Resources
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Perpetual
Oil and Natural Gas
Past to Present (1 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Where does oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
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Fresh
air
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Cultural Revolutions
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•http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
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Billions of people
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3
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
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Black Death–the Plague
Hunting and
Gathering
4000
2000
Time
1
2000
B.C.
0
2100 Age of Discovery
A.D.
Last 14 sec on 24hr Big Bang clock
~last 2 sec on 24hr
Big Bang clock
Industrial Revolution
Trade-Offs?
Mass Production of useful,
affordable products
Distribution of goods, services
Increased Agricultural
production, more food
Longer life expectancies,
better health, lower infant
mortality.
Better Transportation,
communication
Higher standard of living.
Nonfuel
Mineral
Resources”
Fertile
soil
Plants and
animals
(biodiversity)
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
Bad News
More food, store it year round.
Supports a larger population.
Longer life expectancies.
Formation of villages, towns,
cities.
Cultural growth; art, religion,
music, science,
communication, trade goods
and information.
Irrigation systems developed.
Higher standard of living.
Industrial ~Last 1 sec on 24hr
revolution Big Bang clock
Agricultural Revolution
Good News
Fresh
water
Good News
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6000
(clay, sand,
marble, slate)
These two are
sometimes
Called: “Solid
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13
8000
(iron, gold,
copper,
aluminum)
Nonmetallic
minerals
& rocks
Agricultural Revolution
Trade-Offs? Good vs Bad news?
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2-5 million
years
Fossil Metallic
Fuels minerals
Renewable
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?
Winds,
tides,
flowing
water
Direct
solar
energy
or “Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources”
Nonrenewable
Bad News
Increased waste production
Burning fossil fuels: increase in
global greenhouse gases
Increase of air and water pollution
Habitat destruction
Biodiversity depletion
Groundwater depletion
Soil depletion, degradation
Destruction of wildlife habits from
clearing forests/grasslands.
Soil erosion from over tilling and
plowing, buildup of salts
New Conflicts over water resources,
ownership of land, possessions,
spread of slavery.
Livestock overgrazing / soil
compaction, buildup of salts.
Cities concentrate waste/pollution
Increase in global greenhouse gases
from clearing forests/grasslands
and livestock husbandry
Some Important Inventions: 1775 - 1903
:
1775 James Watt first reliable Steam Engine
1793 Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets
1798
Robert Fullerton: Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River
1807 Samuel F. B. Morse: Telegraph
1836 Elias Howe: Sewing Machine
1851 Cyrus Field: Transatlantic Cable
1866 Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone
1876 Thomas Edison: Phonograph, Light Bulb
1877 Nikola Telsa: Induction Electric Motor
“Industrialization isolates people
from nature; reduces understanding
of important ecological and
economical services nature provides.”
1888 Rudolph Diesel: Diesel Engine
1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright: First Airplane
1908 Henry Ford: Model T Ford & Assembly Line
(by 1927, 15 million made)
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Information and Globalization Revolution
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Radio
Telephone
TV
Air travel, freight
Computers
Space travel
Satellites
Remote sensing
Internet, wireless technology
Cellular phones, Smart Phones & TVs, Tablets
GPS, GIS
ROV’s & AUVs
A change from potentially renewable wood,
to nonrenewable fossil fuels
Whale Oil, Kerosene and the “Oil Industry”
In the 1800’s, whale oil was popular for lamps and candles,
but expensive. ~15,000 right Whales killed/yr in early 1800’s
Petroleum
US whaling fleet: 392 in 1833 to 735 in 1846
Natural
Gas
Coal
250 whales killed at Point Lobos between 1862 – late 1870’s
In 1857, clean burning kerosene (originally called “coal oil”) lamps put
on market. Rapid expansion by 1860 in US, eventually leads to the end
of whale oil lamps/candles.
What state led the “Oil Rush” in the US in the 1800’s?
“The Pennsylvania Oil Rush” in 1860’s
Starts in Titusville in north western Pennsylvania in 1859
Producing 8,000 barrels/day in the 1860’s, 21 meters down, 8
refineries built
Cleveland Ohio had 30 refineries by 1865, J.D. Rockefeller
California led the world in oil production in 1910
McKittrick Tar Pit in west San
Joaquin Valley, 1st mined in 1864
The Lakeview #1 Gusher in
San Joaquin Valley in 1910,
18,000 barrels/day flowed
uncapped for 18 months
Titusville from
1 oil well to 75 oil
Wells in less than
a year
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The “Texas Oil Boom”
Spindletop Gusher, E Texas, Jan 10, 1901
A period of dramatic change and
economic growth in Texas & US
between 1901 - 1940’s
Expansion in the Panhandle,
North and Central Texas.
