
48
b ut the
manner i n whi ch th e Awntyrs compos er coup l es 11 Way ford11 w i th
11Waterfo rd11 s uggests stron g l y that the two a re l o cated i n the
s ame genera l a rea , and I coul d f i n d no reco rd of another n ame
cl osely resemb l i n g ei ther 11 Way fo rc.l11 o r 11 Waterford11 i n Wal es .
Another pos s i bl e i denti fi cati on fo r 11 Wayford11 i s Wasford i n
Kyl estew art , Ay rs h i re.
Th i s n ame appears i n 1340 as 11Was chfo rd 11
49
an d·ag ai n i n l 401 as 11Was ford. 1 1
There i s a harbo r of Waterfoot
at the mouth o f Ann a n Water i n Dumfd·es , whi ch mi ght be the
11Waterfo rd11 o f the Awntyrs .
But Was fo rd and Waterfoot l i e wi th i n
LOS 181
Kel l y· 20
that te rri to ry o ver wh i ch Gal eron cl a i ms l o rds h i p, and i t
wo ul d be po i ntl es s fo r Arth ur to grant Gawa i n a h ol d i n g th at
the k n i ght w i l l s h o rt l y su rren der to h i s opponen t .
I n v i ew o f th i s drawb a ck , i t seems worthw h i t l e t o cons i der
the pos s i b i l i ty that the fo ur most obs cure p l a ce- names in 11 .
667-69 o f the Awntyrs-- 11 Cri ffones castel l es , 11 11Vl ster h a l l e , 11
1 1 W ayfo rd
,u
and 11Waterford11 - -may be I ri s h.
The fi rst el ement of
11 Cri ffones castel l eS11 bears a di sti n ct resemb l an ce to the fi rst
el ement of G ri ffi nstown , a town i n Bal l yn u re Pari s h i n the
b arony of T a l bots town Upper i n Co unty Wi ck l ow .
Thi s n ame appears
as early as 129 7 as 11Gri ffi neston·, " 11 Gri ffi n i sto n 11 o r
11 Cryfyneston , 11 and agai n i n 1540 as 11 G ry ffynsto n 11 a n d 11 Gri ffens ton . uSO
The Awntyrs poet coul d h a ve appen ded the wo rd 11 Castel l es 11 to
the fi rst el ement o f Gri ffi nstown i n o rder to preserve th e
a l l i terati on of the l i ne o r to i mp res s mo re strong l y on . h i s
audi en ce the i dea th at G awai n's new h o l d i n g s are trul y of duca l
propo rti on s .
A resemb l a n ce even cl os er th an thc:t of 11 Cri ffones castel l es 11
to G ri ffi nstown exi sts betwe�n 11 Wayfo rd11 and Wex fo rd , a n ame
appear i n g i n earl y s o u rces as 1 1 Wei s fo rd11 o r 11 Weys efo rd" {129 7 ,
1344 , 135 1 ) .
51
The nei ghbori ng county o f Waterfo rd may be the
" W aterfo rd" of the Awntyrs .
An d fi n a l l y , i t i s poss i bl e th at
the ·p l a ce-n ame 11Vl ster h a l l e11 was i nten ded to represent a site
i n the p ro v i n ce of Ul ster i tsel f .
LOS 1 82
Kel l y
21
Any attempt t o i denti fy t h e last o f the hold i ngs wi th
wh i ch Arth ur rewards Gawa i n fo r h i s prowess i n comb at--the two
b a ron i es i n 11 B retayne" (T h as Bu rgoyne ) -- i s bound to y i el d
on l y i n concl us i ve res u l ts .
The referen ce i s general , a n d co ul d
app ly to any one of a n umber o f p l a ces .
Had the two b a ro n i es
been l o cated i n Engl an d , W a l es , Scotl an d o r I rel a�d , the poet
woul d no do ubt have gi ven the s i tes n ames at l east rough l y
fami l i a r to h i s audi ence .
No p u rpose co ul d h a ve been served
by a l ack of s peci fi ci ty here .
that w e
I n vi ew o f this , i t seems l i ke l y
are i nten ded t o read 11 B retayne11 o r 11 B retan 11 as B ri ttany .
Al l o f the other references i n the Awntyrs to the Conti nent a re
s i mi l a rly comp rehens i ve .
The next l i st o f p l ace- n ames appears i n 1 . 6 78 , when Gawai n
i s p rompted by Arth u r to ren o un ce h i s c l ai m to the l o rds h i p of
G a l l oway .
I n a b ri ef b ut s i gn i fi cant s peech , the kni ght offers
to return to G a l eron a l l the terri to ry exten di n g from
(T)
( D)
(I)
(L)
Lowyke to L ay re
L auer t o L ay re
Logher to Lay re
Lowyke to L ayre
.
