Travels in the USA—Mark Eberle Abbreviations used in the lists: Updated 25 April 2017 NB = National Battlefield; NBP = National Battlefield Park; NCA = National Conservation Area; NF = National Forest; NG = National Grassland; NHP = National Historical Park; NHT = National Historic Trail; NM = National Monument; NMP = National Military Park; NP = National Park; NRA = National Recreation Area; NWR = National Wildlife Refuge; SHP = State Historical Park; SHS = State Historic Site; SM = State Monument; SP = State Park; SWA = State Wildlife Area; BLM = US Bureau of Land Management; USFS = US Forest Service; TNC = The Nature Conservancy Page numbers, headings, and subheadings for the following pages: Page 1—Natural History (1) National Park Service State Parks Page 2—Natural History (2) Miscellaneous Natural History Sites National Scenic Byways Page 3—Geology, Geography, and Science Museums Caves and Volcanism—National Park Service Fossils—National Park Service Miscellaneous Geological Sites Geography Science Museums, Gardens, Aquaria, and Zoos Page 3—Conservation of Endangered Fishes Page 4—Historical Structures, Monuments, and Museums History Museums and Monuments Music and Art Museums Lighthouses Wooden Sailing Ships Flight Space Museums and Exploration Page 5—Historical Baseball Fields and Museums Page 6—Notable Americans Page 7—Colonial North America Santa Fe NHT El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro NHT Oregon NHT California NHT Mormon Pioneer NHT Pony Express NHT Smoky Hill Trail–Butterfield Overland Despatch Fort Hays–Fort Dodge Military Road Page 12—Historical Trails, Roads, Canals, and Railroads Route 66 (The Mother Road) Page 15—Forts and Trading Posts Page 16—Wars of the Colonies and Early Republic 7 Years War / French and Indian War (1754–1763) American Revolution (1775–1783) War of 1812 (1812–1814) Texas Revolution (1835–1836) Page 17—War and Civil Unrest in the West US–Mexican War (1846–1848) Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) Utah ‘War’ (1857–1861) Page 18—American Civil War (1) Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Alabama Mississippi River, Ohio River, and Tennessee Region Louisiana and Texas Page 19—American Civil War (2) Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma (Indian Territory) New Mexico and Arizona Page 22—US–American Indian Wars and Removals (1) Page 11—Historical Trails (3) Page 14—Historical Highways (2) Corps of Discovery (1804–1806, 1809): Lewis and Clark NHT Zebulon Pike: Central Plains (1806–1807) John Wesley Powell: Colorado River (1869, 1871) Page 10—Historical Trails (2) Natchez Trace Parkway Lincoln Highway and the First Transcontinental Motor Train Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate & Defense Highways Page 20—Slavery, Jim Crow, and Civil Rights Page 21—American Indian Cities, Villages, and Other Sites Page 9—Historical Trails (1) Spanish North America French North America English North America Page 7—Hawaiian Culture Page 8—Western Exploration Page 13—Historical Highways (1) National Road Covered Bridges Chisholm Trail Canals Transcontinental Railroad (Union Pacific–Central Pacific) Kansas Pacific Railroad and US Highway 40 Paleo-Indian – Archaic Cultures Woodland and Mississippian Moundbuilder Cultures Southwestern Pueblo Cultures Midwestern and Great Plains Villages and Missions Midwest (Old Northwest Territory) Removals to Indian Territory (Oklahoma and Kansas) Minnesota and North Dakota Nez Perce NHP Southwest and Great Basin Page 23—US–American Indian Wars and Removals (2) Great Plains Treaty Sites Great Plains Battles, Skirmishes, and Massacres Page 24—Great Plains Settlement in the 1800s Plains Homesteads and Towns Kansas County Seat ‘Wars’ (1887–1893) Page 24—Range Wars Page 24—Border War (Mexican Revolution) 1910–1919 Page 25—World Wars, Cold War, and Terrorism World War I World War II Cold War Terrorism Natural History (1) National Park Service Acadia NP, Maine Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Wisconsin Arches NP, Utah Badlands NP, South Dakota Big Bend NP, Texas Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida Black Canyon of the Gunnison NP, Colorado Bryce Canyon NP, Utah Canyon de Chelly NM, Arizona Canyonlands NP, Utah Capitol Reef NP, Utah Carlsbad Caverns NP, New Mexico Catoctin Mountain Park, Maryland Chiricahua NM, Arizona City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho Colorado NM, Colorado Crater Lake NP, Oregon Death Valley NP, California–Nevada Devils Tower NM, Wyoming Dinosaur NM, Colorado Everglades NP, Florida Glacier NP, Montana Grand Canyon NP, Arizona Grand Tetons NP, Wyoming Great Basin NP, Nevada Great Sand Dunes NP, Colorado Great Smoky Mountains NP, Tennessee–North Carolina Guadalupe Mountains NP, Texas Hawai’i Volcanoes NP, Hawai’i Hot Springs NP, Arkansas Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana Isle Royale NP, Michigan Joshua Tree NP, California Kings Canyon–Sequoia NP, California Lassen Volcanic NP, California Mojave National Preserve, California Montezuma Castle NM, Arizona Mount Rainier NP, Washington Natchez Trace Parkway, Mississippi–Alabama–Tennessee Natural Bridges NM, Utah Olympic NP, Washington Organ Pipe Cactus NM, Arizona Padre Island National Seashore Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan Redwood NP and SP, California Rocky Mountain NP, Colorado Saguaro NP, Arizona Shenandoah NP, Virginia Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TNC), Kansas Theodore Roosevelt NP, North Dakota Valle Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico Voyageurs NP, Minnesota White Sands NM, New Mexico Wind Cave NP, South Dakota Yellowstone NP, Wyoming Yosemite NP, California Zion NP, Utah State Parks Adirondack Park, New York Alabaster Cavern SP, Oklahoma ‘Akaka Falls SP, Hawai’i Anza–Borrego Desert SP, California Balmorhea SP, Texas Beverly Beach SP, Oregon Big Oak Tree SP, Missouri Boggy Depot SP, Oklahoma Boiling Spring SP, Oklahoma Bottomless Lakes SP, New Mexico Calaveras Big Tree SP, California Cape Arago SP, Oregon Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint, Oregon Cerrillos Hills SP, New Mexico Cimarron Canyon SP, New Mexico D River State Recreation Area, Oregon Darlingtonia State Wayside, Oregon Diamond Head SM, Hawai’i Goblin Valley SP, Utah Golden and Silver Falls SP, Oregon Goosenecks SP, Utah Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint, Oregon Humbug Mountain SP, Oregon John James Audubon SP, Kentucky Louisiana Purchase Historic SP, Arkansas McArthur–Burney Memorial SP, California Mushroom Rock SP, Kansas Natural Falls SP, Oklahoma Palo Duro Canyon SP, Texas Pattison SP, Wisconsin Port Orford Heads SP, Oregon Prairie SP, Missouri Redwood NP and SP, California Ricketts Glen SP, Pennsylvania Rifle Falls SP, Colorado Rock Bridge Memorial SP, Missouri Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor, Oregon Shore Acres SP, Oregon Silver Falls SP, Oregon Smith Falls SP, Nebraska Sunset Bay SP, Oregon Taum Sauk SP, Missouri Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, California Villanueva SP, New Mexico Wailuku River SP, Hawai’i 1 Natural History (2) Miscellaneous Natural History Sites Aransas NWR, Texas Appleton-Whittell Research Ranch (Audubon Society), Arizona Ash Meadows NWR, Nevada Ayers Natural Bridge County Park, Wyoming Black Hills, South Dakota Black Mesa Nature Preserve (TNC), Oklahoma Bosque del Apache NWR, New Mexico Cape Perpetua Scenic Area (Siuslaw National Forest), Oregon Cheyenne Bottoms SWA, Kansas Chiricahua Mountains (Coronado National Forest), Arizona Desert NWR, Nevada Fort Niobrara NWR, Nebraska Gila Box Riparian NCA (BLM), Arizona Grand Staircase‒Esacalante NM (BLM), Utah Imperial Sand Dunes NRA (BLM), California Jemez Mountains (Santa Fe National Forest), New Mexico Konza Prairie (TNC–Kansas State University), Kansas Lake Champlain, New York–Vermont Lake Itasca–Mississippi River Headwaters, Minnesota Lake Superior North Shore, Minnesota Lake Tahoe, California Land Between the Lakes NRA (USFS), Kentucky Las Cienegas NCA (BLM), Arizona Mantle Rock Preserve (TNC), Kentucky Maxwell State Wildlife Refuge (bison and elk), Kansas Marais des Cygnes NWR and SWA, Kansas McPherson Valley Wetlands, Kansas Lake Inman (largest natural lake in Kansas) Little Sinkhole McPherson Wetlands SWA Big Sinkhole and Clear Pond Moapa Valley NWR, Nevada Monument Valley, Arizona–Utah Mount Lemmon, (Coronado National Forest), Arizona Mt Mitchell Heritage Prairie, Wabaunsee County, Kansas Mt St Helens National Volcanic Monument (USFS), Washington National Bison Range (NWR), Montana Oregon Dunes NRA (USFS), Oregon Ozark Mountains, Missouri Patagonia–Sonoita Creek Preserve (TNC), Arizona Pillsbury Crossing SWA, Kansas Quivira NWR, Kansas Resurrection Bay, Alaska Sabal Palm Sanctuary, Texas Sacramento Mountains (Lincoln National Forest), New Mexico Salt River Canyon, Arizona Sand Hills, Nebraska Sand Mountain NRA (BLM), Nevada Sandia Mountains (Cibola National Forest), New Mexico San Francisco Peaks (Coconino National Forest), Arizona San Pedro NCA (BLM), Arizona Savoy Mountain State Forest, Massachusetts Shoal Creek SWA, Kansas Smokey Bear SHP, New Mexico Smoky Valley Ranch (TNC), Kansas Snowy Range Scenic Byway (Medicine Bow National Forest), Wyoming Sonny Bono Salton Sea NWR, California South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Oregon Thousand Springs Scenic Byway, Snake River Valley, Idaho Valley of Fire NRA (BLM), New Mexico Walden Pond State Reserve, Massachusetts Wichita Mountains NWR, Oklahoma Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area (BLM), Oregon National Scenic Byways Arizona Sky Island National Scenic Byway California Ebbetts Pass National Scenic Byway Tioga Road–Big Oak Flat Road National Scenic Byway Idaho Northwest Passage National Scenic Byway Kansas Flint Hills National Scenic Byway Wetlands and Wildlife National Scenic Byway Nevada Pyramid Lake National Scenic Byway New Mexico Billy the Kid Trail National Scenic Byway Jemez Mountain Trail National Scenic Byway Turquoise Trail National Scenic Byway Oklahoma–Arkansas Talimena National Scenic Byway Oregon Historic Columbia River Highway National Scenic Byway Pacific Coast National Scenic Byway Rogue–Umpqua National Scenic Byway Utah Utah Highway 12 National Scenic Byway 2 Geology and Geography Caves and Volcanism—National Park Service Caves Carlsbad Caverns NP, New Mexico Jewel Cave NM, South Dakota Mammoth Cave NP, Kentucky Oregon Caves NM, Oregon Wind Cave NP, South Dakota Volcanism Capulin Volcano NM, New Mexico Crater Lake NP, Oregon Craters of the Moon NM and Preserve, Idaho El Malpais NM, New Mexico Hawai’i Volcanoes NP, Hawai’i Lassen Volcanic NP, California Lava Beds NM, California Sunset Crater NM, Arizona Valle Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico Yellowstone NP, Wyoming Fossils—National Park Service Agate Fossil Beds NM, Nebraska Badlands NP, South Dakota Dinosaur NM, Colorado Florissant Fossil Beds NM, Colorado Fossil Butte NM, Wyoming Hagerman Fossil Beds NM, Idaho