Who's Who in the Peace Conference
Brief Biographies of the Delegates Who Are Shaping the
Treaty of Peace at Paris
T
HE following portrait catalogue of
the delegates taking part in the
Interallied Conference in Paris,
with the summaries of their
careers and public services, is based on
materials gathered by The London
Times, and the editorial judgments expressed a r e those of t h a t journal:
FRANCE
> I . CLEJIEXCEAU-Georges
Clemenceau,
tile
" Grand Young
Man of Europe." w a s
elected, from no mere
deference to diplomatic custom, to the permanent Presidency of
the Peace Conference.
The world could, indeed, have sought f a r
and wide without finding a man more suited
by his firmness of
character a n d by his
very long experience
to direct the peace
debates.
Born in L a Vendee seventy-seven years
ago. iiis career w a s a s varied a s his political
principles were consistent. H e studied medicine, but while still a student h e w a s drawn
into the fiery enthusiasms of the young Republican movcment against the Second Empire and was, indeed. sentenced to two
months' imprisonment for the too free expression of his ardor f o r a republic. H e
left P a r l s a few years before the w a r of 1870
and went In search of fortune to America.
There he earned a iiving a s a journalist a n d
a s a teacher in a seminary for young ladies.
H e returned to Europe on the eve of the
Franco-Prussian War. H e took p a r t in the
fateful proceedings of the National Assembly a t Bordeaux. a n d i s the only signatory
still living of the protest of the Deputies of
Alsace-Lorraine against the wrong done to
S'rance in the conditions of the F r a n k f u r t
Treaty.
?.I. Clemenceau upas first returned to the
Chamber of Deputies in 1876, a n d s a t there
without a break until 1893. He h a s much
of the Jacobin austerity a n d the Jacobin
hatrecl of compromise. When h e first entered the normal political life of the country
he found t h a t many of the men with whom
he had fought for the establishment of a
real republic had grown stale and sedate.
and h e refused to have a n y dealings with
the opporti~nism which turned the French
Republic from a really f r a n k social redicalism into a g r e a t machine f o r contenting. the
bourgeoisie.
This w a s w h a t made him a
critic and a destroying force for the greatcr
part of his life. The ferocity of h i s attacks
upon hlinisters, the ruthlessness with which
he fought on one side or t h e other during
Presidential elections, the splendid vigor of
his journalistic campaigns led to his being
called the " IVarwick of France," or " the
Tiger."
The skill and success with which hI. Clemenceau fought Bouiangism, just before the
P a n a m a scandal, earned him the enmity of
the whole Nationalist movement connected
with the name of DBroulBde. This enmity.
comblned with the opposition created among
radicals by his onslaught upon their timid
opportunism, drove him f o r some ten years
from the Chamber, a n d had to seek in increased activity a s a journalist full expression for his views. I n many ways M. Clemenceau is the greatest journalist France h a s
produced in the last hundred years.
H i s long period of exile Prom Parliament
only ~ e ~ to
e increase
d
his real power in influencing the policies of France. H e fought
the cause of Dreyfus in the press w ~ t hastounding clearness a n d precision. His action
in this, a 3 well a s in other upheavals and
scandals of those days. made i t almost impossible for him to maintain his purely critical and negative attitude. H e w a s again returned to the Chamber in 1902, and became
Prime Minister a n d Minister of the Interior
in 1906. His Government lasted until 1909.
During the w a r &I. Clemenceau h a s been
a n unsparing crltic of administrative delay
and a f i r m advocate of getting on wlth the
w a r to the exclusion of everything else. The
failure of successive Governments to deal
firmly and radically with the material problems of supply, and to break a w a y from the
old peace-time traditions of the " Republique
des Camarades." uras bound eventually to
result in a national demand f o r the presence
of a really strong man a t the head of affairs.
I n the Summer of 1917 M. Clemenceau burst
the Bolo bubble in the Senate. and from t h a t
day on, in spite of all the efforts of lobby
politicians, his advent to power could not be
prevented.
H e succeeded M. Painlev6 a s
Prime Minister in November. 1917, when
the situation, in spite of the promise of
American support, w a s extremely black.
The new Prime AIi~isterset to work with
characteristic energy, and before he had
been in power four or five months. the Plagg i n s w a r spirit of Francc had been revived.
JI. Clemenceau's opponents, who a r e mostly
to be found on the extreme Left, among the
'
'EACECONFERENCE
more o r less Bolshevized element of the
French political world, accuse him of being
reactionary a n d unable to comprehend the
new aspirations of humanity. H e fought for
these same aspirations fifty years ago, and
It Is safe to s a y t h a t no one in the whole
world i s more desirous t h a n hI. Clemenceau
to see Ule birth of a League of Nations which
shall p u t Into practice the ideas t h a t have
dominated all his policy. But nothing can
induce him to accept a n y settlement of
Europe which does not give to F r a n c e full
security against aggression.
Pichon. who w a s
Dr. PICHOX-Stephen
born In 1S57, hab been
a friend of &I. Clemenceau since 1878, a n d
h a s been associated
with him in most of
his journalistic enterprises.
A s a diplomatlst he h a s had a
wide experience, which
started a t P o r t . a u
Prince and led him
through South America to Peking, where
he w a s French Minister during the siege of
the legations. As Foreign Minister-a portfollo which h e h a s held in many different.
Ministries-he h a s accompanied the Chief of
the State to Petrograd and London. where
he h a s made several official visits. H e is
not now very definitely associated with a n y
political party, but he w a s one of those who
always supported the Radical element in the
days before and during the " Bloc."
31. TARUIEU-Andre
Tardieu is the Benjamin of the Peace
Conference.
He was
a student of the Ecole
Normale, from which
he passed out first i n
his year. He h a s all
the efficiency which
can be derived from
French logic. A t the
outset of his career
he entered diplomacy.
but to so young a
man i t did not provide sufficient scope,
and h e found his opportunity In journaltsm, when h e became
foreign editor of t h s Temps, whose " Bulletins du Jour," dealing with foreign affairs.
a r e read throughout the world.
M. Tardieu entered politlcs in the general
election which preceded the outbreak of war.
and h a s yet to show the extent of his P a r liamentary abllity. I n August. 1014. he became the Chief Censor, a post which hc
soon left for active aervi
in the field. A
severe attack of pneumonia, duc to exposure
in the trenches. made his further service a t
the f r o n t impossible, a n d h e w a s appointed
.
11
to represent France in the United States.
and empowered to dcal there with the many
Franco-American questions connected with
the war. H c returned to France shortly
after the formation of the Clemenceau Ministry, and, but for a brief but important
visit to America, h a s since remained in P a r i s
a s High Commissioner f o r ail matters concerning France and the United States.
M. KLOTZ-Louis
Lucien Klotz, Minister
of Finance. born a t
I
i
P a r i s in 1868. left a
rapidly growlng practice a t the B a r to ent e r politics a s a rising
young man. a n d n r i t l ~
a n earnestness of purpose r a r e l Y found
among French pollticlans he devoted himself to tho study of
the more arid business
of national life. H e
specialized in customs
matters and in big
contractual relations between the State a n d
the railways of France. a n d gradually h e
qualified a s a n authority on larger questions
of finance. H e h a s been Minister of Finance in seven Governments. F o r many
ycars there were only two alternative holde r s of this portfolio--11. Caillaux and %I.
Klotz.
'
31. CA~IBON-Jules Cambon has, with his
b r o t h e r Paul, the
French Ambassador tn
London. f o r m a n y
years formed the keystone of French diplomacy. His early experience w a s gained in
South America, and
his l a s t post w a s a t
the head of tho embassy in Berlin. There.
for many years, h e
watched growing up
around him the huge
machine of w a r which
Germany set in motion in August, 1914. H e
not only watched-hc reported: a n d seldom
i n the u70rld's history have the published
dispatches of a n Ambassador more clearly
shown t h e purpose of the Court and people
to which h e w a s accredited.