�
Hi s gesture i s a mun i fi cent one , b ut beca use of the di s a g reement
among the fo u r i�SS . on the fi rs t p 1 ace- n ame it i s di ffi cul t to
l
estab l i s h exact l y what l an ds Gaw�i n i s p l an n i n g to gi ve ba ck to
hi s fo rme r opponent .
There i s l i ttl e doubt that 1 1 Lay re11 i s Ay r , fo r , as Amo u rs
notes , the 11 L 11 h as s urel y been p refi xed to the n ame on l y i n o rder
LOS 183
Ke l l y
22
to maintain the alliterat ion o f t he line in which it appears .
The " Laue r" of D an d the "Lo gher" of
t h e s ame name .
I
52
are p robab l y v a ri ants o f
Robson p ropos e d that " Logh e r" be re ad as a
refe re n ce to the Lo char �1oss i n s outhwe s t Dumfri essh i re ; Amo urs
remarked that " Logher" mi ght jus t as we l l app l y to the Loch a r
Wate r , wh i ch runs th ro ugh t h e Locha. r Mos s .
53
· I t seems to me
equa l l y pos s i b l e that the poet o f the Awnty rs had i n mi n d the
Lo che r W ate r i n Ren frews h i re , or p e rh ap s Lough ri gg i n S t . Bees ,
Al l eTdal e , a n ame appe a ri n g i n 1288 as " Louke ri g" and i n 1540 as
" Loke ri gge:. •.S4
The comp oser may e ven h a ve been thi nki n g of
Lough in P l umpton Wal l .
Th i s l atter was an es tate t aki n g i ts
n ame , as two e i ghteen th- cen t u ry ant i quari es i n fo rm us , " from
a smal l l ake , as i t seemeth , jus t be fo re i t . "
55
I f the " Logher"
o r the " L aue r11 i s i n deed Lough , then Gawai n wo u l d be maki ng o ve r
t o Ga l eron h i s cl a i m to al l the te rri tory between Ay r and
Carl i s l e , whi ch wou l d i n cl ude mos t of the ol d ki ngdom of Cumb ri a.
The Tho rnton an d Lambeth MSS. re fe r to the a rea i n ques ti on
as 11 Lowyke 11 - - a name bea ri n g at l e ast as much re semb l ance to
" Lan ri k" ( Lan a rk ) as " L auer" ·� an d ,., Loghe r " do to Loch a r .
Ayr
and L a n a rk co ul d qui te re aso n ab l y be cons i de re d to fonn the
eas te rn and wes te rn b oun d a ri es of the l o rds h i p t o whi ch Ga'l e ron
l ays clai m .
B u t the poet's p u rpose woul d h a ve been equ al l y we l l
s e rved by the choi ce o f Lough o r , as Robson po i n ts out , the
·
Lo ch a r Mos s to des i gn ate the s o uthern mos t e dge of a terri to ry
LOS 184
Ke l l y
taken up on t h e N o rth by Ayr.
56
23
This makes i t virt ual l y
i mpos s i b l e t o determi ne which readin g o f 1 . 678 p rese rves the
compose r ' s
•
1
n ten t .
T
The re ading of " Lan a rk to Ay r" may , howe ve r ,
recei ve s ome s uppo rt from 420I i f " Lonwi k" here i s re ad as
" Lan a rk."
· S i nce 1 . 679 is me re l y a repeti t i on o f 1 . 419 , the p l acen ame s men ti oned here need not be di scussed ag ai n .
It is
i n te re s t i n g to n ote , h oweve r , that the re ference to " Kony nge "
i n 4 1, 9T h a s been eme n ded to " Commoke " i n 6 9 7 T .
I n 6 790
the expected refe rence to Carrick has been rep l aced by one to
" Ca rl e l e . 11
The n ame s do sound ro ugh ly s i mi l a r , an d both fi t the
al l i terati ve patte rn of the l i ne .
I n addi ti on , a s Carl i s l e
i s the seat of Arth u r ' s co urt , s e ve ra l re fe rences to i t have
al re ady appe a red i n the poem.
57
Keep i n g s uch facto rs i n mi nd ,
i t i s not di ffi cul t t o see how the acci den tal s ubsti tuti on
o f Ca rl i sl e fo r Ca rri ck co ul d have taken p l ace .
The l ocal i t i es menti oned i n 1 . 6 81-- a l i ne mi s s i ng from
the L ambet h a n d I re l and MSS . --p resent an enormous p rob l em w i th
res pect to i den t i fi cati on .
..t•one -expect s here the same n ames a s
i n 1 . 420 , t h e ri me- l e tte r be i ng t h e s ame , though t he end- ri me
i s n ot·." Amo urs rema rks .
" As the two texts s t and , I am afrai d
nothing can be made o ut of them.
We need scarce l y regre t the
omi s sion of two l ines i n I . , as they woul d p robab l y h ave made
LOS
185
Ke l l y
confusion worse confounded...
