VOL. 27 NO. 1
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APRIL 2015
CROCODILE LIZARDS
SLOW LORISES USED AS
PHOTO PROPS IN
THAILAND
PANGOLIN TRADE
IN INDIA
The journal of the TRAFFIC network disseminates information
on the trade in wild animal and plant resources
The TRAFFIC Bulletin is a publication of
TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network,
which is the leading non-governmental organization
working globally on trade in wild animals and plants
in the context of both biodiversity conservation and
sustainable development. TRAFFIC is a strategic
alliance of WWF and IUCN.
B
The TRAFFIC Bulletin publishes information
and original papers on the subject of trade in wild
animals and plants, and strives to be a source of
accurate and objective information.
The TRAFFIC Bulletin is available free of charge.
Quotation of information appearing in the news
sections is welcomed without permission, but
citation must be given. Reproduction of all other
material appearing in the TRAFFIC Bulletin
requires written permission from the publisher.
MANAGING EDITOR Steven Broad
EDITOR and COMPILER Kim Lochen
Any opinions expressed are those of the writers
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WWF or IUCN.
Published by TRAFFIC International,
219a Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, Cambs.,
CB3 0DL, UK.
Copyright of material published in the
TRAFFIC Bulletin is vested in
TRAFFIC International
© TRAFFIC International 2015.
ISSN 0267-4297.
UK Registered Charity No. 1076722
Cover photograph:
Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus
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Photographs this page, from top:
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Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus
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Grey Parrots Psittacus erithacus seized in Hungary
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Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata
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Printed by Portland Print,
Kettering, Northants NN16 8UN, UK.
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APRIL 2015
CONTENTS
news
1
features
13
editorial ‡
Kasane Conference, Botswana ‡
Wildlife hunting in West Papua ‡
FLEGT Project concludes
)LUVW)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWH
awarded in India ‡
FairWild Standard ‡
CBD CoP12 outcomes ‡
The use of animals as photo props to attract
tourists in Thailand: a case study of the
slow loris Nycticebus spp.
Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris
Last chance to see?
A review of the threats to and use of
the Crocodile Lizard
Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham,
Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler
seizures and
prosecutions
27
short
communication
Funding for the printing and distribution of this
issue of the TRAFFIC Bulletin is generously
provided by The Rufford Foundation. Funding to
print and distribute future issues is being sought.
Please visit https://mydonate.bt.com/charities/
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VOL. 27 NO. 1
SUBSCRIPTIONS and MAILING
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The designations of geographical entities in
this publication, and the presentation of the
material, do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or
its supporting organizations concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, or area, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
U
33
A selection of
seizures and prosecutions
that have recently
taken place around
the world
A note on the illegal trade and use of
pangolin body parts in India
Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Sudarsan Panda,
Manoj V. Nair, Lakshmi Narayan Acharjyo and
Daniel W.S. Challender
Index Vol. 26: i–iv
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n 1976, TRAFFIC was established to monitor trade
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conservation action. This specialist role forms the
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and seizure data, for example, is essential to identifying
trends at varying levels and emerging issues, and provides
an early warning function. Monitoring also allows us to
measure the impact of our work, as well as that of other
internal or external interventions. As the number of species
threatened by illegal and unsustainable trade grows, this
role becomes increasingly essential. Recent examples
described here illustrate the importance of monitoring the
global wildlife trade.
importing and exporting countries are kept abreast of areas
of conservation concern so as to aid source countries in
their efforts to protect their wildlife, regardless of whether
the species is listed in CITES.
Continual monitoring and highlighting of important and
emerging issues is paramount not only to identifying and
prioritizing matters of concern, but also essential to track
and monitor progress, successes and failures. Monitoring
the trade in the wildlife market of Mong La, Myanmar,
on the border with China, for example, has yielded
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carried regional species has now become a hub for trade in
illicit African wildlife products, such as ivory, rhinoceros
horn and hippopotamus teeth. Reports by TRAFFIC and
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market over time have been covered extensively
in the media, and as a result, Mong La market has
become a priority for conservation action.
Regular monitoring of “legal” trade and trade
records and volumes has led to the detection of
one of the most frequent, high-volume and problematic
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in wild-caught species falsely declared as captivebred. Literally millions of animals are currently traded
around the world, declared as captive-bred, with little or
no requirements to prove these claims. Laundering of
wild-caught animals in this manner is not only a threat to
the conservation of a multitude of species, but it is also
undermining the efforts and credibility of businesses that
truly are engaged in legal commercial breeding.
A number of case studies highlighting the large-scale
laundering of wild-caught animals into the global market
have been published, raising the issue as a major concern,
and priority for action. A report by TRAFFIC arising
from the monitoring of trade in wildlife declared as
captive-bred focused on the previously unknown Shortbeaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus. This species is
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captive-bred individuals sparked concern amongst zoo
communities around the world, who subsequently began
reviewing their policies regarding the acquisition of
specimens declared as captive-bred, taking major steps
to eliminate this form of fraud, including through the
development of forensic tools and methodologies.
The issue continues to be addressed and championed
by prominent organizations, such as the World Association
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a statement calling for due diligence among their members
globally when obtaining wildlife declared as being captivebred. Efforts are also under way to add restrictions and
policies to regulations that allow for the trade in captivebred wildlife, calling for proof of parentage to be provided
to the importing countries.
The drive to combat unsustainable and sometimes
illegal wildlife trade is far from complete, and it is essential
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widely and used as a basis for shaping conservation action.
Basic monitoring, be it of wildlife markets, online, or of
trade statistics, is integral to the global effort to ensure that
wildlife trade is not a threat to the conservation of nature.
EDITORIAL
As is the case with many other types of crime, illicit
wildlife traders are many steps ahead of those of us
monitoring and researching the trade. Populations of
many species of animals have been greatly diminished or
extirpated by trade before conservationists are even aware
of the extent or impact of the overexploitation, or before
steps to provide legal protection or other conservation
interventions are made. It is key that negative trends
detected through trade monitoring are made available
to the broader conservation community, enforcement
agencies, decision-makers and the public so that actions
can be taken to slow, stop and reverse the trend.
Some claim that publishing such information may increase
demand for the species in question. This notion is in most cases
misguided although there are a few examples where publicity
of the rarity of a species has actually increased the value and
demand for it. However, this needs to be balanced with the
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and conservation needs of a species so that the obstacles to
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Take the Earless Monitor Lizard Lanthanotus
borneensis, for example, a little-known reptile endemic to
the island of Borneo. In 2014, through monitoring actions,
TRAFFIC became aware of increased demand and
availability of this species in the black market pet trade. It
published a report on this emerging trade, highlighting the
fact that unscrupulous traders were illegally collecting the
species and smuggling it to Japan and the EU, and called
for action to be taken. Despite the species being totally
protected in all three countries that share the island of
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CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
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are therefore not obliged to take action against the trade.
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being taken to list the species in the CITES Appendices
and it is hoped that effective international co-operation to
regulate this trade can soon be achieved.
While CITES plays an important role in encouraging
and facilitating co-operation in international efforts to
regulate illegal wildlife trade, a CITES listing cannot
always ensure that trade is sustainable, particularly where
enforcement is lacking. It is therefore vital that both
Chris R. Shepherd, Regional Director—Southeast Asia,
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THANK YOU!
TRAFFIC would like to
extend particular thanks
to Cleveland Metroparks
Zoo, USA, for their very
generous donation to the
TRAFFIC Bulletin.
We also wish to thank
our partners, WWF
and IUCN, and the
many other individuals,
foundations, government agencies and companies
whose support makes TRAFFIC’s work possible.
The 181st CITES Party: the European Union
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Party to CITES. The EU is a regional economic
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States, all of which are already a Party to CITES
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REIO to accede to the Convention since the
coming into effect of the Gaborone amendment to
the text of the Convention on 29 November 2013.
This amendment permitted REIOs, constituted by
sovereign States which have competence in respect
of the negotiation, conclusion and implementation
of international agreements in matters transferred
to them by their Member States and covered by
the Convention, to accede (see article on REIOs
in the last issue of the TRAFFIC Bulletin
The Convention will enter into force for the
EU on 8 July 2015.
http://cites.org/eng/eu_181st_party
TRAFFIC IS ON THE MOVE...
In late December 2015, TRAFFIC’s
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to refurbished premises, renamed the
David Attenborough Building, in central
Cambridge. TRAFFIC is a part of the
Cambridge
Conservation
Initiative
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the University of Cambridge and leading
conservation organizations, including
BirdLife International, British Trust
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International Union for Conservation
of Nature, the Royal Society for the
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World Conservation Monitoring Centre
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hub of conservation organizations.
Contact details will be announced in the
October edition of the TRAFFIC Bulletin.
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THE KASANE CONFERENCE ON THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE:
TIME FOR ACTION
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31 governments met in Botswana, on 25
March 2015 and adopted crucial new
measures to help tackle the unprecedented
surge in illegal wildlife trade. The Kasane
Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade was hosted by
President Ian Khama of Botswana in the town of Kasane
on the edge of the Chobe National Park, and delegates
ended the meeting with agreement on the Kasane
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to take action on demand reduction, strengthening the
legal framework for tackling money laundering linked to
wildlife crime, tougher law enforcement, and engaging
communities in protecting their wildlife resources.
The Conference was a follow-up to an earlier highlevel conference held in London on 13 February 2014,
aimed at injecting a new level of political momentum
into efforts to combat the growing global threat posed
by illegal wildlife trade to species such as elephants,
rhinoceroses and Tigers. That Conference adopted the
25-point London Declaration, with ambitious measures
agreed to eradicate the market for illegal wildlife
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and promote sustainable livelihoods through positive
engagement with local communities.
President Khama said in his welcoming address that
the Kasane Conference provided countries with another
opportunity to share experiences in combating wildlife
crime. “It also presents a chance to re-dedicate ourselves
to eradicate the scourge. The time for talking has long
passed, this is the time for real action,” he stressed.
At Kasane, governments reported on their progress in
implementing the London Declaration, including increased
levels of law enforcement action, improvements in domestic
wildlife-related legislation and regional co-operation in
curbing poaching. Most governments appear to have taken
their commitments last year seriously. Many demonstrated
in Kasane how they are turning the commitments in the
London Declaration into tangible actions on the ground
and strengthening their resolve to see the job through.
However, the situation with illegal wildlife trade
remains dire. In a presentation to the Conference,
TRAFFIC highlighted our most recent research which
clearly indicates levels of illegal ivory trade rising sharply
over recent years and continuing largely unchecked. More
worryingly, an increasing number of large-scale ivory
seizures point to greater involvement of organized crime.
Similarly, the situation for rhinoceroses continues to
deteriorate, last year being the worst on record with around
1300 animals killed continent-wide. The scale of illegal
trade in a wide range of less-celebrated species of animals
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losses felt across the globe.
What is clear from research and analysis over recent
years is that wildlife crime is getting more organized and
more sophisticated. To keep up with these developments,
an equally sophisticated approach is needed in response,
an approach based on an up-to-date theory of change
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criminals have to make to succeed in this business, to
increase the indirect risks they face and to reduce the
rewards they can reap from wildlife crime.
The Kasane Statement adopted in March hopefully
will provide the innovative approaches needed. For
example, countries agreed to focus on tackling money
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This commitment to “follow the money” is a huge,
innovative step that provides a mechanism to bring down
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in their pockets. It should also help to stamp out the
corruption that so often undermines enforcement actions.
In addition, the Kasane Statement calls for a
strengthened engagement with the relevant local
community groups and the appropriate retention
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Participants also agreed to engage further with the private
sector, including logistics and transport companies, which
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of the trade chain, extra impetus was injected into
understanding the motivations and behaviour of users
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successes and applying strategic approaches to dissuade
buyers from participating in the illegal wildlife market.
A year on from the London Conference, the tide is
slowly turning against wildlife criminals, with important
battles being won as remedial efforts increase in quality
and quantity. However, the picture overall remains deeply
worrying. The actions outlined in the Kasane Statement can
provide solutions but governments will need to continue
scaling up their efforts and work together to turn these
actions into concrete results. Further, the impact will not be
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only be won if there is sustained action over a number of
ORQJDQGSUREDEO\GLI¿FXOW\HDUV%XWLWFDQEHZRQ
Sabri Zain, Director of Policy, TRAFFIC
(PDLOVDEUL]DLQ#WUDI¿FRUJ
Steven Broad, Executive Director, TRAFFIC
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TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
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ildlife products are valuable commodities,
and wild meat is sometimes considered
to be of premium value owing to its high
value per unit weight compared with
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Across the humid tropics therefore, millions of people rely on
wildlife hunting for an alternative source of family revenue
%HQQHWW0LOQHU*XOODQGet al., There have been few studies on wildlife hunting in West
Papua, Indonesia. What has been understood thus far is that
indigenous hunting across West Papua has long been practiced
for subsistence purposes, with a strong connection to cultural
rites and mostly using traditional hunting techniques (Petocz,
3DWWLVHODQQR 3DWWLVHODQQR +RZHYHU
despite the importance of subsistence hunting to local
communities, and its impact on the forest biodiversity in
New Guinea, there has been limited research into the various
reasons behind wild animal exploitation, and its importance
in the household economy of the people of this area is poorly
documented.
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COMMERCIALIZATION OF HUNTING IN THE
Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus maculatus,
a species native to West Papua and hunted for
local consumption.
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Middlemen on motorbikes, transporting
a deer that they have purchased from the
villages connected by roads along the coast of
Amberbaken District.
4
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Between 2011 and 2012, the authors undertook a study on
indigenous hunting along the coast of Bird’s Head Peninsula
with the aim of observing its contribution to local livelihoods.
With limited access to resources within the marine protected
areas, most households in the study sites along the coast are
farming families who rely on hunting for both food and sale
to support their livelihoods. It was found that there is a strong
relationship between the purpose of hunting and target species
hunted along the coast. In common with most parts of the
world where wildlife hunting takes place, hunters in West
Papua prefer large-bodied hunting prey. These species are
the most important source of income where trade has been
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animal provides. The principal species targeted are deer
Cervus timorensis and wild pig Sus barbatus, introduced
species which, in most cases, are the predominant animals on
sale in the wild meat markets.
Hunters interviewed indicated that they hunt to meet the
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transported beyond West Papua. Wholesalers from other parts
of Indonesia such as from Makassar off southern Sulawesi
and Buton island of central Sulawesi bought wild meat from
West Papua and transported it by boat for sale in Sulawesi.
The authors traced the trade across eleven sampled
villages. They found that wild meat is sold fresh, though may
sometimes be frozen depending on the distance to the market.
The price per kilogramme ranged from USD1.5 to USD2.0 for
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involved transportation along the coast and resulted in a price
per kilogramme of meat purchased from middlemen of USD5/
kg, or twice the price at its source.
N EW S
These observations suggest that wild meat sold in urban
markets is likely to have travelled some distance from its source
after being sold to middlemen and therefore has a higher price
(Damania et al$OWKRXJKWKHUHLVQRIRUPDOPDUNHW
for wildlife products, a survey by Conservation International
Indonesia Program indicates that several bird species and
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were traded in traditional markets in Manokwari and Jayapura
(Suryadi et al
From the information obtained from 33 hunters who agreed
to record their hunting returns over a period of seven months,
some 300 animals were taken from the forests during this
SHULRG,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWPRVWRIWKHVHZHUHGHHUDQG
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authors noted that the native species hunted along the coastal
sites of West Papua include Dusky Pademelon Thylogale
brunii, Grizzled Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus inustus, Spiny
Bandicoots Echymipera kalubu, Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus
maculatus, Northern Cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus,
BIRD’S HEAD PENINSULA, WEST PAPUA
Papuan Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus and Pinon Imperialpigeon Ducula pinon. It was apparent that these species are
less frequently killed as they are only consumed by local
people. It is also important to note that there are religious
taboos surrounding wild meat consumption, especially among
the Muslim population.
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improved access between villages, increasing population
density and the availability of alternative protein sources,
suggest that currently there is a shift from subsistence-based
to market-based hunting. If the road development programme
currently under way in Papua and West Papua provinces
UHDFKHVNPDVSURSRVHG$QJJUDHQLDQG:DWRSD
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undisturbed forest, resulting in forest fragmentation and easier
access for hunters and traders to hunt (Robinson and Bennett,
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ZLOG PHDW WKLV LQ WXUQ ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DQ LQFUHDVH LQ KDUYHVW
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coast with roads will allow greater access to the nearest town
to sell agricultural products and to look for alternative sources
RIDQLPDOSURWHLQ%HQQHWWDQG5DRH[SODLQWKDWURDGV
allow people to make a dietary switch from wild to domestic
forms of protein.
It is therefore also important to undertake research into how
road access may have an impact on wildlife trade along the
coast of Bird’s Head Peninsula, and to determine the impact of
such trade on wild populations and whether current levels are
likely to be unsustainable.
Acknowledgements
Funding for this study was kindly provided by Skyrail
Foundation, Rufford Small Grants and Seed Fund for
5HVHDUFK 7UDLQLQJ 6)57 3URJUDP RI 6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in
Agriculture6($5&$
References
$QJJUDHQL ' DQG :DWRSD < Kajian singkat
Konservasi dan Ekonomi (RACE). Suatu usaha
untuk memadukan kepentingan konservasi dan
pembangunan ekonomi di Tanah Papua. Indonesia:
Conservation International.
%HQQHWW(/,VWKHUHDOLQNEHWZHHQZLOGPHDWDQG
food security? Conservation Biology±
%HQQHWW(/DQG5DR0:LOGPHDWFRQVXPSWLRQ
in Asian tropical forest countries: Is this a glimpse of
the future for Africa? In: Mainka, S.A. and Trivedi,
0 (GV Links between biodiversity conservation,
livelihoods and food security: The sustainable use
of wild species for meat. 3S±6ZLW]HUODQGDQG
Cambridge, UK: IUCN, Gland.
Damania, R., Milner-Gulland, E.J., and Crookes, D.J.
$ELRHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVRIEXVKPHDWKXQWLQJ
Proc Biol Sci,±
)D -( DQG %URZQ ' ,PSDFWV RI KXQWLQJ RQ
mammals in African tropical moist forests: a review
and synthesis. Mammal Rev.±
Milner-Gulland, E.J., Bennett, E., Abernethy, K., Bakarr,
M., Bodmer, R., Brashares, J., Cowlishaw, G., Elkan,
P., Eves, H., Fa, J., Peres, C., Roberts, C., Robinson,
-5RZFOLIIH0DQG:LONLH':LOGPHDW
the bigger picture. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
±
3DWWLVHODQQR ) 7KH ZLOGOLIH KXQWLQJ LQ 3DSXD
Biota;,±
3DWWLVHODQQR ) 0DQZLOGOLIH LQWHUDFWLRQ
Understanding the concept of conservation ethics in
Papua. Tigerpaper±
3HWRF]5*Mamalia Darat Irian Jaya. Jakarta: WWF
Indonesia Program dan PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
5RELQVRQ-*DQG%HQQHWW(/(GVHunting
for sustainability in Tropical Forests. New York:
Columbia University Press.
6XU\DGL 6 :LMD\DQWR $ DQG :DK\XGL 0 Survey pasar/monitoring perdagangan hidupan liar di
Kabupaten Jayapura dan Manokwari. Conservation
International Indonesia dan Seksi Konservasi
Sumberdaya Alam Wilayah Manokwari, Jakarta.
:LOOLDPVRQ ' :LOG PHDW IRRG VHFXULW\ DQG
forest conservation. In: Mainka, S.A. and Trivedi,
0 (GV Links between biodiversity conservation,
livelihoods and food security: the sustainable use
of wild species for meat. 3S±6ZLW]HUODQGDQG
Cambridge, UK: IUCN, Gland.