I t w a s not until the reconstruction of M.
Briand's first W a r Cabinet t h a t &f. Cambon's services arcre again officially called
upon. H e w a s then appointed General Secretary to the Foreign Office. Since then he
h a s been charged with m a n y important tasks.
H e h a s been the adviser of the French Foreign Office on questions concerning FrancoAmerican relations, a s well a s on matters
dealing with Alsace-lorraine. hI. Cambon
is thc only prominent diplomatist among the
French delegates.
T H E N E W Y O R K TIME!S C U R R E N T H I g T O R Y
M. BOURGEOIB-IRon
Bourgeois, one of
the elder statesmen of France, was born in
P a r i s in 1851. He is a barrister by profession and a Radical by conviction. His
conciliatory disposition, no less than the
bent of his mind, has led him to become
a specialist in all questions of international
or inter-party arbitration or compromise.
H e entered political life in 1885, defeating
Boulanger by a n enormous majority, and
since that time until a few years ago
he has always been one of the men to
whom Presiclents in search of a Cabinet
turned in moments of crisis. I n thc grave
situation which arose after the attempt on
President Loubet's life he used his political prestige and his powers of managing
men, and succeeded in forming a Ifinistry
when all others had failed.
His greatest claim to represent France on
the committee appointed to deal with tho
problem of the League of Nations is to be
found in his long service in connection with
the building up of the now rusty machinery
of The Hague. M. Bourgeois was placed by
the French Government many months ago
a t the head of a Foreign Office Committee
to deal with the League of Nations. His experience a t The Hague should stand him in
good stead, but perhaps a n even more important qualification which he possesses is
his intimate knowledge of social conditions
both in France and abroad.
GREAT BRITAIN
DAVID LLOYD OEORGE-There
is no
more dramatic chapter
in our political annals
than the career of the
" little Welsh attorney " who b e c a m e
Prime Minister a t the
height of the greatest
s t o r m which ever
broke over the British
Empire.
Strife seemed to be
woven into the very
stuff of his being. H e
w a s only 27 years old
when in 189? he fought
a fierce by-election a t Carnarvon Boroughs.
I t was a t t h a t time a Conservative seat, but
the young Liberal succeeded in capturing it
by the narrow marein of 18 votes. I n the
House of Commons he found his natural
arena.
H e soon came into prominence a s a fiery
advocate of various causes dear to the
hearts of Welsh Nonconformists.
I t was
not. however. until the outbrcak of the South
African w a r t h a t he became a really national figure. He took up a line of resolute
opposition to the war, and attacked the
Government, both in the House and in the
countw, wllh a bitter invective which was
fiercely resented.
IJP to 1905 Mr. Lloyd George had been no
more than a fearless debater, a destructive
critic, and a n impassioned orator. B u t a t
the end of t h a t year Sir Henry CampbellBannerman, summoned to form a Government. gave him his first chance of constructive statesmanship by appointing him President of the Board of Trade, without the
customary period of apprenticeship in one of
the minor offices of State. He brilliantly
justified the choice of his chief, and when
Mr. Asquith bccame Prime Minister in 1908
31r. Lloyd George succeeded him a s Chancellor of the Exchequer, with the enthusiastic approval of his party. H e revived the
waning fortunes of the Liberals by a budget
based on such novel principles of taxation
t h a t the House of Lords rejected it. Thc
general election which immediately follon'ed
was a triumph primarily for Mr. Lloyd
George, and he made his budget secure. His
next big essay, the National Insurance act,
was not so popular.
Mr. Lloyd George had been Chancellor of
the Exchequer over six years when the European war cloild suddenly burst. By general
consent, the prompt measures which he took
a t the Treasury enabled the fabric of British credit to stand the unexpected shock successfully. When early in 1915 it was found
that the supply of m1:nitions was utterly inadequate, h e thrcw all his energies into the
task of retrieving the position. Next year.
when his pioneer work a s Minister of Munitions had been accomplished, he succeedecl
Lord Kitchener a s Secretary of State f o r
War.
A t the end of 1916. however. h e became so
dissatisfied with the conduct of the w a r that
he sent in his resignation. Mr. Asquith left
office. and hZr. Lloyd George became Primc
Minister a t the darkest hour of England's
fortunes. H e infused new vigor into the
gigantic effort of the empire, and established t h a t unity of command which contributed a s much a s any factor to the final
triumph of allied arms. And when hostilities
ceased and a general election w a s held the
statesman who had weathered the storm was
confirmed in power by the most ovn~whelming vote of confidence in British history.
MR. B.iRNES-Labor
h a s had no moro
fearless and hardworking servant than Mr.
Barnes. He first came into prominence a s
General Secretary of the A. S. E. during
the stormy days of the great lockout in 1807.
H e entered Parliament for Glasgow in 1006
by defeating Mr. Bonar Lam, his present colleague in the TVar Cabinet. H e soon won
the respect of the House of Commons by his
unmistakable integrity and its interest by
his wide Iinowledge of labor conditions and
his native shrewdness in speech and counsel. In successive Parliaments he was one
of the acknowledged leaders of the Labor
Party, and there w a s some surprise when
he was not included among the Labor Ministers who Joined the first Coalition Government in 1015.
W H O ' S W H O I N T H E 1' E A C E C O N F E R E N C E
H i s support of the national c a m e had been
whole-hearted from the b c g i ~ n i n g , and Mr.
Lloyd George appninted him first Miulster
of Pensions when he formed the second Coalition Government with a n increased representation of labor. Upon Mr. Henderson's
engaging in the Stockholm affair, Mr.
Barnes took his place a s member of the W a r
Cablnet without portfolio. F o r nearly two
years he h a s represented labor in the highest
councll of :he State. The emphatic indorsement of his attitude by a grcat workingclass constituency in Glasgow a t thc general
election h a s affordcl him the opportunity
of completing his task a t thc Peace Conference.
Mr. Barnes is in his seventieth year.
ANDREW .J. BALPOUI<-For over a quarter of a century Mr.
Balfour h a s been one
of the most distinguished f i F: u r e s i n
English public life. I n
1878 he went to the
Congress of Berlin a s
private Secretar'y to his
uncle. Lord Salisbury.
Today he is representing his country a s Foreign Secretary, at the
age of 70 years. a t the
even more momentous
Conference in Paris.
H e entered the House of Commons in 1874,
and his great chance came in 1887, when he
was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland
when the passions excited by the rejection
of the first Home Rule bill were a t their
height. Mr. Balfour w a s responsible f o r four
years of resolute Government, which have
never been forgotten.
In 1891 Mr. Balfour becamc leaclcr of the
House of Commons, and, a f t e r a short interval in Opposition, he w a s again called
to the chief place on the Treasury Bench.
F o r ten stormy years, which included the
p g i o d of the South African war, his personal ascendency over the House was unquestioned. When he w a s called to the
Premiership on the retirement of Lord Salisbury in 1902 troubles began to thicken
around hlm. It required all his management
and skill to keep his party together during
the tariff reform agitation, but he held on
his course for over t l ~ r e eyears before cutting
the knot by resignation.
During the long perlod of Liberal rule
which followed, Mr. Balfour acted f o r a
time a s leader of the Opposition, but eventually handed over the reins to Mr. Bonar Law.
His active politlcal career seemed to have
come to a n end. n u t in the unexamuled
emergency created by the w a r he returned
to office a s F i r s t Lord of the Admiralty in
Mr. Asquith's Coalition Government, and exercised a steadying influence over one of the
most vital of the W a r Departments a t a very
critical period. On the formation of the second Coalition Government, Mr. Balfour became Foreign Secretary. His mission to
America and his speeches 2nd dispatches on
the many difficult and delicate problems
which arose for solution during the closing
phases oP the w a r have carned for him a
distinguished place among the masters of
the diplomatic art.