John Day Fossil Beds NM, Oregon Petrified Forest NP, Arizona Tule Springs Fossil Beds NM, Nevada Miscellaneous Geological Sites Rio Grande, Embudo, New Mexico First USGS gaging station marker (1889) Norman No. 1 Oil Well site and replica (1892), Neodesha, Kansas Kansas Oil Museum, El Dorado, Kansas Meteor Crater, Arizona New Madrid Earthquake marker, Missouri (1811–1812) Johnstown Flood National Memorial (1889), Pennsylvania Pacific Tsunami Museum, Hilo, Hawai’i Geography Highest Points by State Hawkeye Point, Iowa Mount Sunflower, Kansas Taum Sauk SP, Missouri Panorama Point, Nebraska Black Mesa, Oklahoma Borders Louisiana Purchase Historic SP, Arkansas (1815 survey marker) Chamizal National Memorial, El Paso, Texas (1963 border treaty) Geographic Center of the 48 Conterminous States, Kansas Science Museums, Gardens, Aquaria, and Zoos Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York Arizona–Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hawaii Tropical Botanic Garden, Hawai’i Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California Oregon Coast Aquarium, Newport, Oregon Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman San Diego Museum of Natural History, California San Diego Zoo, California Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Hays, Kansas World Botanic Gardens, Hawai’i Conservation of Endangered Fishes Wildlife Refuges Leslie Canyon NWR, Arizona San Bernardino NWR, Arizona John Slaughter Ranch Museum (pond adjacent to refuge) Klamath Basin NWR Complex, California and Oregon Ash Meadows NWR, Nevada (including Devil’s Hole) Desert NWR, Nevada Moapa Valley NWR, Nevada Balmorhea SP, Texas (restored ciénegas) Fish Hatcheries Neosho National Fish Hatchery, Missouri San Marcos Aquatic Resource Center, Texas Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center (formerly Dexter National Fish Hatchery), New Mexico 3 Historical Structures, Monuments, and Museums History Museums and Monuments Allen County Historical Society Museum, Iola, Kansas Arabia Steamboat Museum (1856), Kansas City, Missouri Astoria Column, Astoria, Oregon Blue Rapids Historical Society Museum, Kansas Butterfield Trail Museum, Russell Springs, Kansas El Cuartelejo Museum, Scott City, Kansas Ellis County Historical Society Museum, Hays, Kansas El Pueblo History Museum, Pueblo, Colorado Grand Portage NM, Minnesota Independence Historical Museum and Art Center, Kansas Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri John Slaughter Ranch Museum, Arizona Kansas History Museum, Topeka, Kansas Keweenaw NHP, Michigan Marshall Gold Discovery SHP, California Mount Rushmore NM, South Dakota Pipe Springs NM, Arizona Port Orford Heads SP (lifeguard station), Oregon Rhea County Courthouse (1925 Scopes Trial), Dayton, Tennessee Santa Fe Trail Center Museum, Larned, Kansas Statue of Liberty, New York Washington, DC US Capitol (US Senate Chamber) Washington Monument Music and Art Museums American Jazz Museum, Kansas City, Missouri Birger Sandzen Memorial Gallery, Lindsborg, Kansas Lighthouses (italics = inside tour) Pacific Coast (north to south) Grays Harbor Lighthouse, Washington Cape Disappointment State Park, Washington Cape Disappointment Lighthouse North Head Lighthouse Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint, Oregon Cape Meares Lighthouse Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area (BLM), Oregon — Yaquina Head Lighthouse Yaquina Bay State Recreation Site, Oregon Yaquina Bay Lighthouse Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint, Oregon Umpqua Lighthouse SP, Oregon Umpqua River Lighthouse Cape Arago Lighthouse, Oregon Bandon State Park, Oregon Coquille River Lighthouse Cape Blanco SP, Oregon Cape Blanco Lighthouse Cabrillo NM, California Point Loma Lighthouse Hawai’i Diamond Head Lighthouse, O’ahu Atlantic Coast Cape Henry, Virginia Great Lakes Lake Erie Marblehead SP, Ohio Lake Huron Fort Gratiot, Michigan Lake Superior Grand Marais, Minnesota Raspberry Island, Wisconsin Rock of Ages, Michigan Split Rock SHS, Minnesota Split Rock Lighthouse Two Harbors Lighthouse, Minnesota Gulf Coast Halfmoon Reef Lighthouse, Texas Port Isabel Lighthouse SHS, Texas Wooden Sailing Ships USS Constitution, Boston, Massachusetts East Indiaman Friendship (replica), Salem Maritime NHS, Massachusetts Flight Dayton Aviation Heritage NHS, Ohio (Wright Brothers) Hoover Block, Wright Cycle Co., Huffman Prairie Flying Field Douglas International Airport marker, Arizona (1929–1940s) First international airport in USA, dedicated by Eleanor Roosevelt in 1933. Shared runway with Agua Prieta, Mexico. Space Museums and Exploration Armstrong Air and Space Museum, Wapakoneta, Ohio Cosmosphere–Hall of Space Museum, Hutchinson, Kansas International UFO Museum, Roswell, New Mexico Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Meteor Crater, Arizona National Radio Astronomy Very Large Array (VLA), New Mexico National Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico 4 Historical Baseball Fields and Museums (for more information on my target list see http://www.fhsu.edu/biology/Eberle/Historical-Baseball-Parks-and-Museums/) Historical Baseball Field Sites in Kansas City, Missouri Historical Baseball Fields (ball fields in use before 1950) 1) Exercise Field (1866–1870s) # Rickwood Field, Birmingham, AL KC Antelopes (amateur team) # Warren Ballpark, Bisbee, AZ # Copper King Stadium, Douglas, AZ 14th and McGee Streets (Sprint Center area) # Vargas Field, Winslow, AZ 2) Athletic Park/Athletic Field (1884) # Bosse Field, Evansville, IN KC Unions/Kaycees (Union Association) Riverside Park field and marker, Blue Rapids, KS Southwest Boulevard and Summit Street (commercial area) # Paul Lindblad Field at Katy Stadium, Chanute, KS 3) Association Park I (1886 and 1888) # McDonald Stadium, El Dorado, KS KC Cowboys (National League) Jones Field, Soden’s Grove Park, Emporia, KS KC Cowboys (American Association) # Clint Lightner Field, Finnup Park, Garden City, KS Belvidere Municipal Park (area at I-29/I-35 exit 2) # Larks Park, Hays, KS 4) Exposition Park (1889 and 1902) Hobart-Detter Field, Cary Park, Hutchinson, KS KC Cowboys (American Association) Shulthis Stadium, Independence, KS KC Blues (American Association) Historic 1919 concrete grandstand demolished in July 2015 The Grove Municipal Park (neighborhood ball diamond) (after my visit). Baseball field is now a football field. # Rathert Stadium, Junction City, KS 5) Sportsman’s Park/Recreation Park (1902–1903) # South Park Field, Kinsley, KS KC Blue Stockings (Western League) # Moffet Field Stadium, Larned, KS th 17 Street and Indiana Avenue (area at I-70 exit 4) # Municipal Stadium, Hobbs Park, Lawrence, KS 6) Association Park II (1903–1923) Light Capital Diamond, McPherson, KS KC Blues (American Association) # Rock Stadium (Wallace Park Stadium), Paola, KS KC Monarchs (Negro Leagues) Jaycee Ballpark, Pittsburg, KS Blues Municipal Park (neighborhood ball diamond) # Joe Campbell Stadium, Rossville, KS 7) Gordon and Koppel Field (1914–1915) Hibbs-Hooten Field, Sellers Park, Wellington, KS KC Packers (Federal League) # Lawrence–Dumont Stadium, Wichita, KS Thomas J. Kiely Municipal Park (no ball diamond) # Carl Lewton Stadium, Carthage, MO # Clemens Field, Hannibal, MO 8) Municipal Stadium (1923–1972) # Phil Welch Stadium, St. Joseph, MO KC Blues (American Association and AAA–NY Yankees) # Liberty Park, Sedalia, MO KC Monarchs (Negro Leagues) ? Heyne Memorial Field, Pender, NE KC Athletics (American League) ? Spear Memorial Athletic Field (Hog Yard), Scribner, NE KC Royals (American League) # Sam Crawford Field, Wahoo, NE Monarch Plaza markers (22nd Street and Brooklyn Avenue) Eaton Baseball Field, Wakefield, NE # Anderson Baseball Field, West Point, NE Oscar Huber Memorial Ballpark, Madrid, NM # Doubleday Field, Cooperstown, NY # Red Rock Stadium, Elk City, OK # Clyde Allen Baseball Park, North Bend, OR # Kiger Stadium, Klamath Falls, OR # Kokernot Field, Alpine, TX # Olympic Stadium, Hoquiam, WA Baseball Museums National Baseball Hall of Fame, Cooperstown, New York Negro Leagues Baseball Museum, Kansas City, Missouri Louisville Slugger Museum and Factory, Louisville, Kentucky bold = collegiate summer league, town team league, or minor league game attended # = current grandstand constructed prior to 1950 5 Notable Americans Naturalists John James Audubon SP and Museum, Kentucky Aldo Leopold Center (“The Shack”), Baraboo, Wisconsin Aldo Leopold House (USFS), Tres Piedras, New Mexico John Muir NHS, California Ed Ricketts’ Lab, Cannery Row, Monterey, California Thomas Say grave, New Harmony, Indiana Henry David Thoreau cabin site and replica, Walden Pond, MA Professional Baseball Players Walter “Big Train” Johnson childhood home marker, Allen County, KS Mickey Mantle childhood home, Commerce, Oklahoma Leroy “Satchel” Paige grave, Forest Hill Cemetery, Kansas City, MO Denton “Cy” Young grave, New Peoli Cemetery, Peoli, Ohio Authors, Musicians, and Artists Willa Cather, Red Cloud, Nebraska Cather Foundation Center, childhood home, and other sites Robert Johnson birthplace marker and house (not yet restored), Hazlehurst, Mississippi Scott Joplin House SHS, Missouri Maple Leaf Park, Sedalia, Missouri Monroe County Courthouse Museum, Monroeville, Alabama Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird) Edgar Allan Poe NHS, Pennsylvania Elvis Presley Birthplace (house), Tupelo, Mississippi Will Rogers Memorial Museum, Claremore, Oklahoma C.M. Russell Museum, Great Falls, Montana Home, log studio, and museum John Steinbeck House (childhood home), Salinas, California Mark Twain Boyhood Home, Hannibal, Missouri Mark Twain Birthplace SHS, Missouri William Allen White House SHS, Kansas US Presidents 1) Mount Vernon, Virginia (George Washington) 2) Adams NHP, Massachusetts (John Adams) 3) Monticello, Virginia (Thomas Jefferson) 4) Montpelier, Virginia (James Madison) 5) Ash Lawn–Highland, Virginia (James Monroe) 6) Adams NHP, Massachusetts (John Quincy Adams) 7) Hermitage, Tennessee (Andrew Jackson) 9) Grouseland, Indiana (William Henry Harrison) 11) James K. Polk Home, Tennessee 12) Zachary Taylor Tomb and National Cemetery, Kentucky Springfield (boyhood home; private), Louisville. Kentucky 16) Lincoln Home NHS, Illinois Abraham Lincoln Birthplace NHP, Kentucky Lincoln Boyhood Home National Memorial, Indiana 18) U.S. Grant Home SHS, Illinois Ulysses S. Grant NHS, Missouri 31) Herbert Hoover NHS, Iowa 32) Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt NHS, New York 33) Harry S. Truman NHS, Missouri 34) Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home, Kansas 35) Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas John F. Kennedy assassination 36) Lyndon B. Johnson NHP–SHP, Texas 42) President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home NHS, Hope, Arkansas Other Historical Figures Neil Armstrong Boyhood Home, Wapakoneta, Ohio Boone Station SHS, Kentucky Historic Daniel Boone Home, Defiance, Missouri Kit Carson Home, Taos, New Mexico George Washington Carver NM, Missouri