24
58
T h e confusion Amour s s peaks o f arises from the fact that D .
offe rs an entire l y differen t reading of the l i ne than doe s T .
Acco rding t o the Thorn ton ve rsion , Gal eron ' s l an ds i nc l u de
The Lebyn ge the Lowpynge pe Leve astre I l es
In the Douce MS . , h i s te rri tory i s s a i d to en compass
Pe Lope r 'e Lemmoke pe Loynak �e Li l e
Wi thi n the s p a ce o f one 1 i ne , then , the re ader i s con fron te d
wi th a g ro up o f s e ven p l a ce-n ames havi ng nothin g i n common but
the l etter wi th wh i ch e a ch begi n s .
The refe rences to the 11 Lebynge11 an d t he 11 Lowpynge" appear
to make ab s o l ute ly no sense whats oe ve r .
I t may b e t h a t the
11 Lebynge " i s i n fact t h e area a roun d t h e Le ve rn , a s t ream ne a r
Pai s l ey i n Renfrews h i re , or , a s Ra l ph H an n a s ugges t s , the
ri ve r Leven i n Dumbarto n s h i re .
59
What g i ve s thi s l atter p ropo s a l
s o me wei ght i s the fact t h a t the Leven an d the te rri to ry t h rough
which i t runs a re a p a rt of the o l d Lomo n d di s t ri ct .
11 Lowpynge"
does n ot re al l y be a r much s i gn i fi cant s i mi l a ri ty to any p l ace ..
-
-
name I co u l d l o cate i n s o uthe rn Scot l an d .
There i s a s l i gh t
pos s i b i l i ty , howeve r , t h a t i t may corre s pond t o the re fe rence
to "Pe Loper-11 i n D .
There i s some re a s on t o bel i e ve t h at the en ch an t i n g l y n amed
" Le veas t re l l es " of T a re i n fact the Weste rn I s l es .
I n early
L OS 1 86
Ke l l y
25
so urces, the wor d "wes ter" (_wes tern ) appe ars as " We s tir"
(.1365 ) , "Wes tyr" (_1389} , and "We ster" ( _1 438 ) .
60
'The Registe r
of The Great Sea l of S cot l and , 1513-1546 , h as " Vest , 11 " Wes t i r , "
" Wes . t i re
•
"
" Veste r11 an d " Ve s t i r. u
61
Several o f these fo rms are
s uffi ci ently s i mi l a r to the ( l e ) Veas t re of 681 T to s ugges t that
the - 1 atte r s h o u l d be re a d as 11Wester. 11
�The i denti fi cati on of the Heb ri des wi th the 11 Leveas t re
l l est " i s s upporte d by other e vi den ce .
J udgi ng from the con s i de rab l e
n umbe r o f refe re n ces t o them i n ce rtai n l i terary texts , the
Wes tern I s l es , l i ke Gal l ow ay , he l d a pecul i a r fas ci nati o n fo r the
composers of Con ti nental as we l l as Mi ddl e Engl i s h Art h u ri an
roman ce .
The Heb ri des form a p romi nent part of the l an ds cape
of the early t h i rteenth cent u ry Fe rgus , a story set i n Cumb ri a
at l a rge .
I t i s o f i n te re s t too that i n th i s roman ce the vJestern
I s l es s hou l d be cl ose l y associ ated wi th Gal l ow ay .
There was i n fact an hi stori cal con necti on between the
so uthwes t mai n l an d and i s l an d te rri tori es . · The fo rm of the n ame
Gal l oway cu rrent i n the n i nth cen t u ry ap p l i e d to the Heb ri des
.
62
as wel l as to the western coas t l ar.1ds of Scotl and.
Be l on g i n q.
to the fami l y o f G a l l -gh a i dh i l th at move d i nto G a l l oway ( an d
prob ab l y i n to Ca rri ck an d Kyl e a s we l l ) we re the Gal l who
sett l ed i n the Wes te rn I s l es .
The Hebri des con s equent l y be came
.
known as I nse-ga l l , or 1 1 I s l an ds of the Forei gners . " I t i s from
th i s term that I ngegal , the n ame by whi ch the We s te rn I s l e s a re
LOS 187
Ke l ly
kn own in Fergus, c�me to be deri yed .
26
63
Given this , i t i s not difficu l t to see how the poet o f the
Awn ty rs coul d h a ve fe l t jus t i fi e d i n a l l ow i ng Ga l e ron of
G a ll oway to ass ume the l or ds h i p o f the i s l es .
The arg ument
hol ds true even i f the i ncl us i on of the " Le Ve astre I l e s " among
the ·S cott i s h p ropert i es l i s te d i n T i s the res ul t of s c ri b a l
emendati on .