Freddy Pattiselanno, Universitas Negeri Papua,
Manokwari 98314, West Papua, Indonesia;
School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook
University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Benja V. Mambai, WWF Papua Program
E-mail: [email protected]
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
N EW S
',(*20*$5&(6::)
GROUNDBREAKING
TIMBER INITIATIVE
TAKES ROOT
-
I
n December 2014, the joint collaboration between
TRAFFIC, WWF Colombia and IUCN-South
America, concluded the three-year project titled
“Supporting the implementation of the EU
FLEGT Action Plan1 in South America: Catalysing
initiatives to control and verify the origin of timber
in trade and support related improvements in forest
JRYHUQDQFH´KHUHDIWHUWKH³)/(*73URMHFW´
The FLEGT Project, funded by the European
Commission, aimed to create an enabling environment
and increase capacity in South America for developing
initiatives that reduce illegal logging and bring timber
trade in line with EU FLEGT objectives, with a particular
focus on trade to the EU from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador
and Peru (see TRAFFIC Bulletin$ORQJZLWKWKLV
overarching goal, the FLEGT Project had the following
VSHFL¿FREMHFWLYHV
‡ WR HQVXUH WKDW NH\ VWDNHKROGHU JURXSV ZLWKLQ IRXU
selected countries have a clear understanding of the
intent and content of the EU-FLEGT Action Plan,
the opportunities it provides, and pathways for its
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
‡ WRIRVWHUDFOHDUXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQNH\(XURSHDQIRUHVW
stakeholders on the complexity of forest governance
LQ6RXWK$PHULFDDQG
‡ WR HVWDEOLVK D EHQFKPDUN DJDLQVW ZKLFK WR PHDVXUH
changes in forest governance, including levels of
illegal logging and trade, catalysed by FLEGT and
other initiatives, in the target countries.
The FLEGT Project targeted a wide range of actors,
in particular, State actors represented by government
departments and agencies in the project countries, EU trade
DVVRFLDWLRQV WLPEHU WUDGHUV DQG FRPSHWHQW DXWKRULWLHV
and non-State actors including forest dependent peoples’
organizations and civil society organizations concerned
with forest governance and trade.
In order to achieve these objectives, several key
activities were undertaken. Baseline information was
collected relating both to the understanding of all project
stakeholders of the elements that make up FLEGT, and
to the understanding of the current situation in the four
South American countries as to the status of trade and
management of timber and timber products. This baseline
further provided a starting point from which related changes
could be measured during the project period and beyond.
Baseline information was collected through structured
UHVHDUFK²TXHVWLRQQDLUHV DQG LQWHUYLHZV WR DVVHVV
knowledge on governance-related issues, as well as
literature and data analysis to review management and
trade. Several outputs were produced including “scoping
studies” of national management and trade operations, and
timber product trade from the target countries to the EU.
These documents provide a basis for the public sector to
GH¿QHLPSURYHPHQWVWRH[LVWLQJPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPVDQG
SURFHVVHV IRU WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU WR VWUHDPOLQH FRPSDQ\
processes and, in the EU, to have greater clarity on
processes and trade dynamics that inform “Due Diligence”
UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGIRULQGLJHQRXVJURXSVWRKDYHLPSURYHG
understanding of systems that impact forest governance.
Building on this initial information, activities were
developed to identify synergies between FLEGT and
other forest-related policies being implemented in the
IRXU FRXQWULHV 7KH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI FXUUHQW V\QHUJLHV
allow targeted efforts to be made where related policies
or practices can add value to improve the effectiveness of
LQLWLDWLYHVUDWKHUWKDQGXSOLFDWHRUZRUVHFRQÀLFW7KLV
process was strengthened through a multi-stakeholder
PHHWLQJ RI UHJLRQDO H[SHUWV WKDW LGHQWL¿HG DUHDV RI
common ground between FLEGT and related initiatives
WKDWZRXOGEHQH¿WIURPFORVHUPXWXDOHQJDJHPHQW
Baseline information was also used to establish a
suite of indicators that could be used to measure changes
in forest governance. Also through a multi-stakeholder
process, a framework was developed that used existing
models for assessing changes in forest governance, based
predominantly on the World Bank PROFOR/FAO model,
adapted to regional conditions. Indicators common to
DOOFRXQWULHVDVZHOODVQDWLRQDOVSHFL¿FLQGLFDWRUVZHUH
IXUWKHU LGHQWL¿HG E\ QDWLRQDO DQG UHJLRQDO H[SHUWV DQG
initial measurements taken. The results of the work set
the basis for a repeatable methodology for measuring
changes in forest governance in Brazil, Colombia,
Ecuador and Peru. Forest experts in these countries
expressed interest in furthering the implementation of a
forest governance methodology, and follow-on work in
Peru has already been initiated.
(8)RUHVW/DZ(QIRUFHPHQW*RYHUQDQFHDQG7UDGH$FWLRQ3ODQ6HHKWWSZZZHXÀHJWH¿LQWÀHJWDFWLRQSODQ2See http://gftn.panda.org/resources/
tools/?202483/Framework-for-Assessing-Legality-of-Forestry-Operations-Timber-Processing-and-Trade
1
6
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
N EW S
75$)),&
Another particular focus was to work with indigenous
groups to develop an online e-learning course, aimed
particularly at indigenous Amazonian representatives.
The course emphasizes the potential of FLEGT to
reward improvements in forest governance, increase the
competitiveness of timber coming from areas applying
FLEGT principles, and to support national management
HIIRUWVZKLFKVKRXOGUHVXOWLQEHQH¿WVRIUHGXFHGWUDGH
in illegally sourced timber. Representatives were trained
in the use of the course in order to train members of
their own communities about opportunities to improve
forest governance at the local level. The e-learning
tool was showcased at the project-hosted conference
RQ ³*RYHUQDQFH /HJDOLW\ 9HUL¿FDWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG
Competitiveness in the Latin American Forest Sector”
KHOG LQ 4XLWR VHH EHORZ DQG UHFHLYHG D YHU\ SRVLWLYH
reception, with interest and recommendations from many
participants to adapt the tool to various forest governance
scenarios in non-Amazonian areas of Latin America.
To complement the supply side of the project, work
was conducted to support the demand side of the FLEGT
Action Plan. This was undertaken in the EU, focusing
mainly on Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK.
Work here focused on providing support to the private and
public sectors, particularly to support implementation and
enforcement efforts related to the EU Timber Regulation
“Due Diligence” requirements, focusing on timber
trade from South America. This support was provided
WKURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEULH¿QJGRFXPHQWVEDVHGRQ
the project outputs from South America in combination
with workshops aimed at providing the private sector
726%25175$)),&
Lorena Tapia (left), at the time Minister of Environment for
Ecuador, speaking at the opening of the inaugural forestry forum
³*RYHUQDQFH/HJDOLW\9HUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPVDQG&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV
in the Latin American Forest Sector”, October 2014.
Logs waiting to be processed at Botrosa hardwood plywood mill,
Ecuador.
“Operators” with tools with which to implement “Due
Diligence” when placing timber from South America, and
elsewhere, on the EU market. These tools include the use
of the TRAFFIC/GFTN (WWF Global Forest & Trade
1HWZRUN OHJDOLW\ IUDPHZRUNV DQG GH¿QLWLRQV2 which are
increasingly being used as reference material by both public
and private sector actors for conducting relevant checks on
the legal harvesting and trade of timber products.
A preliminary external evaluation of the project
has suggested that the project has met the three stated
objectives. These objectives were reached through a
holistic approach, with activities complementing each
RWKHU DQG DGGLQJ YDOXH WR WKH RYHUDOO SURMHFW JRDO²D
good example of the whole project being greater than the
sum of its parts. The key approach for all these activities
was through effective and inclusive communication.
Where appropriate, multi-stakeholder dialogues were
implemented to allow a range of opinions and thoughts
to be expressed and taken into account, particularly those
not commonly heard, such as indigenous groups.
This was demonstrated most effectively at the
FRQIHUHQFHRQ³*RYHUQDQFH/HJDOLW\9HUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPV
and Competitiveness in the Latin American Forest
Sector” which engaged 140 regional stakeholders, as well
as public and private sector representatives from 10 Latin
America countries and from demand side markets such
as the EU and the USA. The conference, which aimed
at an exchange of experiences and lessons learnt, pulled
together the different strands of FLEGT-related activities,
resulting in a policy brief that intends to form the basis for
future collaboration and action for eliminating the trade in
illegal timber and ensuring the sustainable management
of forests and their resources. Such was the success
of the conference that calls were made by participants
for further conferences to be convened biennially to
continue the discussions and dialogue established at the
Quito Conference, and push forward with the agenda for
improved forest governance in Latin America.
TRAFFIC would like to acknowledge the valuable
and substantial inputs by implementing partners on the
project, WWF Colombia and IUCN-South America.
Financial support to the project was provided by the
European Commission DG DEVCO, with further support
provided by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
=XVDPPHQDUEHLW 6\QHUJLHV ZRUN DQG WKH %ULWLVK
(PEDVV\ 4XLWR &RQIHUHQFH SURFHHGLQJV 75$)),&
would also like to acknowledge conference implementing
SDUWQHUV IRU WKHLU ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO VXSSRUW )$2
FLEGT Programme, the European Forestry Institute
EU FLEGT Facility, IUCN-Central America, World
Resources Institute, Ministry of Environment, Ecuador,
and the Corporation of Sustainable Forest Management.
$QG ¿QDOO\ DFNQRZOHGJHPHQWV DUH GXH WR DOO SXEOLF
private, indigenous and other civil society groups and
individuals that participated in the project.
Kristina Rodina3URJUDPPH6XSSRUW2I¿FHU75$)),&
(PDLONULVWLQDURGLQD#WUDI¿FRUJ
Thomas Osborn, European Programme Co-ordinator,
75$)),&(PDLOWRPRVERUQ#WUDI¿FRUJ
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
%(1+(52138..$+(5%6
EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES,
PROMOTING FAIR TRADE and
ENSURING CONSERVATION:
&ĂŝƌtŝůĚĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ
8
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
N EW S
A report on the progress of FairWild certification at two sites in India which has
UHVXOWHGLQWKHÀUVWFRPSDQ\LQWKHFRXQWU\WREHDZDUGHGD)DLU:LOGFHUWLÀFDWH
$0,7.27,<$75$)),&
T
he operation involved in the collection
and processing of the fruit of two species
(Terminalia bellirica and T. chebulaZKLFK
DUHLQJUHGLHQWVRI7ULSKDOD²RQHRIWKHPRVW
LPSRUWDQW $\XUYHGLF SUHSDUDWLRQV²ZDV
UHFHQWO\ DZDUGHG )DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ DW WZR VLWHV LQ
,QGLD7KHVWRU\RIWKLV¿UVW)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQVXFFHVV
in India provides an example of how such a marketing
tool can act as a key facilitating mechanism in a project
designed to precipitate positive conservation outcomes
through the improvement of livelihoods.
&HUWL¿FDWLRQ KDV SURYHQ WR EH D YDOXDEOH PHDQV RI
securing market access and adding value to resources. It
also offers potential for encouraging wider community
ownership, building capacity, ensuring a more equitable
GLVWULEXWLRQRIEHQH¿WVDQGSURYLGLQJDQHGXFDWLRQDOWRRO
for developing understandings of the nature, value and
SURSHU XVH RI WKHVH UHVRXUFHV )DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ LV
PRUH ULJRURXV FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU FHUWL¿FDWLRQ VFKHPHV
DV LW SURYLGHV VSHFL¿F JXLGDQFH RQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI
ZLOGKDUYHVWLQJDQGWUDGH7KH)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQRI
T. bellirica and T. chebula has been achieved through a
carefully developed programme of training and supply
chain development as part of a project initiated by an
Indian NGO, the Applied Environmental Resource
)RXQGDWLRQ$(5)ZRUNLQJZLWKUXUDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQ
two locations in the Western Ghats, a global biodiversity
hotspot. It has been designed and implemented in
partnership with the Durrell Institute of Conservation
and Ecology, in the School of Anthropology and
Conservation, at the University of Kent, and Pukka
Herbs Ltd., UK, through a project supported by the UK’s
Darwin Initiative. Additional funding for the project
was provided through a joint TRAFFIC-AERF initiative
supported by the Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund
.1&)
$(5)LGHQWL¿HGFDQGLGDWHSURMHFWVLWHVLQDQG
established good relationships with key members of
the local communities, including Mahadev Koli tribal
people living in the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary
in the North Western Ghats, and, 400 km further south,
PDUJLQDO IDUPHUV IDUPHUV FXOWLYDWLQJ²DV RZQHUV
WHQDQWV RU VKDUHFURSSHUV²DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG XS WR RQH
KHFWDUHLQWKH6DQJDPHVKZDUEORFNRI5DWQDJLUL'LVWULFW
Both groups were lacking sustainable harvesting
skills and market access, hence limiting their range of
economic opportunities. Through the Darwin Initiative
and KNCF funding, AERF has since implemented
resource assessments of T. bellirica (primarily within
VDFUHGJURYHVLQWKHVRXWKDQGRIT. chebula (in large
ZLOG JURYHV RI WKLV VSHFLHV LQ WKH QRUWK SURYLGLQJ D
sound basis for management of the harvest. Funding
was also used to develop and purchase equipment for
the drying and processing of fruits, thereby enabling
ŻŸ Collectors of Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) fruits,
Dhage Wadi village, Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary,
North Western Ghats with (above) community members.
considerable value to be added to the front end of the
supply chain. However, it was in pursuing FairWild
FHUWL¿FDWLRQWKDWWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIWKHSURMHFW
to date have been achieved. Parties engaged in a careful
process of consultation and discussion with collectors and
EX\HUVRIWKHSURGXFWVGHVLJQHGORFDODFFHVVDQGEHQH¿W
sharing agreements and helped set up the organizations
to oversee the implementation of these agreements: e.g.
local committees of registered collectors and knowledge
holders. Partners further formulated and delivered a
training programme for those engaged in collection and
processing. Also, a company, Nature Connect, has been
VHW XS VSHFL¿FDOO\ WR FRRUGLQDWH WKH WUDGH DQG EXVLQHVV
relations, promote the products, and develop the business
plans. The long-term purchase agreement has been
secured between Nature Connect and Pukka Herbs Ltd,
which includes the provision of the guaranteed payment
of a premium price. Nature Connect in turn has entered
into a long-term purchase contract with collectors from
both sites and carries out business activities on behalf of
communities.
7KHRUJDQLFFHUWL¿FDWLRQIRUTerminalia spp. harvesting
sites was achieved in September 2014, followed by
)DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ LQ )HEUXDU\ DQG WKH ¿UVW
FairWild-labelled Triphala products are expected to be
marketed in the UK in 2015. The project in North Western
Ghats and its links to Pukka Herbs resulted in Pukka
Herbs winning the prestigious 2degrees Sustainability
Champions Award in July 2014, allowing the company to
communicate more widely the conservation and economic
impacts of the project and the FairWild Standard. The
project partners are now further extending the work into
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
N EW S
ŻTerminalia chebula
fruits, known as Haritaki,
drying in the sun.
Dhage Wadi village,
Bhimashankar
Wildlife Sanctuary,
North Western Ghats.
%(1+(52138..$+(5%6
%(1+(52138..$+(5%6
7KHRUJDQLFFHUWLÀFDWLRQ
IRUKDUYHVWLQJVLWHV
of TerminaliaVSSZDV
DFKLHYHGLQ6HSWHPEHU
IROORZHGE\)DLU:LOG
FHUWLÀFDWLRQLQ)HEUXDU\
WKHÀUVW)DLU:LOG
ODEHOOHG7ULSKDODSURGXFWV
DUHH[SHFWHGWREH
PDUNHWHGLQWKH8.
LQ
the sustainable harvesting and trade in other medicinal
plant species, including Tinospora cordifolia, which is
used to treat a range of ailments including Type 2 diabetes,
high cholesterol, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma,
allergies and peptic ulcers.
The approach employed on this project, which has used
WKH )DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ SURFHVV WR EXLOG GLDORJXH DQG
collaboration between stakeholders to create a complete
and reasonably robust supply chain, offers considerable
promise for the conservation of these tree species, their
habitats, and the associated biological diversity. For
example, of 33 nests of the Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis
and Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus
recorded in one of the project site areas, 23 are located
in T. bellirica hollows. Hornbills are well-known as seed
dispersers of rare species such as Antiaris
toxicaria,
Strychnos
nux-vomica
further, because the T. bellirica fruits
are gathered using passive netting
PHWKRGV WKH OLYHOLKRRG EHQH¿WV
accruing to the local communities do
QRWFRQÀLFWZLWKWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHVH
birds and also respect the traditional
conservation practices that are
applied in sacred groves. The
felling of these massive
trees to provide structural
WLPEHU DQG ¿UHZRRG
which has been practised
widely in recent times,
most certainly does.
Over the coming
years, the project will
continue to support the
10
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
FHUWL¿FDWLRQSURFHVVVWUHQJWKHQLQJUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQW
and additional requirements for social and economic
sustainability so that the sustainable harvesting business
becomes economically viable over the longer term.
The process described here for the sustainable use
of natural resources may offer a model for others to
follow. The FairWild Standard will hopefully enable
other species to be brought into value chains in a manner
that supports peoples who are amongst some of the
most vulnerable in the modern world and ensures the
sustainability of wild-harvesting. However, it should
also be noted that little of what has been achieved to date
ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOH ZLWKRXW VLJQL¿FDQW SURMHFW
funding from the KNCF and the Darwin Initiative,
and the commitment and contributions by the project
partners and the communities themselves.
Ian Bride, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology
(DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation (SAC),
University of Kent, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Jayant Sarnaik, Applied Environmental Research Foundation.
(PDLOMD\DQWVDUQDLN#DHU¿QGLDRUJ
Ben Heron, Pukka Herbs Ltd
E-mail: [email protected]
ŻCollector of fruits of Terminalia bellirica (bibhitaki).
The astringent fruits of this species and of T. chebula
(above) are the source of some of Ayurveda’s most valued
ingredients in medicines to treat stomach disorders.
N EW S
Growing the FairWild Standard
QZHVKDUHGQHZVIURPWKH)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQ
VFKHPH²VWRULHV RI ZLOG SODQW FROOHFWLRQ FRPSDQLHV
working hard to put principles of sustainable harvesting,
social responsibility and fair trade into practice.
This article shares progress with industry adoption
RI VXVWDLQDEOH VRXUFLQJ SUDFWLFHV GHYHORSPHQWV ZLWK WKH
FHUWL¿FDWLRQIUDPHZRUNLWVHOIDQGIXUWKHUQHZVRILQLWLDWLYHV
supporting implementation of FairWild principles, including
through driving regulatory and policy change.
I
Sustainable sourcing—industry rising to the challenge
The number of FairWild products on the market has
continued to grow. In 2014, UK manufacturer Pukka Herbs
UROOHG RXW XVH RI FHUWL¿HG LQJUHGLHQWV DFURVV LWV UDQJH RI
herbal teas, and Neal’s Yard Remedies also introduced a new
“Refreshing Tea” with FairWild liquorice. Combined with
Traditional Medicinals’ range of medicinal teas, FairWild
ingredients are starting to make quite an impact in this
VHFWRU2WKHUUHFHQWPLOHVWRQHVLQFOXGHWKH¿UVWFHUWL¿FDWLRQ
project in South Asia, as reported in this issue (see pages
± $W WKH WLPH RI JRLQJ WR SUHVV RSHUDWLRQV ZHUH
FHUWL¿HGLQFOXGLQJWKHQHZSURGXFHUVLQ,QGLDDQG*HRUJLD
FairWild principles have been introduced through
industry meetings in important source and consumption
regions for wild-collected ingredients, including workshops
in Japan, China, Germany and the UK. Through events and
dialogue, FairWild Foundation and partners aim to bring
trade chain actors together, to share experience and foster
shared commitment to sustainability.