A N D R E W BONAR LAW-It
w a s only in
1900 t h a t Mr. Bonar
L a w was first elected
to Parliament, and h e
i s essentially a poiitic a l product o f t h e
twentieth century. H e
i s the business man in
politics.
No man in cur time
has obtained a commanding position in
t h e State so rapidly
a s Mr. Bonar Law.
Within eleven years of
his ~ n t e r i n g Parliament he became leader of the Opposition, and
a t the end of another five years h e w a s
leader of the House. Born in Canada sixty
years ago, he bccame a successful iron merchant in Glasgow. and i t was his firsthand
knowledge of modern commerce t h a t enabled
him to gain the ear of the House when, soon
after his electfon, the tariff reform controversy arose.
During the period of Unionist Opposition
which began in 1906. Mr. Bonar Law was
one of the few good debaters under Mr. Balfour's leadership. Still, few were prepared
for his elevation t o the leadership of the
party in the House of Commons upon Mr.
Balfour's retirement.
When the w a r came h e proclnimed x party
truce. to which he and his followers scrupulously adhered. When the truce w a s replaced by a formal Coalition Mr. Bonar
Law became Colonial Secretary. and was
probably the least-criticised Minister in that
combination.
Finally. a t the end of 1916. h e Joined Mr.
Lloyd George's Ministry i n the threefold
capacity of member of the W a r Cabinet.
Chancellor of the Exchequer, and leader
of the House of Commons. The two largest
budgets in England's financial history
stand to hls credit, and their incidence
was generally regarded a s so f a i r and wellbalanced t h a t he secured the passing of
both through the House of Commons without the slightest dlfflculty.
H e proved.
too, a successful leader of a rather restless and suspicious House.
Since the
general election Mr. Bonar L a w h a s ceased
to be Chancellor of the Exchequer, and
h a s taken the sinecure office of Lord Prlvp
Seal.
14
T H E NEW YORK TIMES- CURRENT HISTORY
SOUTH AFRICA
G E N E R A L BOTHA-General
Prime Minister of the
Union of South Africa,
w a s born a t Vryheid,
South Africa, and w a s
.i member of the f i r s t
Volksraad
South African
o f Reoubt h e
Louis Botha,
h/
4
3.
11~. Durlng the Boer
w a r General Botha
succeeded G e n e r a 1
Joubert a s Commander
in Chief of the Boer
forces. When responslble Gwernment w a s
granted t o t h e Transvaal in 1907 General Botha became the f l r s t
Prime Minister, a position which h e held until
the Transvaal became part of the Union, i n
1910. when he was chosen as the first P r i m e
Minister of the Union of South Africa.
When mar broke o u t General Botha threw
the whole force of his Government into the
scale in the cause of Great Britain. H e at
once undertook to reduce the German colony
of Southwest Africa, a n undertaking which
he carried o u t in person a s Commander in
Chief of the forces which overran t h e Germ a n colony. First, however. General Botha
had to subdue a rebellion within the Union.
This he did with conspicuous ability and efficiency.
General Botha h a s represented first. the
Transvaal, and then the Union of South
Africa. a t Imperial Conferences.
c E s E a . % L SXuTS-General J a n Smuts is
a South African by
birth, and he received
hls early education at
Stellenbosch, i n t h e
Cape Province.
Y
Though when the Boer
w a r broke out he w a s
stiii a very young
man, he had already
a g r e a t reputation
among the South African Dutch. 8r.d this
w a s confirmed and extended by his conspicuous services to their
cause during the war. Among them w a s
a brilliant raid into Cape Colony during t h e
latter p a r t of the campaign, so t h a t when
peace mas made in 1902 General Smuts w a s
established with General Botha a s one of
the two recognized leaders of the Transvaal
Dutch. This combination h a s continued ever
since. and General Smuts h a s been t h e right
hand of General Botha in offic+brilliant i n
intellect, untiring in work, remorselessly efficient in administration.
I n the campaign in German Southwest
Afrlca General Smuts commanded the coiumns invading the colony from the south.
taking risks which were brilliantly justified
by results. I n 1916 h e took command of the
I
&a I
British forces operating in German East
Africa and organized the campaign which
annihilated the German power a n d reduced
von Lettow Vorbeck to the condition of a
fugitive, from which h e never recovered,
though h e avoided capture to the end. Then
General Smuts went to England to represent
South Africa at the Imperial W a r Cablnet
of 1917, and remained as a permanent metnber of i t till a f t e r the recent general elec-
tion.
AUSTRALIA
MR. HUGHES-William
Morris Hughes.
Prime Ninister of the
Australian
Commonwealth, w a s born in
London, the son of
Welsh parents. H e entered State politics a s
a member of the Legislative Assembly of
New South Wales in
1894, and retained his
s r a t till 1901, when he
w a s elected to the
first House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia. The leader of the Australian Labor
P a r t y a t t h a t time w a s Andrew Fisher. and
Mr. Hughes speedily established himself a s
Mr. Fisher's right-hand man in Parliament.
hIeanwhile Mr. Hughes had been called to
the Bar, and i t was a s Attorney General in
hIr. Fisher's Cabinets t h a t h e finally established his claim to the succession. Thus,
when Mr. Fisher resigned in 1915 Mr.
Hughes succeeded him a s Prime Minister.
Mr. Hughes h a s h a d a difficult course to
steer. Twice h e submitted the question of
conscription to a referendum, a n d twice he
w a s defeated. After a breach with the extreme section of his own p a r t y h e formed
a Coalition with the Liberals, led by Mr..
now Sir Joseph, Cook. Mr. Hughes went
t o England to represent the Commonwealth
at the Iniperial W a r Cabinet in 1918, and
has remained there since.
SIR JOSEPH
COOK-Sir
Joseph Cook.
Minister for the Navy
of the A u s t r a l i a n
Commonwealth, w h o
w a s born in England.
has been a member of
t h e Australian House
o f Representatives
slncc 1001. H e became
Prime Minister of the
Commonwealth in 1913.
and w a s still in office
when the w a r broke
out. Thus i t fell to
him to direct the early
participation of his
Dominion in t h e war, and this h e did wlth
the utmost enthusiasm, from the moment
when, immediately after w a r broke out, he
WHO'S W H O IN T H E PEACE CONFERENCE
placed the Australian squadron a t the disposal of the British Admiralty. Sir Joseph
Cook was defeated by the Labor P a r t y under Mr. Fisher a t the general election held
in September, 1914. After the defeat of con~ c r i p t i o na t the f i r s t referendum, he joined
Mr. Hughes in a Coalition Ministry. and
has been unswervingly loyal to the political
compact then made.
NEW ZEALAND
MR. MASSEY-William Ferguson Massey,
Prime Minister of New
Zealand, a n Ulsterman
by birth, who h a s
achieved success a s a
farmer in New Zealand, led the Conservative P a r t y before the
war, a n d was in office
a s P r i rn e Minister
when t h e w a r broke
out. a n event which
he anticipated by the
offer of u divislon to
the Imperial Government. New Zealand,
too. was represented a t the outbreak of w a r
by the warship New Zealand, which she h a d
presented to the British f l e e t Mr. Massey
had taken office a s Prime Minister in 1912,
but in 1915 i t became clear t h a t a coalition
with the Liberal Pnrty, led by Sir Joseph
Ward, w a s desirable. I t was formed-both
parties showing a disposition to make personal sacrifices in the national cause. I t
has subsisted ever since, a n d t h e Ministry
which presides over it is called the National
Ministry. Mr. Massey went t o England t o
attend the Imperial W a r Cabinets of 1917
and of 1918, a n d h a d barely returned f r o m
the latter when h e was summoned again t o
represent his Dominion a t the Pcace Conference.