Buffalo Bill Ranch SHP, Nebraska Jefferson Davis SHS (birthplace), Kentucky Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum, Atchison, Kansas Frederick Funston Boyhood Home and Museum, Iola, Kansas Friendship Hill NHS, Pennsylvania (Albert Gallatin) Sam Houston Memorial Museum, Huntsville, Texas Woodland Home and Steamboat House George C. Marshall Memorial Plaza, Uniontown, Pennsylvania Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas General Pershing Boyhood Home SHS, Missouri Joseph Priestley House, Northumberland, Pennsylvania Sequoyah’s Cabin SHS, Oklahoma Dayton Aviation Heritage NHS, Ohio (Wright Brothers) Hoover Block, Wright Cycle Co., Huffman Prairie Flying Field 6 Colonial North America Spanish North America Coronado Entrada (1539–1542) Coronado National Memorial, Arizona Coronado SM, New Mexico Tiguex pueblo ruins Pecos NHP, New Mexico Cicuique pueblo ruins Coronado Cross, Fort Dodge, Kansas Thanksgiving Mass after crossing Arkansas River Coronado–Quivira Museum, Lyons, Kansas, and Coronado Heights, near Lindsborg, Kansas Possible entrada terminus area = Quivira? (1541) Texas El Paso Mission Trail, Texas Ysleta Mission (El Paso) Nuestra Señora de Socorro Mission (Socorro) Presidio Chapel de San Elizario (San Elizario) Mission Espíritu Santo SHS, Goliad, Texas Presidio de Bahía, Goliad, Texas Presidio de San Sabá ruins, Menard, Texas San Antonio Missions NHP, Texas Mission Concepción, Mission San José, Mission San Juan, and Mission Espada New Mexico and Arizona El Camino Real del Tierra Adentro NHT (see page 7) Spanish royal road from Zacatecas, Mexico to Taos, NM El Morro NM, New Mexico Spanish (and other) inscriptions El Presidio Real de San Agustín del Tucson, Arizona Markers, sculptures, and replica tower and walls Jemez SM, New Mexico Pueblo mission ruins Pecos NHP, New Mexico Pueblo mission ruins Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate ruins (BLM), Arizona Salinas Pueblo Missions NM, New Mexico Abó, Gran Quivira, and Quarai Units Tubac Presidio SHS, Arizona Tumacacori NHS, Arizona Mission ruins California Cabrillo NM, San Diego, California Mission Basilica San Diego Alcalá, California Mission San José, Fremont, California Mission San Carlos Borromeo del Rio Carmelo, California Old Town San Diego SHP, California Presidio Park, San Diego, California Royal Presidio Chapel and Custom House, Monterey, California San Juan Bautista SHP and Mission San Juan Bautista, California Sonoma SHP, California Presidio, mission, and village established by Mexico in 1823 Florida Castillo de San Marcos NM, St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine Spanish Quarter, Florida Lower Mississippi River Basin Los Adaes SHS, Louisiana Spanish capital of Texas (1719–1773) Arkansas Post National Memorial (Fort Carlos III), Arkansas Great Plains Villasur Expedition marker, Columbus, Nebraska Pawnee and Oto (French allies) defeated Spanish soldiers, Pueblo Indian allies, and Apache scouts (August 1720). French North America La Salle Monument, Indianola, Texas (1685–1687) Fort de Cavagnial marker, Atchison Co., Kansas (1744–1764) Fort Carillon (= Fort Ticonderoga), New York (1755–1759) Illinois Country Cahokia Courthouse SHS, Illinois (~1740) Fort de Chartres SHS, Illinois (wood, 1720s; stone, 1750s) Fort Kaskaskia SHS, Illinois (~1759) Fort Massac SP, Illinois (1757–1763) Ste. Genevieve, Missouri Bolduc House (~1785), Bolduc–LeMeilleur House (~1820), Felix Vallé House SHS (1818), Bauvais–Amoureux House (~1792) English North America Colonial NHP, Virginia Cape Henry Memorial (April 1607 landing site) Historic Jamestowne (1607) Hawaiian Culture Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau NHP, Hawai’i Kealakekua Bay, Captain Cook Monument, Hawai’i 7 Western Exploration Corps of Discovery (1803–1806, 1809): Lewis and Clark NHT Pre-departure sites on eastern (US) side of Mississippi River Lewis and Clark SHS, Illinois Fort River Dubois (1803–1804) Fort Kaskaskia SHS, Illinois (1803) Cahokia Courthouse SHS, Illinois (1803–1804) Clark’s Hill–Norton SHS, Missouri (June 1804) Kaw Point Park (Kansas River mouth), Kansas (June 1804) 4th of July 1804 Creek marker, Atchison, Kansas Independence Creek marker, Kansas (4 July 1804) Atchison County Historical Site Sergeant Floyd Monument, Iowa (Aug 1804) Spirit Mound State Historic Prairie, South Dakota (Aug 1804) Niobrara (River) SP, Nebraska (Sep 1804) Fort Mandan Historic Site, North Dakota (1804–1805) Knife River Villages NHS, North Dakota Missouri Headwaters SP, Montana (July 1805) Lost Trail Pass, Idaho–Montana (Sep 1805) Travelers Rest, Montana (Sep 1805) Lolo Pass, Montana–Idaho* (Sep 1805) Weippe Prairie, Idaho* (Sep 1805) Canoe Camp, Idaho* (Sep–Oct 1805) Lewis and Clark NHP, Washington–Oregon (1805–1806) Sites near the Columbia River mouth: Clark’s Dismal Nitch rest area markers, Washington Station Camp site markers, Washington Cape Disappointment SP, Washington Fort Clatsop National Memorial, Astoria, Oregon Salt Works markers and replica furnace, Seaside, Oregon Long Camp, Idaho* (Spring 1806) Weippe Prairie, Idaho* (June 1806) Lolo Pass, Montana–Idaho* (June 1806) Travelers Rest, Montana (June–July 1806) Camp Disappointment marker and monument, Montana (23–25 July 1806) Pompeys Pillar NM (BLM), Montana “Wm. Clark July 25th 1806” carved into sandstone Two Medicine River Fight marker, Montana (26 July 1806) Fort Belle Fontaine County Park, St. Louis, Missouri (22 Sep 1806) Natchez Trace, Grinder’s Inn, Tennessee (Oct 1809) Meriwether Lewis grave * = Nez Perce NHP Zebulon Pike: Central Plains (1806–1807) Fort Belle Fontaine County Park, St. Louis, Missouri Cottonwood River marker, west of Durham, Kansas (Sep 1806) Pike Monument, west of Delphos, Kansas (Sep 1806) Pawnee Village site marker, Guide Rock, Nebraska (25 Sep–7 Oct 1806) Zebulon Pike Plaza markers, Larned, Kansas (Oct 1806) Pike’s Tower, Lamar, Colorado Willow Creek Campsite memorial (Nov 1806) Pike’s Stockade site, Sanford, Colorado (Winter 1806–1807) John Wesley Powell: Colorado River (1869, 1871) Expedition Island City Park, Green River, Wyoming John Wesley Powell River History Museum, Green River, Utah Colorado River, Grand Canyon NP, Arizona 8 Historical Trails (1) Santa Fe NHT: Auto Tour, (only a few sites visited in Kansas City metropolitan area) (sites listed east to west) Franklin, Missouri to Independence, Missouri Old Franklin marker, Missouri Arrow Rock SHS, Missouri Fort Osage, Jackson County Historic Site, Missouri Jackson County, Missouri and Johnson County, Kansas Sites Minor Park–Blue River (Red Bridge) Crossing, Missouri Shawnee Indian Mission SHS, Kansas Gardner, Kansas* to Cimarron, Kansas (Arkansas River Crossings) Kaw Mission SHS, Council Grove, Kansas Lost Spring site marker, Kansas Cottonwood River Crossing site marker, Kansas Walnut Creek Crossing, Fort Zarah Park marker, Kansas Pawnee Rock SHS, Kansas Ash Creek Campsite marker, Kansas Santa Fe Trail Survey, 30 Aug 1825 Ash Creek Crossing marker, Kansas Later Eastern Fork of Wet–Dry Routes marker, Kansas Pawnee River Campsite, Larned, Kansas Santa Fe Trail Survey, 31 Aug 1825 Pawnee River Crossing (Wet Route) markers, Kansas Santa Fe Trail Center, Larned, Kansas Later Pawnee River Crossing (Dry Route) marker, Kansas Fort Larned NHS, Kansas Initial Eastern Fork of Wet–Dry Routes marker, Kansas Sibley’s Ridge marker, Kansas Santa Fe Trail Survey, 1 Sep 1825 Coon Creek Crossing marker, Kansas Santa Fe Trail Survey campsite, 1–2 Sep 1825 Love’s Defeat marker, Kansas (1847) Coon Creek Battlefield marker, Kansas (1848) Jackson’s Island marker, Kansas Captain Philip St. George Cooke and US Dragoons disarm Colonel Jacob Snively and Texas free-booters intending to raid Mexican caravans on Santa Fe Trail (1843) Later Western Fork of Wet–Dry Routes marker, Kansas Fort Mann and Fort Atkinson markers, Kansas Caches (Initial Western Fork of Wet–Dry Routes) marker, KS Point of Rocks site marker, Kansas Lower Crossing of Arkansas River marker, Kansas Cimarron Crossing of Arkansas River marker, Kansas Cimarron, Kansas to Santa Fe, New Mexico: Mountain Route Chouteau Island site and Indian Mound, Kansas Bent’s New Fort marker, Colorado Old Fort Lyon (Fort Wise) site, Colorado Bent’s Old Fort NHS, Colorado Iron Spring site marker, Comanche NG, Colorado Raton Pass, New Mexico Fort Union NM, New Mexico Old Town Plaza, Las Vegas, New Mexico Puertocito de Piedra Lumbre, New Mexico Meeting site of William Becknell’s trading caravan and Captain Pedro Ignacio Gallegos’ Mexican troops (1821) Pecos NHP, New Mexico Glorieta Battlefield (1862) San Miguel del Vado and San Jose, New Mexico Pecos River crossings Cimarron, Kansas to Santa Fe, New Mexico: Cimarron Route Chouteau Island site and Indian Mound, Kansas Lower Cimarron (Wagon Bed) Spring site marker, Kansas Middle Cimarron Spring marker, Cimarron NG, Kansas Point of Rocks marker, Cimarron NG, Kansas McNees Crossing Monument, New Mexico Trail Ruts, Kiowa NG, New Mexico Wagon Mound, New Mexico Old Town Plaza, Las Vegas, New Mexico Puertocito de Piedra Lumbre, New Mexico Pecos NHP, New Mexico Glorieta Battlefield (1862) San Miguel del Vado and San Jose, New Mexico Pecos River crossings * Gardner, Kansas is where the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon Trail (Independence Branch) split. El Camino Real del Tierra Adentro NHT: Auto Tour Completed (sites listed north to south) Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico to Albuquerque, New Mexico Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo (first Spanish capital) Santa Fe Plaza, San Miguel Mission, Palace of Governors, and Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi; Agua Fria Street (original El Camino Real route) La Cieneguilla Petroglyph Site (BLM) La Bajada (Santa Fe River bridge) Santo Domingo Pueblo San Felipe Pueblo La Angostura of the Rio Grande marker, Algodones Coronado SM Albuquerque, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas Peralta (Civil War marker) Socorro Plaza and San Miguel Mission Church Bosque del Apache NWR Fort Craig NHS (BLM) El Camino Real International Heritage Center Jornada del Muerto (south of Elephant Butte, CR A013 / E070) Fort Selden SM Mesilla Plaza (Las Cruces) El Paso Mission Trail Ysleta Mission (El Paso) Nuestra Señora de Socorro Mission (Socorro) Presidio Chapel de San Elizario (San Elizario) 9 Historical Trails (2) Oregon NHT: Auto Tour Completed from Gardner, Kansas* to Oregon City, Oregon (sites listed east to west) Vermillion River Crossing, Vieux Cemetery Park, Kansas Scott Spring Park, Kansas Alcove Spring Park, Kansas Hollenberg Station SHS, Kansas Rock Creek Station SHP, Nebraska Kiowa Station site marker, Nebraska Emory Stagecoach Ambush site marker, Nebraska (1864) Bowie Ranch site marker, Nebraska Oak Grove Station site marker, Nebraska Pawnee Ranch site marker, Nebraska Spring Ranch site markers, Nebraska Thirty-two Mile Creek Station site, Nebraska Fort Kearny SHP, Nebraska Plum Creek Massacre site marker, Nebraska Plum Creek Station site, Nebraska Willow