6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN POWER SYSTEMS MPS2015, 18-21 MAY 2015, CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA
Aspects Concerning Human Body Therapy using
Electromagnetic Field
Tudor Plesa
Department of Electrical Machines and Drives
Tehnical University of Cluj Napoca
Cluj-Napoca,Romania
[email protected]
Viorel Trifa, Calin Plesa
Department of Electrical Machines and Drives, Electrotehnics and
Measurements Department
Tehnical University of Cluj Napoca
Cluj-Napoca,Romania
[email protected], [email protected]
The magnetic field therapy is a non-invasive therapeutic
method in the complementary medicine used for the treatment of
various diseases and conditions.
Abstract— Electromagnetism, was highlighted by the English
physician Faraday around the year 1800. He generated magnetic
fields using coils supplied with electric energy. Although the
principle of the magnetic field action on the living beings is the
same, the electromagnetic therapy has not been subjected to
slander. Electromagnetic therapy is predominantly magnetic
therapy although the dedicated medical apparatus also contain
special segments used for electric, currents therapies.
Its successes are particularly spectacular for easing pain and
for the disturbances in the blood circulation by stimulating blood
irrigation. In order to live the cell requires functional metabolic
processes. In essence the magnetic fields influence the oxygen
supply and through it the energy demand in each cell. They also
have a regulatory effect on the neurovegetative system. In this
system acts an essential mechanism of the magnetic field therapy.
The most frequent cause of imbalance in this system are general
ailments. Because this kind of disorders often occur before
reaching to the manifest of the disease symptoms, a control
therapy would be useful in order to prevent the disease.
The electric and magnetic fields are two aspects of a matter
existence form, namely the electromagnetic field. The fact that a
magnetic flux variable through an area bordered by a conductive
coil produces in that coil an induction electromotive force shows
that a variable magnetic field creates an electric field. The result
can be generalized by saying that everywhere in space where
there is a magnetic field variable in time, an electric field and a
variable electric induction. The obtained wave frequency is equal
to the frequency with which the electrons move. It can be said
that the higher the frequency, the more energy is transported in
the same time interval. Analogous to what happens in elastic
waves, an electrical quantity can be defined wavelength of the
electromagnetic waves, and it is equal to the distance with which
the electromagnetic field propagates during a dipole oscillation.
The wavelength of the electromagnetic waves varies in a very
wide range. Thus, in telecommunications, are used
electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths reach several thousand
meters, while the wavelengths of the gamma radiations emitted
by some of the radioactive elements have values in the order of 10
m.
Keywords—electromagnetic, magnetic fields, waves,radiations,
magnetic field therapy, electric field, pulsed electromagnetic field,
currents
I.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism was highlighted by Faraday, an english
physicist in the year 1800. He generated magnetic fields with
the use of coils supplied with electrical energy. Although the
principle of the magnetic field action on the living organisms is
the same, the electromagnetic therapy was then subjected to
slender. The electromagnetic therapy is a predominantly
magnetic therapy even if its dedicated medical devices contain
also special segments for therapies with electrical currents
[3][4].
Electromagnetic waves are transversal waves having a
magnetic component and an electric component, the magnetic
and electric vectors being perpendicular to each other and on the
direction of propagation. In case of disease, the natural
electromagnetic field of the organism and its regeneration
capacity are disrupted. The pulsating magnetic field correctly
dosed as modern physical therapy progressively increases the
cellular activity. This leads to the significant improvement of the
blood circulation, of the oxygen supply, and also to the electric
metabolism increase for the entire body and to the long term
mobilization of its regenerative forces. In the last few years a
series of clinical studies demonstrated the efficiency of the
magnetic field therapy in an increasing range of fields.
The electric field and magnetic field are two aspects of one
form of existence of matter, namely the electromagnetic field.