SIR JOSEPH WARD-Sir Joseph Ward h a s
had a long a n d distinguished career i n h
..
.
New Zealand politics.
He i s leader of the
Liberal Party, h e h a s
been Prime Minister.
a n d h e represented
New Zealand a t the
Imperial Conferences
of 1907and1911. In 1909
he w a s a member of
the Conference of Im-.
perial and Dominion
representatives on naval and military defense. A t t h a t conference the Australian
policy of establishing a n Australian naval
unit took shape, but S i r Joseph Ward, on
Zealand, would have none of
behalf of
i t for his Dominion, and insisted on the
maintenance of the policy of contribution to
the Rritish Navy. In 1915 Sir Joseph W a r d
joined Mr. Alassey a s the joint head of the
National Ministry. with the portfolio of Mnance. With Mr. Massey h e represented his
Dominion a t the Imporial W a r Cabinets of
ID17 a n d 1918.
NEWFOUNDLAND
SIR WILLIAM FREDERICK LLOYD.
Prime Minister of Newfoundland, was born
In England, where he was a t one time a
schoolmaster. H e became Prime Minister of
Newfoundland i n 1918. H e h a s no permanent seat in the Peace Conference, but was
the first Dominion representative to attend
i t under the panel system a t i t s f i r s t formal
meeting.
CANADA
8 I R ROBERT B O R D E N S i r Robert Laird
Borden. Prime Minist e r of Canada and
Secretary of State for
External Affairs. is a
barrister. who practiced in Halifax, took
silk In 1900, a n d was
elected to the Canadian House of Commons i n 1896.
There
h e led the Opposition
from 1901 to 1911.
when h e defeated Sir
Wilfrid Laurier a t the
general election. which
turned on t h e issue of reciprocity with the
United States. Sir Robert Borden h a s borne
the chief share of the burden of directing
Canadian affairs throughout the war. He
h a s shown conspicuous ability and courage.
combined with the power of weighing a question well before coming to a decision on it.
H i s political wisdom a n d moderation were
shown by his persistent efforts. in the face
of every klnd of discouragement, to bring
about a coalition with the pro-conscription
Liberals.
Sir Robert Borden h a s been a
convinced believer in the value of the Imperial W a r Cabinet, a n d h a s frequently
stated his 'iieu7 t h a t i t i s the nucleus or
future imperial developments.
GEORGE POSTER-Sir
George E.
Foster is a Canadian
by birth, and h a s had
,..
a long and distinguished career in Canadian politics.
He
was first elected to the
Canadian House of
Commons in 1882 a s
member
for
Kings.
New Rrunswick, and
he reached office a s
Minister of
Marine
a n d Fisheries in 1885.
When Sir Robert Borden won the election
of 1011, Sir George Foster became 4Iinlster
of Trade and Commerce. a n d he holds the
same portfolfo in the present Government.
SIR
I
16
T H E NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY
nrn. D o ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ - - C hJoseph
a r l e sDoherty.
a Canadian barrister.
who was a Judge of I
1
the Superior Court of
Quebec from 1891 to
1906, entered Canadian
politics a s a member
of the House of Commons in 1908, and w a s
appointed Minister of
Justice by Sir Robert
Borden when the Conservative Cabinet was
formed after the election of 1911. Mr. Doherty holds the same
As 3
portfolio in the present Ministry.
lawyer, his reputation is high.
INDIA
nIR. nIONTAGU-Edwin
Samuel Montagu
w a s a .~.~ o i n t eUnder
d
Secretary for India in
1910, and his f i r s t
budget speech a few
months later marked
him out for political
promotion, and there
was no surprise when
he entered the Cabinet
a s Chancellor of the
Duchy early In 1916.
I n the first Coalition
Government h e w a s
Minister of hiunitions,
but retired 1 ~ 1 t hother
friends of Mr. Asquith when Mr. Lloyd
George came into power. I n the Summer of
1917 Austen Chamberlain resigned the Indian
Secretaryship and Mr. Montagu was selected
f o r the vacancy. H e i t was. therefore, who
was spokesman of the famous " Pronouncement" of Aug. 20. and a few months later
he proceeded to India to investigate the political situation in association with the
Vlceroy. Their famous joint report on Indian constitutional recorms was issued i n
July, 1918, and further investigations a r e in
progress in pursuance of its recommendations, with a view to the gradual cievelopment of self-governing institutions.
3IAJOR GENERAL H. H. BlAHARAJAR
SIR GANGA 81NGH BAHADUR O F BIKANER. A. D. C. to the King, belongs to the
warrior clan of Rathore Rnjputs, and is descended from the ancient Kings of Kanauj.
H e has exceptional qualifications, both personal and hereditary, to represent his order.
Iris Long record of w a r service began with
the expedition for the relief of the legations
a t Peklng. in which h e commanded his famous Camel Corps.
During the w a r h e
served both In France and Egypt, and i n
the latter country and in Palestine the Camel
Corps won fresh laurels in many a battle.
When the Maharajah went to London i n
1917 a s the f i r s t Indlan Prince to be delegated to the Imperial W a r Conference and
Cabinet, his speeches on Indian progress
and reform made a great impress;on. H e
could not be spared from r4crt;i:ing and
other \-;ar work in India for t11v sscond W a r
Confer~nceand Cabinet, but his grlectior. f o r
the uvcsent historic gatherings in I'aris was
most heartily approved by Indiurr opinion.
S I R 9. P. S I ~ H A - S ~Satyenclra
~
Prassano
Sinha. I<. C., will go
down to history a s
representing i n h 1 s
own person more fully
than any contempor a r y Indian the progress of his country
toward the ultimatz
goal of self-government within the empire. The romance of
his advancement from
the obscurity of a n
Indian village home is
-scarcely less remarkable than t h a t of Mr. Lloyd George. H e
went to England to study for the B a r a t
Lincoln's Inn thirty-eight years ago after
secret preparation, owing to the strong prejudice then prevailing in Eengal against
foreign travel.
H e was the first Indian to be appointed
permanent Advocate General of Bengal. and
to become, just under ten years ago, a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council. He
Is the first Indian to " take silk " ( a n honor
hitherto jealously confined to the E a r practicing in England) to be a member (in association with the Maharajah of Bikaner)
of the Imperial W a r Conference and Imperial W a r Cabinet in 1917, and now to participate in the Peace Conference, to be made
a member of the Ministry i n Whitehall, and.
finally. to be raised to the peerage, for he
is t o represent the India Office a s Under
Secretary in the House of Lords. H e i s the
second Indian (Ameer Ali being the first) to
be named of the Privy Council.
SIR ALFRED HAXILTON GRAh'T, K. C.
I. E.. C. S. I.. Indian Civil Service, who
h a s been placed on special duty by the Government of India in association with the
deputation, is the second surviving son of
the late Sir Alexander Grant. 10th Bt.
After servlng f o r many gears in the Punjab
and the Xorthwest Frontier Province. he
was appointed Foreign Secretary to the Government of India in March. 1915. On his return to India he is to succeed Colonel Sir
George Roos-Keppel a s Chief Commissioner
of the Northwest Frontier Province.
UNITED STATES
PRESIDENT TVILSON-Woodrow Wilson,
President of the United States and Chief
of the American delegation. 3Ir. Wilson.
a considerable part of whose career h a s been
spent a s President of the great American
University of Princeton, was elected to the
WHO'S W H O I N T H E E '&ACE CONFERENCE
enjoying only the qualified support of the
Presidency of the United States in 1912, and
powcrful oppouitiu~l party in the United
entered the White House in the Spring of
States, regarded by liberalism the world
1913. His only previous public office had
over a s one of i t s chief leaders and spokesbeen
.~.~ - -t-~h a t of Governor
men.
of New Jersey. where
he made a fine record
MR. LANSING-Robert Lansing is Secreasareformer in a State
t a r y of State and
the polltics of which
chief member of Mr.
had not been particWilson's C a b i n e t.
ularly savory.