Island Station building, Cozad, Nebraska Midway Station site and building, Nebraska Fort McPherson National Cemetery, Nebraska Fort McPherson site monument, Nebraska California Hill site (Lower California Crossing), Nebraska Upper California Crossing marker, Colorado Ash Hollow SHP, Nebraska Bluewater Creek Battlefield site and marker, Nebraska (1855) Courthouse Rock and Jail Rock, Nebraska Chimney Rock NHS, Nebraska Scotts Bluff NM, Nebraska Horse Creek Treaty Grounds marker, Nebraska (1851) * Gardner, Kansas is where the Oregon Trail (Independence Branch) and Santa Fe Trail split. Grattan Battlefield marker, Wyoming (1854) Fort Laramie NHS, Wyoming Register Cliff SHS, Wyoming Oregon Trail Ruts SHS, Wyoming Fort Caspar Historic Site (Platte Bridge), Wyoming Independence Rock SHS, Wyoming Devil’s Gate (BLM), Wyoming Split Rock (BLM), Wyoming Ice Slough site marker, Wyoming South Pass, Wyoming Big Sandy Crossing and Station site marker, Wyoming Simpson’s Hollow marker, Wyoming Lombard Ferry site marker, Seedskadee NWR, Wyoming Fort Bridger SHS, Wyoming Soda Springs area, Idaho Fort Hall replica, Pocatello, Idaho Raft River–Parting of the Ways, Idaho Three Island Crossing SP, Idaho Ward Massacre Memorial County Park, Idaho Fort Boise site, Fort Boise Wildlife Management Area, Idaho South Alternate Route (S of Snake River, W of Three Island Crossing) Bruneau Sand Dune, Idaho Utter Disaster (Sep–Oct 1860) Wagon Train Attack marker, near Murphy, Idaho Starvation Camp marker, near Owyhee Junction, Oregon Van Ornum massacre marker, north of Farewell Bend, Oregon Farewell Bend, Oregon Flagstaff Hill (Trail Interpretive Center, BLM), Oregon Blue Mountain Segment (Meacham–Deadman Pass), Oregon Whitman Mission NHS, Washington The Dalles, Oregon Columbia River Gorge Segment, Oregon and Barlow Trail Segment, Oregon Barlow Pass, Oregon Barlow Tollgate reconstruction, Oregon Oregon City, Oregon California NHT: Auto Tour (sites listed east to west) Same sites as Oregon Trail to Raft River, Idaho Raft River–Parting of the Ways, Idaho to City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho Truckee Route Carson Route Wells, Nevada to Cisco, California Wells, Nevada to Humboldt Sink, Nevada Fallon, Nevada to Carson City, Nevada Fort Churchill SHP, Nevada Nobles Trail Wells, Nevada to Mill City, Nevada Sites visited in California (auto tour not followed): Roop’s Fort, Susanville Lassen Volcanic NP Shasta SHP 10 Historical Trails (3) Mormon Pioneer NHT: Auto Tour Completed Pony Express NHT: Auto Tour (sites listed east to west) (auto tour segments and stations listed east to west) Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah John Smith Historic Site, Nauvoo, Illinois Garden Grove site marker, Iowa Mount Pisgah site marker, Iowa Winter Quarters, Omaha, Nebraska Old Florence Mill Mormon Monument, Niobrara, Nebraska (1846–1847) Roadometer Starting Point marker, North Platte, Nebraska Chimney Rock NHS, Nebraska Scotts Bluff NM, Nebraska Grattan Battlefield marker, Wyoming (1854) Fort Laramie NHS, Wyoming (Mormon Trail joins Oregon Trail) Register Cliff SHS, Wyoming Oregon Trail Ruts SHS, Wyoming Fort Caspar Historic Site (Mormon Ferry), Wyoming Independence Rock SHS, Wyoming Devil’s Gate (BLM), Wyoming Martin’s Cove marker, Wyoming Martin Handcart Company Refuge site (Winter 1856), Wyoming Split Rock (BLM), Wyoming Ice Slough site marker, Wyoming South Pass, Wyoming Big Sandy Crossing and Station site marker, Wyoming Simpson’s Hollow marker, Wyoming Lombard Ferry site marker, Seedskadee NWR, Wyoming Fort Bridger SHS, Wyoming (Mormon Trail splits from Oregon Trail) Echo Canyon, Utah East Canyon, Utah Big Mountain Pass, Utah Emigration Canyon, Utah This Is the Place Monument, Utah St Joseph, Missouri to Fort Bridger, Wyoming Pony Express Museum (stable) and Patee House, Missouri Pony Express Home Station No. 1 Museum (stable), Kansas Hollenberg Station SHS, Kansas Rock Creek Station SHP, Nebraska Thirty-two Mile Creek Station site, Nebraska Fort Kearny SHP, Nebraska Plum Creek Station site, Nebraska Willow Island Station building, Cozad, Nebraska Midway Station site and building, Nebraska Station building, Gothenburg, Nebraska Julesburg (No. 1) Station site marker, Colorado Mud Springs Station site marker, Nebraska Fort Laramie NHS, Wyoming Platte Bridge Station, Fort Caspar Historic Site, Wyoming Fort Bridger SHS, Wyoming Eastern Utah Echo Canyon station site marker East Canyon station site marker Emigration Canyon station site marker Camp Floyd Stagecoach Inn SP Museum, Utah Austin, Nevada to Lake Tahoe, Nevada Cold Springs Station marker (BLM), Nevada (also later stage station and telegraph station ruins and markers) Sand Springs Station ruins, Sand Mountain Recreation Area (BLM), Nevada Fort Churchill SHP (Buckland Station), Nevada Smoky Hill Trail–Butterfield Overland Despatch: Auto Tour Western Kansas and Eastern Colorado: 1865–1870 (sites listed east to west) Auto Tour Route Traveled (pdf files: text and maps) Fort Ellsworth site marker, Ellsworth County, Kansas Smoky Hill Springs Station site, Logan County, Kansas Kanopolis Reservoir Wildlife Area Smoky Valley Ranch, The Nature Conservancy Fort Harker Museum, Kanopolis, Kansas Eaton Station area, Russell Springs, Kansas Fort Fletcher and Forks of Big Creek Station area, Kansas BOD marker, Butterfield Trail Museum BOD marker, Walker Avenue, Ellis County Fort Wallace Cemetery, Wallace County, Kansas Fort Fletcher Bridge (1936 WPA; 4-span, limestone arch) Fort Wallace Museum, Wallace, Kansas Fort Hays SHS, Hays, Kansas Pond Creek Station building Monument Rocks (Monument Station area), Kansas Trail Monument, west of Cheyenne Wells, Colorado BOD marker, Gove County Road 16 Trail Monument, north of Kit Carson, Colorado Fort Hays–Fort Dodge Military Road, Kansas: Auto Tour Completed Fort Hays SHS and marker, Hays, Ellis County Five-Mile Hollow marker, Butterfield Trail Road, Ellis County (now known as Lookout Hollow) Military Road–Smoky Hill Trail Junction marker, Ellis County Smoky Hill River Crossing marker, Ellis County Big Timber Creek Crossing marker, Rush County Walnut Creek Crossing marker, Alexander, Rush County Pawnee Fork (River) Crossing marker, Hodgeman County Buckner Creek Crossing marker, Hodgeman County Road crossing marker, 221 Road, Hodgeman County Road crossing marker, Antelope Road, Ford County Sawlog Creek Crossing marker, Ford County Road crossing marker, north of Fort Dodge, Ford County Fort Dodge, Santa Fe Trail, and marker, Ford County 11 Historical Trails, Roads, Canals, and Railroads National Road: Auto Tour Completed from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois (sites listed east to west) Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, West Virginia Bridgeport, Ohio to Vandalia, Illinois US Highway 40 and parallel roadbeds US Highway 40 and parallel roadbeds La Vale Toll House (1835), La Vale, Maryland Stone Arch Bridge (1813), Casselman River Bridge SP, Maryland Old Petersburg Toll House (1835), Addison, Pennsylvania Searight’s Toll House, west of Uniontown, Pennsylvania Stone S-Bridge, east of Claysville, Pennsylvania Wheeling Suspension Bridge (1849), West Virginia* * = I drove on this historic road segment or bridge in June 2012. Numerous buildings in many towns along the route are not listed. Blaine Hill Stone S-Bridge (1828), Blaine, Ohio Black Horse Inn (~1807), Morristown, Ohio Salt Fork Stone S-Bridge, west of Middlebourne, Ohio* Peacock Road (1918 brick), east of Cambridge, Ohio Peters Creek Stone S-Bridge, Ohio Fox Run Stone S-Bridge, Ohio Y-Bridge (replica of 1902 bridge), Zanesville, Ohio* Pennsylvania House (1838–1839), Springfield, Ohio Knightstown Original Road Section, Indiana* Putnamville Original Road Section, Indiana* Stone Arch Bridge (1831), Marshall, Illinois* Embarras River Covered Bridge (replica), Greenup, Illinois* Covered Bridges Missouri Locust Grove Covered Bridge SHS (1868) Union Covered Bridge SHS (1871) New York Hyde Hall Covered Bridge, Glimmerglass SP (1825) Oregon Drift Creek Covered Bridge (1914, rebuilt 1933) Lost Creek Covered Bridge (~1881, rebuilt 1919) Pennsylvania Chisholm Trail: Auto Tour (sites listed south to north) Red River Crossing through Oklahoma Trail’s End (railroad sites in bold) Oklahoma to Caldwell, Kansas US Highway 81 Chisholm Trail Monument, Caldwell (“Queen City”), Kansas Caldwell, Kansas to Wichita (Delano), Kansas KS Highway 49, US Highway 160, US Highway 81, Broadway (Wichita) Chisholm Trail Monument, 1 mile east of Mayfield, Kansas Delano Clock Tower (Window in Time), Wichita, Kansas Chisholm Trail Stone Monument, McLean Park, Wichita, Kansas Wichita, Kansas to Newton, Kansas Kellogg Avenue (Wichita), I-135, KS Highway 15 Newton, Kansas to Abilene, Kansas KS Highway 15 Trails Monument, ~6 miles north of North Newton, Kansas Chisholm Trail marker, Abilene, Kansas Canals Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NHP Cumberland, Maryland to Paw Paw, West Virginia Oldtown Lock Number 70 Paw Paw Tunnel Transcontinental Railroad (Union Pacific–Central Pacific) Golden Spike NHS, Utah Kansas Pacific Railroad (Union Pacific Eastern Division) and US Highway 40 (Pre-Interstate Highway 70) Lawrence, Kansas to Watkins, Colorado (selected sites listed east to west) Old Dutch Mill, Wamego, Kansas Fort Hays SHS, Hays, Kansas Fort Riley, Kansas Grainfield Opera House, Kansas Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home, Fort Wallace Museum, Wallace, Kansas Abilene, Kansas Kansas Pacific Railroad Superintendent’s House, Wallace, Kansas Midland Hotel and Czech Opera House, Wilson, Kansas Final Spike marker, Strasburg, Colorado St. Fidelis Minor Basilica (Cathedral of the Plains), Victoria, Kansas 12 Historical Highways (1) Natchez Trace Parkway: Auto Tour Completed Natchez, Mississippi to Tupelo, Mississippi 0.0 – Southern Terminus, Mississippi 10.3 – Emerald Mound, Mississippi 15.5 – Mount Locust Inn, Mississippi 41.5 – Sunken Trace, Mississippi 106.9 – Boyd Site (Moundbuilder Culture), Mississippi 122.0 – Cypress Swamp, Mississippi 232.4 – Bynum Mounds (Moundbuilder Culture), Mississippi 259.7 – Tupelo National Battlefield (Civil War), Mississippi 261.8 – Chickasaw Village Site, Mississippi Tupelo, Mississippi to Nashville, Tennessee 286.7 – Pharr Mounds (Moundbuilder Culture), Mississippi 308.8 – Bear Creek Mound (Moundbuilder Culture), Mississippi 364.5 – Glenrock Branch, Tennessee 375.8 – Old Trace Drive, Tennessee 385.9 – Meriwether Lewis grave, Grinder Inn, Tennessee 404.7 – Jackson Falls, Tennessee 444.0 – Northern Terminus, Tennessee Lincoln Highway and the First Transcontinental Motor Train (July‒September 1919): Auto Tour (auto tour completed from Dyer, Indiana to Salt Lake City, Utah; sites listed east to west) Dyer, Indiana to Missouri Valley, Iowa US Highway 30; Illinois Highways 31, 38, 2, 136; US Highway 30 Lincoln Highway–Route 66 intersection, Joliet, Illinois First Seedling Mile (repaved), Malta, Illinois Standard Oil Station (1928), Rochelle, Illinois Lincoln Highway Association, Franklin