A TROPICAL DEPENDENCY
A TROPICAL
DEPENDENC-Y
An Outline of the Ancien
History of the ~~stern Souda1
with an .Account of the Moder1
Settlement of N orthe~n Nig~ri•
BY
FLORA L. SHAV
(LADY LUGARD)
llonnon
JAMES NISBET & CO., LIMITED
zt
BERNER.S STREET
1905
Printed by BAl.LAN'fiNE, HANSON & Co.
At the Ballantyne P!ess
>TO
bW"Y HUSBAND-
CONTENTS
CHAP.
I.
PAGB
INTRODUCTORY
II. CONQUEST
OF
I
NORTH
AFRICA
ARABS
AND
SPAIN
BY
THE
. ,
24
III. ARAB CIVILISATION IN SPAIN
·3I
so
IV. THE EMPIRE· OF "THE Two SHORES ". .
58
67
73
78
83
V. AFRICAN RULE IN SPAIN
VI. DECLINE OF MOHAMMEDAN POWER IN SPAIN
VII. SPANISH ARABS IN AFRICA
•
VIII. THE SouDANESE STATES
IX. NEGROLAND AND THE WESTERN ARABS
X.
BERBER AND BLACK
•.
90
XI. THE TRADE OF GHANA
IOO
XII. MoRABITE CoNQUEST oF THE SouDAN •
I07
XIII. GHANA AND TIMBUCTOO
I I3
XIV. THE MELLESTINE •
II
XV. MANSA MusA
7
I22
XVI. IBN BATUTA IN MELLE
129
XVII. ADMINISTRATION OF THE MELLESTINE
I 42
XVIII. MEETING OF EASTERN AND WESTERN INFLUENCE. UPON
THE NIGER
I
XX. MILITARY CONQUESTS OF SONNI ALI
XXI. AsKIA MoHAMMED ABou BEKR
..I74
•
181
XXII. SONGHAY UNDER ASKIA THE GREAT
XXIII. SoNGHAY UNDER AsKIA THE GREAT
190
(continued)
199
XXIV. THE LATER AsKIAS
XXV. ANCIENT
CONNECTION
211
OF
HAUSSALAND
VALLEY OF THE NILE
XXVI. THE PHARAOHS IN HAUSSALAND
XXVII. THE HAUSSA STATES
53
163
XIX. RISE oF THE SoNGHAY EMPIRE
.
XXVIII. THE DOMINATION OF KANO
vii
WIT{{
THE
CONTENTS
viii
CHAP.
PAG8
XXIX. HAUSSALAND TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY •
•
•XXX. BORNU
XXXI. CONaiTION OF THE SOUDAN AT THE
•
SIXTEENTH CENTURY •
zs8
z68
END OF THE
XXXII. THE MooRISH CoNQUEST •
XXXIII. THE SOUDAN UNDER THE MOORS
X:4(XIV. THE SOUDAN CLOSED TO THE WESTERN WORLD
- XXXV. EUROPE IN WEST AFRICA
•
XX:XVI. THE EUROPEAN SLAVE TRADE •
XXXVII. ENGLAND AND FRANCE oN THE LowER NIGER •
XXXVIII. THE RovAL NIGER CoMPANY.
XXXIX. TRANSFER. oF NIGER CoMPANY's TERRITORIES To THE
CROWN
366
37 3
'XL. ORIGIN OF THE FULANI
XLI. ·RisE' OF THE FuLANI IN THE SouDAN
XLII. SULTAN BELLO •
38I
. 390
XLIII. NORTHERN NIGERIA UNDER FULANI RULE
399
XLIV. 'SLAVE-RAIDING. •
408
•
XLV. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATION
417
XLVI. MILITARY. OccuPATION oF THE SouTHERN EMIRATES
AND BORNU
XLVII. CoNQUEST OF SoKoTo AND KANO
XLVIII. BRITisH Poucv IN NoRTHERN NIGERIA
426
438
449
XLIX. NIGERIA UNDER BRITISH RULE: SLAVERY.
460
L. NIGERIA UNDER BRITISH RULE: TAXATION
466
LI. NIGERIA uNDER BRITISH RuLE: JusTICE AND GENE. RAL REORGANISATION •
LII. EcoNOMIC REsouRcEs OF NoRTHERN NIGERIA
LIII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE
INDEX
476
485
491
SOl
INDEX
I., 32, 44
Abdurrahman II., so, 5 I
Abou B~r. See Askia Abou Bekr
Abou Bekr of Wankore, teacher,
204-200.