Mr.
Though in the old
Wilson is a statesman
d a y s of the American
e s s e n t i a l l ~of
~ thr libCommonwealth
t he
eral school. Before the
Secretary of S t n t e
war he wrought in the
dealt with many doUnited States a nummestic matters, h i s
ber of useful reforms.
functions now correHis wlicy of neuspond essentially to
trality d r i n g the
those of a Foreign
first phases of the w a r w a s prompted partly
Minister. Mr. Lansing
by a desire to he true to the old American
i-: hy trainifla well
tradition of aloofness from extm-American
qualified a s a cleleaffairs. partly by a sincere belief t h a t by
gate. A lawyer by professton, he early speremaining out of the w a r he could best bring
cialized in the international field, and has
t o the work of reconstruction the moral and
frccluently representecl his Goxrernment in inmaterial resaurces of his countrhr. In the
ternational cases. I n 1603 he w a s junior
Autumn of 1916 Mr. Wilson mas re-elected
counsel in the Berlng Sea Arbitration at
on a platform in which the maintenance of
Parls. H e was later counsel in the Bering
neutrality w a s the chief planL. His desire
Sea Claims Commission. In 1905 he went t o
and that of a majority of the American
The Haguc to help in presenting the Amervoters to avoid w a r did not, however, preican case in the fzmous North Atlantic Fishvent a cleclaration of hostility agalnst Gereries Arbitration. From 1912 to 1014 he was
many in April. 1917. after Germzny, by a
United
States agent in the Anglo-American
recrudescence of submarine savagery, had
Claims Arbitration.
enabled him conclusirely to prorc to his
Mr. Lansing succ~edeclMr. Bryan as Secpeople that half-measures were usaless, and
retary of State in the Sprins of 1913. So f a r
that i t was tile clear duty of their couna s matters of policy go, the President h a s
try to join the posse comitatus of civiiizatlon.
been his own Foreign nxinister; but in the
Mr. Wilson's w a r administration w a s eftangled negotiations of the last Dl~are of
fective in the extreme. By a fine :light of
American neutrality he had in Mr. Lansing
bold and imaginative democratic statesmana n able and level-lleaded lieutenant. Quiet
ship h e prevailed upon Congress t o pass offand courtl: in manner, well versed in the
hand a law for universal military service.
protocol oi international conferences, with
backed by a measure of w a r finance genera n intimct? k n o h l c a ~ e of American diploous enough t o finance by loans allied purmacy and policy during the war. Mr. Lanchases in the United States, a s w,:ll a s the
sing's value in shaping conclusions on many
vast American w a r machine. Having orimportant questions h a s been very great.
ganized man power on a national ))PSIS, the
COLONEL HOUSE-Colonel
E. M. House
President attacked industrial mobilization on
h a s never held a n y ofthe same scale. There was. i t is true, durficial position in the
ing the Autumn and Winter of 1917 and 1018
United States. H e has,
considerable difficulty in starting the vast
however, in the l a s t
machine of American mar effort. T!~erewere
few years been the
disappointment and delays over 1 % ~a i r promost influential and
gram and other things. B u t d u r i n s the Sumthe most discussed figmer of 1918 the United States was. a t the
ure, next to the Pressupreme crlais, able to produce in France
i
d e n t in American
the men needed, and, had the mar continued,
~ u b l l c life. E c r n in
her output of men and material would by
Texas and possessed
next year have become irresistible.
of a private fortune
President Wilson h a s in a special sense
sufficient f o r hls modmade the cause of the new democracy his
est needs. C o 1 o n e 1
own. IVithout his championship i t i s doubtHouse
early interested
ful whether the League of Nations would
himself In the politics of his State. Never
have attained the b'gh place t h a t it h a s now
seeking anything for himself. endowed with
got in the program of the conference, while
great political sagacity, with a keen judgthe high irieals of his fourteen ~ ? i . l t s serve
ment of human nature, and with t h a t exas a useful antidote to more selfish national
ambitions. The President Is, in fact. though traordinary memory of facts and faces that
~
"
.
18
THE N E W YORK TIME:S CURRENT HISTORY
is so g r e a t a n asset in public affairs. he
reached a position. smoothly and silently.
of almost dictatorial power in the councils
of the Democratic P a r t y in his State.
Colonel EIouse's debut in national affairs
synchronized with t h a t of Mr. Wilson. Convinced t h a t AIr. Wilson w a s the predestined
leader of the Democratic Party, he became
his friend and began to become his counselor
during the d a y s of the future President's
candidature.
During the days of American neutrality
Colonel House made frequent trips abroad to
get into contact with the leading men on
both sides and glean first-hand facts hout
the war. While in the United States h e s a w
In his f i a t in New York countless pcople, a n d
received countless letters in regard to every
phase of international affairs.
Some months a f t e r the United States entervd tho war Colonel IIoase was spnt abroad
by the President a s his personal representative, and there can be little doubt that during h ~ sstay in P a r i s and Lonaon in the
closing r e e k e of 1017 h e did a good deal to
prepare the way for XIarshal Foch's nppointment a s Ge~er:~lissirno.On the plesent occasion hc preceded t h e F r e ~ i d e n tto Eurnpe
by several weeks, and since hls arrival has
been his chief lieutenant in Paris.
His office a t the Hotel d e Crillon is the
clearing house of virtually all the important matters t h a t come to the American
dclcgation.
H l 3 X R Y WHITE-Henry White is a diplomatist de carriere. His
first-hand
knonrledge
of Europe dates back
to the Second Empire.
H e entered the American Diplomatic Service
in 188.3, a n d served as
Secretary of Embassy
in Vienna. and then in
London, where later,
from IS97 to 1905, he
acted a s First Secret a r y and frequently a s
Charah d' Affaires. I n
1003 he w a s appointed
Ambassador in Rome and was promoted to
be Ambassador in P a r i s in 1007. I n 1000 he
retirpd.
Sir. White was a very close friend of tile
late Mr. Rooscvelt. who appointeri him t o
both embassies. P a r t l y for this success h e
was selected to represent the Republican
P a r t y a t the Peace Conference. The Republicans. though they would have preferred
some more active member of the party for
Pal-is. acquiesced in the choice on account
both of Xlr. White's personal popularity a n d
of his obvious qualifications a s a dipiomatist. Besides his embassy experience, he
was the American representative in 1906 a t
the Conference of Algeciras upon Morocco.
while h e knows probably more European public men than a n y other American.
GEXERAL
BLISS-General
Tasker H.
Bliss. a s America's
representative a t the
Supreme W a r Council.
has become a familiar
figure to the statezmen
a n d soldiers of the Allies during the last
year. Before he came
t o E u r o p e General
Bliss had been successivelv A s s i s t a n t
Chief and Chief of the
A m e r i c a n General
Staff in Washington.
H e is, of course, a professional soldier. But. as his colleagues at
Versailles have discovered. he Is a n experienced diplomatist and administrator a s well.
After the Spanish war he took a leading part
in the reconstruction of Cuba under the
American military authorities. Alore recently
he w a s military adviser to the American
Commissioners a t a conference with representatives of Xexico, called to consider the
relations between the United States and t h a t
unfortilnate republic.
JAPAN
>IAP.QCIS KINBIOCHI SAIONJI, head of
tile Japanese delegation. who was born in
1S19. is a member of the proudest nobility of
I<ioto, but one of the strongest advocates of
reform in Japan. H e studied law in P a r i s
a s a young man, and then bccame acquainted
wlth hl. Clemenceau and the younger Radicals of the Third Republic. The Marquis
was the closest friencl of the late Prince Ito.
whom he succeeded a s leader of his party.