The largest is the East Texas Oil
Field aka “Black Giant”
“Big Inch Pipeline”, built in 1942, for WWII effort,
Geologic Setting of the East Texas Oil Field
• Age: Cretaceous, ~100my
• Source Rock: Eagle Ford Shale
• Reservoir Rock & Cap Rock: Woodbine Formation,
(4 Members, 350 – 600ft thick, ss, sh, lms, coal, tuff) known since
early 1920s, sandstone deposited in a shallow sea, burial,
lithification, uplift, erosion, subsidence, another shallow sea,
deposition of impermeable calcareous ooze or chalk and finally
burial by other sedimentary formations.
• http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shaleusa9.pdf
For more on Oil History, check out this
http://www.sjgs.com/index.html
1,200 miles from Houston to NJ
2 ft diameter, cost 7 million, takes oil 3.5 days, 300,000 bpd
By the end of the
WWII, over 350
million barrels
transported. Line
is still in use.
In early 1900’s car are getting very popular.
In 1900 ~8,000 autos registered in US
In 1910 ~ 900,000 autos resisted in US
In 2007~ 254 million passenger vehicles register in US (most in any country in world)
Elk Hills California, (west of Bakersfield) Hay No.7 Well blew out natural
gas and caught fire on July 26th, 1919. It burned for 26 days. The well
was extinguished with torpedoes of dynamite.
By the 1950’s, the US can no longer supply its oil needs.
Somewhere
in China
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~1/3 of all oil comes
from the sea.
Big Gulf of Mexico Petroleum Discovery September 2006
Chevron estimated the 300-square-mile region, could hold between
3 - 15 billion barrels of oil and natural gas
There are 42 US gallons in a barrel, or 159 liters.
Gulf of Mexico:
1st offshore wells in 1947.
In 1960’s 30 miles offshore,
by 1970’s 100 miles
offshore.
Platform in >7,000 ft of water (2,134m)
Drill hole depth ~20,000 ft (6.1km)
Total depth >28,120ft (>8 km or 5 miles)
1950’s tankers ~ 500 ft,
25,000 tons
1970’s tankers 1,400ft
(5 football fields) 500,000
tons
Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US
consumes ~22 million barrels/day.
“Reserves” = known amounts that can be profitably developed
at current prices and costs, using current technologies and
under current rules (institutional resources)
Reserves increase in response to:
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higher prices
lower costs of development
technological improvements
new discoveries
without any change in the quantity in the ground
The size of reserves depends on economic factors, not on
the physical amount in the ground.
The semi-submersible rig Deepwater Horizon, drilled the Tiber well
in the Gulf of Mexico. Water depth = 4,132 ft or 1,259 meters.
Total depth of well ~35,055ft or ~10.7km or ~6.6 miles,
deepest well in history. Could yield 400,000 – 650,000 bpd
An explosion on 4/20/10 killed eleven crewmen. On 4/22/10
Deepwater Horizon sank, leaving its well gushing causing the
largest offshore oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry.
April 20th, 2010
September, 2009
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The sea floor oil gusher was
stopped on July 15th after ~4.9
million barrels of crude oil
leaked into the Gulf of Mexico.
(Exxon Valdez spill 3/24/89:
260,000 – 750,000 barrels)
August 2010: underwater oil
plume discovered: 3,600 feet
down, over 20 miles long, over
1 mile wide and ~650 feet
thick
http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/
coal-oil-gas/bp-oil-spill-statistics
What are fossil fuels?
• Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal
Total World Oil Reserves
Conventional vs Unconventional
• Derived from remains of organisms which decompose and are
exposed to heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface over
millions of years.
• Consist primarily of hydrocarbons: organic compounds of H and C
atoms with smaller amounts of O, S and N. The approximate length
range for “oil” is C5H12 to C18H38. Any shorter hydrocarbons are
considered natural gas, the simplest form is methane CH4.
• Petroleum (Petra-rock / Oleum-oil) /Crude Oil: complex mixture of
liquid hydrocarbons of various lengths. Termed 1st used and published in 1546 by
German geologist/mineralogist Georg Bauer aka Georgis Agricola
Why use Oil?
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It burns
Yields lots of energy
It’s relatively cheap
It flows
Easy to extract or pump it out
Easy to transport
Not much land disruption
It’s abundant
At end of 2011, world proven crude oil reserves stood at over
>1.4 trillion Barrels (~1,482 billion barrels)
1,481,526
• can be converted to useful materials
Refining Crude Oil
• Heating / distilling separates crude oil into
components with different boiling points
• Lightest components rise: petroleum gases,
gasoline. Then kerosene (used as jet fuel),
heating oil, and diesel fuel for trucks, buses,
trains, and ships. Heaviest fractions stay at
the bottom of the column: lubricating oils,
waxes and asphalt.