One such session was held in February 2015 at the BioFach
organic trade fair in Germany. With a focus on “building
VXVWDLQDEOHVXSSO\´FHUWL¿FDWLRQVFKHPHPHPEHUVVXFKDVWKH
2UJDQLF +HUE 7UDGLQJ &RPSDQ\ 2+7& VKDUHG FKDOOHQJHV
faced in implementation, as well as advice on how to engage
suppliers. The event contrasted with that of the previous year,
which explored opportunities to market FairWild and engage
consumers with stories of sustainable harvesting.
A number of new tools and platforms are being
developed to support these efforts, such as the Traditional
and wild toolbox developed as an outcome of TRAFFIC’s
project in Central Europe. The interactive website continues
to attract a lot of visitors.
As industry awareness builds, the efforts of companies
rising to the challenge are being acknowledged. In July
2014, Pukka Herbs won a second 2degrees Sustainability
Champions award, thanks to their efforts in supply chain
management. Neal’s Yard Remedies also picked up an award
at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit in Paris, October 2014,
taking second place in the Sustainability Pioneers category
IRUSURJUHVVLQVXSSO\FKDLQFHUWL¿FDWLRQDVZHOODVFDUERQ
neutral retailing.
)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQHYROXWLRQRIWKHIUDPHZRUN
7KH FHUWL¿FDWLRQ V\VWHP LWVHOI FRQWLQXHV WR LPSURYH
In July 2014, FairWild Foundation published new Trading
Rules and revised Labelling Rules, covering:
‡ &ODUL¿FDWLRQRIFKDLQRIFXVWRG\UHTXLUHPHQWV
‡ )DLUWUDGLQJREOLJDWLRQVIRU¿UVWEX\HUVRILQJUHGLHQWV
‡ Introduction of a Trader Registration system
‡ Revision of labelling rules on use of the FairWild®
mark
The new Rules build on experience gained since the
VWDUWRIFHUWL¿FDWLRQRSHUDWLRQVLQDQGSURYLGHDVRXQG
basis for future expansion of the scheme. To help implement
FairWild on the ground, guidance manuals have also been
published on Social and Fair Trade aspects, and SpeciesArea Management Planning for Low Risk species.
Frameworks and actors for sound resource management
7KH )DLU:LOG 6WDQGDUG DQG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ V\VWHP LV
proving a valuable framework by which to verify sustainable
production practices undertaken by the private sector on a
voluntary basis. But the responsibilities of the resource
users are only one part of the story. For wild harvest to be
sustainable and well managed, an overarching framework
for resource management needs to be in place, with the
responsibilities of all parties clearly articulated.
The FairWild principles have proved a source of
inspiration in establishing working models at different scales,
ranging from local, national to international. In Viet Nam, a
community-based initiative is providing technical support to
harvesters, fostering links with responsible industry partners in
Hanoi and beyond, and examining the applicable policy, legal
and regulatory framework together with local government
agencies. With activities at site level under way since 2011,
the project has recently been awarded a further three years of
funding through the UK DfID/Defra Darwin Initiative.
At the industry sector level, a project in China is activating
industry leaders, sector associations and government
agencies to improve the sustainability of the traditional
&KLQHVHPHGLFLQH7&0VHFWRUDVZHOODVHVWDEOLVKLQJVLWH
level pilots of sustainable harvesting. Sector engagement
is also planned in India, building on the successful pilot in
North Western Ghats.
At national scale, a UNDP-GEF project introduced
FairWild principles to aid the development of Morocco’s
national resource management plans for medicinal and
aromatic plants, and provided direct support to the private
sector in sustainable production, value-addition and
access to export markets. In an initiative now under way
in Kosovo, GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
=XVDPPHQDUEHLW LV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQ WKH
development of a national strategy for non-wood forest
products. The FairWild Standard is being drawn upon in
establishing the resource management framework, including
regulations and a permit system for resource use.
International agreements also provide key mechanisms for
improving the sustainability of trade. Experience in creating
the FairWild Standard has also informed development of
guidance for conducting CITES Non Detriment Finding
procedures for perennial plants. The methodology has now
been shared through workshops in Mexico and Viet Nam.
Notwithstanding the considerable pressures that wild
plant resources worldwide still face, the initiation of such
holistic approaches to improve the sustainability of harvest
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all those that rely on them.
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TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
N EW S
CBD: Updates of relevance to wildlife trade
from CoP12 in Pyeongchang, South Korea
T
wo weeks of deliberations by 194 Parties and more
than 3000 delegates to the 12th meeting of the
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participants with mixed views on the outcomes. While the call for
integration of biodiversity into the new sustainable development
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the sustainable use of biodiversity were important advances,
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unregulated and unsustainable exploitation of wild fauna and
ÀRUD7KHIROORZLQJDJHQGDLWHPVUHOHYDQWWRZRUNUHODWLQJWR
wildlife trade and sustainable use of biodiversity were discussed.
Sustainable Use and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity
The Plant Conservation Report 2014 launched at CoP12
evaluated the progress made by Parties towards achieving the
WDUJHWV RI WKH *OREDO 6WUDWHJ\ IRU 3ODQW &RQVHUYDWLRQ *63&
The report assesses the value of wild plants and the available
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GSPC targets were found to show slow rates of progress towards
delivery, in particular those related to in situ conservation and
sustainable use. This raised concerns by Parties and conservation
organizations and led to the expression of stronger commitments
to capacity-building activities on plant conservation, as
stipulated in CoP12 Decision XII/15. These will, however, need
to be monitored and resourced to ensure implementation, and
greater and urgent commitment of Parties to GSPC is needed if
the ambitious 2020 Targets are to be met. TRAFFIC contributes
to GSPC through supporting the implementation of the FairWild
Standard and the uptake of the Timber Legality Framework. Case
studies demonstrating practical implementation of the FairWild
Standard were presented at CoP12 side events, including work
with the traditional Chinese medicine industry in China, the
sustainable value-chain of Ayurveda ingredients in India, and
community plant resource management work in Viet Nam.
Sustainable Wildlife Management and Bushmeat
TRAFFIC has provided substantial input to this work
stream of the Convention since 2008, including through the
Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Wildlife Management
&3: 7KH &R3 'HFLVLRQ ;,, RQ Sustainable use of
biodiversity: bushmeat and sustainable wildlife management
mandating the CBD Secretariat to work with the CPW to prepare
technical guidance on the role of sustainable wildlife management
in developing and implementing integrated sustainable wildlife
management programmes was a positive move.
7KH 'HFLVLRQ DVNV WR VWUHQJWKHQ ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO
support to developing countries for the establishment and
implementation of effective traceability, monitoring and control
systems for bushmeat at the national and local levels and to
help develop national and local wildlife surveillance systems
to strengthen countries’ biosecurity associated with bushmeat
consumption and trade practices. Furthermore, enhanced cooperation was requested between national focal points of the
CBD and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
6SHFLHV RI :LOG )DXQD DQG )ORUD &,7(6 RQ VXVWDLQDEOH
wildlife management, including bushmeat. The Decision
encouraged Parties to develop, revise or update their regulatory
systems to differentiate between subsistence uses and illegal
hunting, and domestic and international trade of specimens of
wild species and products, in a mutually supportive manner
with CITES and other international obligations to avoid
penalizing the countries and people using wildlife resources
12
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
IRU VXEVLVWHQFH WR VWUHQJWKHQ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI LQGLJHQRXV DQG
local communities to exercise their rights and responsibilities
LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH VXVWDLQDEOH PDQDJHPHQW RI ZLOGOLIH DQG WR
review, and, as appropriate, reform, incentives that might
encourage unsustainable consumption of bushmeat. To support
these essential steps aimed at mitigating the over-exploitation
and illegal wildlife trade that strongly undermine efforts to
achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, and to garner further
support from key partners, TRAFFIC and Deutsche Gesellschaft
IU ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH =XVDPPHQDUEHLW *,= FRQYHQHG D VLGH
event with targeted contributions from the governments of
Viet Nam, Namibia, France and Germany, as well as from the
CITES Secretariat and the Central African Forest Commission
&20,)$&WRVKRZFDVHWKHQHHGWRVWUHQJWKHQFDSDFLWLHVWR
combat poaching and the illegal wildlife trade.
Biodiversity and Health
The State of Knowledge Review on “Connecting Global
Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health”, developed by a wide
range of experts, and carried out as part of the joint collaborative
work between the CBD Secretariat and the World Health
2UJDQL]DWLRQ :+2 ZDV ODXQFKHG GXULQJ WKH &%' &R3
This is an important collaboration in times of increased need
for attention to zoonotic diseases that are, inter alia, transmitted
by wild meat consumption, and the recognition of dwindling
medicinal resources from biodiversity and its further development
was supported by CoP12 Decision XII/21 on Biodiversity and
human health. This collaboration is complemented by the
ongoing update of the WHO/IUCN/WWF/TRAFFIC Guidelines
on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants. TRAFFIC has provided
technical contributions to the development of the review, on
the importance of ensuring wild plants harvested for health
DQG OLYHOLKRRGV DUH PDQDJHG VXVWDLQDEO\ DQG DGHTXDWHEHQH¿W
sharing mechanisms are put in place. This work was carried out
in collaboration with the Biodiversity and Community Health
,QLWLDWLYH%D&+
Global Biodiversity Outlook Report
The CBD’s Strategic Plan, which includes 20 Aichi
Biodiversity Targets to be achieved by 2020, was agreed by
CBD CoP10 in Nagoya in 2010. It represents the only global
agenda tackling biodiversity loss, including the unsustainable
and illegal exploitation of wild plants and animals. The fourth
HGLWLRQRIWKH*OREDO%LRGLYHUVLW\2XWORRN*%2UHOHDVHGLQ
Pyeongchang at CoP12, demonstrated that many countries are
IDUIURPIXO¿OOLQJWKHDPELWLRQVRIWKHSODQ&R3XUJHG3DUWLHV
to take comprehensive and urgent measures necessary to ensure
the full implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
±LQFOXGLQJWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ1DWLRQDO%LRGLYHUVLW\
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the CoP12 agenda included the coming into force of the Nagoya
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For more information on TRAFFIC’s work on CBD and
RQ&R3RXWFRPHVVHHZZZWUDI¿FRUJFEGDQGZZZFEGLQW
decisions/cop/?m=cop-12, respectively.
TRAFFIC acknowledges WWF Japan, the Polifund measure implemented
by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development (BMZ) and the European Union-China Environmental
*RYHUQDQFH3URJUDPPHIRUWKHLUVXSSRUWGLUHFWHGWRZDUGVVSHFL¿FVLGH
events co-organized by TRAFFIC and/or for their general support for
TRAFFIC’s expert participation during CBD CoP12.
Roland Melisch, Senior Director—Africa & Europe, TRAFFIC
(PDLOURODQGPHOLVFK#WUDI¿FRUJ
Anastasiya Timoshyna, Medicinal Plants Programme Leader,
75$)),&(PDLODQDVWDVL\DWLPRVK\QD#WUDI¿FRUJ
PETRA OSTERBERG
THE USE OF ANIMALSAS PHOTO PROPS TOATTRACT TOURISTS IN THAILAND:
A Case Study of the Slow Loris Nycticebus spp.
Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris
T
hailand is a popular holiday destination
and Phuket is one of the country’s tourism
hot spots. Some tourism businesses on the
island have a history of using animals
as props for tourists to pose with for
photographic souvenirs. Animals used
for such purposes include, in particular,
primates, with an increasing use of slow lorises Nycticebus
spp. In order to quantify this trade, which is illegal, the
authors conducted monthly surveys in Patong (the main
tourist resort in Phuket) between September 2012 and
March 2013 and discovered that between four and 12
lorises per survey were being used as photo props. Monthly
tourist reports of wildlife used for tourist entertainment
between 2008 and 2013 (n=1374) further demonstrate that
the trade in lorises is growing, with up to 58% of reports
comprising loris sightings towards the end of the study
period. Three species, including two potential subspecies
DQGRQHVSHFLHVQRQQDWLYHWR7KDLODQGZHUHLGHQWL¿HGLQ
the photo prop trade. From 2012–2013, 67 slow lorises
were removed from the streets of Phuket (HLWKHUFRQ¿VFDWHG
by or surrendered to the authorities, or purchased by
tourists). Of 10 animals examined during the survey,
six had had their teeth clipped to make them less sharp.
Apart from the potential detrimental impact of such trade
on slow loris populations in the wild, bringing lorises to
the island’s tourist areas is potentially contributing to the
risks associated with the introduction of invasive species.
Penalties for offenders are small and although authorities
UHJXODUO\ FRQ¿VFDWH DQLPDOV WKH\ ODFN EDVLF NQRZOHGJH
of loris care, taxonomy and rehabilitation techniques.
Widespread education and public awareness campaigns
are urgently needed, as are the establishment of appropriate
rehabilitation facilities.
BACKGROUND
The modern consumer culture, with its tendency to
collect souvenir photographs to record memories of
EULHI DQG RIWHQ VXSHU¿FLDO HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK ZLOGOLIH
%XOEHFN&XUWLQPD\ZHOOEHDQLPSRUWDQW
FRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUWRWKHSUR¿WDEOHWUDGHXVLQJDQLPDOV
as photo props. Taking photographs using threatened
wildlife specimens as a prop is common throughout
South-east Asia, China, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Russia,
Eastern Europe and the Caribbean Islands, in particular
5LJKW 7RXULVP 7KH HTXDOO\ SRSXODU SXEOLF
dissemination of such photographs via social networking
sites may lead to the public perception that such species
are not threatened (Ross et al., 2011, Schroepfer et al.,
2011, Nekaris et al.,,QIDFWWKHSKRWRSURSWUDGH
is now being recognized as a growing threat for primate
conservation (Caine et al.,$OWKRXJKQXPHURXV
cases can be found of the threats of photographing
primates, either illegally caught or in their natural
KDELWDWWKURXJKRXWWKHLUUDQJH0F*UHDO²which
can cause stress to the animals²no published studies
KDYH TXDQWL¿HG WKLV WKUHDW \HW ([DPSOHV RI VSHFLHV
that should be investigated for the conservation impacts
from such trade include slow lorises Loris spp. in
India (Kanagavel et al., WKH 3KLOLSSLQH 7DUVLHU
Carlito syrichta in the Philippines (Yang-Martinez,
%DUEDU\0DFDTXHVMacaca sylvanus in Morocco
(Maréchal et al. DQG :KLWHKDQGHG *LEERQV
Hylobates lar in Thailand (Osterberg et al*UH\
,QGHHG%XFNOH\VWDWHVWKDWWKHLPSDFWRI
rare animals used as souvenirs remains one of the leaststudied areas of research into sustainable tourism.
Fig. 1 WRS Slow lorises from the photo prop trade, Thailand, displaying three morphological differences.
Left to right: Nycticebus coucangFRPSOHWHO\GDUNFURZQDQGQHFN´N. tenasserimensisµOLJKWIRUNLQJZLWKZKLWHQHFN
and N. bengalensisQRIRUNLQJDQGZKLWHFURZQDQGQHFN
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris
INTRODUCTION
Thailand is one of Asia’s most popular foreign
KROLGD\ GHVWLQDWLRQV ZLWK D FRQFXUUHQW ÀRXULVKLQJ
GRPHVWLFWRXULVPLQGXVWU\&RKHQ7KHFRXQWU\
receives more than 10 million international tourists a
year, of which more than three million travel to Phuket
.RQWRJHRUJRSRXORV 7RXULVP $XWKRULW\ RI
7KDLODQG7KDLODQGLVRIWHQPDUNHWHGLQWRXULVP
magazines with glossy pictures of exotic wildlife (Cohen,
&XUWLQ)RUPDQ\WRXULVWVWUHNNLQJWKURXJK
dense forests to glimpse wildlife is not an appealing, or
SUDFWLFDO RSWLRQ &RKHQ ,QVWHDG KXQGUHGV RI
FRQWULYHG DUWL¿FLDO VHWWLQJV KDYH EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG ZLWK
both domestic and foreign tourists in mind in order to
offer close encounters with Thailand’s exotic wildlife,
often using primates as the star attractions (Agoramoorthy
DQG+VX
In line with the thriving tradition of using animals
for tourist entertainment across Asia, Thailand has had
D ORQJVWDQGLQJ ÀRXULVKLQJ WUDGH LQ ZLOGOLIH XVHG DV
SKRWR SURSV &RKHQ 0F*UHDO $QLPDOV
used for this purpose to obtain money from tourists may
range from those being used by licensed businesses
promoting photo shoots (Tigers Panthera tigris and
Asian Elephants Elephas maximusRURIIHULQJWRXULVWV
WKHRSSRUWXQLW\WR¿OPDVKRUWSHUIRUPDQFHLHPRQNH\
VKRZVHOHSKDQWVKRZVVQDNHFKDUPLQJWRWKHDQLPDOV
used by the illegal businesses on the streets. The latter
typically use smaller, often baby, animals that tourists
may hold and pose with for photographs (birds of prey
e.g. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus, iguanas Iguana spp.,
gibbons Hylobates spp. and slow lorises Nycticebus VSS
RUSD\WRIHHGVWUHHWEHJJLQJHOHSKDQWV5LJKW7RXULVP
,W LV QRW XQFRPPRQ SUDFWLFH IRU WKHVH DQLPDOV
to be chained, drugged or mutilated to avoid injuring
FXVWRPHUV5LJKW7RXULVP7KHKHDY\ZRUNORDG
of the animals, combined with a poor diet, exposure to
FRQWLQXDOÀDVKSKRWRJUDSK\DQGXQQDWXUDOVXUURXQGLQJV
FDQOHDGWRVWUHVVFI2UDPV5HKQXVet al.,
and even death. Parallels occur in the ecotourism industry
where the welfare of wild primates can be compromised
by heavy tourist interactions including photography
(Maréchal et al.
Recently, the trend for using small, nocturnal
slow lorises Nycticebus spp. as photo prop animals in
Thailand’s popular holiday destinations has emerged.
Two slow loris species occur in Thailand, the Bengal
Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis and the Greater
Slow Loris N. coucang 1HNDULV DQG %HDUGHU Their distribution in Thailand is little known: there may
be some overlap between the two species in the south
of Thailand. It is not known which species occurs on
Phuket (Pliosungnoen et al., 'HVSLWH WKHLU
transferral from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I in
2007, slow lorises remain openly for sale as pets and for
use in traditional medicine throughout South-east Asia
(Nekaris et al.,WKHSKRWRSURSWUDGHUHPDLQVWKH
OHDVWTXDQWL¿HGRIWKHWKUHDWVWRWKHVHDQLPDOV
14
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
In 2008, the International Primatological Society
,36LVVXHGDVWDWHPHQWRSSRVLQJWKHXVHRIQRQKXPDQ
primates as performers, photo props or actors (Caine et
al., Here, the authors examine the photo prop
trade in slow lorises Nycticebus spp. and the problems
associated with this trade, presenting a case study from
Thailand. They investigate whether the trade increased
EHWZHHQDQGWKHLPSDFWRIFRQ¿VFDWLRQVRQ
reducing the numbers of photo prop animals available
for tourists, and the taxonomy of the animals in trade.
Recommendations for a conservation strategy are
proposed.
METHODS
The authors focused their study on the island of
Phuket, principally Patong beach and town, known for
its exotic nightlife. Records of illegally kept wildlife
FRYHULQJ WKH SHULRG ± KHOG E\ WKH Gibbon
5HKDELOLWDWLRQ 3URMHFW *53 ZHUH DQDO\VHG IRU
the presence of slow loris reports. The GRP runs an
education centre at the Bang Pae entrance to Khao Phra
Thaew non-hunting area, the last sizeable protected
rainforest area left on Phuket. Visited by holidaymakers
year-round, the project encourages visitors to the centre
to report any wildlife they have seen being used for
tourist entertainment.