The fact that a variable magnetic flux passing through an area
bordered by a conductive coil produces in that coil an inductive
electromotive voltage shows that a variable magnetic field
creates an electric field. The result can be generalized in the
sense that everywhere in space where there is a time-varying
magnetic field, an electric field arises. The frequency of the
obtained waves is equal to the frequency in which the electrons
are moving. The higher the frequency value, the more energy is
transported in the same time interval. The wavelengths of the
electromagnetic waves vary in a very large range. Thus, in
telecommunications electromagnetic waves for which the
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6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN POWER SYSTEMS MPS2015, 18-21 MAY 2015, CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA
wavelengths reach thousands of meters are used, while the
wavelengths of the emitted gamma radiations from some
radioactive elements have values in the order of 10 m [4].
atoms or the tube gas and tear the electrons from the layers
near the core.
6) Cosmic radiations and γ radiations
This type of radiations are emitted in nuclear decay process
and in nuclear reactions from the sun and stars (these are
absorbed in the atmosphere) and in terrestrial nuclear reactors.
The electromagnetic waves are propagated in the air with
the speed of light (299.792,458 km/s), approximately equal to
their propagation speed in vacuum. According to this theory,
issued by J. C. Maxwell in 1865, light and similar radiations
(infrared radiation, ultraviolet, etc.) are also of electromagnetic
nature, differing in wavelength.
The electromagnetic field is a rotational field and it
propagates in space under the shape of an electromagnetic
wave with a speed depending on the permittivity and
permeability of the considered environment. The frequency of
the obtained waves is equal to the frequency with which the
electrons are moving. The higher the frequency value, the more
energy is transported in the same time interval [2][5].
II.
TYPES OF EXISTING WAVES
Fig. 1. Wavelength in relation with frequency.
A. Radio waves
Radio waves are used also for transmitting television
signals, for satellite communications and for mobile telephony.
Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
1) Hertzian waves
The Hertzian waves are of four types namely long waves,
medium waves, short waves, ultra-short waves and
microwaves. They are emitted by the oscillations of the
electrons from the transmitter antennas used in radio
communication and microwave systems (television, radar).
2) Infrared radiations
Infrared radiations are electromagnetic waves emitted by
the hot bodies, also being one of the three categories in which
the solar radiations are divided (infrared radiations, visible light
and ultraviolet radiations). They are obtained through
molecular, atom and ion oscillations, and their amplitude
depends on the temperature of the bodies and on the electron
transitions towards the interior shells of the atoms, with inferior
energetic levels.
3) Visible radiations
Visible radiations are perceived by the human eye. They are
emitted by the sun, the stars, incandescent filament lamps
whose temperature can reach 200-300 ˚C, gas discharge tubes
and electric arcs. Light emission is obtained following the
electrons transition on energy levels inferior to the atoms.
Fig. 2. Electromagnetic spectrum.
7) Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations from the
maicrowave and radio frequency band
These are radiations with the frequency between 3 kHz and
300 GHz (the wavelength between 100 km and 1 mm) whose
energy does not cause the ionization of matter (even for
radiations of 300 GHz the energy is three times smaller than
the one necessary for the matter ionization).
4) Ultraviolet radiations
Ultraviolet radiations are emitted by the sun, the stars,
strong heated bodies and mercury vapors from the special
quartz glass (which does not absorb this type if radiation). The
radiations contained in the solar light are mostly absorbed in
the superior layer of the atmosphere (ozone layer). As the
altitude increases, the ultraviolet radiations also increase.
This type of radiations are emitted in nuclear decay process
and in nuclear reactions from the sun and stars (these are
absorbed in the atmosphere) and in terrestrial nuclear reactors.
5) X radiations
X radiations are emitted by special tubes named Roentgen,
in which electrons are accelerated in intense electric fields, so
that they penetrate inside the electronic layers of the anode
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6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN POWER SYSTEMS MPS2015, 18-21 MAY 2015, CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA
III.
-polar effects which take place at the electron level
applied on tissues
PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY
An entire theory describes the processes at the cellular
level, extracellular matrix synthesis and recover under the
effect of two types of agents: chemical and physical. The
physical agents mainly are are stimuli of mechanical nature,
and especially electrical nature. What is very interesting is the
fact that the cell behaves under the action of a certain type of
electrical impulse is if the impulse would trigger the
phenomenon of recovery, rejuvination, aging, synthesis or
another based on genetic information at the biological unit
level []. The first artificial magnetic fields could be made at the
end of the XIX century. The electric energy was transmitted
through the coils and the magnetic field was thus obtained. The
doctor Oskar Gleichmann had a determinant contribution to the
research regarding the terapeutical efficiency of the magnetic
fields [4][8].
