Biomass to Gas
Bram van der Drift
Presented at the Future World of Biogas: Europe 2011,
24 November 2011, London, United Kingdom
ECN-L--11-122
November 2011
BIOMASS to GAS
Bram van der Drift
www.ecn.nl
CONTENTS
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Digestion and gasification
Processes, difference, synergy
Status of gasification
Costs
Future/ambitions
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TERMINOLOGY
• Biogas
• Syngas
Gas from digestion (CH4, CO2)
Gas from gasification (CH4, CO2, H2, CO, .. )
• Bio-methane Upgraded gas to essentially 100% CH4
• SNG
Substitute/Synthetic Natural Gas, biogas or
syngas upgraded to Natural Gas quality
can be made from coal or biomass (bioSNG)
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DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass
characteristics
technology:
status:
scale:
fuel:
potential:
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BIOGAS
SYNGAS
digestion
commercially available
small (<1 MW)
gasification
in development (biomass)
large (>100 MW)
wet biomass (local)
dry biomass (local or import)
limited (< 60 PJ in NL)
“unlimited”
DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass
process
temperature:
process
gas:
BIOGAS
SYNGAS
< 100°C
biological
CH4
> 500°C
chemical
CH4
CO2
CO2
…
H2
CO
….
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DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass
final products
BIOGAS
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SYNGAS
CHP
bio-methane
CHP
bio-methane
Netherlands (2010):
2.0 PJ heat
3.3 PJ power
0.9 PJ bio-methane
Netherlands (2010)
0
1.5 PJ power
0
DIGESTION
a biological process
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BIOGAS
GASIFICATION
a thermal process
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SYNGAS
PRODUCING BIO-METHANE
digestion
solid/liquid
fuel
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gas cleaning
gaseous
fuel
contaminated
upgrading to
NG specification
clean gaseous
fuel
NG quality
gas
PRODUCING BIO-METHANE
gasification
gas cleaning
upgrading to
NG specification
digestion
gas cleaning
upgrading to
NG specification
solid/liquid
fuel
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gaseous
fuel
contaminated
clean gaseous
fuel
NG quality
gas
tar removal
gasification
gas cleaning
S removal
dust removal
digestion
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gas cleaning
C2H4 …  H2 + CO
3H2 + CO  CH4 + H2O
upgrading to
NG specification
CO2 removal
water removal
upgrading to
NG specification
tar removal
gasification
gas cleaning
S removal
dust removal
digestion
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gas cleaning
C2H4 …  H2 + CO
3H2 + CO  CH4 + H2O
upgrading to
NG specification
CO2 removal
water removal
upgrading to
NG specification
PRODUCTION of BIO-METHANE
digestion and gasification compared
• Many differences (size, residence time, process,
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technology status, type of biomass, conversion, …)
Similarities in gas cleaning/upgrading:
- S-removal
- CO2-removal
Synergy:
- NG-specs development (e.g. H2 content)
- Certification
- Digestate gasification
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GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Fixed bed
Circulating fluidized bed
Fuel
Entrained flow
Gas
Fuel
Oxygen
& Steam
Drying
Pyrolysis
Fuel
Air
Oxidation
Air
Air
Gas
Reduction
Gas
Slag
Ash
simple
cheap
tar in gas
limited scale
limited fuel choice
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fuel flexible
up-scalable
tar in gas
conversion not 100%
commercial large scale
no tar in gas
O2-plant required
fuel milling <0.1 mm
too high T for biomass
TECHNOLOGIES
Fixed bed
Indirect fluidized bed
Fuel
raw
producer
gas
Drying
Fuel
Oxygen
& Steam
flue gas
Pyrolysis
Oxidation
Air
Entrained flow
pyrolysis
Air
combustion
Gas
Reduction
biomass
Gas
air
Slag
steam or CO2 or …
simple
tar in gas
limited scale
limited fuel choice
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fuel flexible
up-scalable
conversion is not 100%
tar in gas
no N2 in gas
commercial large scale
no tar in gas
O2-plant required
fuel milling <0.1 mm
too high T for biomass
STATUS OF GASIFICATION
gasifier without gas cleaning
CFB Metso, Varo (Swe),
co-firing lime kiln,
35 MWth_biomass
CFB FW, Lahti
(Fin), co-firing
PF boiler,
45 MWth_biomass
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Updraft Nexterra, Tolko
(Can), boiler,
12 MWth_biomass
STATUS OF GASIFICATION
gasifier without gas cleaning
PRME, # plants with
boiler, 1-30 MWth_biomass
Indirect fluidized bed
FERCO, Burlington (US),
boiler, 40 MWth_biomass
Updraft Bioneer, 8
plants with boiler,
4-5 MWth_biomass
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STATUS OF GASIFICATION
combined heat and power (engine)
Repotec indirect
gasifier, Gussing
(Austria), 2 MWe
Volund updraft
gasifier, Harboore
(Denmark), 1 MWe
Ortner indirect
gasifier, Villach
(Austria), 3.7 MWe
Ortner indirect
gasifier, Oberwart
(Austria), 2.8 MWe
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STATUS OF GASIFICATION
combined heat and power (engine)
Carbona fluidized bed
gasifier, Skive
(Denmark),
6 MWe
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Pyroforce downdraft
gasifier, Stans
(Switzerland), 1.2 MWe
Weiss 3-stage gasifier,
Hadsund (Denmark),
0.15 MWe
STATUS OF GASIFICATION
(ambitious) plans
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20 MW production of SNG (Goteborg Energi, Sweden)
300 MW production of SNG (E.On, Sweden)
12 MW production of SNG (Dahlman, Netherlands)
…
200 MW FT diesel (Carbona, UPM, Finland or France)
200 MW FT diesel (Foster Wheeler, Neste Oil, Finland)
75 MW methanol (Uhde, Sweden)
25 MW ethanol (Enerkem, US)
…
55 MWe power IGCC (Rentech, US)
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C. M. van der Meijden et.al., Biomass
and Bioenergy 34, pp 302-311, 2010.
