Expansion Resources and Teaching Ideas:
Segregation/Integration
VOCABULARY:
Civil Rights:
Nonpolitical rights of a citizen
Emancipation:
Free from restraint, power, or control of another
Integration:
end of segregation of and bring into common and equal
membership
Jim Crow:
discrimination especially against African Americans by legal
or traditional sanctions
Massive Resistance:
Term used by Harry F. Byrd to describe manner in which
Virginia schools should avoid integration
Primary Source:
Actual records that have survived from the past
Segregation:
the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by
enforced or voluntary restrictions
Repeal the Poll Tax
Materials:
http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Poll_Tax;
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0383_0663_ZO.html; poster
board paper, markers, notebook paper
As a class, research the use of poll taxes in Virginia and
other states at the websites listed above. Lead a
discussion about why they were instituted and how they
affected the outcomes of many elections. Working
together in pairs of small groups, have students create a
poster and written speech arguing to repeal the poll tax.
Valentine Richmond History Center
www.richmondhistorycenter.com
Who’s Who of Civil Rights
Assign students to write a blog post for a person who either locally or nationally, had a
profound influence during the Civil Rights Era. A suggested list of important individuals
below:
Ralph Abernathy
Eldridge Cleaver
Fannie Lou Hamer
Martin Luther King Jr.
Thurgood Marshall
A. Philip Randolph
Bobby Seale
Oliver Brown
Medgar Evers
Oliver Hill
Viola Greg Liuzzo
James Meredith
Rosa Parks
Fred Shuttlesworth
James Chaney
Andrew Goodman
Barbara Johns
Malcolm X
Huey P. Newton
Michael Schwerner
Emmett Till
The Great Debate
Have students research the ideas of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois. While both
men were integral in the civil rights movement, Booker T. Washington suggested that
African Americans accept discrimination imposed by white society and concentrate on
elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. W.EB Du Bois came to
disagree with Washington, believing that these idea would simply perpetuate white
oppression. Instead, Du Bois argued for social change and a civil rights agenda.
In researching each argument, have students create a graphic organizer to help them
determine the similarities and differences between each individual’s ideas and beliefs.
The Green Book
The Green Book was published to help keep African American’s safe on the road during
desegregation. The book listed American hotels, inns, cabins, sites and restaurants that
welcomed African American customers. Explore this web lesson on the Green Book with
your class:
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/green-book-helped-keep african-americans
safe-on-the-road.
Separate but not Equal
“Separate but equal” was a legal doctrine in the US constitutional law that permitted racial
segregation as not breaching the Fourteenth Amendment (which stated that all men were
created equal). Under this doctrine, services, facilities, housing, medical care, education,
employment and transportation were allowed to be separated under racial lines.
Valentine Richmond History Center
www.richmondhistorycenter.com
Ask students if they really think schools and
other facilities were equal for African American
and white Richmonders? Have students research
in groups to find examples of schools, facilities,
medical care, services, etc that were separate but
not equal.
Take it further, and have students research Jim
Crow laws that encouraged the physical
separation of blacks and whites, in order to
determine the disparate rights and resources provided to blacks and whites, pre Civil Rights
Era.
VIRGINIA STANDARDS OF LEARNING SUPPORTED BY THIS PROGRAM
USII.4c – Segregation/Integration, Jim Crow
Teacher Resources
Websites
afterslavery.com – Post slavery Carolinas
www.icue.com - iCue Connects
www.archives.gov/nae - The National Archives
www.digitalvaults.org - The Digital Vault at the National Archives
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/resource_guides/content.cfm?tpc=29 - Digital History
www.socialstudiesclassroom.com/index.htm - Social Studies Classroom
www.historynow.org - History Now
http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/civilrightstv/ - University of Virginia – Television News of
the Civil Rights Era
http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/afam/raceandplace/ - University of Virginia - Life in the Jim
Crow Era South
www.visionaryproject.org/teacher - National Visionary Leadership Project
http://www.pbs.org/teachers/socialstudies/inventory/civicscivilandhumanrights-68.html PBS Teachers
http://www.newsreel.org/nav/topics.asp?cat=2 - California Newsreel
www.marygrove.edu/library/special.asp - Marygrove College
www.BillofRightsInstitute.org - Bill of Rights Institute
www.archives.gov/education/lessons/rosa-parks/index.html - The National Archives
Books
Beals, Melba Patillo. Warrior’s Don’t Cry: Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock.
Simon & Schuster: 2007.
Bullard, Sara. Free at Last: A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the
Struggle. Oxford University Press: 1994.
Valentine Richmond History Center
www.richmondhistorycenter.com
Coleman, Evelyn. White Socks Only. A,.Whitman, 1999
Curtis, Christopher Paul. The Watson’s Go to Birmingham 1963. Random House: 1997.
Freedman, Russell. Freedom Walkers The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Holiday House,
Inc.: 2006.
Haskins, Jim and Benson, Kathleen. John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement.
Lee and Low Books, Inc.: 2006.
Krisher, Trudy. Spite Fences. Random House: 1996.
Myers, Walter Dean. Now Is Your Time: The African-American Struggle for Freedom.
HarperCollins: 1992.
Myers, Walter Dean. Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary. Scholastic: 1994.
Nelson, Vaunda Micheaux. Mayfield Crossing. Penguin: 2002.
Pratt, Robert A. The Color of Their Skin; Education and Race in Richmond Virginia 1954-89.
University of Virginia: 1992.
.
Taylor, Mildred. Let the Circle be Unbroken. Penguin: 2002
Valentine Richmond History Center
www.richmondhistorycenter.com