Abou e1 Hac;en of Morocco, 75, 76, ·
127, 134
.,
.
Abou Ishak or Toueidjen, 125, 126 •
A~ouatein. See Spain and Africa,
ti
• dual empire! "
•
·
Africa-'Cut off frow Europe by Turkish Jos"Session of N. Coast, 294 · •
Early civilisation, Io-13
•.
· European influence on interiqr and
co4st differen1, 344. 345 .• ·.· •
First settlements on coast line OL•y;.
320, 321
Inferi'll' races always driven south,
~16, 317
Nortli"'Coast of Africa. See that
• title
Slave trade. See that title ·
._'ioudan. See that title
Two•great trade routes to interior,
223-226
West Coast of Mrica. S~ that title
Aghadez, 195, 201 · · .
Ahmed Baba, Soudan historian, .t 56,
204
.
.
Aiwalatiri, 90, 93, 96, 97, IJO, 165 1 175
AI Gazzali, 36
Al-Hazen, Arab·optician, 36 ·
.11....!-Maimon, Arab astronomer, 35
AI Mansur, 51, 52
·
Alarcos, Battle of, 64
Alexantler the Great, 94
Algebra, product of Arab civilisation,
35
Ali Folen, 191; 196, 2U
. ••
Ali Ghajideni, reign of. See Bomu,
273-276
ABDURRAHMAN
\
Aimohades sect conquers MotoCfO
and Spain, 58, 59 · •
Almoravides, TheDesert Kingdom, 107-112
Dual Empire, Spain and Morocco,
. 55. 56
·.
Origin, 54
·
Lose Spain a~c:I' Morocco, 59
Andalusia. see Spain
A'abic numerals, 35 ·
Arabs-·
Andalusian immigration, value .of,
• . 67-72
~rlydealings with N egroland, 84-89
Great scientists, philosophers; hi!i. torians1 35-40
·
Leam'ag · ·and ·achievements in
I11.edievaltimes, 32-49. 67~2
North Africa conquered by, 24-29
Ommeyadls dynasty, 32-49
.
Spain conquered, 29-32
.Armour used in Haussaland, 251
Artesian water, 118
Ash-sb.aQndi epistle quoted, 6o, 61
Askia Abou BekrAsc'tnds Songhay throne, i81
Corique~ts, I9Q-I98
Dealhlt2I I-9!12•
Minister'\o Sonni Ali, 171-173
Pilgrimage to Mecca, 182-I89
Reforms, 199-202
Audoghast, 9o-93; sacked, 107
Avempace, Arab physician, 39
\\verrhoes, Arab scholar, 36, 64, 65
Avicenna, Arab philosopher, 35, 36
Aztecs, ·practices similar to those of
African blacks, 137-139
'SOl
BAJAZET, Sub:n, 286, 287
•
Barbary, learning
an~splendour at
Tunis, 73
·
•
,.
INDEX
502
(
.-
Barbct, quoted, 3~, 323, 324, 334, 336, Caravan routes, 15-17
Cargill, Dr., quoted, 47
337. 340
.Barth, Dr., explorer, quoted, ISS. IS6, Carnegie, Mr., 422
1571 2601 262, 263, 271, 342, 377, Chartered Company on West ~oast
(serenteenth century), 329-332
379,465
(
Bautchi submits to<:3ritish administra- Chines; coins found on East Coast
c
oflAfrica, 222
tion, 434
Bello, C·.·l<<tn-.
c_ Chinese labour. See Colou.-ed labour
c Quoted, 270, 275, 276
ChristianityReign of, 39o-398
,<ipread in Central Africa by re.
Ben:Musa, Arab geometer, 35
fugees, 234
Benins, ·The, 179
Stronghold in N. Africa in early
,Berber Tribfsdays, I4
Almohades rule in Spain, 58-65
Clapperton, Captain, explore:., 342
Almoravides. See that title
Coloured labour, 3-6
Conquered by Arabs : result, amal- Columbus, I85-187, 188, 292
gamation, 26-32
Congo Free State founded, 350
Characteristics similar to primitive . Cordova. See und~r Spain
races of N. Europe, 321 34
(Cotton growing, N. Nigeria, 487-4~9.