The po i nt i s s i mp ly that the associ ati on be tween
Gal l oway and the Heb ri de s was we l l eno ugh re cogn i ze d for someone
at s ome s tage of the text ual t ransmi s s i on of the Awntyrs to h a ve
fel t i t wo rth noting .
The i denti fi cati on that can be p roposed fo r the fi rs t p l ace
n ame men ti oned i n 6 81 0 i s s l i gh t l y l e s s tentati ve t h an those p ut
fo rth for the " Lebynge" o f T .
P robab l y the " LoPe r" i s the
terri to ry i n the vi ci ni ty of the Lowthe r H i l l s , a range of
mo untai ns separat i ng Dumfri e s s h i re from Lanarkshi re .
The Lowthe rs
are a l s o known as t he Leadhi l l s , whi ch may account fo r the fai l u re
o f pas t st udents o f the Awntyrs to recogni ze the di s t i nct resemb l ance
exi s t i ng ·between the fi rst name and " Lope r'. 11
' The. " Lemmoke " i s l i ke l y
, .. the .Lennox , the a re a around Loch
Lomond fi rs t referre d to i n l . 420 .
64
I f th i s i denti fi cati on i s
corre ct , then there i s yet another vari ant o f the name t o add to
the. " Lenay , " " Losex· , 1 1 " L ann ax " and " Leynaux" of the earl i e r
p as s age .
" Loyn ak" may be Lan a rk .
LOS 188
Ke l l y
27
I n vi ew of the fact t h a t a goo d de a l of e a s il y acce s s i b l e
i nformation on the s ubje ct exi s t s , i t i s curi ous· th at the
re fe ren ce to �� e Li 1 e 11 shou l d h a ve remai ned s uch a mys tery to
t hqs e who h a ve exami ned the Do uce MS. George Fraser B l a ck wri tes
that 11 a fami l y of thi s name we re b aron s of Ouch a 1 i n Ren frewshi re
as earl y as the begi n n i ng
of
the t h i rteenth cen t u ry .•P5
As
I
h ave· poi n te d out , Ren frews h i re coul d qui te reason ab l y b e con s i de re d
a p a rt o f Ga l e ron's hol di ng s .
So i t i s enti re l y pos s i b l e that
i t i s to the b a rony held by the Ly l e s that the refe re n ce i n D
app l i e s .
The fi n a l p rob l em i s to de ci de whi ch of the re adi ngs of 1 .
6 81 i s s upe ri or.
The lo cali t i es menti oned i n one make just as
much sense i n the con text of the poem as do th ose n ame d i n the
othe r.
The re adi ng i n 6810 i s , howeve r , s upported by the fact
t h at i t p robab l y contai ns a re fe ren ce to one of the s i tes
( Lennox ) menti oned in 1 . 420 o f al l fo ur MSS. of t he Awyn tyrs .
Furthe r , the p l ace - n ames ci ted i n D a re attached to somewhat
better defi n e d l o ca l i t i es t h an a re those i n T - - the refe rence to
t he b a rony of the Lyl es i s , fo r examp l e , a far mo re speci fi c one
than th at to Le ven or Leve rn .
F i n a l l y , the re may be a repeti t i on
i n 6 81T i ts e l f o f p a rt of 6810 ; as I noted above , 11 Lowpynge 11 i s
p os s i b l y just a corrupti on of 11 Le>Pe r11 o r L owthe r .
For s u ch
re asons i t wou l d p rob abl y be s afes t to accept 6810 as a more
accurate re fl e cti on of the compo s e r's i ntenti on .
LOS 1 89
Ke l l y
28
Th i s completes t h e p l ace � n ame s urvey of t h e Awntyrs .
It
i s u nfo rt unate t h at because o f s crib al e rro r , emen dati on a n d
de l eti on , no more than a tentati ve i den t i fi cat i on c a n be
as s i gned to s ome o f the l o ca l i ti es ci ted in the work .
A fi fth
t ran s cri pt of the poem , we re s u ch a thi ng to come to l i ght , mi ght
provi de re adi n gs to cl a ri fy s u ch amb i gui t i es as those p resent i n
6 81 T .
l1ore l i ke l y , as Amo urs rema rke d , i t woul d onl y s e rve to
make 11 confus i on wo rse confoun de d.
S u s an Ke l l y
T ufts Uni ve rs i ty
11
L OS 190
Ke l l y
29
NOTES
1
Most recently edi ted by Robe rt J . Gates , The Awn tyrs off
Arthure at the Terne Wathe lyne ( Phi l ade l phi a : Uni ve rs i ty o f
Pennsy l van i a P res s , 1 969 ) and Ral ph Hanna I I I , The Awn tyrs off
Arthu re at the Te rne Wathe lyn ( Manche s te r : Manchester Un i ve rs i ty
P res s , an d New Y ork: B a rnes an d Nob l e , 1 9 7 4 ) .
Both Gates and
H anAa have p rod uced useful , schol arly works .