Petrochemicals are products of oil
distillation, over 4,000. Common
“end-products” are pesticides,
plastics, fibers, paints, synthetic
rubbers and medicines
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42 Gallons/Barrel
Why use Natural Gas?
A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and
in smelting iron ore
Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane
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Burns hotter than oil
It’s cleaner than oil
Easy to extract
Easy to transport
• Yields lots of energy
*Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel
• Global reserves up 140% since 1973
• Not much land disruption
**Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power
generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute)
Disadvantages of using Oil & Natural Gas?
• Often degrades fresh air, soil and water
• Emits greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) and other
damaging gases (CO, NOx, SOx, H2S)
• Gases contributes to global climate change
San Francisco Bay Wednesday November 7th, 2007
~58,000 gallons of “oil” spilled from the 926-foot ship Cosco
Busan after tanker hits Bay Bridge; Coast Guard determines
cause was human error.
“Bunker Fuel” is a general name given to any type of fuel oil
used aboard ships.
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~rnolthenius/climate/index.html
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Causes acid deposition
Can be explosive
Not much time left at current rate of use
Damaging leaks, spills and runoff are common
in the world’s oceans….
ES 10
Investigators found that pilot John Cota of the Costco Busan
abandoned his radar because he was high on pharmaceuticals.
On March 6, 2009, A plea agreement was negotiated with
prosecutors to charges of federal water pollution and
migratory bird killings.
He was sentenced in July 2009 to 10 months imprisonment
and fined between $3,000 and $30,000. He’s currently
trying to pilot again.
Pilots now earn $451,000 /yr & Cota’s pension is ~$228,864/yr
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Past to Present (1 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Where doe the oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
st
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Origin of Oil?
Most commercial oil is probably “organic oil”
How can this happen?
• Forms in marine basins with rich diversity of microscopic algae,
protozoa and animals (plankton) living on the surface
• Organisms die, settle onto ocean floor --> some decomposition
occurs -->depletion of O2 in bottom waters
-->decay slows or ceases.
• Pressure and heat build up as organic material is buried under many
layers of sediment. This converts the organic molecules to kerogen
(solid, waxy organic matter in sedimentary rock, too thick to flow out of rock).
Geothermal Gradient: 20 degrees C/km, 68 degrees F/km or 109 degrees F/mi
How do “Conventional” oil fields/petroleum pools/ aka
“Oil Traps” form?
1) Need Source Rock (different
types)
(sedimentary layers originally containing
organic C)
2) Need burial / Heat and Pressure
applied to source rocks to promote
Kerogen conversions
3) Concentrate petroleum into a pool-> HC compounds can Migrate
from source rocks into rocks that
can become saturated with
petroleum.
4) Need Reservoir Rock: permeable
rock whose pore space is saturated
with oil/gas
Kerogen / Oil Formation
• Kerogen, highly viscous, complex molecules (“Tar”) forms first,
at temperatures <30º- ~100ºC @ ~ <1-3km depth.
Kerogen can then convert to various liquid hydrocarbons at
temperatures ~80ºC - 120ºC (sometimes wider) @ ~ 3-8km depth. is
The process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones =
“Cracking”.
• At temperatures > 100ºC (212ºF), liquid petroleum can be converted
into a variety of natural gases such as methane, ethane, propane and
butane each type more complex and heavier molecules.
• At temperatures of ~200ºC (400ºF) and/or depths of > 10km, methane can break
down completely and the rocks no longer contain hydrocarbons.
• Limited window of opportunity for the conversion of organic remains to
hydrocarbon fuels
How do oil fields/petroleum pools form?
5) To accumulate a pool, the
HC must be trapped in the
Reservoir Rock:
Need Cap Rock:
impermeable layer that
halts migration of fluids
(e.g. shale, salt deposit)
Common “Oil Traps”
include anticlines,
faults, salt domes &
stratigraphic
and one last thing……..>>>>
Is petroleum formation likely to happen again soon?
• No.
• No petroleum found in rocks younger than 1-2 million years so it’s
extremely likely it takes at least this long for petroleum to form.
• It’s estimated that <0.1% of all marine organic matter buried on the
sea floor is eventually trapped as usable petroleum.
• Some settings lack adequate heat to convert kerogen to petroleum
• Some settings lack sufficient depth or the necessary cap rock to
burry and trap fluids from escape.
• Conditions required to produce, concentrate, trap and retain
hydrocarbons are rarely observed together--> most marine
sedimentary rocks lack petroleum.
• Geologic processes can destroy oil traps. Uplift, erosion and faulting
can remove cap rocks or rupture traps allowing oil or gas to escape at
the surface. Majority of current oil reserves are in rocks < 160 my
old. 90 &150my common
• >90% of all petroleum formed escapes @ Earth’s surface.
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Abiotic Oil?
Some challenge the accepted view of petroleum formation being
exclusively from biological material.