GASIFICATION for SNG
SNG: Substitute Natural Gas (bio-methane)
70%
efficiency
70%
64%
60%
53%
50%
Entrained Flow
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CFB
MILENA
Basis: wood (20%
moisture) to SNG,
gross efficiency LHV
- Entrained Flow (oxygen-blown)
- CFB: Circulating Fluidized Bed (oxygen-blown)
- Indirect Fluidized bed
raw
producer
gas
INDIRECT FLUIDIZED BED
MILENA technology
Complete conversion
High methane yield
Fuel flexible
flue gas
pyrolysis
combustion
biomass
www.milenatechnology.com
air
steam or CO2 or …
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tar free gas
TAR REMOVAL
stripper
collector
Complete tar removal
No methane removal
Tar recycle
absorber
OLGA technology
raw gas
www.olgatechnology.com
tar
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tar
MILENA gasification
OLGA tar removal
200 m3/h
25 kW
2 000 m3/h
800 kW
2 m3/h
2 000 m3/h
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SNG DEMONSTRATION PLANT
- First phase 12 MW: ~900 Nm3/h bio-methane
from waste wood
- Second phase 50-100 MW
- HVC main partner
www.hvcgroep.nl
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SNG PLANTS in SWEDEN
• Goteborg Energi: recently started construction of 20
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MWSNG from clean wood
E.On Sweden aims at 10 TWh/a in 2020 (1200 MWSNG)
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SNG PLANTS on COAL
• 3 GW plant in US since 1984, ~180 000 Nm3/h SNG
• Several large-scale coal plants planned or under
construction in China, Korea, …
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WHAT DOES bioSNG COST?
total capital investment
• Total Capital Investment (TCI) of the 10th bioSNG plant
with 1 GWth_biomass capacity
(1 GWth_biomass = 20 PJSNG/y = 0.6 bcm/y)
• Investment is estimated by:
- Assuming existing/planned GtL, IGCC, CtL, and
CtSNG as references
- Expressing investment per kW input capacity
- Quantifying differences in scale, technology, time, …
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$/kW-input
GtL
BtL
IGCC
CtL
CtSNG
arrows indicate actual plants or plants under construction
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BtSNG
WHAT DOES bioSNG COST?
total capital investment large commercial plant
• Average from references: 1400 $/kW (thermal input)
• After learning: 1000 $/kW (thermal input)
• Translating to 15 $/GJ (bioSNG) production costs
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GREEN DEAL GREEN GAS
Green Gas in NL [bcm/y]
a deal between NL government and industry
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
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EU AMBITIONS on BIOGAS/BIOMETHANE
• National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP-
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EU27): projected 535 PJ/y in 2020
NL: 25 PJ/y in 2020 (1200 MWSNG), 700 PJ/y in 2050
S: 36 PJ/y in 2020
D: 200 PJ/y in 2020, 360 PJ/y in 2030
• Only NL mentions biomethane as a product
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SUMMARY
• Digestion and gasification are non-competing
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processes
Very different in feedstock, scale, …
Both however can be used for CHP and
SNG/biomethane
Happening now: digestion for SNG/biomethane
Gasification will follow for the larger quantities
Gasification still needs technological development
and upscaling, but benefits from coal-based
technologies
Do not forget BECCS: bioenergy with CCS
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MORE INFORMATION
Bram van der Drift
e:
t:
w:
[email protected]
+31 224 56 4515
www.ecn.nl
PO Box 1
NL 1755 ZG Petten
the Netherlands
publications: www.ecn.nl/publications
fuel composition database: www.phyllis.nl
tar dew point calculator: www.thersites.nl
IEA bioenergy/gasification: www.ieatask33.org
Milena indirect gasifier: www.milenatechnology.com
OLGA: www.olgatechnology.com / www.renewableenergy.nl
SNG: www.bioSNG.com and www.bioCNG.com
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