Lemtunah nation, 53
Crusades, The,. 59, 25I
·
Cyrene, I3 4
O
Origin of, 13-IS
(!
Revolt and conquer Spaind2-57'
(
Blyden, Dr., quoted, 376
Borgu, kingdom of, 106, 179; corf- DiHOMEY, French Protectorate o{, 358
quered by Askia, -193
Deul!ur, Captain, 359, 360
Bornu StatesDelafosse, M., quoted, 3791 380
Condition at time of Moorish in- D~nh'ai{l, Major, quoted, 342, 376,
(..
vasion, 286
c 377, 388, 389, 409
DenmarkDist.:;ption in, 399, 4<f - '"
Cruelty of agents on West <(oast, 337
History of, 106, 236, 25I, 252, 254,
264,268-481
(
Settlements, 326, 329
Djolfs, The, 8I
Invaded by Fulani, 388
l'jouder Pasha, commander Mood~h
Mohammed el Kanemi, 388, 389
army, 296-305, 3II-3I3
Occupied by British, 433-436
Dutch settlement on West ( Co~s,.t,
Slave-raid described, 412;:1IS
.
Bosman, quoted, 338, 340
325-327, 329, 330, 337
Brandenburgh, has settlemefits on Dwarfs, near Gao, 157, I58
West Coast, 326
British Empire- , c 1 'c <
EBN ]UNIS1 astronomer, invented
Not a white empire, I 1
Tropical area, extent and richness,
pendulum, 351 38
11 2
EgyptConquered by Cambyses, 95
Burials, Royal, in Ghana, 67
Early civilisation, 9, 10
(
Ethiopi ..,n dynasty, Persian Cf'TlCAILLE1 RENE, 34I
ques~ the Ptolemies, 233, 234
Caliphate, TheExpeditions westward and southDivides into Eastern and Western
ward under Pharaoh, 230'-234
Caliphates, 32, 3$
Hyksos dynasty, 3
~
Eastern, overthrow11. by Tartars, 67
Mamelukes, invaded by Tamerlane,
Western breaks till into three ·' 286
Powers, ~7
""
~~ Nimrod the, Powerful, legend, 227•
1~
228 1 •
Cannibalism, ) 24
lND~X
El Bekri, historian of N egroland• Life, s s-89
Quoted, 91, 9S 1 96, 98, IOS, roB, 16o
El hlrisi, geographer, quoted, 37, 38,
Fulani race (con!nued)
.•
Empire founded-a Holy War, 38s387
lolaussaland conquered, 387
History, legends, &c., 374-380
uo, us
England• Moorish rule thJ¥>Wn off, 384, 38 s
AttitudtMowards slavery, 46,
Origin of kings, 38I-382
ExploraAiion in Central Africa, 34I- • Overthrown in Bornu, 38!LSpiritualism and second sight, 393 •
342
International race for territory in
Sultan Bello's reign, 39o-398
System of administration, 4os, 'o6
Africa1 3SG-3SS
•
Policy, to withdraw from native
affairs, 34S-349
Settlerreents on West Coast, 326-33I GAGO or Kaougha. See Songhay
Slave trade. See that title
Gambia, colony founded, 343, 34S
Equator, curious · theory concerning, Gando accepts British administration,
176
447
Es-sadi, Soudan historian, ISS
Geber or Djajar, Arab chemist, 36
Es Soyouti, 184 •
Genowah, 7 · •
Etltiopians. See Meroe
Germany, competition for African
territory, 3S4, 360
:;urope1
•
B!rbarian invasion from north, 33
Gi1dna, Kingdom ofExploring expeditions into Centpl
Aiwala'ltn. See that title
•Black dynasty overthrown, JJo-It2
~rica, 34I-342
'
International race for territo~ein
Conquered by Susu, then by Melle,
~04, II9 .
•
Africa, 3So-3SS
•
Mohammedan .ivilisation in. • See
Decay of, u6, II7
•.