Many tourists who do not know what a slow loris is
use alternative terms to describe them in their reports,
including: “small, light brown babies”, “lemurs” or
“possums”. Throughout the study period lorises were,
with very few exceptions, only reported from the
same bar-lined-street in Patong. The authors could
therefore use the size and colour of the animals, and
WKH ORFDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH\ KDG EHHQ VHHQ WR FRQ¿UP
species identity, whenever the reported animals were of
vague description. Whenever more than one animal was
reported from the same location in Patong, they were
also recorded as slow lorises, since few other primates
are used as photo props on Phuket at this time and those
that may be seen are never used in large numbers.
The authors calculated the total number of lorises
KDQGHG RYHU RU FRQ¿VFDWHG IURP 3DWRQJ GXULQJ WKH
VWXG\SHULRG2I¿FLDOUHSRUWVZHUHUHIHUUHGWRLQRUGHU
WR HVWLPDWH WKH QXPEHU RI DQLPDOV FRQ¿VFDWHG E\
the authorities. Information on lorises that had been
FRQ¿VFDWHG ZDV HLWKHU FRPPXQLFDWHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH
GRP by the Department of National Parks, Wildlife
DQG3ODQW&RQVHUYDWLRQ'13RUREWDLQHGIURPORFDO
newspapers. Slow lorises brought in by tourists to the
GRP were also included in the total number.
Osterberg conducted surveys of animals used as
photo props in Patong from January 2012 to March 2013.
Between September 2012 and March 2013, the surveys
were conducted on a once- or twice-monthly basis by
ZDONLQJ WKH PDLQ WRXULVW VWUHHWV EHWZHHQ WZR DQG ¿YH
times, from mid- to late-afternoon until after nightfall,
and recording the number of animals present. Whenever
The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: a case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp.
possible, photographs were taken. Overall numbers may
have been underestimated because the touts recognized
WKH¿UVWDXWKRUDQGDYRLGHGVXEVHTXHQWFRQWDFW
The taxonomy of lorises was determined from facial
markings and colouration, through the examination of
SKRWRJUDSKVDQG¿OPFOLSVDQGIURPQHZVSDSHUDUWLFOHV
and online videos originating from Phuket. The ages
of the slow lorises in Patong were likewise estimated
from photographs based on body size and the prevalence
of longer white-tipped body hair, typical of infant or
MXYHQLOHDQLPDOV:LHQVDQG=LW]PDQQ
RESULTS
Fig. 2.7KHUHJUHVVLRQOLQHVKRZVWKDWUHSRUWVWRWKH
*LEERQ5HKDELOLWDWLRQ3URMHFWRIVORZORULVHVXVHGLQ
HQWHUWDLQPHQW Q DV D SURSRUWLRQ RI DOO LOOHJDO
ZLOGOLIHUHSRUWVQ KDYHVXEVWDQWLDOO\LQFUHDVHG
RYHUWLPH
Fig. 3. 6ORZ ORULV PRQWKO\ VXUYH\ UHVXOWV GDUN
IURP3KXNHW·V3DWRQJEHDFKDQGRIÀFLDOFRQÀVFDWLRQ
QXPEHUVOLJKWGXULQJWKHVDPHWLPHSHULRG
Fig. 4. (DFK EDU UHSUHVHQWV WKH QXPEHU RI UHSRUWV
SHUPRQWKRIVORZORULVHVXVHGDVSKRWRSURSVZLWK
D SURSRUWLRQ RI UHSRUWV RI ² DQLPDOV ZKLWH ²
DQLPDOV OLJKW JUH\ ² DQLPDOV GDUN JUH\ DQG !
DQLPDOVEODFN
([DPLQLQJRYHUDWKRXVDQGWRXULVWUHSRUWVQ to the GRP of animals being used as photo props, the
authors found none describing slow lorises prior to
October 2011, narrowing down further investigation to
the 468 reports of wildlife photo props registered between
October 2011 and March 2013. Until October 2012 all
reports of slow lorises were from Patong beach. Between
October 2012 and January 2013 occasional reports also
came from Kata beach, another tourism hot spot south of
3DWRQJUHSRUWVFRQFHUQHGVORZORULVHV$IWHU
January 2012, the percentage of the monthly reports that
concerned slow lorises did not fall below 10%, and in
general steadily increased. The highest percentage of
VORZORULVUHSRUWVRFFXUUHGLQ6HSWHPEHUDQG
DJDLQLQ0DUFK)LJ
Between July 2012 and October 2013, 59 slow lorises
ZHUHFRQ¿VFDWHGE\DXWKRULWLHVDQGHLJKW were surrendered
to the GRP, rendering a total of 67 lorises removed from
WKHVWUHHWV$XWKRULWLHVVHL]HGWKH¿UVWWKUHHVORZORULVHV
in Patong on 10 July 2012, seven between 5 and 17
October 2012, and 10 on 28 March 2013. Between the
HQGRI0DUFKDQG$SULO'13DXWKRULWLHVFRQ¿VFDWHG
34 slow lorises from Bangla Road in Patong. A further
¿YH FRQ¿VFDWLRQV RFFXUUHG EHWZHHQ 6HSWHPEHU DQG
October 2013 after a photo shoot with the singer Rihanna
holding a loris from Patong was posted on social media.
&RQ¿VFDWHGORULVHVDUHVHQWWR'13ZLOGOLIHVDQFWXDU\LQ
Phang Nga Province. Between March and October 2013,
eight slow lorises were brought into the GRP by locals
and tourists, all of whom claimed that they had rescued
the animals in order to save them. Of the ten FRQ¿VFDWHG
or surrendered slow lorises that GRP staff were able to
examine, six had had their anterior teeth cut down.
&RQ¿VFDWLRQVKDGQRGLVFHUQLEOHLPSDFWRQWKHQXPEHU
of lorises observed during surveys or on loris sightings
reported by tourists. Surveys between September 2012
and March 2013 revealed between four and 12 slow
ORULVHVZLWKDQDYHUDJHRIQLQHDQLPDOV)LJ,QGHHG
tourists continued to report up to 10 animals towards the
HQGRIWKHVWXG\SHULRG)LJ
Of 34 images of different loris individuals from
3DWRQJ EHDFK H[DPSOHV LQ )LJ WKH PDMRULW\ were colour variants of Nycticebus bengalensis. Only
two N. coucang specimens were seen. Twenty-one
ORULVHV H[KLELWHG MXYHQLOH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZLWK D
KLJKSUHYDOHQFHRIYHU\\RXQJDQLPDOVVL[PRQWKV
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris
Pe
7KHSKRWRJUDSKHUVXVHLQVWDQWÀDVKFDPHUDVZKLFK
produce a paper image that is immediately sold to the
tourist. While previously animal handlers would be
suspicious of the presence of people using their own
FDPHUDV WR ¿OP WKHP WKH SUHYDOHQFH QRZDGD\V RI
small cameras and mobile phones with cameras has
made it easier to approach the touts without raising any
immediate suspicion. Tourists who are clearly interested
in the animals may take photographs with their own
cameras provided they pay for the tout’s paper image.
The price for a photograph with a slow loris ranges
IURP7%7KDL%DKW*%386'WR7%
*%386'
DISCUSSION
Fig. 5. Slow lorises used as photo props in
PHOTOGRAPHS: PETRA OSTERBERG
Patong, Phuket DERYHDQGEHORZ
7KHKLJKGHDWKUDWHRIVORZORULVHVZLWKFOLSSHG
WHHWKVXJJHVWVWKDWPRVWDQLPDOVHQWHULQJ7KDLODQG·V
SKRWRSURSWUDGHZLOOOLNHO\GLHDQGFHUWDLQO\FDQQRW
EHUHWXUQHGWRWKHZLOG
16
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Thailand is recognized as a transit country for illegal
trade in various species of endangered wildlife (Nijman
DQG 6KHSKHUG 6WLOHV LQFOXGLQJ ORULVHV DQG
their body parts (Nekaris et al.,$OWKRXJKVRPHORFDO
people on Phuket have traditionally kept other primates
as pets, slow lorises have not been in demand in this way
owing to a long-held belief that these animals possess evil
spirits, or are ghosts (P. Samphanthamit pers. comm. to
32VWHUEHUJ0D\FI1HNDULVet al.,
The authors have shown that a trade in lorises as photo
props is now established in Phuket’s tourism areas. This
trend may be a result of the increasing rarity of gibbons
LQWKHZLOG²DSRSXODUDQLPDOLQWKHSKRWRSURSWUDGH²
DQG UHVXOWLQJ GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ REWDLQLQJ EDE\ JLEERQV WR
supply the markets (Osterberg et al*UH\
DUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHJURZLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOSRSXODULW\RIWKH
slow loris within the wildlife trade (Nekaris et al.,
RUWKHIDFWWKDWSKRWRWRXWVPD\¿QGORULVHVHDVLHUWKDQ
gibbons to handle and conceal when necessary (NavarroMontes et al.,
Tighter regulation of the international trade in slow
ORULVVSHFLHV1HNDULVDQG1LMPDQKDVQRWKDGDQ\
QRWDEOHLPSDFWLQUHGXFLQJWKHWUDGH1LMPDQ,Q
Indonesia, the wildlife traders’ absence of fear of legal
action suggests adequate law enforcement is lacking
6KHSKHUGDQGLQ7KDLODQGDVLPLODUVLWXDWLRQKDV
EHHQQRWHG7KURXJKRXWWKHVWXG\SHULRGFRQ¿VFDWLRQV
of lorises used as photo props seemed to have had no
noticeable impact on the number of animals used by
touts even in the weeks immediately after a raid. This
may indicate that the number of lorises kept in reserve
by the touts is much higher than the actual number of
animals used on a daily basis. The authors are also aware
that some foreigners living temporarily, or permanently,
on Phuket have been known to buy lorises from touts to
keep as pets in their homes, suggesting that the photo
prop trade may be part of a larger, emerging, illegal trade
LQVORZORULVHV32VWHUEHUJSHUVREV2QFHWKHORULV
SKRWR SURS WUDGH KDG EHFRPH HVWDEOLVKHG LQ 3DWRQJ²
UHSRUWHGO\ GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW KDOI RI ²QR QRWDEOH
increase in the number of animals used every day was
observed, suggesting that the touts may have been aware
of a maximum number of animals that could be used
SUR¿WDEO\DWDQ\RQHWLPH
The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: a case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp.
Numbers stemming from tourist accounts reported here
are likely to be an underestimate simply because tourists
confronted with lorises as photo props are often not sure
what animal they are looking at. Over time, however, use
of the term “loris” in GRP records has increased, perhaps
due to project volunteers now being aware of the trade and
able to help people identify the animals via photographs,
or related to the increasing notoriety attached to the use
of slow lorises as pets in popular culture (Nekaris et al.,
$VLPLODUODFNRIVSHFLHVDZDUHQHVVZDVUHFRJQL]HG
in Indonesia, where people who bought lorises in markets
described them as cuscus (a common name for Australian
SRVVXPV³FXVFXVDQJRUD´DSHWQDPHXVHGIRUSRVVXPV
RU SDQGDV <D\DVDQ ,$5 :KLOH WKH LQWHUQHW
community demanded action when the singer Rihanna
SRVHG ZLWK D ORULV UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH FRQ¿VFDWLRQ RI ¿YH
specimens from Patong, the touts were arrested but later
released +DQFH It is understood by the authors
WKDWVPDOO¿QHVHJ7%*%386'KDYH
been imposed, but even the maximum penalty under the
Wild Animal Preservation and Protection Act from 1992
IRUWUDGHLQWKLVVSHFLHV²7%*%386'
RUXSWRIRXU\HDUVLQJDRO²ZRXOGDOORZWKHWRXWVWRSD\RII
WKH¿QHTXLFNO\DQGUHWXUQWREXVLQHVVAuthorities in loris
UDQJHFRXQWULHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUFRQ¿VFDWLRQDUHVLPLODUO\
unaware of how to identify the slow loris, which may
result in the introduction of potentially invasive species
DQGZHOIDUHFRQFHUQVIRUFRQ¿VFDWHGDQLPDOVVXEVHTXHQWO\
released (Navarro-Montes et al., 3UHYLRXVO\
authors have highlighted the problems of introducing nonnative slow loris species outside their range (Schulze and
*URYHV1HNDULVDQG-DIIH
The most likely candidate for Phuket’s resident
wild slow loris is the Greater Slow Loris Nycticebus
coucang 0HLMDDUG 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ VORZ
loris seen in the photo prop trade is the Bengal Slow
Loris N. bengalensis, which occurs north of Thailand’s
,VWKPXV RI .UD *URYHV DQG LV OLNHO\ QRW QDWLYH
WR 3KXNHW (DUOLHU FODVVL¿FDWLRQV UHFRJQL]HG VHYHUDO
taxa within this species, and the variability seen within
this study concurs with older taxonomies. Specimens
displaying two morphological differences were seen
IUHTXHQWO\ 7KH ¿UVW ZHUH EURZQ IRUNPDUNHG DQLPDOV
that resemble “N. tenasserimensis”. Now a synonym of
N. bengalensis, this dark-coloured, smaller bodied variant
was originally described as a distinct species. The second
type has whiter colouring, with sparse fork marks that
fall into the specimen description for the larger-bodied,
lighter coloured N. bengalensis 2VPDQ+LOO$Q\
releases of N. bengalensis by well-meaning individuals
could disturb Phuket’s native loris population and hinder
WKH WD[RQRPLF FRQ¿UPDWLRQ RI 3KXNHW¶V ³WUXH´ ORULVHV
6FKXO]H DQG *URYHV )XUWKHUPRUH LW LV NQRZQ
that the non-native Pygmy Slow Lorises N. pygmaeus
are also widespread in both Thailand’s photo prop and
pet trade (Navarro-Montes et al., ,QDSSURSULDWH
reintroduction of this species has also occurred, as
can be seen from photos on social media from a wellknown Thai rescue centre. Very little is yet known about
Thailand’s slow lorises, so the species conservation
impact of increased poaching for the illegal trade and of
WKHUHOHDVHRIDOLHQVSHFLHVFDQRQO\EHVSHFXODWLYHDWEHVW
QR WD[RQRPLF VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFWHG WR FRQ¿UP
species and sub-species identity in different parts of the
country, no behavioural studies have been carried out in
WKHZLOGWRFRQ¿UPGLHWDQGVRFLDOKDELWVDQGQRFRXQWU\
ZLGH FHQVXV²RU HYHQ SUHVHQFH RU DEVHQFH VWXG\ LQ
GLIIHUHQWIRUHVWV²KDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGWRGDWH,WKDVEHHQ
recorded, however, that illegal trade in other parts of the
range of slow lorises (e.g. Viet Nam, Cambodia, and Java,
,QGRQHVLDLVGHFLPDWLQJSRSXODWLRQVDQGWKDWWKHVSHFLHV
may already be extinct in some areas (Nekaris and Bearder,
7KHKLJKGHDWKUDWHRI animals with clipped teeth
(Moore et al.,VXJJHVWVWKDWPRVWDQLPDOVHQWHULQJ
Thailand’s photo prop trade will likely die and certainly
cannot be returned to the wild.
In addition to taxonomic and ecological problems
issuing from inappropriate reintroductions, animal welfare
PXVW EH FRQVLGHUHG WRR $QLPDOV FRQ¿VFDWHG IURP WKH
trade can be expected to be in poor condition due to the
cutting and/or removal of teeth, inappropriate diets and
unsuitable living conditions (c.f. 1HNDULVDQG-DIIH
$OWKRXJK DXWKRULWLHV UHJXODUO\ FRQ¿VFDWH DQLPDOV WKH\
lack suitable facilities to accommodate lorises and basic
knowledge of care, taxonomy and rehabilitation techniques.
At International Animal Rescue Indonesia, 64% of the 180
slow lorises admitted to their care are deemed unsuitable
IRUUHLQWURGXFWLRQEDVHGRQWKHLUSRRUKHDOWK0RRUH
7KLVVWXG\VXJJHVWVDVLPLODUSURSRUWLRQLQ7KDLODQG
The release of slow lorises directly into the wild without
rehabilitation is still commonly practiced in Thailand, and
because this is done without any post-release monitoring or
supplementary feeding, the survival rates of released animals
are unknown (M. Mason pers. comm. to P.Osterberg, January
32VWHUEHUJSHUVREV([LVWLQJVFLHQWL¿FDOO\UXQ
reintroduction programmes for lorises in other countries
have encountered numerous problems. In one study of
nine reintroduced Pygmy Slow Lorises N. pygmaeus in Viet
Nam, two disappeared, two were killed by predators and
WZRGLHGRIK\SRWKHUPLD6WUHLFKHU7KHVLJQDORQ
the tracking devices of the remaining three was lost. In a
second Vietnamese study of 10 Pygmy Slow Lorises, three
died, four lost the radio collars used to track them, one had
to be caught again, and only two were in good condition
after just two months (Kenyon et al.,,Q-DYDVL[RXW
of 11 reintroduced Javan Slow Lorises N. javanicus died,
one was returned to the centre and, of the four individuals
assumed to be surviving in the wild, only one is known to be
DOLYHDQGLVVWLOOEHLQJPRQLWRUHG0RRUH7KHVHGDWD
show that reintroduction is no easy task, and that simply
returning animals to the wild is rarely the best option.
A number of rescue centres in South-east Asia are
dedicated to housing, caring for and rehabilitating captive
lorises for eventual reintroduction (Nekaris and Bearder,
7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDVSHFLHVVSHFL¿FUHVFXHDQG
rehabilitation facility for lorises, in conjunction with an
extensive education campaign for tourists to Thailand, seems
paramount. It is also recommended that a thorough study
be undertaken of the national-level conservation threats to
Thailand’s two native loris species. Without widespread
education and a shift in attitude by tourists, a decline in the
use of slow lorises within the photo prop trade is unlikely.
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, run under the
Wild Animal Rescue Foundation of Thailand, for providing access to their
record of wildlife reports, for supporting this study and for accommodating
lorises coming in from the trade. They thank Helen Thompson, Kim
Lochen and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the
manuscript. The authors are also grateful to the Little Fireface Project, the
,QWHUQDWLRQDO3ULPDWH3URWHFWLRQ/HDJXH,33/DQG4XDQWXP&RQVHUYDWLRQ
Inc. for providing funding for some aspects of this project.
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3KXNHW7KDLODQGFRQÀLFWLQJSDUDGLJPVRUV\PELRWLFSDUWQHUV"Journal of
Ecotourism 3±
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Program. IPPL News±
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Pleistocene environments. Journal of Biogeography±
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(Nycticebus spp.UHVFXHGIURPWKHSHWWUDGH3K'WKHVLV2[IRUG%URRNHV
University, Oxford.
0RRUH 5 :LKHUPDQWR DQG 1HNDULV .$, &RPSDVVLRQDWH
conservation, rehabilitation and translocation of Indonesian slow lorises.
Endangered Species Research±
1DYDUUR0RQWHV$1HNDULV.$,DQG3DULVK77UDGHLQ$VLDQ
slow lorises (NycticebusXVLQJHGXFDWLRQZRUNVKRSVWRFRXQWHUDQLQFUHDVH
in illegal trade. Living Forests±
1HNDULV .$, DQG -DIIH 6 8QH[SHFWHG GLYHUVLW\ RI VORZ ORULVHV
(Nycticebus VSS ZLWKLQ WKH -DYDQ SHW WUDGH LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU VORZ ORULV
taxonomy. Contributions to Zoology±
1HNDULV.$,DQG1LMPDQ9&,7(6SURSRVDOKLJKOLJKWVUDULW\RI$VLDQ
nocturnal primates (Lorisidae: NycticebusFolia Primatologica±
1HNDULV.$,6KHSKHUG&56WDUU&5DQG1LMPDQ9([SORULQJ
cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a
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case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and NycticebusLQ6RXWKDQG
Southeast Asia. American Journal of Primatology±
1HNDULV.$,DQG%HDUGHU6.7KHORULVLIRUPSULPDWHVRI$VLDDQG
mainland Africa: diversity shrouded in darkness. In: Campbell, C., Fuentes
$ 0DF.LQQRQ . %HDUGHU 6. DQG 6WXPSI 5 (GV Primates in
PerspectiveQG(G2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG3S±
1HNDULV.$,&DPSEHOO1&RJJLQV7*5RGH(-DQG1LMPDQ9
Tickled to death: analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened
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e69215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069215. Viewed on 7 January 2014.