H e h a s been Minister Plenipotentiary to
Austria-Hungary and Germany, President of
the House of Peers and of the Privy Council.
Ninister of Education, a n d twice Prime Minister (190fi-08 and 1011-12). H e is one of the
three oldest statesmen of Japan. the other
two being Prince Yamagata and Marquis
Matsukata.
CHIXDA-T7iscount
Chinda.
the J a p a n e s e -4mbassador in London,
urns born In 18.56. I I e
f i r s t became grominent a s Vice Minister
f o r roreign Affairs
under Marquis Kom u r a in the period
covering the RussoJapanese war. During
a long diplomatic career he has been Minister to Brazil. to the
xetherlands,
a t St.
Petersburg, and Ambassador at Berlin (ISOR-ll), Washington
(1011-10). and London (since 1916).
YISCOUST
B A R O N nIAKINO, son of the famous Okubo
Toshimichi, was born in 1861. H e was ap-
WHO'S WHO IN T H E P EACECONFERENCE
pointed Minister to the Quirinal in 1899, a n d
made his mark a s Minister in Vienna during
the Russo-Japanese war. H e h a s since held
the portfolios of Education (1906-08), Agriculture and Commerce (1911-12), and Forelgn Affairs (1913-14). I n 1916 he became a
member of the Diplomatic Advisory Council.
MR. BIATBUI, Japanese Ambassador
Paris since 1918, was born in 1868. and
tered the Diplomatic Service in 1890.
served in the Washington. London. and
king Legations, and w a s Vice Minister
Forelgn APfairs (1912).
in
enHe
Pefor
MR. IJUIN, who was born in 1864. entered
the Diplomatic Servlce in 1890 and served a t
London. Vienna, a n d Peking. He was appointed Minister to China in 1908 and Ambassador in Rome in 1916.
ITALY
SIGNOR 0RLANI)O-Born
Emanuele O r l a n d 0.
Italian Prime hIinister.
a Sicilian, fovmer Professor
of
Constitutional Law a t Paiermo
-
- -
a n t of the former
Prime Minister. Signor
- -
in 1860, Vittol'fo
I 4
1.'
in the late Boselli Cabinet and was m h
criticised on account of
the latitcde he allowed
the neutralist and pacifist agitators. On
perceiving the danger of their movem-nt, he
governed with a firm hand, and. having succeeded Signor Boselli a s Prime Minister in
1917, he gained prestige by the moral courage he showed a t the moment of the Caporetto disaster. He organized national resistance to the Austro-German invasion, and
in a series of patriotic speeches sustained the
spirit of the country. H e is personally in
favor of a liberal foreign policy and is understood to favor a direct understanding with
the Southern Slavs.
SALVATORF: U.%RZIL.%I is a native of
Trieste, of Jewish blood. He was early identified with Italian Irredentist agitation and
left Trieste for Italy, where he joined the
Republican Part?. One of the most eloquent
speakers in t h e Italian Chamber. hc took office a s Minister without portfolio in the Boselli Cabinet and contributed by his speeches
to maintain public spirit. H e was a member
of the Italian Parliamentary Committee that
organized the Rome Congress of Oppressed
Austro-Hungarian Nationalities.
GENERAL COUNT nfARIO D l ROBILANT, nephew of the former Italian Ambassador a t Vienna and former Minister, i s
a n accomplished soldier and represented Italy
at the Supreme W a r Council of Versailles.
He spent some years a s Military Attach6 a t
Berlin and subsequently commanded the
Florence Army Corps. In 1906 he succeeded
the late Gencral De Giorgis P a s h a as Inspector Gencral of Macedonian reforms Iander the Miirzsteg program and remained in
the Turkish service until the outbreak of the
Italo-Turkish F a r of 1911. H e commanded
with great ability a n Italian a r m y during
the first two a n d a half years of the war.
and was transferred to Versailles in the Summer of 1918.
BARON SONNINO-Baron Sidney Sonnino
was born in 1847. the
son of a n Italian Jewish father and a British mother. As a young
m a n he was attached
to the Italian Legations a t Madrid. Paris.
a n d Vienna. Wealthy
a n d well educated, of
a serious t u r n of mind.
he entered Parliament
a t the age of 30 as a
Liberal Conservative.
and showed conslderable competence in social, financial, and economic questions,
studied the condition of the peasantry in
Sicily, and advocated the gradual breaking
u p of big estates. I n the Crispi Cabinets of
1887-1800 and 1893-1896 he made his mark a s
Under Secretary for Finance, and subsequently a s Minister of the Treasury, and In
the latter capacity he saved Italian credit by
drastic financial and fiscal reforms, but
shared with Crispi the dlsrredit of the disaster of Adowa in 1896. H e was alternately
leader of the Opposition and leader of the Majority for ten years, but was Prime Minister
only for two short periods of three months
each in 1906 a n d 1910, being overthrown on
each occasion by Gioiittian hostility. Stern
and uncompromising, he was resarded a s a n
embodiment of his mottoes. Nitor in adverTurn, and Aliis si licet. tibi non licet.
Sonnino took office a s Foreign Minister in
Xovember. 1914, on the death of the hlarquis
di San Giuliano and conducted the negotiations with Austria a n 3 Germany for recognition of the claims of Italy. He negotiated
si~nultancouslythe London Treaty with England. France, and Russia, and concluded it
after the failure of the negotiations with
Austria.
nI,\RQl;IS SALV.4GO-RAGGI, the only
trained diplomatist among the Italian delegates, served a s Secretary in various Italian
Embassies, but first acquired proniinence a s
Italian Minister to China during the Boxer
troubles.
He was subsequent1 appointed
diplomatic agent a t Cairo, and afterward
Ambassador in Parls upon the reslgnatlon of
Signor Tittoni. Thls post he held for a comparatively short period. but h e h a s now returned a s the diplomatic adviser to the delegation. H e 1s a persoral frlend of Baron
Sonnino.
eo
SIGNOR
T H E N E W YORK TllIfE:S CURRENT HISTORY
SALANDRA-Antonio
Salandra,
represent Brazil a t the third Pan-American
Congress. H c is a man of very strong and
independent character.
liament a t a n early
age, he acquired influence a s a n authority
on jurisprudence a n d
finance. and in t h e
Crispi administration
of 1893-96 became Und e r Secretary f o r
Finance. In the second
Peiloux C a b i n e t of
1899-1900 he was Minister of A g r i c u l t ~ r c , a n d succeeded Giolitti
as Prime hiinister in 1913. H e retained office
during the first eighteen months of the war.
and was responsible both for Italy's declaration of neutrality a t the beginning of August. 1914. and for her declaration of war o n
Austria in May. 1915.
PAUL HYMANS. Belgian hSinister for Foreign Affairs, was previously Belgian Mlnister in London. Before the w a r he was a
leader of the Belgian Liberal P a r t y a n d the
Belgian bar. H e is a man of great intellectual vigor and of wide political experience.
P r i m e Minister o f
Italy at the outbreak
of war, is a native of
Apulia. Entering Par-
BRAZIL
D E DIAGHALAES, Brazilian
Minister in Paris, h a s during a diplomatic
career of over twenty years established a
reputation a s a n unusually progressive a n d
far-sighted statesman, and he is particularly well fitted to collaborate in the scheme
for a League of Nations. His first great
Success w a s in the negotiations with Bolivia
over the "Bolivian Syndicate," to which
Bolivia had granted concessions In territory
claimed by Brazil. H e succeeded in establishing the justice of his country's demands,
and thanks to his. efforts Brazil subsequently
obtained adequate compensation,
H e followed up this achievement by promoting. a s
Minister for Foreign Affairs. a rapprochement between Brazil and Argentina, a n d
brought about a n exchange of visits between
the Presidents of the taro republics, a n event
without precedent. H e further strengthened
Brazil's position b y obtaining the signature
of a treaty of general arbitration with Chile.