Spain •
• •
History,~>£, 93--99
Mohammedans expelled from W esTralile, Ioo-Io3
Gibbon quotecf, 290
tern furope, 289-29S
Settlements on West Coast of Africa. Gibraltar, ety111.ology, 30
S~est Coast of Afrjca
Gold and gold mines, 98, IOS, III, IJ2,
'iurkish Empire conquers Mediter'io
147, I48
ranean coasts, 288-289
Gold Coast Colony founded, 343, 34S
E~loration in Central Africa by
Goldie, Si' George, 3S2, 3S6, 364, 365
Great Britain. See England
Eu!opeans,34I-342, 3So-3SS
· Gtmpo4tder, Arab invention, 36
•
FERDINAND and Isabella. See Spain
Fez. See under Morocco
FranceAmbitions in Africa, 3491 3SG-3S4
Settlements on West Coast, 32332S1 326
Strained relations on Nigerian
boundary,3s8-36o
Violation of British border in Bornu,
433Y 43S
'ranco- German War stimulates
Colonial ambition, 349
Fulani race, 21, 22, 81, 87, I94, 2S:Z.
253
Degeneration and crul:lty, '101-404
•••
HAKLUYT q~oTed, •327
Haussa StatesBornu State. See that title
British administration: introduced.
See Nigeria
·
·
'Condition at time of Moorish invasion, 284-285
Condition when British authority is
introduced, 406, 407
Con111ered by ~kia, I9S
Daura, legem~ concerning, 26o
Degeneratio~of Fulani rule, 40I405 •
.
Early religion, 242-2'-'
504
Eau~lia States (contz}suetl)
Fulani ruleConquest,. 387
Reign of Sultan Bello, 39<>-39~,
State$ revolt, are defeated, 391
1
393-396
~Gober, State of, 265-266
Hi~_·•rv. and legends, 236-242, 246-Ci
25i, 258-267
Kano. See that title
~tsena. See that title
Queen Amina of Zaria, 246,247,252
Soldiers' y.enerosity to enemies, 213
States. See their various titles
Travelling traders, ~85
Haussa Regiment. See West African
Frontier Police
Heeren, quoted, 222
Herodotus, quoted, t.J, 12, 191 221
Horneman, explorer, 341
Hygienic rules of Katib Moussa, 126
Hyksos dynasty, Egypt, 372, . <
IBN BATUTAJourneyings, 74. 75
Visits to Melle, 129-141, 144,1_49-151
Ibn Haukal, quoted, 84 . r
Ibn ~ltaldun, quoted, 73, 74 ~,
Ibn Said, Arab histor(\0, quoted, 37,
47, 6o, 63, 69, 70 (
Ibn Zohr, Arab physician; 39
lfrikiah, Province ofHafside dynasty, 65
(See also Barbary States~
Isabella, Queen of Spain. Se~ Spain
Kano (continued)
Conquest by Songhay and declin<:.,
254-257, 266, 267
History, 249-254
•·
Legend concerning, 242-244, 248
Pi,son, 402
Karitaft See Kebbi
c
Katsena(·
Accepts British administration, 446
Province and town of, 261-265
Kebbi PrincipalityFounded, 196
Importance of, 275
Katsena. See that title <.
Partly Fulani, 283, 284
Struggle with Bomu, 276, 277, 284
Kontagora, hostile attitude to British,
421, 422, 426
.
Kororofa, State of,'238
Kuka or Kaougha. See under Song:1ay
L< BO\TR. See Coloured labour, also
(.. Slave trade
~
Laing, Major, explorer, 342
LtLndor, Richard, explorer, 342
Laulure,
M.
de, qwted, 21, 7fJ, 378
r .
('
'
J..em-:Lems or cannibals,,98
Leo Africaniis quoted, 254, 412
Libyans. See Berber tribes ·
Lugard, Col. Sir Frederick.!:.
Concludps treaty at NikiC;-3)9, 36o
, High Commissioner, N. Nigeria~364
Organises West -African Frontier
Police, 361
Lyon, explorer, 342 ·
<..
JAPAN and native labour, f.
·
' r· ( '
Ancient Egyptian infhiencein, 161
Riots under Moorish rule, 306
Submits to Sonni Ali, 174
Territory of, 146, 147, 165
11
Jigger," The, 124
J oloff race, 37 5
(
MAGHREB. Ste Morocco
Magic and talismans, 228, 229
Makkari family, traders, 1oo-1o3
Maloney, Captain, murder of, 436, 437
Mansa Musa, King of Melle
Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1~128
Sends embassy to Merinite king,
75.77
Masina, Fulani stronghold, 104, 381
382, 386
KAGHO or Kaougha. ·See Songhay
Mecca, As~ia Abou Bekr visits, r8§,
Kanem. See BorlUl
Melle, Empire ofKanoBornu attack upb~;~, 280
' Conquered by Askia, 192
British expedition ant occupation,
Decay and conquest by Songhay,
121, 152,' 166
439-4·/l
~-
Je~ne-
I
sos
INDf!:X
Musa Nosseyr;' and conquest .of ~.