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trade in CITES-listed live reptiles and amphibians. PLoS ONEH
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017825. Viewed on 5 May 2013.
1LMPDQ9$QRYHUYLHZRILQWHUQDWLRQDOZLOGOLIHWUDGHIURP6RXWK(DVW
Asia. Biodiversity Conservation±
2UDPV0%)HHGLQJZLOGOLIHDVDWRXULVPDWWUDFWLRQDUHYLHZRILVVXHV
and impacts. Tourism Management±
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I. Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Osterberg, P., Samphanthamit, P., Maprang, O., Punnadee, S., and Brockelman
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raised Gibbons (Hylobates larRQ3KXNHW7KDLODQGPrimate Conservation
SXEOLVKHGHOHFWURQLFDOO\SULRUWRSULQW
3OLRVXQJQRHQ0*DOH*DQG6DYLQL7'HQVLW\DQGPLFURKDELWDW
use of Bengal slow loris in primary forest and non-native plantation forest.
American Journal of Primatology±
5HKQXV0:HKUOH0DQG3DOPH50RXQWDLQKDUHVLepus timidus
and tourism: stress events and reactions. Journal of Applied Ecology DOI:
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5LJKW7RXULVP3KRWRWDNLQJZLWKDQLPDOVhttp://right-tourism.com/issues/
animals-attractions/photo-prop-animals/. Viewed on 15 November 2013.
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FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQÀXHQFHDWWLWXGHVDERXWFKLPSDQ]HHFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGXVHDV
pets. PLoS ONEHGRLMRXUQDOSRQH
6FKURHSIHU..5RVDWL$*&KDUWUDQG7DQG+DUH%8VHRI³HQWHUWDLQPHQW´
chimpanzees in commercials distorts public perception regarding their conservation
status.PloS Onee26048. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026048.
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FDXVHGE\LOOHJDOWUDGH,Q1DGOHU76WUHLFKHU8+D7KDQJ/RQJ(GV
Conservation of Primates in Vietnam+DNL3XEOLVKLQJ+DQRL3S±
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surveys carried out over a decade in North Sumatra. Endangered Species
Research±
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Nam. TRAFFIC Bulletin±
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the Pygmy Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. InauguralDissertation. Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.
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or.th/stat/web/static_index.php. Viewed on 12 April 2013.
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slow lorises to learn diet. International Journal of Primatology
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Philippines: assessments of 11 tarsier exhibits, a worry for tarsier welfare
and conservation. MSc thesis. Oxford Brookes University, Oxford.
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wildlife trade. Proceedings of the seminar on slow loris conservation,
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Petra Osterberg [corresponding author], Nocturnal Primate Research
Group, The Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, 104/3 M.3 Paklock,
Thalang, 83110, Phuket, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected]
K.A.I. Nekaris, Oxford Brookes University, Little Fireface Project,
Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
E-mail: [email protected]
Last Chance to See? A Review of the Threats to
and Use of the Crocodile Lizard
Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham,
Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler
T
he Crocodile Lizard, listed in CITES Appendix II
and as Endangered in The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species, is becoming ever more popular
among hobbyists. Rising international demand for
the species is exceeding available supply of captivebred specimens, resulting in an increase in illegally
sourced wild specimens on offer. Wild populations
are at the brink of extinction due to habitat destruction and overcollection for the trade and for local use. It is estimated that fewer
than 1000 individuals are presently distributed in small and isolated
sites in southern China and northern Viet Nam. In view of the constant
decline of diminished populations, any further trade in wild specimens
is detrimental to the survival of the species. This study addresses
the current status of the threats to and the trade in Crocodile Lizards
and highlights the need for immediate measures to protect remaining
populations from extermination.
INTRODUCTION
09$16&+,1*(1$1'7=,(*/(5
The Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus is the only living
representative of the family Shinisauridae. The species was originally
GHVFULEHG E\ $KO IURP VRXWKHUQ &KLQD ZKHUH LWV UDQJH LV
restricted to a few isolated sites due to its high ecological specialization
(Huang et al.7KHRXWVWDQGLQJFRORXUSDWWHUQVDQGSULPDHYDO
appearance, as well as an interesting semi-aquatic lifestyle, have
made the species a desired target for the international pet trade from
the 1980s onwards, with a strong interest from specialized collectors.
Within two decades, harvesting of the species had caused dramatic
GHFOLQHV RI ZLOG SRSXODWLRQV LQ &KLQD &,7(6 +XDQJ et al.,
EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW 9LHWQDPHVH VXESRSXODWLRQ ZDV GLVFRYHUHG
LQ WKH <HQ 7X 1DWXUH 5HVHUYH 15 QRUWKHUQ 9LHW 1DP E\ /H DQG
Fig. 1 Estimated wild population size of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus
crocodilurus in China and Viet Nam. (VWLPDWHVGHULYHGIURP+XDQJet al. DQG
YDQ6FKLQJHQet al. EUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHKDELWDWVRIS. crocodilurusDUHHQWLUHO\VXUURXQGHG
E\FXOWLYDWHGDQGDJULFXOWXUDOODQGLQ9LHW1DPORFDOLW\UHFRUGVGHULYHGIURPWKHDXWKRUV·ÀHOG
VXUYH\VDQGIURPOLWHUDWXUHYDQ6FKLQJHQet al.,D+XDQJet al.,
=LHJOHU ,QLWLDO PRUSKRORJLFDO
and molecular comparisons revealed no
VLJQL¿FDQW WD[RQRPLF VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ
the two extant subpopulations (Ziegler
et al. 5HFHQW ¿HOG VXUYH\V RQ
the population status and ecology of the
species in Viet Nam led to the discovery of
two further subpopulations in two adjacent
nature reserves, viz. Tay Yen Tu NR and
Dong Son-Ky Thuong NR (van Schingen
et al.D
Owing to multiple anthropogenic
hazards, populations of the Crocodile
Lizard are now facing extinction in the
wild (Huang et al.YDQ6FKLQJHQet
al. E %HVLGHV KDELWDW GHJUDGDWLRQ
present at almost all known sites (Huang
et al. YDQ 6FKLQJHQ et al. E
over-collection for consumption and the
pet trade has been recorded as a severe
threat to the species in China, while
only little comparable information is
available for the recently discovered
Vietnamese subpopulations. The declining
subpopulations in China were estimated
at only 950 individuals in 2004 (Huang
et al.DVLPLODUVWXG\FRQGXFWHGLQ
2013 revealed the presence of fewer than
100 individuals in Viet Nam (van Schingen
et al.,E)LJ,QUHVSRQVHWRWKH
international demand for the species (e.g.,
Nguyen et al.&,7(6$QRQ
D WKLV VWXG\ SURYLGHV DQ DQDO\VLV
of the trade in Crocodile Lizards and a
review and updated evaluation of threats
as baseline information for improved
conservation measures.
DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
The Crocodile Lizard inhabits tropical
evergreen broadleaf lowland forests
in southern China (Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous
Region,
Guangdong
3URYLQFH DQG QRUWKHUQ 9LHW 1DP %DF
*LDQJ 4XDQJ 1LQK SURYLQFHV +XDQJ
et al., /H DQG =LHJOHU ,W LV
SDUWLFXODUO\ DGDSWHG WR D VSHFL¿F IRUHVW
ecosystem and individuals tend to rest at
night on branches above pool sections of
densely vegetated rocky streams (M. van
6FKLQJHQ SHUV REV 1LQJ et al. van Schingen et al. LQ SUHS ZKHUH
they can be easily collected by poachers.
The species can reach maturity after 13
months in captivity, but under natural
conditions needs between two and four
\HDUV<RVKLPLDQG8\HGD=ROOZHJ
DQG.KQH,QDGGLWLRQWKHSHULRG
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler
of pregnancy of lecithotrophic viviparous species, such
as the Crocodile Lizard, is about nine to eleven months,
which is comparatively long for reptiles (Zollweg and
.KQH=:Xin litt.,-XQH/DUJHDUHDV
of habitat have been cleared in the species’s range (Huang
et al., /HDQG=LHJOHUZKLFKLQ9LHW1DPLQ
particular, have been entirely surrounded by cultivated
or agricultural land, which makes evasion of the species
to other sites impossible. According to a niche model
approach by van Schingen et al.DWKHDFWXDODQG
SRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHVSHFLHV²FRQVLGHULQJFOLPDWH
DQGYHJHWDWLRQFRYHU²LVVHYHUHO\IUDJPHQWHG/Let al.
SURMHFWHGWKDWDOORULJLQDOKDELWDWVRIWKH&URFRGLOH
/L]DUG LQ &KLQD ZLOO KDYH YDQLVKHG LQ ± DV D
result of climate change.
LEGISLATION
The species has been listed in Appendix II of the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
6SHFLHV RI :LOG )DXQD DQG )ORUD &,7(6 VLQFH which includes species not necessarily yet threatened, but
which could become so if trade is not strictly controlled.
5HFHQWO\WKH&URFRGLOH/L]DUGZDVFODVVL¿HGDVJOREDOO\
Endangered in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
(Nguyen et al.)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVLQFOXGHGDVD
Category I species in the “Wild animal protection law”
in China (Huang et al.DQGDWWKHHQGRIWKH
0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHDQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW0$5'
proposed that the species be listed in the governmental
GHFUHHRI9LHW1DP741JX\HQSHUVFRPP
METHODS
Evaluation of threats to and use of the species
Field surveys were conducted in Viet Nam between
June and July 2013 and May and July 2014, determining
the threats to the Crocodile Lizard by direct observations
within the species’s habitat viz. Yen Tu NR and Dong
Son-Ky Thuong NR, Quang Ninh Province and Tay
Yen Tu NR, Bac Giang Province. Nearly 80 villagers
living in the surroundings of the nature reserves, and
authorities of Quang Ninh and Bac Giang provinces, Son
Don, Uong Bi and Ky Thuong districts and of the three
aforementioned nature reserves were questioned in order
to determine the general cognizance, perception and
use of the species in Viet Nam. In addition, a literature
survey was undertaken to evaluate the threats to and use
of the species in China.
Analysis of trade
Trade data were obtained from the UNEP-WCMC
&,7(6 WUDGH GDWDEDVH 81(3:&0& ±
which details all records of imports, exports and reexports of CITES-listed species as reported by Parties.
Data were available from 1990 to 2013. The analysis
20
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
IRFXVHG RQ WKH SXUSRVHV ³SHUVRQDO´ 3 ³FRPPHUFLDO´
7 DQG ³]RRV´ = UHIHUULQJ WR OLYH DQLPDOV VLQFH
in the case of the Crocodile Lizard such trade is the
PRVW SUR¿WDEOH ,QWHUQHW SODWIRUPV UHSWLOH IRUXPV DQG
Facebook pages were investigated to get an overview of
the availability, demand, prices and evidence of illegal
trade in this species. Four reptile fairs (three in Germany
DQGRQHLQ6ZHGHQDQG*HUPDQSHWVKRSVZHUHYLVLWHG
Oral interviews were conducted with 26 dealers (20
from Germany, three from Sweden, two from the Czech
5HSXEOLFDQGRQHIURP6SDLQRQWKHUHVSHFWLYHUHSWLOH
markets, 12 employees of pet shops that were visited,
WZR]RRNHHSHUV86$DQG6ZHGHQZLWKH[SHULHQFHLQ
keeping Crocodile Lizards and 11 private keepers on their
experiences in selling and keeping Crocodile Lizards, as
well as to obtain information on origins and prices. A
private keeper and two dealers of Crocodile Lizards in
Viet Nam were contacted in writing. Data were collected
mainly between August and December 2014. Names of
interviewees are kept anonymous here for reasons of
data privacy rights and internet links are not disclosed to
prevent misuse.
THREATS TO THE CROCODILE LIZARD AND ITS
USE IN CHINA
Literature survey
According to literature, consumption of Crocodile
Lizards was traditionally believed to act as a cure for
insomnia due to the long periods the animals spend
PRWLRQOHVV WKH\ DUH DOVR H[SORLWHG IRU IRRG +HUSLQ
DQG =RQGHUYDQ +XDQJ et al., 1JX\HQ et
al.$QRQE/LDQG:DQJUHSRUWHG
the sale of dried individuals in markets in China. While
reports on any current use in traditional medicine were not
found, cases of poaching for the pet trade are still being
reported (Huang et al., .DGRRULH)DUP%RWDQLF
*DUGHQ=ROOZHJ,QWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGE\
Huang et al. ZLWK YLOODJHUV OLYLQJ DURXQG WKH
habitats occupied by Crocodile Lizards revealed that the
PDMRULW\ KDG DOUHDG\ KXQWHG WKH OL]DUG EXW RQO\
7.5% of those questioned had hunted the species for food
or medicine (Huang et al.7KHPDLQPRWLYDWLRQ
was to sell specimens to illegal traders for easy money
50%±a86'±+XDQJet al.
7KHLQFUHDVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQRIHOHFWUR¿VKLQJDQGXVHRI
SRLVRQIRU¿VKLQJDUHDVVXPHGWRHQGDQJHUWKH&URFRGLOH
Lizard in its aquatic phase (Huang et al., DQGWKH
sale of accidentally caught Crocodile Lizards on Chinese
PDUNHWV KDV RIWHQ EHHQ UHFRUGHG =ROOZHJ ,Q
addition, the substitution of broadleaf forest for trees that
SURGXFHPRUHSUR¿WDEOHWLPEHUFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHGHFUHDVH
of aquatic habitats, as do logging, water pollution from
mining operations, and dam construction, which all
change the natural water regime and degrade the species’s
habitats (Huang et al.+XDQJet al.
Last chance to see? A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard
$DQQXDOYROXPHVRILPSRUWVDQG
H[SRUWVRIOLYHVSHFLPHQV
%SXUSRVHVRIWUDGHDQGVRXUFHRI
DQLPDOV(C=captive bred, F=captive
born,W=wild caught, U=unknown,
, FRQÀVFDWHGRUVHL]HG
O=pre-Convention)
&9ROXPHVRILPSRUWVDQGH[SRUWV
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(AT=Austria; CA=Canada;
&+ 6ZLW]HUODQG&1 &KLQD
DE=Germany; ES=Spain; FR=France;
GR=Greece; HK=Hong Kong;
JP=Japan; KR=Korea; LB=Lebanon;
NL=Netherlands; PL=Poland;
RU=Russian Federation; SG=Singapore;
TG=Togo;TH=Thailand;TW=Taiwan;
UA=Ukraine, US=USA)
Fig. 2. International trade in Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus from 1990–2013.
Source: UNEP-WCMC (1990–2013)
THREATS TO THE CROCODILE LIZARD AND ITS
USE IN VIET NAM
Literature survey and results of current survey
Crocodile Lizards soaked in rice wine were observed
during the inspection of numerous local shops in Quang
Ninh Province, Viet Nam, in 2013 (M. van Schingen,
SHUV REV $ SLFWXUH RI D &URFRGLOH /L]DUG SUHVHUYHG
in alcohol was observed on the Facebook page of a
Vietnamese pet shop, where the use of the species as a
potency remedy was discussed.
Trade in live Crocodile Lizards in Viet Nam was
recorded in 2002 at a tourist site (Yen Tu Temples, Quang
1LQK3URYLQFHE\/HDQG=LHJOHU$WWKHWLPH
some Crocodile Lizards were being offered as “baby
FURFRGLOHV´WRWRXULVWVIRU86'±HDFK,Q0D\
T.Q. Nguyen observed three specimens being offered for
VDOH IRU 86'± DW WKH VDPH VLWH 'XULQJ UHFHQW ¿HOG
surveys, the authors discovered that cable cars had been
installed to transport tourists to the top of the mountain
where one, once remote, habitat of the Crocodile Lizard
is situated. Recently employed forest rangers at this site
have never seen a Crocodile Lizard, while some older
rangers remembered that Crocodile Lizards had been
frequently found at this site, as well as in lower regions of
the mountains. Present surveys within these now easily
accessible streams at the foot of the mountain revealed
no presence of Crocodile Lizards. While 10 mature
individuals had been recorded in 2013 in a stream at the
top of the mountain, none could be found there in 2014.
Interviews with nearly 80 people in the remote villages
situated within the species’s habitats revealed a general
ignorance about Crocodile Lizards and confusion with
other lizards, as well as a lack of interest in this species.
Only one farmer recalled cases of collecting Crocodile
Lizards from nearby streams. Provincial authorities
recognized the species from pictures, but assumed its
extirpation from former localities.
$FFRUGLQJWRUHFHQW¿HOGREVHUYDWLRQVWKHGUDPDWLF
increase of habitat destruction and alteration as well as
pollution are severe threats to the species in Viet Nam.
Timber logging and slash-and-burn land clearance form
a major threat to the species and coal mining activities
were observed to cause drastic degradation of core
habitats of the Crocodile Lizard. In 2014, local villagers
ZHUH REVHUYHG HOHFWUR¿VKLQJ LQ VRPH KDELWDW VWUHDPV
which had not been the case the year before. At this site
the rate of encounters with Crocodile Lizards dropped to
WKUHHRQHLQGLYLGXDOSHUVWUHDPLQFRPSDUHGWR
11 during the same season in 2013.
TRADE
Literature survey and results of current survey
%DVHGRQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWKDUHSWLOHGHDOHUWKH¿UVW
Crocodile Lizards appeared on the international pet
market as early as 1982. Since 1985 an alarming rise
in demand for Crocodile Lizards in the international
SHW WUDGH KDV EHHQ UHFRUGHG VSHFLPHQV DW WKDW WLPH
IHWFKHGUHODWLYHO\KLJKSULFHVHJ'0a86'
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
FACEBOOK
Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler
Fig. 3. A distinctive primaeval appearance and striking
colour pattern has resulted in an alarming rise in
demand for Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus
by specialist collectors.
LQ *HUPDQ\ &,7(6 DOWKRXJK D SHW VKRS LQ
the USA was selling specimens for USD25 in 1987
+RIIPDQQ:KLOHKXQGUHGVRIVSHFLPHQVZHUH
legally imported from Hong Kong to Europe and the
USA because the species had not been protected in the
importing countries, the illegal sale of 3300 animals
from Guangxi Autonomous Region, China, was reported
between 1984 and 1986 (&,7(6 . After being
included in CITES Appendix II in 1990, the international
trade in Crocodile Lizards suddenly switched almost
entirely to specimens that were purported to be captive
EUHGa81(3:&0&±)LJ
)URP±DPHDQRI“OLYLQJLQGLYLGXDOV
ZHUH DQQXDOO\ UHFRUGHG LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH )LJ out of 850 animals, 97% were traded for “commercial”
purposes and only 2% and 1% for “personal” and “zoo”
SXUSRVHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH PDMRULW\ ZDV LPSRUWHG E\
-DSDQDQGWKH86$IROORZHGE\7KDLODQG
)LJ1RH[SRUWVIURPRULPSRUWVWR9LHW1DP
KDYHEHHQRI¿FLDOO\UHFRUGHG)LJ$FRQVSLFXRXVO\
KLJKQXPEHURIDOOHJHGO\FDSWLYHEUHGVSHFLPHQV
was exported from Kazakhstan via Lebanon to Japan
and Thailand in 2005, which makes Lebanon the
major importer and re-exporter of Crocodile Lizards
)LJ.D]DNKVWDQKDVEHHQD3DUW\WR&,7(6VLQFH
2000, whilst Lebanon acceded the Convention in 2013.