Grove, Illinois Lincoln Hotel, Lowden, Iowa 1910 Bridge, Mount Vernon, Iowa Iowa Seedling Mile (repaved), west of Mount Vernon, Iowa Youngsville Station, west of Cedar Rapids, Iowa Lincoln Highway Bridge, Tama, Iowa Merle Hay Memorial, Glidden, Iowa Original Brick Pavers, Woodbine, Iowa Elkhorn, Nebraska to Salt Lake City, Utah US Highway 275; US Highway 30; Interstate Highway 80 Elkhorn Bricks, Nebraska (>3 miles of original bricks) southeast of Elkhorn between 174th and 203rd Streets Nebraska Seedling Mile (original), Grand Island, Nebraska Lincoln Highway Bridge, Overton, Nebraska Lincoln Monument, Wyoming Fort Fred Steele SHS, Wyoming Fort Bridger SHS, Wyoming Great Salt Lake, Utah to Dugway, Utah Utah Highways 36, 199 Ely, Nevada to Lake Tahoe, California US Highway 50 Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways (29 June 1956) First construction started, St. Charles County, Missouri I-70 (US Highway 40), west of St. Louis Contract awarded: 2 Aug 1956 Construction started: 13 Aug 1956 First section opened, Shawnee County, Kansas I-70 (US Highway 40), west of Topeka Contract awarded: 31 Aug 1956 Paving started: 26 Sep 1956 Highway opened: 14 Nov 1956 13 Historical Highways (2) US Route 66 (The Mother Road): Auto Tour (sites listed east to west) Chicago, Illinois to Joliet, Illinois (not completed) Joliet, Illinois to Mitchell, Illinois (rural segments) IL Highway 53 and I-55 Frontage Roads to Springfield 1926–1930 alignment south of Springfield: IL Highways 4, 140, 157 (*) Lincoln Highway–Route 66 intersection, Joliet, IL Eagle Hotel (1836), Wilmington, IL Ambler–Becker Texaco Service Station (1940s), Dwight, IL Standard Oil Service Station (1932), Odell, IL Original Brick Pavers (1931), north of Auburn, IL Snell Road and Curran Road for 1.4 miles (west of IL Highway 4) 1920s Narrow Concrete Segments, Nilwood to Carlinville, IL Donaldson Road and Allen Road for 1.5 miles (east of IL Highway 4) and Harvest Road for 1.2 miles (east of IL Highway 4) Macoupin County Million Dollar Courthouse, Carlinville, IL 1920s Narrow Concrete Segment, south of Carlinville, IL Deerfield Drive, 0.8 and 0.6 mile (west and east of IL Highway 4) Soulsby Shell Service Station (1926), Mount Olive, IL St. Louis, Missouri to Joplin, Missouri (not completed) Chain of Rocks Bridge, Mississippi River, St. Louis, MO Joplin, Missouri to Tulsa, Oklahoma MO Highway 66, Old Route 66, KS Highway 66, US Highway 69 Alt, Old Route 66, 50th Street, 3rd Street, US Highway 69, and OK Highway 66 Kan-O-Tex Service Station and Tow Mater, Riverton, KS Empire District Electric Company (1890‒1910), Riverton, KS Eisler Brothers Old Riverton Store (1925), Riverton, KS Marsh Rainbow Bridge (1923), Riverton, KS Mickey Mantle boyhood home (1934‒1944), Commerce, OK Sidewalk Highway (concrete pavement 9 feet wide) Miami to Narcissa and Buffalo Springs segments (6 miles) Afton Service Station and Route 66 Packards, Afton, OK Will Rogers Memorial Museum, Claremore, OK Tulsa, Oklahoma to Edmond, Oklahoma Amarillo, Texas B Avenue, Amarillo Boulevard, Pierce Street, 6th Avenue, Bushland Boulevard, 9th Avenue, Amarillo Boulevard, Indian Hill Road, Blassan Drive Amarillo, Texas to Santa Rosa, New Mexico I-40 Frontage Roads and I-40* Blue Swallow Motel (1939; restored), Tucumcari, NM [I spent the night in Room Number 5 on 3 January 2015.] Pre-1937 Route: Santa Rosa–Santa Fe–Los Lunas–Mesita, NM I-40; US Highway 84; Old Las Vegas Highway; Old Pecos Trail; NM Highway 14; I-25; NM Highway 313; 4th Street (+2nd Street); Bridge Boulevard; Isleta Boulevard; NM Highways 147, 47, and 6; and Sparrow Hawk Road Santa Fe: San Miguel Mission, Plaza, Palace of Governors, and Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi La Bajada and Santa Fe River Bridge (north of NM Highway 16) Post-1937 Route: Santa Rosa–Albuquerque–Mesita, NM I-40, NM Highway 333, Central Avenue, I-40 North Frontage Road, I-40, and Sparrow Hawk Road Whiting Brothers Service Station, Moriarty, NM Rio Puerco Steel Truss Bridge, Rio Puerco, NM Mesita, New Mexico to Laguna, New Mexico Old Route 66 Road Laguna, New Mexico to Flagstaff, Arizona NM Highways 124, 117, 122; I-40; NM Highway 118; I-40; Townsend-Winona Road; US Highway 89; I-40 BL/Route 66 (in Flagstaff) El Rancho Hotel, Gallup, NM Wigwam Village Motel #6, Holbrook, AZ Standin’ on the Corner Park, Winslow, AZ Flagstaff, Arizona to Barstow, California I-40; Route 66 (Wagon Wheel Road); I-40; AZ-66; Oatman Road; OatmanTopock Highway; I-40; US-95; County Road 66; I-40 Barstow, California to Santa Monica, California (not completed) 11th Street, Southwest Boulevard, Frankhoma Road, and OK Highway 66 Rock Creek Bridge (1921), Sapulpa, OK Original Concrete Segment, Chandler, OK Round Barn (1898) and Pops (2007), Arcadia, OK Edmond, Oklahoma through Oklahoma City, Oklahoma US Highway 77, Kelly Avenue, Britton Road, Western Avenue, 23rd Street, and May Avenue Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Amarillo, Texas OK Highway 66, US Highway 281 Spur, Old Highway 66, I-40 Frontage Roads, and I-40* Lake Overholser Bridge (1925), Bethany, OK Fort Reno, El Reno, OK Original 1933 Concrete Segments, Fort Reno to McLean, TX Pony Bridge (William Murray Bridge, 1933), Bridgeport, OK Lucille’s Store and Service Station, Hydro, OK Beckham County Courthouse, Sayre, OK Tower Service Station (1936), Shamrock, TX Phillips 66 Service Station (1929), McLean, TX Super 66 Service Station (1930), Alanreed, TX * Includes I-40 Business Loops through several towns in Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Numerous motels (or neon signs) and service stations in towns along the route (some in ruins and some restored) are not listed. 14 Forts and Trading Posts Apple River Fort SHS, Illinois Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Bent’s New Fort marker, Colorado Bent’s Old Fort NHS, Colorado Camp Floyd Stagecoach Inn SP Museum, Utah Castillo de San Marcos NM, Florida Fort Apache Historic Park, Arizona Fort Atkinson marker, near Dodge City, Kansas Fort Atkinson SHP (replica), Nebraska Fort Belle Fontaine County Park, St. Louis, Missouri Fort Boise site marker, near Parma, Idaho Fort Bowie NHS, Arizona Fort Bridger SHS, Wyoming Fort Brown markers and buildings, Texas Texas Southmost College/UT-Brownsville Fort Caspar Museum and Historic Site, Wyoming Fort Churchill SHP, Nevada Fort Clatsop National Memorial, Oregon Fort Concho, San Angelo, Texas Fort Craig NHS (BLM), New Mexico Fort Crawford (second fort site), Wisconsin Fort Davis NHS, Texas Fort de Cavagnial marker, near Atchison, Kansas Fort de Chartres SHS, Illinois Fort Donelson NB, Tennessee Fort Fred Steele SHS, Wyoming Fort Gaines, Alabama Fort Gibson SHS, Oklahoma Fort Griffin SHS, Texas Fort Hall replica, Pocatello, Idaho Fort Harker Museum, Kansas Fort Hays SHS, Kansas Fort Jesup SHS, Louisiana Fort Kaskaskia SHS, Illinois Fort Kearny SHP, Nebraska Fort Lancaster, SHS, Texas Fort Laramie NHS, Wyoming Fort Larned NHS, Kansas Fort Madison site marker, Iowa Fort Mandan Historic Site, North Dakota Fort Mann marker, near Dodge City, Kansas Fort Marcy ruins, Santa Fe, New Mexico Fort Massac SP, Illinois Fort McKavett SHS, Texas Fort McPherson monument, Nebraska Fort Meigs State Memorial, Ohio Fort Mims SHS, Alabama Fort Naco, Arizona Fort Necessity NB, Pennsylvania Fort Omaha, Nebraska Fort Osage, Jackson County Historic Site, Missouri Fort Phil Kearny SHS, Wyoming Fort Pillow SHP, Tennessee Fort Recovery State Memorial, Ohio Fort Reno Historic Site, Oklahoma Fort Richardson SP–SHS, Texas Fort Ridgely SP–SHS, Minnesota Fort Riley, US Cavalry Museum, Kansas Fort River Dubois, Lewis and Clark SHS, Illinois Fort Robinson SP–SHS, Nebraska Fort St. Jean Baptiste SHS, Louisiana Fort Scott NHS, Kansas Fort Sedgwick (Camp Rankin; site marker), Colorado Fort Selden SM, New Mexico Fort Shelby site, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin St. Feriole Island Fort Smith NHS, Arkansas Fort Stanwix NHS, New York Fort Stevens SP, Oregon Fort Stockton site marker (Fort Dupont), San Diego, California Historic Fort Stockton, Texas Fort Sumner SM and Bosque Redondo, New Mexico Fort Supply SHS, Oklahoma Fort Texas markers, Brownsville, Texas Fort Brown Memorial Golf Course Fort Ticonderoga, New York Fort Towson, Oklahoma Fort Umpqua marker (Hudson Bay Company), Oregon Fort Union NM, New Mexico Fort Union Trading Post NHS, North Dakota Fort Vancouver NHS, Washington Fort Verde SHP, Arizona Fort Wallace Cemetery and Museum, Kansas Fort Washita SHS, Oklahoma Fort Wingate site marker, New Mexico Second Fort Wingate site (1868‒1925) Previously Fort Fauntleroy (1860) and Fort Lyon (1861) Fort Wise (Old Fort Lyon) site, Colorado Fort Zarah Park marker, near Great Bend, Kansas Los Adaes SHS, Louisiana Presidio de Bahía, Goliad, Texas Presidio Reál de San Diego, California Presidio de San Sabá ruins, Menard, Texas Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate ruins (BLM), Arizona Tubac Presidio SHS, Arizona 15 Wars of the Colonies and Early Republic 7 Years War / French and Indian War (1754–1763) Fort Necessity NB, Pennsylvania Jumonville Glen (May 1754) Fort Necessity (July 1754) Braddock’s Grave (July 1755) Fort Carillon (= Fort Ticonderoga), New York (July 1758) American Revolution (1775–1783) Declaration of Independence Independence NHP, Pennsylvania (1776) War in the 13 Colonies — North Boston NHP (Freedom Trail), Massachusetts Minute Man NHP, Massachusetts (April 1775) Fort Ticonderoga, New York (May 1775) Washington Crossing SP, Pennsylvania (Dec 1776) Princeton Battlefield SP, New Jersey (Jan 1777) Morristown NHP, New Jersey (Winter 1777) Brandywine Battlefield SP, Pennsylvania (Sep 1777) New York Campaign (June–October 1777) Fort Ticonderoga, New York (July 1777) Bennington Battlefield SHS, New York (Aug 1777) Bennington Battle Monument, Vermont Fort Stanwix NM, New York (Aug 1777) Oriskany Battlefield SHS, New York (Aug 1777) Saratoga NHP, New York (Sep–Oct 1777) Valley Forge NHP, Pennsylvania (1777–1778) Monmouth Battlefield SP, New Jersey (June 1778) Morristown NHP, New Jersey (1779–1780) War in the 13 Colonies — South Kings Mountain NMP, South Carolina (Oct 1780) Cowpens NBP, South Carolina (Jan 1781) Guilford Courthouse NMP, North Carolina (March 1781) Colonial NHP, Virginia Cape Henry Memorial (Battle of the Capes, 5 Sep 1781) Yorktown Battlefield (Sep–Oct 1781) War in the Western Territories George Rogers Clark NHP, Indiana Capture of British Fort Sackville (Feb 1779) George Rogers Clark Park, Springfield, Ohio Kentucky militia defeated British and Indian allies (Aug 1780) Blue Licks Battlefield SP, Kentucky British and Indian allies defeated Kentucky militia (Aug 1782) Arkansas Post National Memorial (Fort Carlos III), Arkansas Spanish/Quapaw repelled British partisans/Chickasaw (April 1783) Constitutional Convention Independence NHP, Pennsylvania (1787) War of 1812 (1812–1814) Niagara Region Atlantic Ocean USS Constitution, Boston, Massachusetts Western Lake Erie *Canard River Skirmishes marker, Ontario (July 1812) River Raisin NBP, Monroe, Michigan (Jan 1813) Fort Meigs State Memorial, Perrysburg, Ohio (May and July 1813) Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial, Put-In-Bay, Ohio (Sep 1813) *Fort Malden NHS, Amherstburg, Ontario (1813–1815) *Skirmish at McGregor’s Creek marker, Tecumseh Park, Chatham, Ontario (4 Oct 1813) *Tecumseh Monument (Battle of the Thames), near Thamesville, Ontario (5 Oct 1813) *Fairfield on the Thames (Old Fairfield) Historic Site, near Thamesville, Ontario (5 Oct 1813) *Skirmish at McCrae’s House monument, Chatham, Ontario (Dec 1813) *Battle of the Longwoods monument, near Wardsville, Ontario (March 1814) Chesapeake Bay * = site in Canada Creek War Fort Mims SHS, Alabama (Aug 1813) Lake Champlain–Quebec Region Mississippi River Valley Fort Shelby site, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin (July 1814) St. Feriole Island Campbell’s Island State Memorial, East Moline, Illinois (July 1814) Credit Island, Davenport, Iowa (Sep 1814) Hannah Cole’s Fort marker, Boonville, Missouri (1814) Jean Lafitte NHP and Preserve, Louisiana Chalmette Battlefield (Battle of New Orleans, Jan 1815) * = site in Canada Texas Revolution (1835–1836) Washington-on-the-Brazos SHS, Texas (1–17 March 1836) Convention of 1836 Alamo, San Antonio, Texas (23 Feb–6 March 1836) Battle of Refugio markers, Mt. Cavalry Cemetery, Refugio, Texas (12–15 March 1836) Fannin Battleground SHS, Texas (20 March 1836) Fannin Memorial Monument, Texas (27 March 1836) San Jacinto SHP, Texas (21 April 1836) 16 War and Civil Unrest in the West US–Mexican War (1846–1848; US sites only) Texas Rancho de Carricitos Battlefield markers (25 April 1846) Siege of Fort Texas, Brownsville (3–9 May 1846) Site markers at Fort Brown Memorial Golf Course Palo Alto Battlefield NHS (8 May 1846) Resaca de la Palma Battlefield (9 May 1846) California Fremont Peak SHP (March 1846) Sonoma SHP Bear Flag Republic (June 1846), US Flag (July 1846) Custom House, Monterey SHP (July 1846) Battle of Natividad marker (16 Nov 1846) San Pasqual Battlefield markers (6 Dec 1846) Mule Hill Battlefield markers (7–11 Dec 1846) Old Town San Diego SHP (1846) Fort Dupont/Fort Stockton markers, Presidio Park, San Diego (1846–1848) Arizona (US 101st Infantry: Mormon Battalion) Battle of the Bulls marker, San Pedro River (Dec 1846) El Presidio Real de San Agustín del Tucson (Dec 1846) New Mexico Las Vegas Plaza (15 Aug 1846) General Stephen Kearny proclamation annexing New Mexico Brazito (Temascalitos) Battlefield site, Mesquite (25 Dec 1846) Taos Rebellion Governor Bent’s House, Taos (19 Jan 1847) Cañada Battlefield site, Santa Cruz (24 Jan 1847) Battle of Mora site (24 Jan 1847) Embudo Pass Battlefield site, Embudo (29 Jan 1847) Destruction of the village of Mora site (1 Feb 1847) Taos Pueblo Battlefield site (3–5 Feb 1847) Mesilla Plaza, Las Cruces: Gadsden Purchase (16 Nov 1854) Flag-changing ceremony for 1853 treaty to set border Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) 1854 Kansas–Nebraska Act (May 30) Kansas Museum of History, Topeka (temporary exhibit) 1855 First Territorial Capitol SHS (July) Topeka Constitution (first of 4 constitutions) Constitution Hall (excluded African Americans) Wakarusa War, Siege of Lawrence (December) Blanton’s Crossing, Franklin, Lecompton, and Lawrence 1856: Kansas “Civil War” Camp Sackett* US Army tent campsite, southwest of Lecompton Sack of Lawrence, Free State Hotel site (May 21) Pottawatomie Massacre* (May 24–25; Franklin County) Battle of Black Jack Park (June 2; Douglas County) Battle of Franklin* (June 4–5; Douglas County) Free-state Legislature Dispersed by US Troops (July 4) Constitution Hall (Topeka) Removal of Proslavery Outposts around Lawrence: Battle of Franklin* (Aug 12) Battle of Fort Saunders* (Aug 15) Battle of Fort Titus* (Aug 16) Battle of Middle Creek* (Aug 25; Linn County) Battle of Osawatomie (Aug 30) John Brown Memorial Park; John Brown SHS Battle of Bull Creek* (Aug 31; Johnson County) Battle of Hickory Point marker (Sep 13–14; Jefferson County) Siege of Lawrence (September) 1857 Lecompton Constitution (with slavery) Constitution Hall SHS Beecher Bible and Rifle Church (Wabaunsee County) Organized as First Church of Christ in 1857 Limestone Church Dedicated in 1862 1858 Leavenworth Constitution (without slavery, with African-American citizenship) Marais des Cygnes Massacre SHS (May 19; Linn County) 1859‒1861 Battle of the Spurs marker (31 Jan 1859; Brown County) John Brown Leaves for Canada with Freed Slaves Wyandotte Constitution (1859; without slavery) Approved by US House (11 April 1860) Approved by US Senate (21 Jan 1861) Signed by President Buchanan (29 Jan 1861) * = no marker to interpret site. bold = John Brown was a participant. Utah ‘War’ (1857–1861) Mountain Meadows Massacre Park, Utah (7–11 Sep 1857) Simpson’s Hollow marker, Wyoming (Oct 1857) Mormon attack on US Army supply train Fort Bridger SHS, Wyoming (Winter 1857–1858) US Army encampment Echo Canyon, Utah (1857) Mormon breastworks to defend approach to Salt Lake Basin Camp Floyd Stagecoach Inn SP Museum, Utah (1858–1861) US Army encampment 17 American Civil War (1) Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania Manassas NBP, Virginia (July 1861) Manassas NBP, Virginia (Aug 1862) Antietam NB, Maryland (Sep 1862) Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP, Virginia Chancellorsville Battlefield (May 1863) Gettysburg NMP, Pennsylvania (July 1863) Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP, Virginia Spotsylvania Courthouse Battlefield (May 1864) Appomattox Court House NHP, Virginia McLean Home: Lee’s Surrender (9 April 1865) Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina Alabama Fort Gaines, Dauphin Island, Alabama (Aug 1864) Mississippi River, Ohio River, and Tennessee Battle of Belmont, Missouri (Nov 1861) Belmont Landing marker, Missouri Columbus–Belmont SP, Kentucky Fort Donelson NB, Tennessee (Feb 1862) New Madrid–Island No. 10 marker, Missouri (March–April 1862) Shiloh NMP, Tennessee (April 1862) Corinth Battlefield, Mississippi (May 1862; Oct 1862) Perryville Battlefield SHP, Kentucky (Oct 1862) Stones River NB, Tennessee (31 Dec 1862; 2 Jan 1863) Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Fort Hindman (Jan 1863) Morgan’s Raid through Indiana and Ohio (July 1863) Corydon Battlefield Park, Corydon, Indiana (July 9) Buffington Island State Memorial, Portland, Ohio (July 19) Old Washington Battlefield marker, Ohio (July 24) Salineville Battlefield marker, Ohio (July 26) Surrender marker, West Point, Ohio (July 26) Louisiana Red River Campaign Mansfield SHS, Louisiana (8 April 1864) Pleasant Hill site, Louisiana (9 April 1864) Poison Springs Battlefield SP, Arkansas (18 April 1864) Marks’ Mills Battlefield SP, Arkansas (25 April 1864) Jenkins Ferry Battlefield SP, Arkansas (29–30 April 1864) Mansura marker, Louisiana (16 May 1864) Yellow Bayou (Simmesport) site, Louisiana (18 May 1864) Vicksburg Campaign Holly Springs markers, Mississippi (Dec 1862) Chickasaw Bayou site, Mississippi (Dec 1862) Grierson’s Raid marker, Newton, Mississippi (April 1863) Port Gibson markers, Mississippi (1 May 1863) Raymond markers, Mississippi (12 May 1863) Champion Hill markers, Mississippi (16 May 1863) Big Black River Bridge site, Mississippi (17 May 1863) Vicksburg NMP, Mississippi (March–July 1863) USS Cairo, Vicksburg, Mississippi (1863) Port Hudson SHS, Louisiana (May–July 1863) Battle for Hoover’s Gap park, Tennessee (June 1863) Chickamauga and Chattanooga NMP Chickamauga, Georgia (Sep 1863) Chattanooga, Tennessee (Nov 1863) Fort Pillow SHP, Tennessee (April 1864) Brice’s Cross Roads NB, Mississippi (June 1864) Tupelo NB, Mississippi (July 1864) and Old Town Creek battlefield site and markers Carter House and Franklin Battlefield, Tennessee (Nov 1864) Texas Camp Ford Park (POW Camp for Union prisoners), Tyler, Texas Sabine Pass Battleground SHS, Texas (Sep 1863) Treue der Union Monument, Comfort, Texas (Aug 1866) Massacre of German Texans by Confederate soldiers (Aug 1862) Battle of Palmito Ranch markers, Lower Rio Grande Valley NWR, Texas (13 May 1865) 18 American Civil War (2) Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma (Indian Territory) Battle of Boonville marker, Missouri (June 1861) Battle of Carthage SHS, Missouri (July 1861) Battle of Athens SHS, Missouri (Aug 1861) Wilson’s Creek NB, Missouri (Aug 1861) Battle of Dry Wood Creek marker, Deerfield, Missouri (Sep 1861) Osceola, Missouri (burned by Jayhawkers; Sep 1861) Battle of Lexington SHS, Missouri (Sep 1861) Humboldt markers, Kansas (burned by Confederates; Oct 1861) Battle of Mt. Zion Church site marker, Missouri (Dec 1861) Opothleyahola’s Trail of Blood on Ice (Winter 1861–1862) [Creek + other Unionist Indians forced from Indian Territory] Round Mountain Battlefield marker (19 Nov) Round Mountains and Salt Creek? (W of Yale, Oklahoma) Chusto-Talasah Battlefield area (9 Dec) Horseshoe Bend, Bird Creek (NE of Turley, Oklahoma) Chustenahlah Battlefield marker (26 Dec) Hominy and Battle Creeks (W of Skiatook, Oklahoma) Indians seek relief in Kansas during winter 1861–1862 Fort Row marker (militia post; N of Fredonia) Fort Belmont area (militia post; SW of Yates Center) Opothleyahola Memorial (Le Roy) Pea Ridge NMP, Arkansas (March 1862) Battle of Locust Grove marker, Oklahoma (July 1862) Battle of Bayou Menard marker, Oklahoma (July 1862) Battle of Kirksville marker, Missouri (Aug 1862) Battle of Lone Jack marker, Missouri (Aug 1862) First Battle of Newtonia marker, Missouri (Sep 1862) Battle of Beattie’s Prairie, Oklahoma (Oct 1862) Maysville, Arkansas marker (Confederate skirmishers) Old Fort Wayne Battlefield area (SW of Maysville) Island Mound SHS, Missouri (Oct 1862) Battle of Cane Hill marker, Arkansas (Nov 1862) Prairie Grove Battlefield Historic SP, Arkansas (Dec 1862) Battle of Van Buren, Arkansas (Dec 1862) Dripping Springs, Fairview Cemetery, 1842 Courthouse Headquarters House, Battle of Fayetteville, Arkansas (April 1863) First Battle of Cabin Creek marker, Oklahoma (July 1863) Battle of Honey Springs SHS, Oklahoma (July 1863) Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence walking tour, Kansas (Aug 1863) General Order #11, Missouri (Aug 1863) Given at Pacific House Hotel building, Kansas City, Missouri New Mexico San Agustin Springs marker, San Agustin Pass, New Mexico Capture of Union troops abandoning Fort Fillmore (July 1861) Fort Craig NHS (BLM), New Mexico Battle of Valverde (Feb 1862) Pecos NHP, New Mexico Battle of Glorieta (March 1862) Battle of Peralta marker, Peralta, New Mexico (April 1862) Little Rock Campaign (1863) Auto Tour Brownsville Battlefield marker, Arkansas (23 Aug) Reed’s Bridge Battlefield markers, Arkansas (27 Aug) Ashley’s Mills Battlefield marker, Arkansas (6 Sep) Arkansas River Crossing marker, Arkansas (9–10 Sep) Bayou Fourche Battlefield markers, Arkansas (10 Sep) Union Army Enters Little Rock markers, Arkansas (11 Sep) Stagecoach House Skirmish marker, Arkansas (11 Sep) Hempstead County