Thanks t o Senhor d e Maghaiaes's farsighted and conciliatory policy a foundation
has been laid in South America for t h e
establishment of a n international entente.
OLTXTHO
EPITACIO PESSOA Is the head of t h e
delegation which h a s been sent from Brazil
for the Peace Conference. H e is a member
of the Senate a n d a prominent figure in
politics, but he is perhaps most distingulshed
a s a n expert in jurisprudence. H e i s a member of the Supreme Court of Justice.
PANDIA CALOCER.48 is one of the greatest authorities on economic questions in Bra7.11. H e h a s held portfolios of Agriculture
and Finance, and in both offices h a s given
proof of high technical accomplishment and
first-class intellectual powers. H e w a s one
of the ablest coadjutors of Baron de Rio
Branco when the latter w a s Minister for
Foreign Affairs. and w a s chosen by him to
BELGIUM
31. VAN DEN HEUVEL, one Of the most
distinguished members of the Belgian Diplomatlc Service, was until recently Minister to
t h e Vatican. H e h a s constantly defended t h e
Belgian cause a t the Holy See a-ainst the
intrigues of Germany and the pressure of the
German Catholic hierarchy.
31. VAXDEHVELDE-Emile
Vandervclde,
M i n i s t e r of Justice. is a leader of the
Socialist
B elgi an
Party, who, like other
prominent Belgian Socialists, supported the
Government in August, 1914, a n d went
into exile with i t when
t h e Germans overran
the country. H e took
office i n the De Broqueviile Cabinet a s
IIinister of State without portfolio, b u t accepted the portfolio of Justice in t h e present
administration.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
KAREL KRAXARCZ, Prime Minister of
the Czechoslovak Government. was long
leader of the Young Czech P a r t y i n the Austrian Reichsrat. H e w a s prominent in a s suring the return of the Czech Deputies to
active participation in Austrian politics after
their long abstention a s a protest against
the late Emperor Francis Joseph's failure t o
fulfill his promise to be crowned King of
Bohemia at. Prague in 1870. H e opposed
the Austro-German Alliance a n d the Triple
Alliance a s fatal to the interests of the Hapsburgs. a n d w a s regarded by Austrian Germans a s their most redoubtable political antagonist. A strong Russophiie, h e was one
of the imitators of the Neo-Slav movement.
H e w a s arrested early in the w a r and condemned to death by a n Austrian court, but
w a s subsequently reprieved a n d liberated.
His whole public life h a s been devoted t o
the cause of Bohemian liberty.
EDWARD BENES is Foreign Minister of
the Czechslovak Republic. A student of sociology and pupil of Professor Masaryk. now
Prestdent of the Republic, he w a s tutor at
the Czech University of Prague. but escaped from Bohemia early in the war. H e
joined Masaryk, founded with him and General Stefanik the Czechoslovak National
WHO'S W H O I N T H E PEACE CONFERENCE
Council, and w a s instrumental in raising the
Czechslovak Army and in securing recognt'Or
the CzechOs'ovak
tion from the
Provisional Go-iernment.
-------
CRV.l?Ck?
M.
VENIZELOS-Eleutherios
Venizelos,
Greek Prime Minister.
first acquired fame as
leader in the Cretan
insurrection of 1897.
He showed great abili t y i n negotiations
w i t h t h e European
powers, and became
undisputed leader of
the Cretans b e f o r e
consenting to e n t e r
Greek political life.
Although a convinced
reDublican. h e saved
the dynasty and t h e
country during the crisis of 1909, carried
through a revision of the Constitution, and
prepared the Ealkan Alliance of 3912. H e
co-operated loyally with the late King George
of Greece, but w a s exposed to the various
intrlgues of his son, King Constantine, who
From the
took umbrage a t his popularit)'.
outset of the w a r he w a s convinced t h a t
Greece must join the Allies, and. althougll
a first offer of military assistance had been
rejected. h e prepared steadily f o r intervention. Thwarted by the intrigues of King
Constantine and of German agents. h e broke
with the King and set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government a t Saloniki.
Ultimately he returned triumphantly to Athens
as head of the National Government a f t e r
the abdication of King Constantine a n d the
accession of K i n a Alexander. H e contributed notably to the success of the Saloniki
Army by the reorganization of the Hellenic
forcep. H i s present aim is the union of all
Greeks in one State, a n d especially t h e liberation of Greek Asia Minor a n d of t h e
Aegean Islands from alien rule.
M. POLITIS. Greek Foreign Minister, is a
close friend and collaborator of Venizelos.
with whom h e h a s been associated through
all the recent vicissitudes of that statesman's career. H e helped in the formation
of the Provisional Government a t Saloniki.
and returned with M. Venizelos to Athens.
An eloquent speaker, he is a n ardent advocate of the policy of Hellenic national reunion.
HEDJAZ
PRINCE FEISAL is the third son of the
Sherif of Mecca. who has become the head
of the new Arab Kingdom of Hedjaz. Prince
Feisal led the A r a b Army which co-operated
with General Allenby i n wresting Palestine
and Syria from the Turks. Prince Feisal
has been actlve in presenting the territorial
claims of the new klngdom a t t h e Peace
Conference.
POLAND
for
years a
leader of the Russian Poles and a Conservative in politics. was a member of the First
Duma and author of a well-known work on
the Polish question. H e came to Western
Europe a s unofficial representative of the
Russian Poles in the early p a r t of the war.
a n d subsequently helped to form the Polish
National Committee. of which h e h a s been
the President. F o r this body h e obtainea
recognition from the allied Governments as
the official representative of Polish interests, and h e has now been appointed delegate to the Peace Conference by the Coalitlon Government i n Warsaw.
D3rOWSH,.
PORTUGAL
EGAS MONIZ, Portuguese Minister f o r
Foreign Affairs, will be chief of the Portuguese delegation. H e is a doctor of the Medical Faculty. Lisbon. A great friend of Sidonio Paes, the l a t e President, h e entered
political life a t a n early age. and w a s frequently offered portfolios in different Governments, i r h ~only accepted the portfolio of
Foreign Affairs five months ago a t the urgent inaistcncc of his friend Paes. H e had
~ r e v i o u s l yrepresented Portugal at Madrid.
RUMANIA
!an Bratiano i s Ruman i a n Prime Mlnlster
a n d head of the Liberal Party. H e i s the
son of the famous Rumanian statesman who
brought a b o u t t h e
constitution
of
the
united R u m a n 1 a n
PrincipaliW and invited Prince Charles
of
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to accept the
Rumanian throne i n
1866. H e w a s from the
beginnirg of the w a r
a convinced supporter of the Allies, preserved
a prudently friendly attitude toward them
during the period of neutrality, concluded
with them the treaty on the basis of Which
Rumanonia declared w a r in t h e Summer of
1016, and organii..ed Rumanian resistance to
the Austro-Gel'mnn invasion. Hi3 conduct
s f f a r Rumania he(1 heen compelled Lo sign
t h e Treaty of Bucharest w a s extremely
coura&eous.
NICHOLAS 3IISU is the most dlstlnguislled
living Rumanian diplomatist. B y origin a
Nacedonian Ilumane, he adopted Rumanian
citizenship and represented his country for
m a n y years In Balkan cayitals. He' gallled
d!stinction a3 Minister a t Sofia, Vienna, a n d
Lcndon, where h e carried on with the Brltip.h Governmrnt the negotiations relating to
Rumanian ~ a r t i c i p a t l o n in the war. H e returned t o Rumania by special request to defend hIs country's Interests when the con-
9%
T H E N E W YORK T I M E
cluslon of peacc became inevitable. He hqs
r remarkable knowledge of European a n d
Balkan languages.