Kazakhstan, as the country of origin, has not declared
any imports or exports of Crocodile Lizards in its annual
reports. Similar trade patterns involving a KazakhstanLebanon connection have been observed in cases of
trade in dendrobatid frogs and several reptile species,
particularly from Madagascar (Nijman and Shepherd,
7RGG
22
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
$FDVHRIGH¿QLWHWUDGHZLWKZLOGFDXJKWLQGLYLGXDOV
ZDV FRQ¿UPHG E\ D *HUPDQ SHW VKRS RZQHU ZKR
received three of reportedly numerous illegally imported
specimens from China in 2003 from a dealer who was
known for being involved in the fraudulent trade in
reptiles. Furthermore, 104 Crocodile Lizards were seized
at the border of Japan between 2007 and 2008 (Kanari and
$XOL\DDQGLQGLYLGXDOVFROOHFWHGLQ9LHW1DP
by a Vietnamese citizen, were smuggled from Cambodia
WR7KDLODQGLQ5RELQGHV%RLV
Currently the trade in Crocodile Lizards has shifted
almost entirely to the internet, partly via Facebook, which
gives the dealer a reassuring level of security and control
over the deal, especially when the legal origin of the
specimens is doubtful. During the current research, the
¿UVWLQWHUQHWRIIHUIURPWKH86$ZDVUHFRUGHGLQ
86'RQDUHSWLOHIRUXP7KHUHKDVVXEVHTXHQWO\EHHQ
a conspicuous rise in offers and requests for this species,
particularly on online reptile forums and in Facebook
communities, especially in the USA and Germany.
7KHVH PDLQO\ LQYROYH SULYDWH LQGLYLGXDOV PRVWO\
offering their captive-bred offspring, but also pet shops
DQG ZKROHVDOHUV 0RVW RI WKH REVHUYHG HQWULHV
Q ZHUHIURP(XURSH*HUPDQ\6SDLQ
5%, UK 4%, France 4%, Netherlands 3%, Belgium 2%,
Slovakia 2%, Denmark 1%, Switzerland 1%, Russia 1%
DQG8NUDLQHIROORZHGE\WKH86$DQG$VLD
9LHW1DPEXWWKHRULJLQLQVRPHFDVHVZDVXQFOHDU
Crocodile Lizards are currently on offer for relatively high
SULFHV HJ FD 86' SHW VKRS 86$ 1RYHPEHU
MXYHQLOHV IRU (85 SHW VKRS *HUPDQ\
-DQXDU\RQWKHLQWHUQHWDQGIRUDFRPSDUDEO\ORZ
SULFH(85±a86'±%I1in litt., see also
%HWKJHDWWKHUHSWLOHIDLULQ+DPP*HUPDQ\,Q
December 2014, three Crocodile Lizards of unknown
origin were observed by one of the authors at the reptile fair
in Hamm in an unlabelled container, which was quickly
concealed in a backpack once detected. Furthermore, even
Crocodile Lizards reportedly originating from Viet Nam
were observed at this reptile fair in 2014 being offered
XQGHUWKHWDEOH0=ROOZHJSHUVFRPP2FWREHU
Only since 2013 have Crocodile Lizards from Viet Nam
been found being offered for sale on at least four different
Vietnamese Facebook pages in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
&LW\ in 2014, one retailer in the country was offering
VSHFLPHQVIRUH[SRUWRQKLV)DFHERRNVLWH)LJ:KLOH
videos of several dozen captive adult lizards for sale were
shown on Youtube.com, another dealer stated that he had
almost 100 Crocodile Lizards from north Viet Nam for
sale at his “farm”. A hobbyist, keeping three wild-caught
Crocodile Lizards from “the mountains of north Viet
Nam”, posted that there are many specimens available
for sale and that retailers are allegedly highly interested
in trading them on an international scale. Demand by
hobbyists for Vietnamese specimens due to their more
colourful appearance and for a supply of “fresh blood”
for breeding has been frequently recorded on internet
platforms.
Last chance to see? A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard
DISCUSSION
Considering the alarming status of the wild Crocodile
Lizard population (Huang et al.,YDQ6FKLQJHQet
al. D YDQ 6FKLQJHQ et al. E DQ\ FROOHFWLRQ
of wild individuals is detrimental to the species’s
survival. This study shows that the trade in live animals
has a highly detrimental impact on the species. Lack
of comprehensive information on collection and use for
traditional medicine in range countries means that it is
not possible to assess with any certainty whether this is
an additional threat, although the authors believe it is
OHVVVLJQL¿FDQWWKDQWKHOLYHDQLPDOWUDGH3ULFHVRXWVLGH
the range States remain lucrative (e.g. USD1100, pet
VKRS 86$ OHDGLQJ WR D JURZWK RI LQWHUHVW LQ
selling to the international market. Specimens from Viet
1DP KDYH EHHQ RQ RIIHU IRU H[SRUW IRU 86'±
)DFHERRNZKLOHSULFHVDFKLHYHGLQWKHQDWLRQDO
PDUNHWVHHPWREHUDWKHUORZ86'±
The shift in reported trade from wild-caught
specimens to almost exclusively captive-bred specimens
!DIWHUWKHVSHFLHV¶VOLVWLQJLQ&,7(6$SSHQGL[,,LQ
1990 is rather suspicious, since a very high mortality rate
LQFDSWLYLW\ZDVUHSRUWHGDWWKDWWLPH&,7(6DQG
dealers of the species still state that the loss of a whole litter
is commonplace due to the animal’s sensitivity to stress,
infection and inadequate water quality. Furthermore,
GHDOHUVKDYHFRQ¿UPHGWKDWWKH\VWLOOUHFHLYHZLOGFDXJKW
specimens from China, mislabelled as “captive bred”.
Regarding the 400 allegedly captive-bred Crocodile
Lizards exported from Kazakhstan to Lebanon in 2005,
it is not far-fetched to conclude that such a trade pattern
is a fraud to obtain “legal” CITES import permits for the
laundering of smuggled animals into the trade. Besides
the lack of established breeding facilities for such high
quantities of an ecologically specialized species, it is
further implausible that the alleged captive breeding
group produced 400 hatchlings in 2005 and then suddenly
stopped producing any offspring. Likewise, in Viet Nam,
the large number of adult animals and the evident lack
RISURSHUHQFORVXUHV²DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQDYDLODEOHSLFWXUHV
DQG YLGHRV²LQGLFDWH WKDW PRVW VSHFLPHQV ZHUH ZLOG
FDXJKW D IDFW FRQ¿UPHG LQ ZULWLQJ E\ D 9LHWQDPHVH
hobbyist. There is recent evidence for the covert sale
of Crocodile Lizards from Viet Nam at the reptile fair in
Hamm, Germany, even though reports on legal exports
are lacking (M. Zollweg, pers. comm., 1RYHPEHU
The present research shows that demand for the species
exceeds supply, even though a few hobbyists successfully
breed the species from time to time. The high interest
of new bloodlines and morphs is currently increasing the
pressure on wild populations, especially from Viet Nam.
The remarkable increase in appearance of the species
on relevant websites might also have triggered the
increasing trade in Crocodile Lizards in Viet Nam. The
aforementioned drop in encounters with adult individuals
at some of the published habitat sites might be the
consequence of locality data being misused by poachers.
Experience in Viet Nam and China has demonstrated that
only the more extensively monitored subpopulations are
considered to be relatively secure and stable, indicating
a positive effect of monitoring and research activities on
wild populations.
CONSERVATION MEASURES
For effective local conservation activities in Viet
1DP WKH DXWKRUV¶ UHVHDUFK WHDP &RORJQH =RR ,(%5
initiated a comprehensive public awareness campaign.
A brochure emphasizing the uniqueness of the last
remaining lowland broadleaf forest ecosystem was
created in order to support the conservation management,
and to educate and raise awareness at the local authority
OHYHO)RUHVW3URWHFWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW)3'RI%DF*LDQJ
3URYLQFH$SRVWHU)LJZDVUHFHQWO\SURGXFHG
at the request of the FPD, highlighting the threats to this
species within its remaining habitats and pointing out
LPSURYHGFRQVHUYDWLRQPHDVXUHVVRPHFRSLHVKDYH
Fi 4
Fig.
4. P
Poster d
developed
l
d ffor the
h awareness programme,
available in Vietnamese, German and English.
Reproduced with kind permission of
Zoologischer Garten Köln.
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler
been distributed among the respective nature reserves,
and FPD’s of Bac Giang and Quang Ninh provinces,
KLJK VFKRROV XQLYHUVLWLHV UDQJHU VWDWLRQV RI¿FHV RI
communes, villages surrounding the nature reserves
and the Me Linh Station for Biodiversity (see Ziegler,
LQSUHVV$IROORZXSSHWLWLRQOHWWHUZDVVHQWWRVHYHUDO
agencies recommending, for example, the improvement
of forest ranger work, the upgrade of the protection
status of the species’s habitat in Yen Tu Mountain area,
the control of coal mining activities in the core zones of
the nature reserves and the development of sustainable
ecological and religious tourism in the region. In
addition, the authors participated in local conferences,
and held symposia and workshops in Hanoi and Ho Chi
Minh City.
In China, agreements with local farmers have already
helped to maintain at least core zones for Crocodile
Lizards within the Daguishan NR and also a breeding
facility for release programmes has been successfully
HVWDEOLVKHG=ROOZHJ6XFKDEUHHGLQJSURJUDPPH
was recently also initiated in Viet Nam at the Me Linh
Station for Biodiversity, with promising preliminary
UHVXOWV)LJ=LHJOHU$IWHUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI
a stable captive population and based on comprehensive
knowledge on the ecology and natural history of wild
populations (e.g. van Schingen et al.LQSUHSDUHOHDVH
and monitoring programme is planned to restock wild
populations in Viet Nam, in accordance with criteria
stipulated by the International Union for Conservation of
1DWXUH,8&1
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the evident harmful illegal trade in wildFDXJKWVSHFLPHQVDQGWRHQDEOHDPRUHHI¿FLHQWFRQWURO
and prevention of poaching, a transfer of the species from
CITES Appendix II to I is strongly recommended. Such
DQXSJUDGH²ZKLFKZRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKH(8E\
OLVWLQJWKHVSHFLHVLQ$QQH[$RIWKH5HJ(&²
would in particular enable the CITES Management
Authorities in the European Union, one of the major
markets in the reptile and amphibian trade, to control and
monitor the domestic EU trade. According to European
law the commercial use of specimens of Appendix I
$QQH[$RI5HJ(&VSHFLHVLVLQJHQHUDOVWULFWO\
prohibited. In most EU member States, such specimens
must be registered with the relevant authorities and are
VXEMHFW WR VWULFW PHDVXUHV RI FHUWL¿FDWLRQ DQG PDUNLQJ
7KLV DOVR DSSOLHV WR FDSWLYHEUHG VSHFLPHQV WKHLU
FRPPHUFLDO XVH UHTXLUHV DQ RI¿FLDO H[HPSWLRQ FHUWL¿HG
by the respective Management Authority (European
ANNA RAUHAUS
The poaching of Crocodile Lizards in detrimental
quantities has long been reported from China and over the
last few years has also been recorded from the recently
discovered and much smaller subpopulations in Viet Nam
(Huang et al., 2008, Le and Ziegler, 2003, Nguyen et al.,
:KLOH ZLOG SRSXODWLRQV RI &URFRGLOH /L]DUGV
are decreasing, international demand for the species is
increasing and habitat destruction and degradation are
expanding. Suitable habitats, especially in Viet Nam, are
now restricted to a small area around Yen Tu Mountain and
the number of wild Crocodile Lizards there is now very
low. Due to its sedentary behaviour and specialization,
the species’s extirpation in the wild is predictable if forest
protection is not drastically improved at these sites and
illegal poaching curtailed. Since the trade in this species
for hobbyist collection has only recently started in Viet
Nam, immediate measures are required to prevent further
collection of wild specimens.
Fig. 5. Juvenile Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus bred at the Me Linh Station for Biodiversity in
northern Viet Nam for a restocking programme in the species’s original habitats in Viet Nam.
24
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Last chance to see? A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard
Commission, 2015). The CITES Standing Committee as
well as all Parties to CITES should be urged to look very
closely into the fraudulent claims of captive breeding
/\RQVDQG1DWXVFKDQGHQIRUFHPHQWHIIRUWVKDYH
to be increased, particularly into the apparent increase
in online trade, which is partly taking place in closed
systems provided by social media such as Facebook.
%DVHG RQ WKH ¿QGLQJV ZLWKLQ WKH UHPDLQLQJ QDWXUDO
habitats in Viet Nam, an upgrade of the existing reserves,
the extension of the protected area network and improved
ranger work at the sites where the species occurs is
strongly recommended (van Schingen et al. E
Furthermore, in order to identify yet unknown subSRSXODWLRQV ¿HOG VXUYH\V VKRXOG EH FRQGXFWHG ZLWKLQ
suitable habitats based on the niche model approach
(van Schingen et al. D HJ LQ WKH ERUGHU UHJLRQ
of China and Viet Nam, although publishing exact
locality data should be avoided to prevent the misuse of
such information. Due to minor differences in ecology
between Crocodile Lizards in China and Viet Nam (van
Schingen et al.LQSUHSDPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHJHQHWLF
comparison would clarify the conservation status and
importance of single and extant subpopulations (van
Schingen et al., E ZKLFK LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW IRU
potential future hybridization in captivity. In order to
evaluate the impact of the awareness-raising campaign,
the recently established monitoring systems should be
continued in the long term.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
For their support of Crocodile Lizard research
and conservation in Viet Nam, the authors are grateful
WR 7KHR 3DJHO &RORJQH =RR 0LFKDHO %RQNRZVNL
8QLYHUVLW\ RI &RORJQH DV ZHOO DV &DQK ;XDQ /H
DQG 7KDL +X\ 7UDQ ,(%5 +DQRL 7KH\ WKDQN WKH
GLUHFWRUDWHVRIWKH7D\<HQ7X<HQ7XDQG'RQJ6RQ±.\
Thuong NR, Forest Protection departments of Bac Giang
DQG 4XDQJ 1LQK SURYLQFHV IRU VXSSRUW RI ¿HOG ZRUN
and issuing relevant permits. Nature conservation-based
biodiversity research and environmental education in the
Yen Tu Mountain Range is mainly funded by Cologne
Zoo, the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
,(%5 WKH $PSKLELDQ IXQG RI 6WLIWXQJ $UWHQVFKXW]
9G= 9HUEDQG GHU =RRORJLVFKHQ *lUWHQ H9 WKH
(XURSHDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI =RRV DQG $TXDULD ($=$
WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQRI$TXDULXP&XUDWRUV(8$&WKH
Nagao Natural Environment Foundation, Japan, the Viet
1DP$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\9$67WKH
:RUOG $VVRFLDWLRQ RI =RRV DQG $TXDULXPV :$=$
and the University of Cologne. The authors thank Mark
Auliya, Michael Zollweg and Jeremy Holden for kindly
providing unpublished information. Marta Bernardes
DQG $QQD 5DXKDXV &RORJQH =RR NLQGO\ SURYLGHG
photographs/artwork.
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der
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%HWKJH 3 5HLEDFK IU ³NUXII NUXII´ Der Spiegel
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&,7(6 6HYHQWK PHHWLQJ RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH
3DUWLHV /DXVDQQH 6ZLW]HUODQG ± 2FWREHU Proposal 41. KWWSFLWHVRUJVLWHVGHIDXOW¿OHVHQJFRS
prop/E07-Prop-41_Shinisaurus.PDF
(XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ &RPPLVVLRQ 5HJXODWLRQ (&
1R DQG &RXQFLO 5HJXODWLRQ (& 1R http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/legislation_en.htm.
Viewed on 20 February 2015.
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net/campaigns/Documents/Brochure%20Tay%20Yen%20
Tu%20Nature%20Reserve%202010.pdf
+HUSLQ ' DQG =RQGHUYDQ , 'H Shinisaurus een
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Huang, C.M., Yu, H. Wu, Z., Li, Y.B., Wei, F.W. and Gong,
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the Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurusLQ
China. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation±
+XDQJ+:DQJ+/LQPLDR/:X=DQG&KHQ-
Genetic diversity and population demography of the Chinese
crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurusLQ&KLQDPLoS
OneHGRLMRXUQDOSRQH
,8&1 *XLGHOLQHV IRU 5HLQWURGXFWLRQV DQG RWKHU
Conservation Translocations. https://portals.iucn.org/
OLEUDU\VLWHVOLEUDU\¿OHVGRFXPHQWVSGI
.DGRRULH )DUP %RWDQLF *DUGHQ :LOG DQLPDO
trade monitoring at selected markets in Guangzhou and
6KHQ]HQ 6RXWK &KLQD ± Kadoorie Farm &
Botanic Garden Technical Report No. 2, KFBG, Hong
Kong SAR. 36 pp.
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Japan. TRAFFIC East Asia, Tokyo, Japan. Internal report.
/DX 0:1 $GHV * *RRG\HU 1 DQG =RX )6 Wildlife trade in southern China including Hong Kong and
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Conserving China’s Biodiversity. %HLMLQJ &KLQD &KLQD
Council for International Cooperation on Environment and
Development.
/H 4. DQG =LHJOHU 7 First record of the Chinese
crocodile lizard from outside of China: Report on a
population of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 from
North-eastern Vietnam. Hamadryad±
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler
/L:DQG:DQJ+:LOGOLIHWUDGHLQ<XQQDQ3URYLQFH
China, at the border with Vietnam. TRAFFIC Bulletin.
±
Li, X., Tian, H., Wang, Y., Li, R., Song, Z., Zhang, F., Xu, M. and
/L'9XOQHUDELOLW\RIHQGHPLFRUHQGDQJHUHG
species in China to the effects of climate change. Regional
Environmental Change ±
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through breeding farms: illegal harvest, population
declines and a means of regulating the trade of green
pythons (Morelia viridis IURP ,QGRQHVLD Biological
Conservation±
1JX\HQ74+DPLOWRQ3DQG=LHJOHU7Shinisaurus
crocodilurus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Viewed on 30
October 2014.
1LMPDQ 9 DQG 6KHSKHUG &5 Wildlife Trade from
ASEAN to the EU: Issues with the Trade in Captive-bred
Reptiles from Indonesia. TRAFFIC Europe report for the
European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. 22 pp.
1LMPDQ 9 DQG 6KHSKHUG &5 7KH UROH RI $VLD LQ
global trade in CITES-listed poison arrow frogs: hopping
from Kazakhstan to Lebanon to Thailand and beyond.
Biodiversity and Conservation Doi: 10.1007/s10531-0109814-0.
1LMPDQ 9 DQG 6KHSKHUG &5 7KH UROH RI 7KDLODQG
in the international trade in CITES-listed live reptiles and
amphibians. PloS ONEH'RLMRXUQDO
pone.00117825.
Ning, J., Huang, C., Yu, H., Dai, D., Wu, Z., and Zhong, Y.
6XPPHU KDELWDW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH &KLQHVH
Crocodile Lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus LQ WKH
Loukeng Nature Reserve, Guangdong. Zoological
Research±
5RELQGHV%RLVOn the Trail. Information and analysis
EXOOHWLQRQDQLPDOSRDFKLQJDQGVPXJJOLQJ
7RGG0Trade in Malagasy Reptiles and Amphibians
in Thailand. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya,
Selangor, Malaysia. 30 pp.