S i nce G ates gi ves
a ful l e r acco unt of the man uscri pt vari an t s , hi s i s the edi ti on
I shal l quote from here .
2
.
Gates , p. 7 3 .
3
The s pect re makes a s e ri es o f re fe rences t o v a ri ous
l ocati ons on the Con t i nen t ( 11 . 2 76 - 84 ) and p redi cts that the
Ro und Tab l e wi l l fal l 11 bes i de Ramsey ful l rad at a ri di n g 11 ( 1 . 294 )
an d that the bol des t of Arthur • s men wi l l di e at Dorset ( 1 . 295 ) .
These pass ages a re g i ven detai l e d di scus s i on by Wi l l i am Mat thews ,
The T ragedy of Arthur ( Be rke l ey an d Los An ge l es : Un i ve rs i ty o f
Ca l i forni a P res s , 1960 ) , p p . 157- 5 8 .
4 .
A. M . Arms t rong , A . Mawe r , F . M . Sten ton and B ruce Di cki n s ,
•
.
I
The P l ace- N ame s of Cumberl an d , Vo l . XX o f Eng1i.s h P l ace - N ame
Socjety ( Camb ri dge : Camb ri dge Un i ve rs i ty P res s , 1950 ) , 38.
Here a fte r abb re vi ated to EPN 20 .
)
5
·
s i r Amadace an d the Avowi n g of Arth u r , ed . Chri s tophe r
B rookhouse , Ang l i s t i ca 15 ( Copenhagen : Ros enki l de and B agge r ,
LOS
191
Kell y
30
1 96 8 ) ; The We ddi ng of S i r Gawai n an d Dame Ragnell , e d . Laura
Sumne r , Smi th Co l l e ge Studi es i n Modern Lan guage s , Vol . V , P art
4 (Northampton , Mas s . : Smi th Co l l ege , 1 924 ) ; The Marri age of Si r
Gawai ne , i n Bi s hop Percy's Fol i o Man us cript , e d . J . W . Ha l e s and
F . J . Furni va l l , I ( Lo n don , 1 86 7 ) , 1 0 3-18 , rep ri n te d i n So urces
an d An a l ogues o f Ch auce r' s Cante rb u ry Tal es , e d . W . F . B ryan and
Ge rma i ne Dempster ( 1 94 1 : rp t . New York : The H uman i t i es P res s ,
1 95 8 ) , pp . 253- 4 1 .
6
Fer·gus , Roman von Gui l l a ume l e Cl e rc, e d . E rn s t Marti n
( H a l l e : Buchan dl ung des Wai s e n h a uses , 1 872 ) , p. xxi .
.
7
Th ree Early Engl i s h Me t ri cal Roman ce s ( Lon don : Camden
So c i e ty , 1 842 ) , p . x v .
8
''TI3e Anturs of Arthur a t the Tarne Wathe l an , '' Di s s . Harvard
Un i vers i ty 1 902 , p p . 1 64-6 8 .
9
I t i s o d d that Fre de ri c r�ad den , who i denti fi ed the re fe ren ce
i n 1 . 475 as bei ng to P l umpton , di d not make the connecti on between
" Ron dal l esete " and Ran da l hol me .
See S,Yre Gawa,Yne ; A Col l e cti on
of An ci ent Roman ce Poems . . . . Re l ati ng t o that Ce l eb rated Kn i ght
of the Roun d Tab l e (1 839 ; rpt . New Yo rk : AMS P res s , I n c . , and
Johnson Rep ri n t Co rp . , 1 9 71 ) , p . 334 , note to p . 1 1 7 .
10
w . Johns ton an d A . K . Johns ton , Johns ton's Gazettee r of
Scot l an d, 2 n d e d . re v . B . B . Ha rtop , I\ . C . t1 . an d M . Rodge r
LOS 1 92
Ke l l y
31
( E di nburgh and London : W . an d A . K . J ohn ston an d G . W . B a con ,
1 95 8 ) , p . 1 03 .
11
Hi story o f the Ce l t i c P l a ce � N ames o f S co t l and ( E di nbu rgh
an d Lon don : Wm . B l ackwood an d Sons Lt d . , 1 926 ) , p . 1 0 1 .
12
11The P i cts i n G a l l oway · , " Tran s a ct i on s of the Dumfri e s s h i re
and Gal l o\'Jay Natu ral H i s to ry an d Ant iqu a ri an Society , 3rd s e ri e s ,
39 ( 1 960-61 ) , 1 4 1 .
Fo r further i n fo nnat i on on the e a r l y h i sto ry
of G a l l ow ay , see a l s o J ohn �1acQ ueen , 11 Ki rk- and Ki l - i n Gal l oway
P l a.ce - N ames , " Arch i vum L i ngu i s t i c um, 8 ( 1 956 ) , 1 35 - 49 , and
11 We l sh and Gae l i c in Gal l oway . �� T ran s a cti on s o f the Dumfri e s s h i re
an d Ga l l oway Natura l H i s to ry an d Ant iquari an Soci ety , 3rd
s e ri es , 32 ( 1 953-5 3 ) , 77- 9 2 .