Extraterrestrial occurrences used to support hydrocarbons may
be inorganic:
Outer planets and moons contain methane.
Some stony meteorites (chondrites) contain hydrocarbons.
Carbonaceous chondrites (5% of all chondrites) are a type of stony
meteorites that contain Silicates, Oxides, Sulfides and traces of
various hydocarbons, including amino acids. Most chondrites
(86% of all meteorites) are rich in silicate minerals olivine and
pyroxenes. (Iron meteorites account for <6% of all meteorites but make up ~90% of
the mass of all known meteorites.)
Since hydrocarbons formed from inorganic reactions in the above
2 examples, some think hydrocarbons on earth may have formed
in a similar way.
Abiotic Oil?
Methane is present in volcanoes (1% - 15%). Abiotic oil from the
mantle that migrated upward, or volcanoes erupting through a
cover of sediments already containing some hydrocarbons?
Some laboratory experiments using a high-pressure and high
temperature apparatus have produced petroleum from solid iron
oxide (FeO), marble (CaCO3) and H2O –with no biotic compounds
or hydrocarbons originally present.
Could petroleum be produced abiotically? Yes, in
association with extraterrestrial and internal igneous
activity but it’s not commercial grade.
Could petroleum be produced from recycling various waste?
Yes….
• Thermal Conversion Process (TCP)
Changing of manure and/or animal & vegetable waste to crude
oil.
• Thermal Depolymerization (TDP)
Can change many carbon-based materials into crude oil and
methane, and is not limited to manure or vegetable waste. Web
Link: “Anything into Oil”, Discover Vol. 27 April 2006
http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/anything-oil
• Pyrolysis
Decomposition of organic material at high temperatures without
oxygen. Web link: Clean Oceans International
http://cleanoceansinternational.org/
Carthage Missouri plant opens in Feb 2005.
270 tons turkey guts & 20 tons of pig fat can yield 500 barrels oil
worth ~$42,000/day. Other by-products: fertilizer and water.
Problems: initial high cost, odors and emission violations. US
consumes >22 million bpd
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Past to Present (29 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Where does oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there, who has the oil & how long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
175lb human = 38lbs oil, 7lbs gas, 7lbs mineral & 123 lbs water
175
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Top Producing Oil Countries as of 2014 BBL/Day
1 United States 13,973,000
2 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 11,624,000
3 Russia 10,853,000
4 China 4,572,000
5 Canada 4,383,000
6 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 3,471,000
7 Iran (OPEC) 3,375,000
8 Iraq (OPEC) 3,371,000
9 Brazil 2,950,000
10 Mexico 2,812,000
11 Kuwait (OPEC) 2,780,000 1
2 Venezuela (OPEC) 2,689,000
13 Nigeria (OPEC) 2,427,000
14 Qatar (OPEC) 2,055,000
15 Norway 1,904,000
16 Angola (OPEC) 1,756,000
17 Algeria (OPEC) 1,721,000
18 Kazakhstan 1,719,000
19 Colombia 1,016,000
20 India 978,000 t
Where are global petroleum deposits located and
how much oil is there?
Percent World Crude Oil Reserves by Country
Africa
Europe
USA 3%
USA
Asia
OPEC
Countries
China
former USSR
67%
79%
Latin America
http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production
OPEC Countries
Approximate US Energy breakdown
Latin America
former USSR
China
Asia
Organization of
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries:
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Iraq
Venezuela
Kuwait
UAE
Nigeria
Libya
Angola
Ecuador
Algeria
Qatar
USA
Europe
Africa
North American Energy Resources
(notice 86% is from Fossil Fuels)
Arctic
Ocean
ALASKA
Prudhoe Bay
Beaufort
Sea
Trans Alaska
oil pipeline
Coal
Gas
Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge
Oil
Prince
William Sound
Gulf of
Alaska
High potential
areas
Valdez
CANADA
Pacific
Ocean
UNITED
STATES
Grand
Banks
Atlantic
Ocean
MEXICO
How long will current conventional oil reserves last?
• Known and projected global oil reserves expected to be 80%
depleted in 42 – 93 yrs. At the rate of consumption in 2008,
OPEC’s reserves will last ~85 yrs.
• Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US
consumes ~22 million barrels/day.
US reserves with no oil imported:
21 billion barrels/22 million barrels/day = 2.6 years
US imports ~13.5 million barrels of oil/day (~61% of 22 mill).
21 billion barrels/the remaining 8.5 million US barrels use/day = 6.7 years
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Opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling would add ~4 – 10 months
• Saudi Arabia alone could supply world for ~10 yrs.
• Global oil consumption is expected to increase >30% by 2020.
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Source: G.Griggs, UCSC
Peak Oil = the midpoint of depletion, when ½ the total has been
taken.
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How long will current conventional oil reserves last?
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