Melle, Empire of (continued)
Africa and Spain, 25-30 •
• Early history, 82, 105, I I 5
Muskets in use in Bornu, 278, 280
Ibn Batuta's visit, 134-141
:!\\ansa Musa, reign of, 12o-128
Practices similar to those lAztecs,
NATIONAL Afr¥;an Co. formed,
137· 138
352-355; (later see Royal Niger~
Practi~s similar to thos of N.
Co.)
·
_,
Eurdpe, 145, 149
Sends presents to King of Morocco, Native labour. See Coloured laboue,
also Slave trade
75· 76, 127
•
Negro, admixture of Arab blood 11 8~
Songhay conquered, 120, 161
Negroland. See also SoudanSystem of administration, 142-151
Arab dealings with, 841
Trade and history of kings, I 17-120
Early records, 8r, 82
Meroe-.
El Bekri's account, 85-87
Civilisation of, 219-222
Frontage upon civilisation reversed
Trade routes, 222-226
after rsoo, r88
Mineral resources ofN. Nigeria, 489
Genealogies and dynasties traced
Misra1m, burial o.£ 97
through fellale line, 119, 131
r.tissionaries on ~. Coast, 326
Inferior races driven south, 2o-21,
~oguls. See Tamerlane
• Mohammed Alt:lu Bek• See Askia
22,23
M8hammed ben Zergoun, 301-312
•No ~anish Arab conquest prior
Mohammed el Kanemi, .camptign
· to seventeenth century, 79
· .against Sultan Bt!llo, 388, ~95, • Physical features and boundaries,
396
.
••
7cr-80
.
Mohammed Koti, 202
•.
Sidjiimessa, 87
Moha111medanisnt•
Tide of progress from West east• u8-i2I
•
Melle an" Songhay ac.cept,
war~ also decadence, 78, 82
Northern belt of Soudan converted,.
W~~&tern routes from N.eAfrica,
110
87-89 f
.
Taxe: recognised by, 468-470
Niger, The4Moo~heEl Bekri's account, 105
1
•Expulsion from Spain, 291-295 •
Ibn Batuta's description, 133
Songhay conquered under Djouder
Richness of lower reaches, 366
Pasha, 296-314
·Trade if Niger Co. and Royal Niger
l!ori<Ihd, Colonel, 432, 433, 443
Co. See those titles .
MoroccoWl!ershed, value of, 352
Arabs conquer, 27, 28 •
Niger Company; trade expansion to
City founded by Almoravides, 108
. · NP¢.J.W-l7r
Embassy to kingdom of. Melle, 76, Nigeria-•
.
127
Boundaries of, 356-358, 362
Gained by Merinites, 65, 66, 67
Divided into North and South
Learning and splendour at Fez,
Nigeria, 363, 364
Geographical position, 7, 21
74,75
List of presents to Sultan of Turkey, ' North Nigeria. See that title
75. 76
Race to secure treaty at. Nikki,
Mossi, State of358-36o
Attacks Melle, 165, 175
Nigretis Tribe, 20
, Conquered by Askia, 192
Nik~, Treaty or, 359, 36o
Conquest by Sonni Ali, 178
North Africa-.
Mungo ParkArab con~st, 24-29
Journeys, 341, 351
Three ~tural zones,J-9
' Quoted, 373, 375, 37,
Turkish conquest,. ~288, 294
2 K •
•
•
•
.
E·
INDEX
so6
~orthern Ni~eria, Brltish adniinistra· PortugaltionClimate, 482 · · ..
Communication, means of, 482, 484
Early history; 417-425
Expeditions agaim.t Yola and Bornu,
432-437
Futu~--Qfj
potential resources,
48s-49o ·.·
~
Embassies to Sonni Ali and to
Mossi, 177, 178
Exploration of W. African C&ast,
17~! prince visits Lisbon, 176
Fula
Pop ~ Bull dividing unkn~wn terri., ·
tories, 186, 187
. Settlements on W. African Coast,
r 323-325
Vasco da Gama's expedition, 187,
188
Printing, invention of, 290
Punishments, barbarous, 200 '
Installation of new Emirs, 449-459
Juc#.icial system, 477-480
Kano occupied, 438-446
'.Native hatrr.d of Fulani rule, 442, 443
Oath ofallegiance, 457
Organisation of British administration, 48o-482
RAILWAYS, . urgent need for, 482,
Policy of working through native
498-499
chiefs, 426-430
Religion· follows m&vement of races,
Railways urgently n<eeded, 482, 498,
f
317-319
b.