13
J ohn MacQueen , 11 The Gae l i c Speakers of G a l l ow ay an d
Ca rri ck , u Scott i s h Studi es , 1 7 ( 1 9 7 3 ) , 2 7- 2 8
14
11 Gal l oway and the Roman ce s , 11 r�ode rn Language Notes , 5 5
( 1 940 ) ' 1 63 .
15
LaJamon : Brut , e d . G . L . B rook an d R . F . Les l i e , E a rl y
Engl i s h Text Society , No . 2.77 ,
I.I
( London ; New Y o rk and To ronto :
Oxfo rd Un i ve rs i ty P res s , 1 9 7 8 ) , 1 1 . 1 0 1 89 ( MS . Cal i gu l a ) , 1 0502
( MS . Cal i g ul a ) , 1 1 6 6 1 U·1S . Cal i gul a ) .
16
of Artho u r an d of �1e rl i n , e d . 0 . D. Mac rae-Gi b s on , E a r l y
Engl i s h Text Soci ety , No . 268 , I ( Lon don and New Y o rk : Oxfo rd
LOS
193 .
Ke l ly
32
Un i ve rs i ty P re s s , l 9J 3 ) , 1 . 43 56 ; Me rl i n · or : the Early. H i s to ry
o f King Art h ur , e d . Henry B . Wheat l ey , E ar l y E n g l i s h Text
II ,
Soci ety , O . S . No . 36 ,
Part 3 ( Lon don : Kegan P a u l , T re n ch
and T rubne r and Co . Lt d . , 1 869 ) , 6 5 7 .
17
Lan ce l ot o f t h e L a i k , e d . M . M . Gray , Scotti s h Text
Soci ety , N . S . 2 ( Edi n b u rg h an d Lon don : Wm . B l ackwood and Sons ,
1 9 1 2 ) ' 1 . 2692 .
1B
wi l l e l mi M a 1 me s b i ri ens i s Mon acht
De
Ges t i s Regum Angl o rum.
Li b ri Qui nque; Hi s to ri ae No ve 1 1 ae L i b ri Tre s , e d . W . S t ubbs ,
Ro l l s Se ri es , No . 90 ( Lo n don : H . M . Stati one r ' s Offi ce , 1 889 ) ,
II,
342 .
19
20
21
Ma dden , p . 334 , note to p . 1 1 5 .
.
Madden , p . 334 , note to p . 1 1 5 .
s cott i s h Al l i te rati ve Poems i n Ri mi ng Stan z as , S cott i s h
Text Soci ety , No . 38 , I I ( Ed i n b u rgh an d Lon don : Wm . B l a ckwood
an d Sons , 1 896- 7 ) , 354 , n . 41 9 , 420 .
22
23
24
.
Robson , p . x vi
•
Amo u rs , p . 354 , n . 4 1 9 , 420 .
E i l e rt E kw a l l , P l ace - N ames o f Lan cas h i re , Pub l i cati ons
of the Un i ve rs i ty of M an che s te r , No . 1 49 , E ng l i s h Se ri es , No. 1 1
( Ma n che s te r : Manche s te r Un i ve rs i ty P re s s , 1 922 ) , pp . 2 1 3- 1 4 .
LOS 1 94
Ke l l y
25
26
33
J ohnston and Johnston , p . 1 5 8 .
Watson , p . 1 1 9 .
27
J oseph Bai n , e d . Cal endar of Do cuments Re l ati ng t o
Scot l an d , I I ( E di n b urgh : H . H . General Reg i s te r Hous e , l 8eJ ) ,
1 96 ' do c .
no .
82 3 .
28
Joseph Bai n , ed. Cal endar o f Documents Re l ati ng to
S cot l an d , I I I ( E di n b u rgh : H . �1 . Genera l Reg i s ter House , 1 887 ) ,
302 , doc . no . 1 65 1 .
29
30
31
Robson , p . xvi .
Amou rs , p . 35 4 , n . 41 9 , 420 .
Han n a ( p . 1 40 , n otes to 1 1 . 66 7- 9 ) s u gge s t s th at
" Cri ffones Cas te l l es may be a re fe ren ce to Cri e ff , Perth s h i re ,
o r to Gri ff Ran ge i n north De rby s h i re · .. " The re i s a Gri ffi th 1 s
Moo-r ne ar the Rhymney i n Ro ath , Gl amorgan s h i re , a Gry fe Cai rn
i n L ancas h i re an d a G ri ff Head , G ri ff Ho , Gri ff Mi l l , G ri ff• s
We l l and G ri ff• s Wood i n t h e Wes t Ri di nq .