-inter-polar effects which take place in the organism
between the two electrodes
-polar effects as a result of the electrolysis which
produces hydrochloric acid at the anode and a base at the
cathode
C. Low frequency currents
The low frequency currents have the frequency value
between 500 impulses/sec – 5 impulses/minute.
The low frequency currents are obtained through the direct
current interruption with the help of some electric and manual
adjustment methods, obtaining the electric impulses which
proceed rhythmically, generally having an excitatory effect.
These impulses can be: singular or in series.
The non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations from the
microwave and radio frequency band are radiations with the
frequency between 3 kHz and 300 GHz (the wavelength
between 100 km and 1 mm) whose energy does not cause the
ionization of matter (even for radiations of 300 GHz the energy
is three times smaller than the one necessary for the matter
ionization). An electromagnetic field (radiation or
electromagnetic wave) is made out of an electric field (E) and a
magnetic field (H), perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the propagation direction which sinusoidal
oscillates between positive and negative values with a
frequency f [10].
D. Diadynamic currents
Diadynamic currents are derived from the sinusoidal
current of 50 Hz which suffered a series of changes. With a
rectifier lamp the molding of the negative phase is obtained,
which causes the formation of a ½ sinusoidal current of 50 Hz.
From this with the help of a double diode a ½ sinusoidal
current of 100 Hz is obtained. Both current forms mentioned
pass from the AC category to the pulse current category,
because they don’t have the negative phase anymore. The
shape of this positive impulses is the ½ sinusoidal curve with a
period of 0.01 sec.
The magnetic field therapy has many therapeutic effects.
For example, there are cellular effects involved. The cellular
pathology is the theory that says that all diseases can be
explained through perturbations at the cellular level of the body
or at their functioning level. In order to live cells need
functional metabolic processes. In essence, the magnetic fields
influence the oxygen supply and therefor the energy demand
from each cell. They also have a regulatory effect on the
neurovegetative system.
E. Fixed single phase
Is a shape similar to the one of sinusoidal currents, the
upward slope is the same as for the sinusoidal current but the
downward slope does not symmetrically fall but it describes a
slow exponential curve reaching the value 0 in double time in
comparison to the ½ sinusoidal current and thus also covering
the pause period reaching the value 0 at the base of the next
impulse.
A. DC production methods
In order to produce DC chemical or mechanical methods
are used. The classical element for DC production through the
chemical method is the Volta cell (two-fluid cell). This cell is
made out of two metallic plates (Zn and Cu) which are then
introduced into a receptacle with H2SO4.
An impulse duration is thus of 20 mili-seconds and the
pause does not exist. The impulse peak intensity is constant
[8][10].
F. Fixed double phase
The fixed double phased results from the overlapping of 2
monophasic currents with an offset of half of period.
The mechanical methods represent a mechanical energy
(produced by a motor) to electrical energy transfer (dynamo)
and the electrical converter which converts alternating current
into direct current through the rotation mechanical energy
[8][14].
The impulse peaks are similar, but the intensity does not
reach 0 anymore, remaining at a certain level; thus a similar
curve with the one of a direct current on which 100 impulses of
½ sinusoidal form are overlapped results [2].
B. DC physical properties
In a system of Cartesian axes, we mark the time on the
horizontal axis and the intensity on the vertical axis. Depending
on this variables, the direct current can be represented as:
ascending, descending, variable or interrupted.
G. Short period
At regular intervals of 1 second the single phased of 50
impulses/second is suddenly alternated with the double phased
of 100 impulses/second. The impulses period duration can be
increased from 1 to 10 seconds.
Applying the current on the human organism determines:
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6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN POWER SYSTEMS MPS2015, 18-21 MAY 2015, CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA
H. Long period
It is a special form of overlapping two currents of 50
impulses/second. A fixed single phased current of 50 impulses
on which, with an offset of ½ period another modulated current
of 50 impulses is added slowly (modulated). From this
overlapping a similar current with the double phased one
results.