SERBIA
NIKOLA
-
PASHITCH
Nikola Pashitch,
founder a n d leader
of the Serbian Radical
Party. h a s played a
prominent part in Serbian internal politics,
and was Prime Minister almost uninterruptedly from 1905 until his recent resignation.
He conducted
Scrbian resistance to
the Austro-Hungarian
tariff war of 1905.
directed Serbian affairs during the Bosnian annexation crisis of IDOR-9,prepared on
b ~ h a l fof Serbia the Balkan Alliance of 1912,
r,nd w a s responsible hcad of Serbian at'fairs
during the whole of the war. His personal
conception of the future of Serbia w a s t h a t
she should form a " Greater Serbia " by the
annexation of the Serbs of Austria-Hungary
and of Nontenegro rather than that all the
Serbs, Croats. and Slovenes outslde Serbia
should join her in forming a united Soutl-ern
S:av State.
ANTE TRUJIDITCH, Foreign Minister of
the new Serb-Croat-Slovene kingdom, is a
native of Spalato. in Dalmatia, and w a s f o r
many years XIayor of the city. A prominent
member of the Dalmatian bar. he became
President of the Dalmatian Provlncial Diet
and a Dalmatian Deputy to the Austrian
Heichsrat. H e mas one of the authors of the
Flume revolution of 1905, which first united
the Croats and Serbs of Austria-Hungary,
On the eve of war he succeeded in escaping
from Austria and formed with Supilo aqd
other leading Southern Slavs the Southern
Slav Committee, of which he w a s chosen
President. I n t h a t capacity he concluded
wlth Serbia in July, 1917, the Declaratim of
Corfu. which w a s the preliminary charter of
Southern Slav unity under the Karageorgev~c
dynasty. He concluded also in March. 1918,
with the Italian Deputy. Dr. Torre, on behalf
of a comprehenslve Italian Parliamentary
Committee, the Italo-Southern Slav agreement, which w a s ratified by the Rome Congress and approved by Signor Orlando in
April. 1918. Upon the formation of the new
united Southern Slav kingdom h e w a s a p pointed Foreign Minister.
DR. \'ESNlTCH-Dr.
Vesnitch Is ScrbCroat-Slovene Minister
in Paris, where he Pormerly represented Serbia f o r m a n y years.
H e w a s a supporter
and friend of M. P a s hitch, and was intrusted with a specla1
Serbian mission to the
Vnited States after the
American declaration
of war.
Seating of the Peace Conference Delegates
The r e l a t i v e positions of the v a r i o u s
d e l e g a t e s a r o u n d t h e p e a c e table at t h e
o p e n i n g session of t h e Paris Conference,
Jan. 18, 1919, is indicated b y the f i g u r e s
in t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g d i a g r a m . M. Poincare, P r e s i d e n t of the French Republic,
p r e s i d e d at this s e s s i o n a n d occupied
the s e a t l a t e r filled b y M. Clemenceau
at the h e a d of t h e horseshoe table. A
few c h a n g e s w e r e x a d e at later meetings, but t h e r e l a t i v e positions of t h e
delegations remained t h e s a m e throughout t h e l i f e of the conference in the Q u a i
d ' O r s a y Building:
DIAGRAM SHOWING POSITIONS O F DELEGATES AT FIRST SESSION OF CONFERENCE
1. M. Poincai-6. President of tho French
Republic.
Unite11 Stntes.
8. nallour.
I). Bonar Law.
2. Pres. Wilson.
3. Lansing.
10. Barnes.
4. White.
11. Lloyd.
Pmnce.
5. Col. House.
6. Gen. n1is.s.
12. Clemenceau.
CIrrnt nritnln.
13. Pichon.
7. Lloyd George.
14. J l a r s h l l F o c h
15. N o t z
16. Tardleu.
17. Cambon.
Haiti.
32.
Peru.
Italy.
18. Sonnlno.
19. Salvago Rag&
20. Orlando.
21. Salandra.
22. Barzilai.
.
25. Vandervelde.
Brazil.
26. Pessoa.
27. Magalhaes.
28. Calogeras.
Greece.
30. Politis.
31. Venizelos.
South Afrlea.
40. Gen. Botha.
Portnpal.
47. Gen. Smuts.
35. hloniz.
30. Pashitch.
23. Hymans.
24. Van den Heuvel.
Australia.
44. Hughes.
43 Cook.
33. Calderon.
34. Villella.
Belglom.
Cuba.
29. Martinez.
-
58. Lou Tseng
Tsiang.
Ecuador.
59. De Alsua.
Guatemala.
-
New Zealand.
60.
48.
HedJaz.
61. Rustem HaFdar.
62. Emlr Faisal.
-
British Indla.
Serbia and Jugoslavia.
40. Maharaja
Ganga
Singh.
50. Lord Slnha.
37, Trumbitch.
38. Vesnitch.
Czechoslovak
Republic.
39. Benes.
40. Krammarcs.
Uruguay.
41. Carlos Blanco.
Japan.
51. ~MarauisKinmochi Saionjl.
52. Baron Maklno.
53. Viscount Chinda.
54. Matsui.
55. Ijuin.
Canada.
42. Foster.
43. Sifton.
China.
57. Chengling
Thomas Wang.
Bollvla.
86, &lontes,
LIberla.
83.
-
Panama.
64.
-
f5:and'
66. Dmowski.
Rumania.
67. Misu.
68. Bratiano.
The New Armistice Settlement
Ships in Exchange for Food
H E complete text of the Armistice
T
Convention signed a t Treves on Feb.
16, 1919, prolonging the armistice
for a n indefinite period and revokable a t
a notice of seventy-two hours, is given
in English translation below :
The undersigned plenfpotentiarles, Admiral Wemyss being replaced by Admiral
Browning. General von Winterfeld being
replaced by General von Hammerstein.
and the Plenipotentiary Minister Count
von Oberndori by Plenipotentiary Minister
von Haniel, invested with powers in virtue
of which the Armistice Convention of
Nov. 11. 1918, w a s signed, have ratified
the following s~rpplementaIyconvention:
1. The Germans must cease a t once all
offensive operations against the Poles In
the region of Posen and In all other regions. T o this end, they a r e prohibited
from crossing with their troops the line
of the old frontier of Eastern Prussia
and Western Prussia with Russia a s f a r
a s Luisenfeld, and from t h a t point the
following line: West from Luisenfeld.
west from Gross-Neudorff, south of
Brzoze, north of Schubin, north of Exin.
south of Samoczin, south of Chodzienzin.
north of Czarnikof, west of Mialla. west
of Birnbaum. west of Bentschen, west of
Voilstein, north of Lissa, north of Rawiez.
south of Krotoszin, west of Adelnau, west
of Schlldberg, north of Vierruchow, then
the frontier of Silesia.
2. The armistice of Nov. 11, prolonged
by the conventions of Dec. 13, 1918. and
Jan. 16, 1919. to Feb. 17, 1919, i s again
extended for a short period, date of
termination not specified, which period
the allied and associated powers reserve
the right to terminate within three days'
notice.
3. The execution of the clauses of the
convention of Nov. 11. 1918. and of the
additional conventions of Dec. 13. 1918.
and Jan. 16. 1919. Imperfectly fulfllled.
will be continued and completed during
the extension period of the armlstice.
subject to the conditions of detall fixed
by the permanent Armistice Commission.
according to the instructions of the Allled
High Command.
Treves, Feb. 16. 1919.
FOCH,
BROWNING.
EKZBERGER.
VON HAMMERSTEIN,
TrON HANIEL,
VON S E M W .
AFTER THE SIGNING
Marshal Foch, immediately after the
signing of the new convention, left Treves
on his special train. On his arrival in
Paris, the Commander in Chief of the
Allied Forces went to the headquarters
of the council and delivered to M. Clemenceau the text of the new convention