499
.
.
Residents' d~_ties i9, British Pro- _
Sokoto, expedition and occupatiop,
· tectorates, 480, 481
(;/.
447-455
.Ritf~i~, explorer, 342
System of Emirs and Chiefs, 456, 459. ·Ro~an ~ccupation of Northern Africa,
Taxation.
. ~­
I<! 24
'
.
'
cat
Mohammedan States, 468-47)
Roral African Co., history of, 33o-332,
Pagan States, 476, 477 ·
3$5
•
•
Trade·
·
Ro~al N:gef Co. See also Niger Co.
· Caravans and tolls, 492,c;95
Campaign against Nupe; 36o-371
Wi'ta outer worl(l, \tospect§) 491,
History of, 355-365
495-499
•
·f
Rubber forests,·486
N upe, Kingdom of- · (.
.
r
Great antiquity, 1o6
Hostile attitude to British, 421, 422 St\ kingdom in Tripoli, 160
Sakora, King of Melle, I19, I20 ·
Pacification, 427-429
.
Salt mines of Tegazza, 297
Saracens, 315
O~L Rivers Protectorate, 366 · .(o
Sardinia spoiled by Musa, 27
Oudney, Dr., 342
Scythianst ·characteristics similar to
those of Berbers, 33, 34
PAGANISMSecond sight practised, 393
Customs and legends, Haussaland, Sicily spoiled by Musa Nosseyr, 27Sidjilmessa. See under N egroland
242-244
Driven ever farther south, I 16
Sierra Leone, colony founded, 343o
Fetishism, 3I7-3I9; decay of, 26o,
345
26I
( Silla, Kingdom of, I04
Slave tra,de, TheWest Coast Africa, low type, 334
Park. See Mungo Park
AbolitionCompensation for loss of ttvenue,
Persian influence in Negroland, 94,95
<
Pharaohs. See Emt
466-475
(
Pharusii Tribe, 20 · · c
Problems of transition period,
Phrenicians, The"o .
r
46o-465
· Civilisation of, Io-IJ
(,
Attitude of Mohammedan blacks,
Organisatio~f States, 24o-242
~: I48-J49 ..
.,
..
•
•
'INDt:x
Slave trade, The (continuerl) ·
• Coloured labour. See that title
English trade, sixteenth century,
•327-331
Haussaland, 259, 407
\
Proclamation by British dministratoP, 423, 428, 430
.
Raidin~ described, 408-416" •.
West Coast of Africa, trade, 333-341,
343. 344
SokotoOccupied by British, 447, 448
Proclamation, Emir installed, 449455•
Songhay, Kingdom ofAccepts Mohammedanism, 120
Askia Abou Bekr, reign of, 181-185,
188, 190-1981t2II
• Askia dynasty, following Abou :Bekr,
• 211-215
.
.
•
~.capital, Kaolgha, o1•Kaukaw, 18,
I 105, 120, 157
.,
Conquered by Melle,
t .,
• C.nquers Melle, I21_,152 1 166 '
Decadent condition, Mooris1i• invasion, 282
•
Eas~rn porti<ftl uncopq'lfr~d ,by
Moors,.;3o4, 305,313
·
e
Flourishing condition under Askia,
.I99i2IO ·
History and legends of the race,
~64
. I
•Moors, conquest of, 296-305
•
Sonni Ali, reign of, 166-I75, 177-180
•Wars with Masina and Fulanis, 382,
3~4
.