Courthouse, Washington, Arkansas State Capitol (1863–1865) Battle of Devil’s Backbone marker, Greenwood, Arkansas (Sep 1863) Fort Blair and Baxter Springs Museum, Kansas (Oct 1863) Battle of Marshall marker, Missouri (Oct 1863) Massard Prairie Battlefield Park, Fort Smith, Arkansas (July 1864) Second Battle of Cabin Creek marker, Oklahoma (Sep 1864) Sterling Price’s Raid through Missouri (Autumn 1864) *Skirmish at Goslin’s Lane marker, Missouri (23 Sep) *Skirmish at Rocheport area, Missouri (23–24 Sep) *Skirmish at Fayette area, Missouri (24 Sep) *Centralia Massacre markers, Missouri (27 Sep) *Battle of Centralia Historic Site, Missouri (27 Sep) Fort Davidson SHS, Missouri (26–28 Sep) Battle of Glasgow marker, Missouri (15 Oct) Battle of Little Blue River marker, Kansas (21 Oct) Battle of Independence markers, Missouri (22 Oct) Battle of Westport markers, Missouri (21–23 Oct) Big Blue River, Byram’s Ford markers, Missouri (22 Oct) Mockbee Farm site marker, Missouri (22 Oct) Brush Creek (Loose Park) markers, Missouri (23 Oct) Shelby’s Last Stand (Forest Hill Cemetery) site, Missouri (23 Oct) Big Blue River, Byram’s Ford markers, Missouri (23 Oct) Battle of Marais des Cygnes site, Trading Post, Kansas (25 Oct) Mine Creek Battlefield SHS, Kansas (25 Oct) Battle of the Marmaton River marker, Deerfield, Missouri (25 Oct) Second Battle of Newtonia marker, Missouri (28 Oct) Doaksville, Fort Towson, Oklahoma (23 June 1865) Surrender of CSA General Stand Watie * = actions by “Bloody Bill” Anderson during Price’s Raid Arizona Picacho Peak SP, Arizona (April 1862) Dragoon Springs Station ruins (USFS), Arizona (May 1862) Arizona (Confederate) Rangers attacked by Apache Apache Pass, Fort Bowie NHS, Arizona (July 1862) California (Union) Volunteers attacked by Apache 19 Slavery, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and Civil Rights 1800s Antebellum Mulberry Row, Monticello, Virginia Cane River Creole NHP, Louisiana Oakland Plantation and Magnolia Plantation Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Missouri Old Courthouse: Dred Scott trials (1847, 1850) Underground Railroad Lane Freedom Trail (US Hwy 75 from Topeka, KS to Nebraska City, NE) Battle of the Spurs marker, Brown County, Kansas John Brown leaves Kansas with 11 escaped slaves (1859) Fort Scott NHS*, Kansas Quindaro Archeological Park Overlook*, Kansas City, Kansas Grover Barn (converted to fire station), Lawrence, Kansas Robert Miller House and Barn (private), Lawrence, Kansas Constitution Hall (being restored), Topeka, Kansas John and Mary Ritchie House*, Topeka, Kansas Shawnee County Historical Society Mount Mitchell Heritage Prairie*, near Wamego, Kansas William Mitchell House* (private) Mayhew Cabin*, Nebraska City, Nebraska Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site, Dresden, Ontario, Canada US Civil War Island Mound SHS, Missouri (27–29 October 1862) Site of Toothman Farm (Fort Africa): First battle for 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers (Infantry)—mustered into Kansas service August 1862, but not mustered into Federal service until 13 January 1863. Redesignated 79th US Colored Troops on 13 December 1864. 1900s Brownsville Raid, Fort Brown, Texas (13–14 Aug 1906) Largest summary dismissal of soldiers from US Army. Despite a lack of evidence of participation by soldiers in a shooting spree that left a bartender dead, President Theodore Roosevelt discharged 167 enlisted men of the 25th US Infantry “without honor” in November 1906. Changed to honorable discharge in 1972. Negro Leagues Baseball Museum, Kansas City, Missouri 1950s and 1960s Brown v. Board of Education NHS, Topeka, Kansas (1954) Little Rock Central High School NHS, Arkansas (1957) Chester I. Lewis Reflection Square Park, Wichita, Kansas Dockum (Rexall) Drugs lunch-counter sculpture commemorating July–August 1958 sit-in. Medgar Evers Home Museum, Jackson, Mississippi Assassination of Medgar Evers (12 June 1963) 16th Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama KKK bomb killed 4 young girls (Sunday, 15 September 1963) Selma to Montgomery NHT, Alabama (1965) Voting Rights March: “Bloody Sunday” (March 7) Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma Voting Rights March: 5 days, 54 miles (March 21) National Voting Rights Act passed (August 6) Lorraine Motel, Memphis, Tennessee Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (4 April 1968) 1800s Reconstruction and Exodus Colfax Courthouse Massacre marker, Louisiana (Easter Sunday, 13 April 1873) Nicodemus NHS, Kansas (pre-Exoduster town founded 1877) * = National Park Service Underground Railroad Network to Freedom site 20 American Indian Cities, Villages, and Other Sites Paleo-Indian – Archaic Cultures Alibates Flint Quarry NM, Texas Blackwater Draw Archeological Site, New Mexico Copper Culture SP, Wisconsin Mastodon SHS, Missouri Poverty Point SHS, Louisiana (1700–1300 BCE) Woodland and Mississippian Moundbuilder Cultures Conical, Linear, and Platform Mounds Angel Mounds SHS, Indiana Aztalan SP, Wisconsin Buffington Island State Memorial, Ohio Caddo Mounds SHS, Texas Cahokia Mounds SHS, Illinois (800–1300 CE) Clark’s Hill–Norton SHS, Missouri Grand Village of the Natchez Indians, Mississippi Hopewell Culture NHP, Ohio Marksville SHS, Louisiana Miamisburg Mound, Ohio Moundville Archeological Park, Alabama Natchez Trace Parkway, Mississippi Bear Creek Mound, Boyd Site, Bynum Mounds, Emerald Mound, and Pharr Mounds Parkin Archeological SP, Arkansas Conical, Linear, and Platform Mounds (continued) Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center, Oklahoma Toltec Mounds Archeological SP, Arkansas Towosaghy SHS, Missouri Van Meter SP, Missouri Wickliffe Mounds SP, Kentucky Hilltop Enclosures Fort Ancient State Memorial, Ohio Old Stone Fort State Archeological Park, Tennessee Geometrical Embankments Mounds SP, Indiana Newark Earthworks State Memorial, Ohio Effigy Mounds Effigy Mounds NM, Iowa Serpent Mound State Memorial, Ohio Southwestern Pueblo Cultures Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) and Historical Pueblos Anasazi Heritage Center (BLM), Colorado Escalante Pueblo and Dominguez Pueblo Anasazi State Park Museum, Utah Aztec Ruins NM, New Mexico Bandelier NM, New Mexico Canyon de Chelly NM, Arizona Canyons of the Ancients NM (BLM), Colorado Lowrey Pueblo and Sand Canyon Pueblo Chaco Culture NHP, New Mexico (850‒1250 CE) Chimney Rock Archeological Site (USFS), Colorado Coronado SM, New Mexico Edge of the Cedars SP Museum, Utah El Cuartelejo Pueblo, Scott SP, Kansas El Morro NM (A’ts’ina Pueblo), New Mexico Homol’ovi Ruins SP, Arizona Hovenweep NM, Utah Square Tower Group Jemez SM, New Mexico Mesa Verde NP, Colorado (600–1300 CE) Navajo NM (Betatakin overlook), Arizona Pecos NHP, New Mexico Petrified Forest NP, Arizona Puerco Pueblo and Agate House Petroglyph NM, New Mexico Salinas Pueblo Missions NM, New Mexico Abó, Gran Quivira, and Quarai Units Taos Pueblo, New Mexico (1000 CE?‒present) Yucca House NM, Colorado Mogollon Culture Gila Cliff Dwellings NM, New Mexico Three Rivers Petroglyph Site (BLM), New Mexico Hohokam Culture Casa Grande Ruins NM, Arizona Kinishba Ruins, Fort Apache Historic Park, Arizona Montezuma Castle NM, Arizona Montezuma Well Unit Salado Culture Tonto NM, Arizona Sinagua Culture Elden Pueblo Archeological Site (USFS), Flagstaff, Arizona Montezuma Castle NM, Arizona Montezuma Castle and Montezuma Well Units Tuzigoot NM, Arizona Walnut Canyon NM, Arizona Wupatki NM, Arizona Fremont Culture Baker Village Archeological Site (BLM), Nevada Canyon Pintado National Historic District (BLM), Colorado Fremont Indian SP and Museum, Utah Grand Staircase–Escalante NM (BLM), Utah Lower Calf Creek Trail (granaries and pictographs) Midwestern and Great Plains Villages Black Hawk SHS, Illinois (Sauk and Mesquakie/Fox) Iliniwek Village SHS, Missouri Atchison County Historical Site, Kansas Grand Village des Canzes marker (earthen lodge replica) Kaw Mission SHS, Kansas Knife River Villages NHS, North Dakota (Hidatsa) Osage Village SHS, Missouri Pawnee Village SHS, Kansas Van Meter SP, Missouri (Oneota and Missouri) 21 US–American Indian Wars and Removals (1) Midwest (Old Northwest Territory) Eastern Region (1774–1813) Tu-Endie-Wei SP, West Virginia (Oct 1774) Cornstalk (Shawnee leader) Fort Recovery State Memorial, Ohio Little Turtle (Miami leader) General St. Clair’s Defeat (Nov 1791) Fort Recovery (June–July 1794) Battle of Fallen Timbers Memorial, Ohio (Aug 1794) Blue Jacket (Shawnee leader) Tippecanoe Battlefield and Museum, Indiana (Nov 1811) Prophet (Shawnee leader) Western Region: Black Hawk War (1832) — Black Hawk (Sauk leader) Black Hawk’s Crossing, near Oquawka, Illinois (April 5) Stillman’s Run Memorial, Stillman Valley, Illinois (May 14) Kellogg’s Grove Monuments, Kent, Illinois (June 16 and 25) Apple River Fort SHS, Elizabeth, Illinois (June 24) Wisconsin Heights Battlefield, Wisconsin (July 21) Lower Wisconsin State Riverway Bad Axe Massacre markers, Wisconsin (Aug 1–2) Black Hawk Park (US Army Corps of Engineers) Fort Crawford site, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin Black Hawk’s Surrender (Aug 27) Removals to Indian Territory (Oklahoma and Kansas) Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole (1830s) Trails of Tears from the Southeast to Oklahoma Chickasaw Village Site, Natchez Trace Parkway, Mississippi Port Royal SHP, Tennessee Trail of Tears Commemorative Park, Hopkinsville, Kentucky Mantle Rock Preserve (TNC), Kentucky Berry’s Ferry site, Kentucky Trail of Tears SP, Missouri Fort Gibson SHS, Oklahoma Fort Towson SHS, Oklahoma Shawnee Removal from Ohio to Kansas (1826–1838) to Oklahoma (1864–1871) Townsite markers at Wapakoneta and St. Johns, Ohio Shawnee Indian Mission SHS, Kansas (1839–1862) Ottawa Removal from Ohio to Kansas (1837) to Oklahoma (1867) Ottawa Indian Mission and Burying Ground, Ottawa, Kansas Potawatomi Trail of Death from Indiana to Kansas (1838) St. Rose Philippine Duchesne Historical & Memorial Park, Linn County, Kansas — St. Mary (Sugar Creek) Mission (1838–1848) Indian Pay Station Museum, St. Marys, Kansas Mission established 1849; Pay Station 1857–1870 Ponca (Standing Bear, Ponca leader) Removal from Nebraska to Oklahoma (1877–1879) Niobrara SP, Nebraska (Niobrara River homeland) White Buffalo Girl grave, Neligh, Nebraska (23 May 1877) Fort Omaha, Nebraska (Standing Bear Trial, 1879) Minnesota and North Dakota Lower Sioux Agency SHS, Minnesota (18 Aug 1862) Fort Ridgely SHS, Minnesota (20 and 22 Aug 1862) Birch Coulee Battlefield SHS, Minnesota (2 Sep 1862) Wood Lake SM, Minnesota (23 Sep 1862) Camp Release SM, Minnesota (26 Sep 1862) Whitestone Hill Battlefield SHS, North Dakota (Sep 1863) Killdeer Battlefield SHS, North Dakota (July 1864) Nez Perce NHP Corps of Discovery Canoe Camp (Sep–Oct 1805), Idaho Lolo Pass (Sep 1805 and June 1806), Idaho–Montana Long Camp (Spring 1806), Idaho Weippe Prairie (Sep 1805 and June 1806), Idaho 1877 Exodus Camas Prairie, Tolo Lake Overlook, Idaho (June 1877) White Bird Battlefield (17 June 