J. Faradic current
This current is represented by an irregular curve in which
the gaps with small negative values alternate with large and
sudden increases of the positive values. The faradic current is
obtained from direct current, the conversion being carried out
with the help of an induction coil.
IV.
The duration of the second phase increase modulation is
of 0.5 seconds, while the constant period duration (plateau) is
variable between 1 and 7 seconds. The decrease is of 1.5
seconds, and the alternation between single phased and double
phased is bade in 3 to 10 seconds.
A. Exposure limit values
The values considered for different frequency ranges are
the ones presented in Table 1.
I. Syncopated rhythm
This syncopated rhythm alternates at 1 second intervals
single phased with the same duration.
B. Action starting values
The action starting values referred to in Table 2 are
obtained beginning from the exposure limit values in
accordance with the principles established by the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Limit (ICNIRP) in its
guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionizing radiation
(ICNIRP 7/99) [11].
The main effects of the diadynamic current are:
-Analgetic- double phased and long period
-Hypermia-double phased, long period and short period
TABLE I.
EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES AND ACTION STARTING
VALUES FOR THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES – CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE FULFILLED
Medium SAR for
the entire body
(W/kg)
Localized SAR
(head and torso)
(W/kg)
Localized SAR
(extremities)
(W/kg)
Power density S
(W/m2)
Up to 1 Hz
Current density
induced in head and
torso J (mA/m2)
(rms)
40
-
-
-
-
1-4 Hz
40/f
-
-
-
-
4-1000 Hz
10
-
-
-
-
1000 Hz - 100 kHz
100 kHz -10 MHz
f/100
f/100
0,4
10
20
-
10 MHz - 10 GHz
-
0,4
10
20
-
10-300 GHz
-
-
-
-
50
Frequency
domains
TABLE II.
ACTION STARTING VALUES (RMS VALUES IN UNPERTURBED FIELD)– CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE FULFILLED
Magnetic field
intensity
H (A/m)
Magnetic induction
B (T)
Power density for the
equivalent plane wave
Seq
(W/m2)
0-1 Hz
-
1,63 x105
2x105
-
1,0
Induced
current in the
extremities
IL (mA)
-
1-8 Hz
20.000
1,63x105/f2
2x105/f2
-
1,0
-
8-25 Hz
20.000
2x104/f
2,5x104/f
-
1,0
-
0,025-0,82
kHz
0,82-2,5 kHz
2,5-65 kHz
500/f
20/f
25/f
-
1,0
-
610
610
24,4
24,4
30,7
30,7
-
1,0
0,4f
-
65-100 kHz
610
1.600/f
2.000/f
-
0,4f
-
0,1-1 MHz
610
1,6/f
2/f
-
40
-
1-10 MHz
610/f
1,6/f
2/f
-
40
-
10-110 MHz
61
0,16
0,2
10
40
100
110-400 MHz
61
0,16
0,2
10
-
-
Electric field
intensity
E (V/m)
Frequency
domains
266
Contact
current IC
(mA)
6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN POWER SYSTEMS MPS2015, 18-21 MAY 2015, CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA
400-2.000
MHz
2-300 GHz
3f1/2
0,008f1/2
0,01f1/2
137
0,36
0,45
V.
[4]
CONCLUSIONS
Electromagnetic waves are transversal waves which have a
magnetic and an electric component, the electric and magnetic
vectors being perpendicular to each other and to the
propagation direction. In case of illness, the natural
electromagnetic field of the body and its regenerative capacity
are disrupted. The pulsating magnetic field dosed correctly as a
modern physical therapy gradually increases the cellular
activity. This leads to a significant improvement of the
sanguine circulation, oxygen intake, energetic metabolism
increase in the entire body and to the long term mobilization of
its regenerative forces. In the last few years a series of clinical
studies have demonstrated the efficiency of the magnetic field
therapy in a large number of domains.
[9]
The magnetic field therapy is a non-invasive therapeutic
method belonging to the complementary medicine used in the
treatment of different diseases and disorders.
[10]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[11]
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