Sonni Ali, Songhay kingConquests and reign, I64f-175, I77I8o
Trade with Portugal, 177
SoudanBritish Government first appears,
372
Cut otT from civilised world (by
Turkish conquests), I88-190, 315,
316, 320, 321
Eastern Soudan possible home of
ci\'ilisation, I 7
Egyptian expedition under Pharaoh,
23D-234
Face towards civilisation south oot
north after ISoo, ~2o, 371, 372 •
Immigration from Arabia,l8
12o.»•
Soudan" (continJerl)
International race for territory, 35o355,358-362
'Longevity of individuals and State,•
215-217
Moorish invasic:Jb. Songhay expedition, 296-314, 373
Religion·
~
Follows movement of races; 31)1 1
318
Three great movements, 31<1, ·
Royal marriages with conquered
royalties, I 93
SpainAlmoravides and Altnohades rule,
58-65
Andalusians, contemporary estimate; 69-72
Arab conque~, 29-32
Brigand and King of Seville, 63 ·
Brilliant civilisation under Om.. merjdes, 32-49
Christian families · deported to N;
•
Africa, 64
: <;ordova, Toledo, Malaga, Seville,
· during Arab civilisation, 4o-49, 61
Decay of Arab power, conquest by
Yu~f; 52, 55-57
Hlfl!ldites, ~oslem kingdorr.?67 ·
Moors expi!lled, 291-295
Ommeyadb dynasty ends, 51
Spain and AfricaBreak up into three Powers, 67
Dual Empire, 56-66
Spirituaijj;m, 393
Statu~ colossal, near rocks of Almena,
2301 2321 246
· ·
Steam apflied to transport, impetus to
ell[lW>rati,gn, J49
·•
Strabo, qu«Jted, 379
TAMERLANE, conquests and death, 287
. Tariklt-es-Soudan quoted, 154, 282,
283, 373
lTaxation in Protectorates, difficulties
of, 465-475
Tegazza, salt city, 130
Tekrour, kingdom of, IIS
Tele~~an conquered by Morocco, 127
Tenkamenin, IO:ing of Ghana, 98
Thaly, Dr., qlibted, 378
Thule,TaPshish, Ophir,.Kreat maritime ·
trade, 11-12
INDEX
508
\·imb.er inN. Nigeria~ 486
TimbuctooArt of ancient Egypt existing in,
161
.
L
Canal to Aiwalatin constructed, 178
Conquered by Mensa Musa, 126 <
Foundation of, roB, l13, l14 ·
Em~llh!hed by Askia Daouad, 214
Ibn Bah.1ta's visit, 149
. Learning and wealth, 202-209
Sa,J=ked and burnt. by Sonni Ali,
167-171
"Sacked b~ Moors, 3oo-3o2, 306310
Tin Yeroutan, Berber king, 92, 93
Trade routes to Central Africa, 223226
.
Tropical administration, 1-6
Tuaregs<..
Found Timbuctoo, 113
Repossess Timbuctoo, 164, 165
Struggle with Fulani, 385 0 .
( ·
Struggle with Moors, 306-=307, 385
Tunis·
c:
Centre of learning and splendpur,
73
Musa constructs a fleet at; 27
Turkish Empire('.
.
_ Con<pers coasts of Mediterr&:lean,
288-289
- t.
Conquers N. Coast oftAfrica, 286288, 294
Mameluke dynasty in Egypt, 286
UNDERGROUND city in Centralj\.frica,
225
W AHUMAS of Eastern Africa resemble
~-·
Fulani, 380
Wall of Dalouka, Abyssinia through ·
Nubia, 2331 234
c
Wang~ 1 ProvinceA bu 'er state, 273,274
Gre .4, gold cou?try, "III t
· Pers1an extraction of the J.eople, 94,
95
J'hrows off yoke of Ghana, I I 5
West African Frontier Police raised,
361
West Coast of AfricaBritish policy to withdraw from
· native affairs, 345-349
Early colonies on seaboard only, 34 5
European settlementsHistory of, 322_~32
.
Spheres of mfluence, Crowt:J.
Colonies~ 343
Low type rL native,(J33-335
Portuguese explore, 175, 176
~~av:'l:t,!_ade. See that title
.;
'"f~·ade-.
,
.c'F'irearms,' spirits...:..evils of, 3401
343, 368
· Modern, 344
Wi)lcocfs, Sir James, 361.
Women; position of- ·• .
In Bornu, 279
·.
.f
Under Anib civilisation, 39, 49
Under ox;:.meyades, 131 ~
(o
YELLOW labour. See Coloured lab~r
Yoruba tribe, traditions of, 227,~228 •
{.
()
.
£
c ('·l
VASCO DA GAMA sails rotnd Cape of
Good Hope, 187-188
Veil worn by desert tribes, 92
ZAGHARI1. town of, 133
Zaria, 437, 441, 442
Zaryab, 45, 46
Zingari or gypsy race, 15, 379
Printed <t,y BALLAN~E, HANSON & [o.
Edinburgh ~ondon (;
.