81(3:&0& ± &,7(6 7UDGH 'DWDEDVH http://
trade.cites.org/9LHZHGRQ2FWREHU
van Schingen, M., Ihlow, F., Nguyen, T.Q., Ziegler, T.,
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distribution and effectiveness of the protected area
network for the crocodile lizard, Shinisaurus crocodilurus
5HSWLOLD6TXDPDWD6DXULDSalamandra±
van Schingen, M., Pham, C.T., Thi, A.H., Bernardes, M., Hecht,
91JX\HQ74%RQNRZVNL0DQG=LHJOHU7E
Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus
crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for
conservation measures. Revue Suisse de Zoologie
±
26
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
van Schingen, M., Pham, C.T., Thi, H.A., Nguyen, T.Q.,
Bernardes, M., Bonkowski, M. and Ziegler, T. (in
SUHS First ecological assessment of the endangered
Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in
Vietnam: Microhabitat characterization and habitat use.
Herpetological Conservation and Biology.
<RVKLPL'DQG8\HGD/7KHSDQGDRIWKHOL]DUGZRUOG
http://woodlandparkzblog.blogspot.de/2011/12/panda-oflizard-world.html. Viewed on 18 December 2014.
Ziegler, T. (in pressIn situ and ex situ reptile projects of the
Cologne Zoo: implications for research and conservation
of South East Asia’s herpetodiversity. International Zoo
Yearbook 49:DOI:10.1111/izy.12084.
Ziegler, T., Le, Q.K., Vu, T.N., Hendrix, R. and Böhme,
: A comparative study of crocodile lizards
(Shinisaurus crocodilurus $KO IURP 9LHWQDP DQG
China. 5DIÀHV%XOOHWLQ=RRORJ\±
=ROOZHJ 0 (UIROJUHLFKHV 3URMHNW ]XP 6FKXW]
der Krokodilschwanz-Höckerechse in China. ZGAP
Mitteilungen 28.
=ROOZHJ0DQG.KQH+.URNRGLOVFKZDQ]HFKVHQ±
Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Natur und Tier–Verlag, Münster,
Germany.
Mona van Schingen, Cologne Zoo, Riehler Straße 173,
50735, Cologne, Germany; Department of Terrestrial Ecology,
Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße
47b, 50674, Köln, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
Ulrich Schepp, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation,
Konstantin Straße 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
Cuong The Pham, Institute of Ecology and Biological
Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,
18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Truong Quang Nguyen, Institute of Ecology and Biological
Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,
18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
E-mail: [email protected]
Thomas Ziegler, Cologne Zoo, Riehler Straße 173, 50735,
Cologne, Germany; Institute of Zoology, University of
Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
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The African Elephant Loxodonta africana
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ly/19CJGi0; http://bit.ly/1CxB6MD, 2 February 2015
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bit.ly/1EvDIqT, 20 February 2015
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Manoj V. Nair, Lakshmi Narayan Acharjyo and
Daniel W.S. Challender
Fig. 1. Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata.
rapidly declining populations (Challender et al. D
&KDOOHQGHU%DLOOLHet al.+XQWLQJSRDFKLQJDQG
associated trade takes place despite both species being listed
on Schedule I of India’s Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which
strictly prohibits these activities. Moreover, since 1975 both the
Chinese and Indian pangolins have been included in Appendix II
of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, to which an annotation was
added at the 11th meeting of the Conference of the Parties in
2000. This annotation established zero export quotas for wildcaught Asian pangolins traded for commercial purposes and
ZKLFK SURKLELWV WUDGH RI WKLV QDWXUH &,7(6 D 'HVSLWH
these measures, pangolins in India continue to be exploited for
local consumptive uses and are frequently found in illegal trade,
both domestically and internationally (e.g. Baillie et al., but information on the extent of trade is limited and inconsistent.
This is partly because these species are widely distributed
geographically, PDNLQJ LW GLI¿FXOW WR TXDQWLI\ KXQWLQJ DQG
'8/8%25$+*5((1*8$5'1$785(25*$1,=$7,21$66$0,1',$
O
f the eight extant species of pangolin
3KROLGRWD 0DQLGDH the Indian
Pangolin Manis crassicaudata and
Chinese Pangolin M. pentadactyla
RFFXU LQ ,QGLD )LJV DQG The Indian Pangolin is widely distributed across
the country, occurring in Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal. The species also
occurs in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and
6UL /DQND 6ULQLYDVXOX DQG 6ULQLYDVXOX Baillie et al. 7KH &KLQHVH 3DQJROLQ LV
native only to the north and north-eastern States
of India, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim, and also
occurs in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar,
China, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand and Viet Nam
6ULQLYDVXOXDQG6ULQLYDVXOX&KDOOHQGHUet
al.D$OWKRXJKWKHWZRVSHFLHVDUHVLPLODU
morphologically, the scales of the Indian Pangolin
are relatively larger than those of the Chinese
Pangolin and have ± URZV RI VFDOHV DFURVV
WKHEDFNFRPSDUHGWR±URZVLQWKH&KLQHVH
Pangolin. A terminal scale is also present on the
ventral side of the tail of the Indian Pangolin, but
DEVHQW LQ WKH &KLQHVH 3DQJROLQ 3RFRFN +HDWK3UDWHU
Major threats to pangolins in India include
hunting and poaching for local consumptive use
(e.g. as a protein source and an ingredient in
WUDGLWLRQDO PHGLFLQH DQG IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH
(Challender et al.D&KDOOHQGHU%DLOOLH
et al. +XQWLQJ RI SDQJROLQV KDV UHFHQWO\
been recorded in Arunachal Pradesh, Pariyar Tiger
5HVHUYH .HUDOD WKH:HVWHUQ *KDWV DQG HDVWHUQ
6WDWHV RI ,QGLD LQFOXGLQJ 2GLVKD 0LWUD Mishra et al.0RKDQW\0LVKUDet al.,
*XEELDQG/LQNLH
5$-(6+.02+$3$75$
INTRODUCTION
PROTECTION STATUS
The Chinese Pangolin is listed as Critically
Endangered, and the Indian Pangolin as
Endangered, on The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. These listings are based on evident (Wu
et al., :X DQG 0D DQG VXVSHFWHG
Fig. 2. Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla.
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
S H O RT
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
poaching activities, localities and associated trends, and
because illegal trade in pangolins is characteristically
FODQGHVWLQH 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ WKHVH GLI¿FXOWLHV WKH DLP
of this article is to review available information on recent
illegal trade involving pangolins and their derivatives
and use of their body parts by traditional medicine
practitioners in India.
METHODS
Information for this article was acquired from various
sources. It included a review of available literature on the
consumption and use of pangolins in India sourced using
³*RRJOHVFKRODU´DQGWKHFROODWLRQRIGDWDRQFRQ¿VFDWLRQV
involving pangolins and their derivatives in India, which
were sourced from national and regional newspapers and
online news articles reporting on the trade in pangolins
and their derivatives between 2009 and 2014. Although
it should be noted that media-reported science data can be
erroneous and inaccurate, there is little alternative when
seeking to compile data on trades which are clandestine. In
addition to Google searches, news articles were also found
by means of a Google alert, which regularly searches the
internet for designated keywords and sends an email to a
designated email address. Although most news accounts
reported some information on trade (e.g. the number or
ZHLJKWRISDQJROLQVFDOHVFRQ¿VFDWHGWKH\IDLOHGWRUHSRUW
the species involved, but, as explained below, trade likely
involved both the Indian and Chinese species.
To estimate the number of pangolins the reported
WUDGH UHSUHVHQWV 7DEOH ¿YH DGXOW ,QGLDQ 3DQJROLQV
which died in captivity at Nandankanan Zoological
3DUN 2GLVKD ,QGLD 1.=3 EHWZHHQ DQG and three formalin-preserved Indian Pangolin young
were physically examined to collect information on the
number of scales present on this species. These were
IRXQGWRUDQJHIURP±“Q LQURZV
across the back of each specimen. In November 2014,
an Indian Pangolin which died in captivity at NKZP was
weighed before disposal, which presented an opportunity
to acquire data on the proportion of the animal’s
body weight comprising scales. The skin with scales
ZHLJKHG NJ RI WKH DQLPDO¶V WRWDO ZHLJKW NJ
or 34% of its total body weight. The authors used these
parameters to estimate the number of pangolins in trade.
It is understood that the skin and scales of the Chinese
3DQJROLQPDNHXSOHVVDERXWRIWKHDQLPDO¶VWRWDO
ERG\ZHLJKW+HDWKDOVRVHH=KRXet al., ILLEGAL TRADE IN PANGOLINS IN INDIA
The protected status of Asian pangolins in most of
their range States, including India, indicates that current
trade violates both national regulations, e.g., the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972, and contravenes CITES where
trade is international in nature. Reported seizures
involving pangolins occurred in multiple States in India
GXULQJ WKH VL[\HDU SHULRG ± VHH 7DEOH 34
TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R
Fig. 3. Map showing locations (Ÿ) in India of seizures of
pangolin body parts between 2009 and 2014.
They comprised more than 5913 kg of scales and two
whole pangolins. Seizures took place in 10 States, with
WKHPDMRULW\WDNLQJSODFHLQ0DQLSXUIROORZHGE\
$VVDP 0L]RUDP :HVW %HQJDO .DUQDWDND
7DPLO1DGX8WWDUDNKDQG8WWDU3UDGHVK
&KKDWWLVJDUKDQG2GLVKD)LJ
While pangolin meat is typically consumed or sold
in local markets, scales are delivered to middlemen from
Kolkata, Chennai and from border towns such as Siliguri
in west Bengal, Moreh in Chandel district, Manipur,
Shillong in Meghalaya and Aizwal in Mizoram (Sharma,
SUHVHQWVWXG\DQGIURPZKHUHWKH\DUHW\SLFDOO\
destined for China via Myanmar and Nepal. Myanmar
and Nepalese nationals apprehended with pangolin
scales and Indian nationals apprehended with Myanmar
currency and pangolin scales supports the evidence of
this trade link. As confessed by apprehended smugglers
during interrogation in some of the reported seizures,
WKH FRQ¿VFDWHG ERG\ SDUWV DSSHDU WR KDYH RULJLQDWHG
from Haryana, Odisha, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and south Indian States including
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. At times, pangolin scales
were also seized with Tiger Panthera tigris bone,
deer antlers, the drug pseudoephedrine, and arms and
ammunition, indicating that trade in pangolins has strong
links with trade in other wildlife and drugs and arms.
Those apprehended included both men and women, and
the number of suspects arrested in each case varied from
one to 11 or more, which suggests an organized criminal
aspect to this trade.
Although it is unknown which species of pangolin were
LQWUDGHGXULQJWKHSHULRGFRYHUHGE\WKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQ²
HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHUH VFDOHV RQO\ ZHUH FRQ¿VFDWHG²RQ WKH
basis that scales from an adult Indian Pangolin weigh
S H O RT
about 3.5 kg, it can be estimated that a minimum of 1690
animals were involved. Although this estimate is based
on a very small sample size, studies have shown that
scales from other Asian pangolin species typically weigh
less (Zhou et al.DQGLWLVNQRZQWKDWVFDOHVLQWKH
Indian species are larger and therefore likely weigh more
3RFRFN+HDWKSURYLGLQJVRPHVXSSRUWIRU
these estimates.
Local trade in the scales and meat of the Indian
Pangolin has also been reported from Andhra Pradesh,
Kerala, Odisha, Manipur, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Tripura
DQG :HVW %HQJDO 0LWUD &,7(6 E 0LVUD
ZKLOHFROOHFWLRQ of the Chinese Pangolin for meat
and scales, and seizures of such items, have been reported
in various parts of Manipur, Nagaland and Assam (CITES,
E Finger rings made of pangolin scales have also
been found for sale at Alashuni fair in Odisha (Mohanty,
VHH)LJ
Pangolins are caught when sighted or are dug out of
their burrows using different techniques including smoking
WKHDQLPDOVRXWDQGÀXVKLQJWKHPRXWZLWKZDWHUSLWIDOO
traps and hunting with dogs are also reported to be used to
KXQWDQGWUDSSDQJROLQV.XPDUD0RKDQW\
*XEELDQG/LQNLH7KHDQLPDOVDUHWKHQNLOOHGE\
being placed in boiling water or with the use of a club to
UHQGHUWKHPXQFRQVFLRXV0RKDQW\7KHVFDOHVDUH
then typically removed by skinning the dead animal or
peeling off the scales 0LVUD
Despite scant data on the population status of
SDQJROLQV LQ ,QGLD 7LNDGHU UHSRUWHG WKDW
populations of both the Indian and Chinese pangolins
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
had been greatly reduced by hunting. Given that it is
GLI¿FXOW WR PDLQWDLQ DQG EUHHG SDQJROLQV LQ FDSWLYLW\
(Yang et al. 0RKDSDWUD DQG 3DQGD +HDWK
DQG 9DQGHUOLS DQG WKDW WKH WUDGH DSSHDUV WR EH
FRPPHUFLDO LQ QDWXUH VHH 7DEOH LW LV EHOLHYHG WKDW
the current trade must involve wild-caught animals only.
The magnitude of this trade in a relatively short time
SHULRG VL[ \HDUV VXJJHVWV LW FRXOG DOVR potentially be
XQVXVWDLQDEOH)LJHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQEHDULQJLQPLQG
WKHVHGDWDOLNHO\UHÀHFWRQO\DVPDOOSURSRUWLRQRIDFWXDO
trade levels. Although the authors have not accounted for
all the biases in seizure data, which would require larger
data sets and advanced modelling (e.g., Underwood et al.
WUDGHLVQHYHUWKHOHVVSHUVLVWHQW)LJ$JDLQQRW
accounting for biases, it could be that decreasing volumes
RISDQJROLQVFDOHVVHL]HGVHH)LJDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
declining wild populations.
There have also been reports of the involvement of
tribal communities such as Padhis, Saperas, Bawarias
and MongiasLQWKHFDSWXUHRISDQJROLQV6KDUPD
Pangolin scales were reported to be sold for Rs1000/kg
LQ0L]RUDPLQDQGLQFUHDVHGWR5V±NJ
in different parts of Mizoram in 2013 (Chinlampianga et
al.'HVSLWHWKHDSSDUHQWGHFOLQHLQWKHYROXPHRI
scales seized, trade is nevertheless persistent and can be
attributed to high demand from China primarily, where
scales are used in traditional medicines, and to increasing
prices, which are driving the illegal trade in pangolins
from South Asia, as well as from Africa and SouthHDVW $VLD 3DQWHO DQG &KLQ &KDOOHQGHU &KDOOHQGHUDQG+\ZRRG
Fig. 4. Reported amount of pangolin scales seized per year (solid line) and the number of seizures
per year (dashed line) between 2009 and 2014.$QDVWHULVNGHQRWHV\HDUVZKHUHVHL]XUHVKDYHLQYROYHGVFDOHVEXW
GDWDRQZHLJKWLQVRPHFRQÀVFDWLRQVZHUHQRWDYDLODEOHRUWKHVHL]XUHLQYROYHGDOLYHSDQJROLQ
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
36
TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R
164
138.6
511.65
VFDOHV
14
12
SDQJROLQ
17 June 2010
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6HSWHPEHU
19 November 2010
26 November 2010
-XQH
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$XJXVW
2FWREHU
2 November 2011
-DQXDU\
? May 2012
-XO\
-XO\
$XJXVW
'HVWLQHGIRU0RUHK0DQLSXU
6HL]HGZLWKGHHUDQWOHUV
6HL]HGZLWKGHHUDQWOHUDQG7LJHUSDZDQGERQH
SHUVRQDUUHVWHG
SHRSOHDUUHVWHG
SHRSOHDUUHVWHG6HL]HGZLWKGUXJVDUPVDPPXQLWLRQ
6SHHGSRVWSDUFHOVERRNHGIURP'LPDSXU1DJDODQGDQG
%HUKDPSXU2GLVKD'HVWLQHGIRU0\DQPDU
Seized with Tiger bones
Procured from Dimapur, bound for Myanmar
DQG&KLQDYLD,PSKDO6HL]HGDORQJZLWK7LJHUERQHV
3URFXUHGORFDOO\SHRSOHDUUHVWHG
'HVWLQHGIRU0RUHK
Notes
SHUVRQDUUHVWHG
Procured from Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
GHVWLQHGIRU0\DQPDUYLD,PSKDO
ZRPHQDUUHVWHG
ZRPHQDUUHVWHG
SHUVRQDUUHVWHG
ORFDOWULEDO\RXWKVDUUHVWHG
3URFXUHGIURP6RXWK,QGLDQ6WDWHV
destined for China via Myanmar
SHRSOHDUUHVWHGZLWK0\DQPDUHVHFXUUHQF\
Khudengthabi, Chandel, Manipur
Procured from south Indian States,
GHVWLQHGIRU&KLQDYLD0\DQPDU
9DLUHQJWH&KHFNJDWH0L]RUDPLQWUXFN
SHRSOHDUUHVWHG3URFXUHGIURPVRXWK,QGLDQ6WDWH
DQGGHVWLQHGIRU&KLQD
Chandel district, Imphal, Manipur
Destined for border town of Moreh.
6HL]HGZLWKSVHXGRHSKHGULQHGUXJ
&HQWUDO)RUHVW'LYLVLRQ6HNPDL0DQLSXULQMHHS
SHRSOHDUUHVWHGWUDQVSRUWLQJIURP'LPDSXUWR,PSKDO
*XUJXULDUDQJH6LPLOLSDO%LRVSKHUH5HVHUYH2GLVKD 7KDPQDSRNSL7KRXEDO0DQLSXU
Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi airport, Guwahati,
$VVDP
5DLOZD\PDLOVHUYLFHVWDWLRQ*XZDKDWL$VVDP
.DPDODSXUYLOODJH%HOODU\.DUQDWDND
3DOOHO7KRXEDO0DQLSXU
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport,
.RONDWD:HVW%HQJDO
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport,
.RONDWD:HVW%HQJDO
.KXGHQJWKDEL&KDQGHO,PSKDO0DQLSXU
.KXGHQJWKDEL&KDQGHO,PSKDO0DQLSXULQMHHS
.KXGHQJWKDEL&KDQGHO0DQLSXU
6LWDWUDFNMXQFWLRQ&KDQGHO0DQLSXU
.KXGHQJWKDEL0RUHK,PSKDO0DQLSXULQEXV
6RQDEDULJKDW6LOFKDU$VVDPLQEXV
3DOOHOJDWH,PSKDO0DQLSXULQWUXFN
%RQJ\DQJFKHFNJDWH0RUHK0DQLSXU
%RQJ\DQJFKHFNJDWH&KDQGHO0DQLSXU
,PSKDO0RUHKURDG0DQLSXU
%RQJ\DQJFKHFNSRVW,PSKDO0DQLSXULQYDQ
%RQJ\DQJFKHFNSRVW,PSKDO0DQLSXULQMHHS
0RUHK,PSKDO0DQLSXU
/DPNKDQJ&KDQGHO0DQLSXU
/RNRSUL\D*RSLQDWK%RUGRORLDLUSRUW
*XZDKDWLDLUSRUW$VVDP
Location of seizure (mode of transport)
72,
ZZZHSDRQHW
$QRQ
ZZZNDQJODRQOLQHFRP
7KH7HOHJUDSK
ZZZHSDRQHW
72,
'5,
ZZZHSDRQHW
ZZZHSDRQHW
ZZZHSDRQHW
ZZZHSDRQHW
72,
'5,
7KH$VVDP7ULEXQH
72,
'HFFDQ&KURQLFOH
7KH+LQGX
ZZZHSDRQHW
ZZZHSDRQHW
72,
72,
75$)),&
ZZZHSDRQHW
ZZZHSDRQHW
72,
75$)),&
6KDUPDZZZQGWYFRP
Data source(s)
Table 1. Reported seizures of pangolin body parts in India (2009–2014).