1877), Idaho Cottonwood Skirmishes (3 and 5 July 1877), Idaho Clearwater Battlefield (12 July 1877), Idaho Weippe Prairie (July 1877 council), Idaho Lolo Trail–Lolo Pass, Idaho–Montana Big Hole Battlefield (9–10 Aug 1877), Montana Canyon Creek Battlefield (13 Sep 1877), Montana Bear Paw Battlefield (30 Sep–5 Oct 1877), Montana Southwest and Great Basin Ute Gunnison Massacre site marker, Utah (Oct 1853) Meeker Massacre site marker, Colorado (Sep 1879) Milk River Battlefield Park, Colorado (Sep–Oct 1879) Paiute Pipe Springs NM, Arizona Shoshone Bear River Massacre site marker, Idaho (Jan 1863) Modoc Lava Beds NM, California (1872–1873) Captain Jack’s Stronghold, Thomas–Wright Battlefield, Canby Cross, Hospital Rock Navajo Long Walk Canyon de Chelly NM, Arizona (Kit Carson campaign, Jan 1864) Fort Sumner SM, New Mexico (Bosque Redondo, 1864–1868) Apache Apache Pass, Fort Bowie NHS, Arizona Cochise Stronghold (USFS), Arizona (1861–1872) Dragoon Springs Station ruins (USFS), Arizona Old Camp Grant site, Arizona (Apache massacred, April 1871) Cibecue Creek Battlefield area, Arizona (Aug 1881) Battle of Big Dry Wash site marker (USFS), Arizona (July 1882) Geronimo Surrender Monument (AZ Hwy 80), Arizona (Sep 1886) 22 US–American Indian Wars and Removals (2) Great Plains Sacred Sites Bear Butte SP, South Dakota Guide Rock (Pa-hur), Nebraska Medicine Wheel, Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming (USFS) Pipestone NM, Minnesota Great Plains Treaty Sites Osage Treaty marker, Council Grove, Kansas (1825) Santa Fe Trail passage treaty with Osage Kaw Treaty marker, near Elyria, Kansas (1825) Santa Fe Trail passage treaty with Kansa Horse Creek (Fort Laramie) Treaty marker, Nebraska (1851) Fort Wise (Old Fort Lyon) Treaty site, Colorado (1861) Medicine Lodge Treaty marker, Kansas (1867) Great Plains Battles, Skirmishes, and Massacres Love’s Defeat marker, Kansas (July 1847) Coon Creek Battlefield marker, Kansas (June 1848) Grattan Battlefield marker, Wyoming (Aug 1854) Bluewater Creek Battlefield site, Nebraska (Sep 1855) Solomon’s Fork Battlefield area, Kansas (July 1857) Battle of Wichita Camp marker, Oklahoma (Oct 1858) Comanche attacked near Wichita camp near Rush Springs Crooked Creek Battlefield area, Kansas (May 1859) Hancock’s War (1867) Cheyenne–Oglala Village site marker, Kansas Village destroyed by General Hancock (17 April 1867) Custer Campsite and Skirmish marker, Nebraska (June 1867) Kidder Battlefield markers, Kansas (July 1867) Fort Hays SHS, Kansas Fort Larned NHS, Kansas Fort Wallace Cemetery and Museum, Kansas Indian Raids along the Oregon Trail in Nebraska (Aug 1864) Kiowa Station site marker Emory Stagecoach Ambush site marker Bowie Ranch site marker Oak Grove Station site marker Pawnee Ranch site marker Spring Ranch site markers Plum Creek Massacre site marker Fort Phil Kearny SHS, Wyoming Wagon Box Battlefield (Aug 1867) Beecher Island Battlefield Park Trail, Colorado (Sep 1868) Adobe Walls State Archeological Landmark, Texas (Nov 1864) Sand Creek Massacre and Aftermath (1864–1865) Fort Wise (Old Fort Lyon) site, Colorado Departure point to Sand Creek for troops (28 Nov 1864) Sand Creek Massacre NHS, Colorado (29 Nov 1864) [First visitor on opening day for NHS: 1 June 2007] Cherry Creek Encampment Memorial, Kansas Gathering of Plains tribes (Dec 1864–Jan 1865) Camp Rankin (Fort Sedgwick) site marker, Colorado Battle of First Julesburg (7 Jan 1865) Valley Station site marker, Colorado (Jan 1865) Godfrey’s Station site marker, Colorado (Jan 1865) Mud Springs Station site marker, Nebraska (4–6 Feb 1865) Rush Creek Battlefield area, Nebraska (8–9 Feb 1865) [near mouth of stream now named Cedar Creek] Fort Caspar Historic Site, Wyoming Battle of Platte Bridge (26 July 1865) Battle of Red Buttes marker, Wyoming (26 July 1865) Conner Battlefield SHS, Wyoming (Aug 1865) Fort Phil Kearny SHS, Wyoming Fetterman Battlefield (Dec 1866) Battle of the Washita River (1868) Fort [Camp] Supply SHS, Oklahoma Washita Battlefield NHS, Oklahoma (Nov 1868) Kansas Victims of 1868‒1869 Indian Raids — Memorials Delphos Cemetery, Anna Morgan gravesite (Oct 1868) Held by Cheyenne; returned by Custer (March 1869) Lincoln County Courthouse Monument (May 1869) 13 killed, 2 captured (others killed in Republic County) Summit Springs Battlefield site marker, Colorado (July 1869) Marias (Bear) River Massacre marker, Montana (Jan 1870) Little Wichita River Battlefield marker, Texas (July 1870) Red River War (1874–1875) Adobe Walls State Archeological Landmark, Texas (June 1874) Wichita Agency site, Oklahoma (Aug 1874) Palo Duro Canyon SP, Texas (Sep 1874) Fort Wallace Cemetery, Kansas German family gravesites (Sep 1874) Father, mother, son, and oldest daughter killed; 4 daughters captured; returned in winter 1874–1875. Dark Water Battlefield area, Kansas (April 1875) [Dark Water = Sappa Creek] Rosebud Battlefield SHS, Montana (17 June 1876) Little Bighorn Battlefield NM, Montana (25 June 1876) Dull Knife Battlefield area, Wyoming (25 Nov 1876) Northern Cheyenne Exodus from Southern Reservation Fort Reno Historic Site, Oklahoma (Sep 1878) Darlington Agency site (across Canadian River) Punished Woman Fork Battlefield site marker, Kansas (Sep 1878) [Punished Woman Fork = Ladder Creek] Oberlin Cemetery monument and marker , Kansas (Sep 1878) 19 settlers and herders of 40 killed were in Decatur County Fort Robinson SP–SHS, Nebraska (Jan 1879) Wounded Knee Massacre marker, South Dakota (Dec 1890) 23 Great Plains Settlement 1850–1899 Plains Homesteads and Towns Grinter Place SHS, Kansas (1855–1860 ferry and trading post) Vegetarian Colony marker, Kansas (abandoned) Agricultural colony of vegetarians: 1856–1857 Homestead National Monument of America, Nebraska Goodnow House SHS, Kansas (1860s) Old Mill Museum, Lindsborg, Kansas (1898) Swedish town founded 1869 Mennonite Settlement Museum, Hillsboro, Kansas Russian–Polish Mennonite immigrants Peter Paul Loewen House (1876) Jacob Friesen Windmill replica (original built in 1876) Nicodemus NHS, Kansas pre-Exoduster town founded 1877 Beersheba marker, Kansas (abandoned) Russian–Jewish agricultural colony: 1882–1886 Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas Spring Hill Farm and Stock Ranch (3-story limestone house, 1881) Cottonwood Ranch SHS, Kansas English-style ranch with limestone buildings (1885–1896) Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS, Montana (1862–1930s) Prairie Dog Creek SP, Kansas Spencer Adobe House (1892) Kansas County Seat ‘Wars’ (1887‒1893) Wichita County (Coronado vs. Leoti) Coronado (abandoned; east of Leoti; unmarked). 27 February 1887: Coronado Fight. Shootout started by 7 men from Leoti – 3 killed. Leoti (current county seat). Stevens County (Hugoton vs. Woodsdale) Hugoton (current county seat). 5 June 1888: Hugoton Fight. Shootout with men from Woodsdale attempting to arrest Hugoton City Marshall. 22–23 June 1888: Vote canvass for railroad bonds. 2 companies of state militia maintained order. Wild Horse (Playa) Lake, Oklahoma (“No Man’s Land”) 25‒26 July 1888: Hay Meadow Massacre site. Hugoton City Marshall murdered 4 of 5 men in posse from Woodsdale. About 600 state militiamen dispatched to stop violence. Woodsdale (abandoned; unmarked). Gray County (Cimarron vs. Ingalls) Cimarron (current county seat). 12 January 1889: Cimarron Fight. Shootout with Ingalls men over county records (1 man killed). 2 companies of state militia sent to restore order. Ingalls (extant town). Seward County Springfield (former county seat; abandoned; site marker). 5 January 1892: Big Canyon Fight. County sheriff shot and killed by men from Springfield who planned to kill the district judge. Parts of 3 companies of state militia sent to restore order. Liberal (current county seat). Garfield County (Ravanna vs. Eminence) Ravanna (first county seat; abandoned; unmarked). Ruins of sandstone courthouse in pasture along county road. Eminence (second county seat; abandoned; unmarked). 1887–1893: County organized, then disorganized. Garfield County had the 432 sections required for a county, but a resurvey showed some sections were not the full 640 acres. Most of Garfield County now comprises eastern Finney County. Range Wars Lincoln County War, NM (1878–1879) Lincoln SM, Lincoln Old Courthouse Tunstall Store John H. Tunstall Murder marker, Glencoe Pleasant Valley War, AZ (1882–1892) Young (formerly Pleasant Valley) Basque shepherd’s grave and marker Holbrook Blevins House and marker Johnson County War, WY (1891–1892) Wyoming Hwy 196, Kaycee to Buffalo John Tisdale Murder marker KC Ranch House marker T.A. Ranch marker Border War (Mexican Revolution) 1910–1919 Arizona Fort Naco (Camp Newell), Naco, Arizona (1910–1923; adobe fort 1917) John Slaughter Ranch Museum, Arizona Camp San Bernardino Ranch ruins (1911–1923) Camp Stephen D. Little marker (1910–1933), Nogales, Arizona Railroad border crossing: Battle of Amblos Nogales (27 Aug 1918) New Mexico and Texas Pancho Villa SP, Columbus, New Mexico (March 1916) Big Bend NP (Castolon encampment), Texas (1916–1920) 24 World Wars, Cold War, and Terrorism World War I (US sites only) Liberty Memorial–National World War I Museum, Kansas City, Missouri Winston Churchill Memorial, Fulton, Missouri World War II (US sites only) World War II Japanese Internment Camps (1942–1945) Camp Amache (Granada Relocation Center), Colorado Manzanar NHS, California Minidoka NHS, Idaho Tule Lake Unit NM, California Camp Tulelake and Segregation Center World War II POW Camps Camp Concordia (restored limestone guard tower), Kansas Housed ~4,000 German military prisoners, 1943–1945. Tule Lake Unit NM, California Camp Tulelake World War II Historic Sites and Museums—Pacific Theater Pearl Harbor, Hawai’i WWII Valor in the Pacific NM, USS Arizona Memorial USS Oklahoma Memorial USS Bowfin Submarine Museum and Park Battleship Missouri Memorial Pacific Aviation Museum Fort Stevens SP (June 1942), Oregon Fort Stevens shelled by Japanese submarine. Japanese Bomb Trail (Sep 1942; USFS), Brookings, Oregon Plane launched from Japanese submarine dropped incendiary bombs. Mitchell Monument (May 1945; USFS), Oregon 1 woman and 5 teenagers killed after finding Japanese balloon bomb. Ice House Memorial and Bathtub Row, Los Alamos, New Mexico Trinity Site (16 July 1945), White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico National Museum of the Pacific War, Fredericksburg, Texas Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas World War II Historic Sites and Museums—European Theater USS LST Ship Memorial, Evanston, Indiana LST-325—North Africa, Sicily, Normandy Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home, Abilene, Kansas Winston Churchill Memorial, Fulton, Missouri Cold War Winston Churchill Memorial, Fulton, Missouri “Iron Curtain” Speech, Westminster College (1946) Minuteman Missile NHS, South Dakota Terrorism Oklahoma City National Memorial, Oklahoma (19 April 1995) Flight 93 National Memorial, Pennsylvania (11 Sep 2001) 25
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