mass spectrometry
Product Specifications
The Thermo Scientific APCI/APPI
ion source enables the LC/MS user
to analyze a wide range of non-polar
compounds with high sensitivity.
APCI/APPI
Combination Ion Source
• Krypton VUV light source reduces
chemical noise
• Universal Ion Max™ ion source
platform
• APCI, APPI, or APCI/APPI modes
• Ionizes widest range of compounds
LC/MS is an important technique for many
applications including pharmaceutical and
environmental analysis. Most of these
analyses are carried out using Electrospray
Ionization (ESI) or Atmospheric Pressure
Chemical Ionization (APCI). Both of these
techniques are used primarily for the analysis
of polar compounds. Less polar compounds
often show low ionization efficiencies, and
the use of Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) facilitates ionization.
The Syagen PhotoMate APPI ion source
further enhances Thermo Fisher Scientific’s
proven APCI probe by enabling the analysis
of a wider range of compounds. The combination APCI/APPI ion source is the result
of the collaboration between Syagen
Technology and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
®
Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific
APPI/APCI
Figure 1 shows the complementary
nature of APPI with APCI and ESI. This
unique ion source provides greater flexibility
and the capability to analyze a larger range
of compounds without changing ion sources.
The PhotoMate ion source uses a
Krypton lamp, which emits photons at
10.0 eV and 10.6 eV. Krypton was carefully
selected because these photon energies,
while being sufficient to ionize most
analytes, are lower in energy than the
ionization potentials of common reversedphase LC/MS solvents such as water,
methanol, and acetonitrile. The low energy
of the photons assures minimal fragmentation of the analyte, allowing the protonated
species or the radical cation to be seen.
10,000
ESI
1,000
M/Z
APPI
APCI
100
10
Nonpolar
Figure 1. Suggested ionization technique based on polarity and molecular mass
Rear view of the combination
APCI/APPI ion source
Polar
Figure 2 shows the results of a flow
injection of 500 pg of estrone using different
atmospheric pressure ionization techniques.
Both electrospray and APCI ionization
provide low analyte response; however,
APPI yields a protonated ion which is
over 5 times more intense than APCI
which enables qualitative and quantitative
analysis.
O
APPI
H
H
H
HO
APCI
Figure 2. Relative intensities of a 500 pg flow injection of estrone
using different ionization techniques
TBPA
APCI
APPI
APCI/APPI
While estrone is clearly best analyzed
using APPI, not all compounds behave in a
similar fashion. This is where the combination
ion source excels.
Figure 3 shows two different polycyclic
compounds, one ionizes well with APPI,
and one ionizes well with APCI. When the
lamp and the corona voltage are applied
simultaneously, both compounds are easily
detected negating the need to run the same
sample twice and change the ionization
source in between runs. This flexibility
results in time savings and considerable
cost savings.
PDP-Ac
Figure 3. Relative intensities of TBPA and PDP-Ac by flow injection
using different modes of the APCI/APPI combination ion source
Product Specifications
Thermo Scientific TSQ Quantum Ultra™
System Specifications
MS/MS Sensitivity
Thermo Scientific LTQ XL™
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization
(APCI) – A loop injection of 2 µL of a 125
fg/µL solution of reserpine (250 femtograms
total sample) at a flow of 400 µL/min of
50% isopropyl alcohol/50% water will
produce a minimum signal-to-noise ratio
of 100:1, for the transition of the isolated
protonated molecular ion at m/z 609 to
the largest two product ions, 397 and 448,
when the mass spectrometer is operated
at unit resolution in the full-scan MS/MS
mode, scanning the product ion spectrum
from m/z 165– 615.
Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization
(APPI) – A 5 µL loop injection of a 200 fg/µL
(0.329 fmol/µL) reserpine solution at a flow
rate of 1 mL/min 50/50 IPA/water will produce a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of
50:1 for the transition of the protonated
molecular ion at m/z 609.3 to the fragment
ion at m/z 195.1 when operated in selected
reaction monitoring mode (SRM) with Q1
and Q3 resolution set to 0.7 Da FWHM.
Installation Requirements
Power
• 120 or 230 Vac, 50/60 Hz single phase,
with earth ground
Gas
Thermo Scientific LXQ™
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization
(APCI) – A loop injection of 2 µL of a 125
fg/µL solution of reserpine (250 femtograms
total sample) at a flow of 400 µL/min of
50% isopropyl alcohol/50% water will
produce a minimum signal-to-noise ratio
of 20:1, for the transition of the isolated
protonated molecular ion at m/z 609 to
the largest two product ions, 397 and 448,
when the mass spectrometer is operated
at unit resolution in the full-scan MS/MS
mode, scanning the product ion spectrum
from m/z 165– 615.
• One high-purity (99% pure) nitrogen
gas supply for the API source
Environment
• Operating environment must be
15–27°C (59–80°F) and relative humidity
must be 40–80% with no condensation
• Optimum operating temperature is
18–21°C (65–70°F)
Thermo Scientific LCQ Fleet™
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization
(APCI) – A loop injection of 2 µL of a 1
pg/µL solution of reserpine (2 picograms,
3.28 picomoles total sample) at a flow of
400 µL/min of 50% isopropyl alcohol/50%
water will produce a minimum signal-tonoise ratio of 100:1, for the transition of the
isolated protonated molecular ion at m/z 609
to the largest two product ions, 397 and 448,
when the mass spectrometer is operated at
unit resolution in the full-scan MS/MS
mode, scanning the product ion spectrum
from m/z 165– 615.
©2004, 2008 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. PhotoMate is a registered trademark of Syagen Technology, Inc. All other trademarks are the
property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries. Specifications, terms and pricing are subject to change. Not all products are available in all
countries. Please consult your local sales representative for details.
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