None of these woul d
appe ar to h a ve been s u ffi ci e n t l y s i gn i fi cant to att ract the
atten ti on of the Awntyrs poet .
32
s . G . Ch a rl es , Non - Ce l ti c P l ace - N ames i n Wal es , London
/
Medi ae val S t udi es Monograph No . l ( Lon don : Uni ve rs i ty Col l ege ,
1 9 3 8 ) ' p . 87 .
l
LOS
1 95
Ke l l y
34 .
33 dden , pp . 31 8- 1 9 , note to 1 . 6 36 af · syr · G awayn a n d the
Ma
Gren e KnYJt .
J . R . R . Tol k i en an d
s i r Gawa i n and the Gree n Kn i ght , e d .
(Oxf ord : Cl aren don P res s ,
E . V . Go rdon , 2n d e d . rev . Norm an Davi s
34
1 96 7 ) , 1 1 . 6 1 9 - 39 .
35
Syr Gawayn and the
t1adde n , p . 31 8- 1 9 , note to l . 6 36 of
G rene Knyjt .
36 . H . Wi l l i ams , I ntro du ct i on to the H i s tory o f Wal es
A
, 1 948 ) , I I , The Mi d dl e Ages
( Ca rdi f f : U n i ve rs i ty of W a l e s P res s
P art l , 2- 3 .
37 There i s an Ul f ' s We l l i n St . J ohn , Card i ff , G l amo rg an s h i re ,
ce was re co rde d i n the l atte r
b u t the n ame un der w h i ch i ts exi s ten
fi ) does not re al ly bea r a
h al f o f the twe l fth ce n t u ry ( fans Ul
( Ch a rl es , p . 1 36 ) . A
s i gn i fi cant rese mb l an ce to " V l s ter"
re , but agai n , the l i nk
" Howe l l es cast e l l " exi s te d i n Pemb roke s h i
s on l y a ten uous one ( Ch arl es ,
wi th ei the r " H u s ter " o r " H ul s te r" i
p . l 05 ) .
38
t:kwal l , p . 1 9 7 .
n g wi th the ul - e l eme nt
The re a re s i x p l ace - n ame s beg i n n i
h a d bee n the s i te re fe rre d to
i n L an cas h i re , but i f any o f the se
I wou l d p rob ab l y h a ve rec ogn i ze d
by the Awn tyrs poe t the s c ri be o r
39
the fact .
LOS 1 96
Ke l ly
40
41
35
EPN 20 , 245 .
EPN 20 , 232 .
42
EPN
43
20 , 1 1 0 .
A . M . Arms t ron g e A . Mawe r , F . M . Sten ton and B ruce Di cki n s ,
The P l ace - N ames o f Cumbe rl and, Vol . XXI of Engl i s h P l ace� N ame
Soci ety ( Camb ri dge : Cambri dge U n i ve rs i ty P re s s , 1 950 ) , 434 .
Hereafter abbrevi ate d to EPN 21 .
44
45
EPN 20 , 88.
EPN 2 1 , 32 7 .
46
Both l�adden ( p . 330 , note to p . 95 ) an d Amo urs ( p . 329 ,
n . 2 ) re fe r to the rui ns of a Cas t l e Hewi n o r Hewen whi ch stood
near the Tarn Wadl i n g . Howe ve r , n e i ther chos e to d raw a connect i on
between th i s and the " H us ter" o r " Vl ste r" of 1 . 6 6 8 .
47
An I n dex o f t h e Art h u ri an N ames i n Mi d dl e Engl i s h ,
Stan fo rd Un i vers i ty P ub l i cati on s i n L an g uage and L i te rat ure , No .
1 0 ( S tanford : Stan fo rd Un i ve rs i ty P re s s , an d London : Ox fo rd
Un i ve rs i ty P res s , 1 952 ) , p . 242 .
48
49
" Wotfo rdsweye" ( 1 31 3 ) . See Ch arl es , p . 1 64 .
Geo rge Fras e r B l ack , The S u rn ames of S cot l an d ( New Y o rk :
New Y o rk P ub l i c L i b ra ry , 1 946 ) , p . 803 .
LOS 1 97
Ke l ly
50
36
Li am P ri ce , The P l ace� N am�s o f Co unty Wi tk l ow ( Dub l i n :
I n s t i t ute fo r Advan ce d Studi es , 1 949 ) , I I I , 1 46 - 4 7 .