" GDWHQRWVSHFL¿HG ZHLJKWQRWVSHFL¿HG 'DLO\1HZVSDSHU 2QOLQHQHZVUHSRUW 3UHVVQRWH72, 7LPHVRI,QGLD'5, 'LUHFWRUDWHRI5HYHQXH,QWHOOLJHQFH:HVW%HQJDO,QGLD
VFDOHV
Weight (kg)
-DQXDU\
)HEUXDU\
)HEUXDU\
-XQH
-XO\
-XO\
6HSWHPEHU
1RYHPEHU
-XQH
Date of seizure
S H O RT
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
7KRXEDO,PSKDO0DQLSXU
'DYDQJHUH.DUQDWDND
$L]DZO0L]RUDP
148
Vairengte, Kolasib district, Mizoram
9HQJDOYLOODJH7KLUXYDOORUHGLVWULFW7DPLO1DGX
.KXGHQJWKDEL0DQLSXU
SDQJROLQ *RULD6XJJXMDGLVWULFW&KKDWWLVJDUK
'DQGHOL$QDVKL7LJHU5HVHUYHDUHD.DUQDWDND
Pangolin skin# Tengnoupal along Imphal-Moreh road, Imphal,
ZLWKVFDOHV
0DQLSXULQYDQ
,PSKDO0DQLSXU
6HURX7KRXEDOGLVWULFW0DQLSXULQYDQ
.KXGHQJWKDELFKHFNSRVW,PSKDO0DQLSXU
43
Nawapur in Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh
*RSLFKHWWLSDO\DPYLOODJH7DPLO1DGX
6DSHUDEDVWL'RLZDODDUHD'HKUDGXQ8WWDUDNKDQG
0RUHK0DQLSXU
-XO\
$XJXVW
"$XJXVW
28 August 2013
"6HSWHPEHU
6HSWHPEHU
'HFHPEHU
-DQXDU\
11 March 2014
0DUFK
-XO\
2FWREHU
22 September 2014
"1RYHPEHU
1RYHPEHU
1RYHPEHU
SHRSOHDSSUHKHQGHG
ZRPHQDQGPDQDSSUHKHQGHG
SURFXUHGIURP,PSKDOERXQGIRU0RUHK
ZRPDQDSSUHKHQGHG
1 person arrested
3URFXUHGIURP3DFKPDUKL0DG\D3UDGHVK
SHRSOHDUUHVWHG
SHUVRQDUUHVWHG
SHUVRQVHQWHQFHGWRPRQWKV¶JDRO
3URFXUHGIURP.DOND+DU\DQDDQGGHVWLQHGIRU1HSDO
,QGLDQ1HSDOHVHQDWLRQDOVDUUHVWHGQDWLYHVRI
Chennai, Nagaland, Manipur, Siliguri and Nepal
:RPDQDQGVRQDSSUHKHQGHG
&ROOHFWHGORFDOO\GHVWLQHGIRU&KLQDYLD0\DQPDU
Procured from Shillong, destined for Myanmar
SHRSOHDUUHVWHGLQFOXGLQJ0\DQPDUQDWLRQDOV
SHRSOHDSSUHKHQGHG
SHRSOHDSSUHKHQGHG
SHUVRQDSSUHKHQGHG
6HL]HGIURPKRXVHDUUHVW'HVWLQHGIRU0\DQPDU
SHRSOHDUUHVWHG
Procured from Itrsa, Baital and Hashangabad area,
0DGK\D3UDGHVKGHVWLQHGIRUQRUWKHDVW,QGLD
SHUVRQDUUHVWHGZLWKSVHXGRHSKHGULQHWDEOHWV
'HVWLQHGIRU&KLQDYLD0\DQPDU
Notes
72,
'HFFDQ&KURQLFOH
7KH3LRQHHU
ZZZHSDRQHW
6DQJKDL([SUHVV
ZZZHSDRQHW
7KH$VVDP7ULEXQH
ZZZHSDRQHW
ZZZHSDRQHW
6KDUPD
6KDUPD
1LWKDUW
&HQWUDO&KURQLFOH
ZZZVDKLORQOLQHRUJ
1LWKDUW
ZZZQHZVFKHQQDLRQOLQHFRP
6KDUPD
72,
7KH+LQGX
72,
%XVLQHVV6WDQGDUG
1LWKDUW
7KH7HOHJUDSK
7KH$UXQDFKDO7LPHV
7KH+LQGX
Data source(s)
Table 1 (ctd). Reported seizures of pangolin body parts in India (2009–2014).
" GDWHQRWVSHFL¿HG ZHLJKWQRWVSHFL¿HG 'DLO\1HZVSDSHU 2QOLQHQHZVUHSRUW 3UHVVQRWH72, 7LPHVRI,QGLD'5, 'LUHFWRUDWHRI5HYHQXH,QWHOOLJHQFH:HVW%HQJDO,QGLD
'HELGDQJD-DOSDLJXUL6LOLJXUL:HVW%HQJDO
LQWUDLQ
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7XLULDODLU¿HOGYLOODJH0L]RUDP
.DQVUDRIRUHVW5DMDML1DWLRQDO3DUN8WWDUDNKDQG
Anwarganj railway station, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
%HOWRODDUHD*XZDKDWL$VVDP
Location of seizure (mode of transport)
11
Weight (kg)
6HSWHPEHU
6HSWHPEHU
")HEUXDU\
20 April 2013
-XO\
Date of seizure
S H O RT
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R
S H O RT
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
USE OF PANGOLIN BODY PARTS IN INDIA
Despite regulations, pangolin body parts continue to
be used in traditional medicines throughout India (Mitra,
)RULQVWDQFH0DKDZDUDQG-DUROLUHSRUWHG
109 animal species with 270 uses in traditional medicine
in different parts of India, including pangolins. The
meat, bile, scales and claws of pangolins are reportedly
used by tribal communities including the Paudi Bhuyan
tribe of Odisha, Biate tribe of Assam, Katkaris folk of
Maharashtra, Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Mizo
ethnic group of Mizoram, and the Nyishi and Galo
WULEHV RI $UXQDFKDO 3UDGHVK 7DEOH $OWKRXJK WKH
use of pangolin body parts in these applications is
steeped in tradition, exploitation of pangolins for these
purposes is illegal. Unfortunately, as little is known
about the population status of pangolins in India, it is
not possible to determine whether offtake of pangolins
for these purposes is sustainable. However, it does
appear, at least based on this evidence, that if offtake
for traditional medicinal applications occurs in parallel
with exploitation for national and/or international trade,
it could well be unsustainable. Further research into
pangolin use, exploitation and trade in India, and in
South Asia more broadly, is therefore required urgently
to obtain a better understanding of the pervasive threat
of exploitation and trade in the region (e.g. Challender et
al.,E0DKPRRGet al., To draw attention to the illegal pangolin trade in India,
in January 2014 the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau,
New Delhi, issued an alert to police, forest, Customs and
postal authorities throughout the country to highlight the
H[WHQW RI WKLV WUDGH 6KDUPD 2Q 1RYHPEHU
2014, one person apprehended with 10.7 kg of pangolin
scales on 13 November 2014 at Moreh, Manipur, was
sentenced to two months’ imprisonment, suggesting that
this alert may have started to translate into enforcement
action and subsequent prosecutions.
PANGOLINS ARE KILLED BY BEING PLACED IN BOILING WATER OR WITH THE USE OF A CLUB TO RENDER
THEM UNCONSCIOUS. THE SCALES ARE TYPICALLY REMOVED BY SKINNING THE DEAD ANIMAL OR
PEELING OFF THE SCALES.
Species
Body part
Uses
Practitioner
Source
Indian Pangolin
Manis crassicaudata
6FDOHVLQDQDTXHRXVSDVWH
WRUHGXFHVZHOOLQJ
DQGLQÀDPPDWLRQ
WUDGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJH
KROGHUVRIVRXWK,QGLD
'L[LWet al., 2010
Bile
to treat splenomegaly
HQODUJHPHQWRIWKHVSOHHQ
traditional knowledge
KROGHUVRI0L]RUDP
DQG$UXQDFKDO3UDGHVK$3
Chinlampianga et al., 2013
Meat
to relieve muscle stiffness
ditto
ditto
6FDOHVPDGHLQWRDULQJ
WRFXUHSLOHV
Paudi Bhuyan tribe of
Odisha, tribes of Similipal
Biosphere Reserve, Odisha,
and traditional knowledge
holders of Mizoram and AP
Mohapatra et al.,
Mishra et al
Chinlampianga et al., 2013
to get rid of hook worm
Biate tribe of Assam
Betlu, 2013
Scales (dried and crushed
to a powder and taken
ZLWKZDWHU
Scales (made into a paste
DQGDSSOLHGWRWKHDUPSLW
to get rid of armpit boils
Katkaris folk of Maharashtra
Kulkarni and Deshpande, 2011
Scales tied across the
lumber region
to get rid of back pain
Gond tribe, Madhya Pradesh
Bagde and Jain, 2013
Skin/scales worn around neck
to prevent pneumonia
Mizo ethnic group of Mizoram
Lalmuanpuii et al., 2013
Meat
consumed as a delicacy
Nyishi tribe of AP
Solanki et al., 2005
Scales
to heal wounds
ditto
ditto
Skin
for cultural purposes
ditto
ditto
Nails
for piercing boils
DVVXPHGDQWLVHSWLFSURSHUW\
Nyishi and Galo tribes of AP
Chakravorty et al., 2011
Chinese Pangolin
Manis pentadactyla
Table 2. Use of pangolin body parts for traditional medicinal applications in India.
38
TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R
S H O RT
Fig. 5.
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of the Indian
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used as rings
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C O M M U N I C AT I O N
urgently needed research on pangolin populations in India,
on current offtake levels both for consumptive use locally
as well as for trade, local and national level demand for
pangolin derivatives, and research into the means through
which local and tribal communities can become partners
and stewards in pangolin conservation in India (for
H[DPSOHWKURXJKWKHXVHRILQFHQWLYHVRUEHQH¿WV$WWKH
same time, initiatives are needed to reduce international
demand for pangolin derivatives, which is currently being
met in part by pangolin body parts from India, and on which
conservation action has started (for example, WildAid,
+RZHYHULWLVRQO\WKURXJKDPXOWLIDFHWHGDSSURDFK
which encompasses all these elements that the exploitative
threat to pangolins in India can be reduced, and their longterm conservation secured.
REFERENCES
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
5$-(6+.02+$3$75$
Despite legislative protection, illegal exploitation and
trade in pangolin body parts continues to occur in India,
which is having a seemingly deleterious effect on pangolin
populations there (Baillie et al. ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR
existing regulatory measures therefore, the authors propose
that a series of additional measures are needed in order
to relieve exploitative pressure on pangolins in India and
to ensure the conservation of the species. These include
continuing to raise awareness of the extent of the trade
and the conservation predicament of pangolins with
HQIRUFHPHQW DJHQFLHV²LQFOXGLQJ WKH ,QGLDQ :LOGOLIH
'HSDUWPHQW²DQG RWKHU VWDNHKROGHUV VXFK DV WUDGLWLRQDO
medicinal users and practitioners, tribal communities and
members of the public, in order to generate support for and
catalyse conservation action. However, they also include
Fig. 6. ,QGLDQ3DQJROLQManis crassicaudata,
1DQGDQNDQDQ:LOGOLIH6DQFWXDU\2GLVKD
HDVWHUQ,QGLD
$QRQ$QQXDOUHSRUWRI6LPLOLSDO7LJHU5HVHUYH-XO\
WR-XQH6LPLOLSDO7LJHU5HVHUYH2GLVKD,QGLD
3S±
Baillie, J., Challender, D., Kaspal, P., Khatiwada, A.,
0RKDSDWUD5DQG1DVK+Manis crassicaudata.
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www.iucnredlist.org. Viewed on 7 October 2014.
%DJGH 1 DQG -DLQ 6 $Q HWKQR]RRORJLFDO VWXGLHV>sic]
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Madhya Pradesh, India. Int. J. of Life Sciences±283.
%HWOX 6 ,QGLJHQRXV NQRZOHGJH RI ]RRWKHUDSHXWLF
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±
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DIÀXHQFH GULYLQJ KXQWLQJ SUHVVXUH TRAFFIC Bulletin
±
&KDOOHQGHU':6DQG+\ZRRG/$IULFDQSDQJROLQV
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&,7(6 D $PHQGPHQWV WR $SSHQGLFHV , DQG ,, RI WKH
Convention adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its
WK PHHWLQJ *LJLUL .HQ\D ±$SULO &,7(6
Geneva, Switzerland.
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S H O RT
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
&,7(6 E 3URS 3URSRVDOV IRU $PHQGPHQWV RI
Appendices I and II. Eleventh meeting of the Conference
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(WKQR PHGLFRELRORJLFDO VWXGLHV RI VRXWK ,QGLD
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge±
*XEEL 6 DQG /LQNLH 0 :LOGOLIH KXQWLQJ SDWWHUQV
WHFKQLTXHV DQG SUR¿OH RI KXQWHUV LQ DQG DURXQG 3HUL\DU
tiger reserve. Journal of the Bombay Natural History
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+HDWK0(Manis pentadactyala. Mammalian Species
±$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI0DPPRORJ\
+HDWK 0( DQG 9DQGHUOLS 6/ %LRORJ\ KXVEDQGU\
and veterinary care of captive Chinese pangolins (Manis
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+HDWK0(Manis crassicaudata. Mammalian species
±
.XONDUQL &* DQG 'HVKSDQGH $ )RON WKHUDSLHV RI
Katkaris from Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Traditional
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.XPDUD +1 $ UHSRUW RQ LPSDFW RI ORFDO KXQWLQJ RQ
abundance of large mammals in three protected areas of the
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/DLQJ)RXQGDWLRQ8.3S±
/DOPXDQSXLL-5RVDQJNLPD*DQG/DPLQ+(WKQR
medicinal practices among the Mizo ethnic group in Lunglei
district, Mizoram. Science Vision ±
75$)),&6HL]XUHVDQGSURVHFXWLRQVTRAFFIC Bulletin
±140.
Mahmood, T., Hussain, R., Irshad, N., Akrim, F. and Sajid,
0 ,OOHJDO PDVV NLOOLQJ RI ,QGLDQ SDQJROLQ Manis
crassicaudata LQ 3RWRKDU 5HJLRQ 3DNLVWDQ Pakistan J.
Zool±1461.
0DKDZDU 00 DQG -DUROL '3 7UDGLWLRQDO
zootherapeutic studies in India: a review. Journal of
Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine ±
0LVKUD&'DWWD$DQG0DGKXVXGDQ0'The high
altitude wildlife of Western Arunachal Pradesh: a survey
report. CERC Technical Report No. 8. Nature Conservation
Foundation, International Snow Leopard Trust, and Wildlife
&RQVHUYDWLRQ6RFLHW\,QGLD3URJUDP0\VRUH,QGLD
0LVKUD15RXW6'DQG3DQGD7(WKQR]RRORJLFDO
studies and medicinal values of Similipal Biosphere
Reserve, Orissa. India. African Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology ±
0LVUD 0 3DQJROLQ GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG WUDGH LQ (DVW DQG
Northeast India. TRAFFIC Dispatches±
0LWUD 6 2Q WKH VFDOHV RI VFDO\ DQWHDWHU Manis
crassicaudata. J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc. ±
0RKDQW\ % :LOGOLIH SRDFKLQJ LQ 2ULVVD 3K' /LIH
6FLHQFH WKHVLV VXEPLWWHG WR 1RUWK 2ULVVD 8QLYHUVLW\
%DULSDGD2GLVKD3S±
Mohapatra, P.P., Dash, P.K., Palei, H.S., Behera, S.K. and
$FKDU\D6'RFXPHQWDWLRQRILQGLJHQRXVWUDGLWLRQDO
knowledge of Paudi Bhuyan in Odisha. (Technical
5HSRUW &HQWUH IRU %LRGLYHUVLW\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ
%KXEDQHVZDU2GLVKD3S±
0RKDSDWUD 5. DQG 3DQGD 6 +XVEDQGU\ EHKDYLRXU
and conservation breeding of Indian pangolin. Folia
Zoologica±
1LWKDUW & (G On the Trail. Robin Des Bois. Paris,
)UDQFH±
40
TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R
3DQWHO 6 DQG &KLQ 6< (GV Proceedings of the
Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins
Native to South and Southeast Asia -XQH±-XO\
Singapore Zoo, Singapore, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia,
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
3RFRFN 5, 7KH H[WHUQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH
SDQJROLQV 0DQLGDH Proceedings of Zoological Society
of London.3S±
3UDWHU 6+ 7KH %RRN RI ,QGLDQ $QLPDOV 2[IRUG
University Press, New Delhi.
6KDUPD %. 3DQJROLQV LQ WURXEOH Sanctuary Asia.
;;;,9±
6RODQNL*6&KXWLD3DQG6LQJK23(WKQR]RRORJ\
of the Nyishi tribe and its impact on biodiversity in
Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rajib Gandhi University
Research Journal ±
6ULQLYDVXOX & DQG 6ULQLYDVXOX % &KHFNOLVW RI
Scandents and Pholidots (Mammalia: Scandentia and
3KROLGRWDRI6RXWK$VLDZoo’s Print Journal±
1374.
7LNDGHU%.Threatened Animals of India. Zoological
Survey of India, Calcutta.
8QGHUZRRG)0%XUQ5DQG0LOOLNHQ7'LVVHFWLQJ
the illegal ivory trade: an analysis of ivory seizures data.
PLos OneH
:LOG$LG 3DQJROLQV 7KH ZRUOG¶V PRVW WUDI¿FNHG
mammal. http://www.wildaid.org/program/pangolins.
Viewed on 3 April 2015.
:X6%/XL1=KDQJ<DQG0D*$VVHVVPHQW
of threatened status of Chinese pangolin (Manis
pentadactylaChinese Journal of Applied Environmental
Biology±
:X 6% DQG 0D * 7KH VWDWXV DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI
pangolins in China. TRAFFIC East Asia Newsletter±
Yang, C.W., Chen, S., Chang, C.Y., Lin, M.F., Block, E.,
/RUHQWVHQ 5 &KLQ -6& DQG 'LHUHQIHOG (6 History and dietary husbandry of pangolins in captivity.
Zoo Biology±
Zhou, Z.M., Hong, Z., Zhang, Z.X., Wang, Z.H. and Wang,
++ $OORPHWU\ RI VFDOHV LQ &KLQHVH SDQJROLQV
(Manis pentadactyla DQG 0DOD\DQ SDQJROLQ Manis
javanicaDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIMXGLFLDOH[SHUWLVHZoological
Research ±
Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Biologist, Nandankanan
Zoological Park, Odisha, India; PhD candidate,
Utkal University, Odisha, India; Member, IUCN SSC Pangolin
Specialist Group. Email: [email protected]
Sudarsan Panda, Director, Nandankanan Zoological Park,
Odisha, India. Email: [email protected]
Manoj V. Nair, Scientist-E, Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
Email: [email protected]
Lakshmi Narayan Acharjyo, Retired zoo veterinarian of
Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India.
Email: [email protected]
Daniel W.S. Challender, 3URJUDPPH2I¿FHU
Sustainable Use and Trade, IUCN Global Species
Programme, Cambridge, UK; Co-Chair, IUCN SSC Pangolin
Specialist Group. Email: [email protected];
[email protected]
INDEX VOL 26
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apers on the subject of wildlife trade are invited for
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Abstract. 200 words, or fewer, in italics. This should express briefly the
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^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ^ƚLJůĞZĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ:
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mention be accompanied by their full scientific name. If referring to a
distinct species, use initial capital letters, for example, African Elephant
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opposed to Black Rhinoceros). The common name only is used in
subsequent references to the species name, except in cases where there
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