Race, Wealth and the Commons

Poverty & Race
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Race, Wealth and the Commons
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The Commons Sector:
Source of Wealth
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There is a mythology of
how private wealth is
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White-Privileged
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gifts of nature, plus the
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share and inherit
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We need to find ways to
protect the commons—
and use its bounty for
the common good, not
the privileged few.
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Further Readings
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