The re i s a
Gri ffi thston i n S t . I s se l l s , Pemb roke s h i re , but Gri ffi n s town ,
ta
i n vi ew of i ts p rox i mi ty
Wex fo rd and Wate rfo rd , seems a mo re
s a t i s fa ctory can di date fo r i den t i fi cati on wi th " G ri ffon • s Ca s t l e
51
•
11
see P . W . J oy ce , I ri s h Local N ame s Expl a i n e d ( Dubl i n :
Educati on C o . of I re l an d , Lltd . , 1 92 3 ) , p . 93, a n d Hen ry F . Be rry ,
e d •• S t at utes a n d O rdi n an ces and Act s o f the . Parl i aments o f I re l an d ,
I ( Dub l i n : H . M . Stati one r • s O ffi ce , 1 90� ) , 1 9 4 , 364 , 392 .
The
i denti fi cat i on o f the l o cal i t i es re fe rre d t o i n 1 . 669 w i t h
We xfo rd an d Wate rfo rd w a s s u ggested b u t n o t p u rs ued by Hoyt
( p . 1 82 ) .
Acco rdi ng to H a n n a ( p . 1 40 , note to 1 1 . 667-9 ) ,
11 Wayfo rd11 may be i denti fi e d wi th 11 p l a ces c a l l e d Wath i n Cumberl an d ,
the North Ri di n g an d the Wes t Ri di n g .
An d Wate rfo rd mi ght be
con necte d wi th Wate r Ful fo rde , n e ar York. 1 1
52
Amo urs , p . 36 3 , n
53
•
.
678.
Rabson , p . x v i ; Amo u rs , p . 36 3 , n . 6 7 8 . Han n a ( p . 1 40 , note
to 1 . 6 7 8 ) remarks t h at 11 D . may refe r to L a ve rs d a l e i n Cumbe rl and ,
o r to the vi 1 1 a ges Le ve r , L a n es . , o r L a ve rton , Y o rk s . 11
54
55
EPN 2 1 ; 431 .
J . N i cho l s on and R . B u rn , The H i story an d Antiqu i t i e s of
the Co un t i e s of Wes tmorl an d an d Cumberl an d
( Lon don , 1 7 77 ) ,
[1,
LOS 1 98
Kel l y
37
42 1 ' ci ted i n EPN 20 , 2 34� 35 .
56
Robson , p . xvi .
57
see 1 1 . 3 , 288 , 6 89 , 690 ,
58
Amo urs , p . 36 3 ' n . 681 .
59
Han n a , p , 1 41 , note to
1.
681 .
There was a_ b a rony o f
11 Le vyngton 11 or 11 Levi ngton 11 i n Cumbe rl an d .
do c . no , 698 ; 331 .
Loth i an .
See B a i n , I I , 1 63 ,
L i vi ngs ton i s a vi l l a ge and p a ri s h i n Wes t
E arly fo rms
11 Le vynston11 ( 1 42 3- 4 )
rf
th i s n ame i n c l ude 1 1 L e vynges to n 11 ( 1 303- 4 ) ,
and 11 Lev i ngstoun11 ( 1 449 ) .
See J os eph Bai n ,
C a l e n dar of Do cuments Re l at i ng to S cot l and, IV ( Ed i nbu rgh : H . t·1 .
Gene ra l Re gi s te r House , 1 888) , 1 9 1 , do c . n o . 942 , 246 , do c . no .
1 2 1 6 ; 482 .
60
oxfo rd . Engl i s h Di ct i on a ry ( Oxfo rd : Cl a rendon P res s , 1 93 3 ) ,
X I I , 32 3 .
61
J . Bal fo u r P a u l an d J . Mai t l and Thomson , e ds . , The
Regi s te r of the G reat Sea l o f Scot l an d , 1 5 1 3- 1 5 46 ( E di nb urgh : H . M .
Gene ra l Re g i s t e r House , 1 883 ) , pas s i m .
62
11 . �1 . Chadw i ck , E a rly S cot l an d ; The P i cts , the S cots a n d
t h e Wel s h o f Southe rn S cot l an d ( Camb ri dge : Camb ri d ge Un i ve rs i ty
P re s s , 1 949 ) ,
63
p.
1 27 .
see E rn s t B rugge r , 11The Hebri de s i n Arth u ri an Li terat u re , 11
LOS 1 99
Ke l l y
38
Art h u ri an a , 2 lJ an . 1 929-J une 1 9 30 ) , 7� 1 9 and" 1 Pe l an de/
' Ga l vo i e ' an d Arra goce ' i n the Roman ce of Fergusf' i r'l �
M i s ce l l any o f Studi es i n Roman ce Language s an d Li te rat ure
P resente d t o Leon E . Kas tne r , e d . Mary Wi l l i ams and J ames A .
de Rot h s ch i l d ( Camb ri dge : W . He ffe r and Sons , L t d . 1 932 ) , pp .
94- 1 0 7 .
64
H an n a ( p . 1 41 , note to l i ne 681 ) s ugge s ts that Lemmoke
11mi ght rep resent Lemmi n gton , North umbe rl an d , a p l a ce re fe rre d
to i n e a r l y do cuments as Lemo cton
65
B l ack , p . 445 .
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