INTERPRETACJE I ROZPRAWY
TEMATY I KONTEKSTY
NR 4 (9) /2014
%DUEDUD1LHG]LHOD*U]HJRU]$.OHSDUVNL
8QLZHUV\WHW5]HV]RZVNL
7KH0DOH*D]HDQG%H\RQG
(GJDU$OODQ3RH¶V)HPDOH&KDUDFWHUV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHDUWLFOHLVDUHSRUWRQUHVHDUFKLQSURJUHVV
DQGWKDWWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI/LJHLDH[LVWVDVLWVVHSDUDWHVHFWLRQDQGGLVFXVVLRQVRIRWKHUWDOHV
DQGSRHPVZLOOIROORZ
INTERPRETACJE I ROZPRAWY
,WJRHVZLWKRXWVD\LQJWKDWRQHRIWKHNH\PRWLIVLQ(GJDU$OODQ3RH¶V
OLWHUDWXUHLVWKHGHDWKRIDZRPDQ,WLVWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUZKRPD\EHVDLG
WRRFFXS\WKHFHQWUHRI3RH¶V¿FWLRQ±HYHQWKRXJKWKHYDVWPDMRULW\RIKLV
WDOHVDUHWROGE\PDOHQDUUDWRUV+RZHYHURQHPD\FDVWYDULRXVMXGJPHQWV
RQWKHFUHGLELOLW\RIWKHPDOHSHUVSHFWLYHDVLQVRPHFDVHVWKHLUDFFRXQWV
DSSHDUWRFRQWUDGLFWWKHPVHOYHV7KHDUWLFOHDWWHPSWVWRSURYLGHSRVVLEOHZD\V
RILQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHSLFWXUHRIZRPHQ¶VUROHLQVHOHFWHGVWRULHVE\PHDQV
RIKLJKOLJKWLQJFHUWDLQGLVFUHSDQFLHVWKDWPD\EHGHWHFWHGLQWKHSRUWUD\DO
RIZRPHQ)RUWKHPRVWSDUWWKHGLVFUHSDQFLHVVWHPIURPWKHFRQWUDGLFWRU\
QDWXUHWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHOLWHUDOGLPHQVLRQRIWKHQDUUDWRUV¶DFFRXQWV2Q
WKHRQHKDQGIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVDSSHDUWREHLGHDOL]HGDQGDOPRVWVXSHU
KXPDQLQWKHPDOHJD]H2QWKHRWKHUKDQGKRZHYHU3RH¶VPDOHFKDUDFWHUV
VHHPWRGLPLQLVKWKHLUIHPDOHSDUWQHUVSHUKDSVGXHWRWKHLURZQLQDELOLW\
WRFRPSUHKHQGZRPHQ¶VQDWXUH7KHFRQWUDGLFWRU\TXDOLW\ZKLFKFDQEH
H[WUDFWHGIURPWKHPDOHSHUVSHFWLYHRIZRPHQLQ3RH¶VWDOHVPD\EHDQDO\]HG
LQWHUPVRIFHUWDLQDOOXVLRQVDQGV\PEROLFUHIHUHQFHVZKLFKPD\JXLGHWKH
UHDGHUWRWKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHWUXHQDWXUHRI3RH¶VIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUV7KH
DUWLFOHSURYLGHVWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKUHHFDVHVWKHFDVHRI0RUHOODWKHFDVHRI
%HUHQLFHDQGWKHFDVHRIWKHXQQDPHGZRPDQLQ7KH2YDO3RUWUDLWDVDOO
WKUHHRIWKHZRPHQPD\EHVDLGWRVKDUHFHUWDLQGLVWLQJXLVKLQJIHDWXUHV
DQGWKH\DOOSHULVK(YHQWKRXJK/LJHLDLVSHUFHLYHGE\PDQ\UHDGHUV±DQG
E\3RHKLPVHOI±DVRQHRIKLVEHVWWDOHVIHDWXULQJRQHRIKLVPRVWFRPSOH[
IHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVWKHDXWKRUVRIWKHDUWLFOHKDYHGHFLGHGQRWWRLQFOXGHKHU
FDVHLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQGXHWRWKHLUEHOLHIWKDWWKHDQDO\VLVRI/LJHLDGHVHUYHV
SDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQDQGDQLQGLYLGXDODSSURDFK
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
7KHFDVHRI0RUHOOD
7KHSRUWUD\DORIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUIHDWXUHGLQWKHVKRUWVWRU\0RUHOOD
PXVWEHH[SORUHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIRQHRIWKHUHFXUULQJPRWLIVLQ3RH¶V
¿FWLRQQDPHO\GHDWKDQGUHVXUUHFWLRQ,QWKLVVKRUWVWRU\ZKLFKPD\EHUHDG
DVDSUHOXGHWR/LJHLDOLIHDQGGHDWKFRQYHUJHDV0RUHOODGLHVLQFKLOGELUWK,Q
VSLWHRIKHUSK\VLFDOGHPLVHVKHDSSHDUVWRFRQWLQXHKHUOLIHEH\RQGWKHJUDYH
DVKHUWHUURUVWULFNHQKXVEDQGQRWLFHVDQH[WUDRUGLQDU\UHVHPEODQFHRIWKH
GDXJKWHUWRKHUGHFHDVHGPRWKHU2QHPD\LQWHUSUHWWKHIHPLQLVWUHDGLQJRI
WKHUHLQFDUQDWLRQPRWLIDVRQHZKLFKGUDZVDFRQÀLFWLQJOLQNEHWZHHQPDOH
DXWKRULW\DQGIHPDOHUHVLVWDQFH,QRWKHUZRUGVRQHRIWKHSRVVLEOHZD\VLQ
ZKLFK0RUHOOD¶VUHWXUQDIWHUKHUGHDWKPD\EHSHUFHLYHGLV³WKHFRQGHPQDWLRQ
RIPLVRJ\Q\IURPDIHPLQLVWYLHZSRLQWDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFK3RHZDVVXSSRVHGO\
JLYLQJZRPHQWKHFKDQFHRIVSHDNLQJ´7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVHHPVWREHZHOO
JURXQGHGLQWKHSRUWUD\DORIWKHUHDOLW\DVJLYHQLQWKHVWRU\HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQ
ZHH[DPLQHWKHQDUUDWRU¶VFKDQJLQJDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVKLVZLIH
$VWKHVWRU\GHYHORSVLQDQXPEHURI3RH¶VZRPHQ¶VWDOHVWKHHYHQWXDO
GHDWKRIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULVSUHFHGHGE\KHUVXGGHQLOOQHVV,QFDVH
RI0RUHOODWKHGHWHULRUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQLVSDUWLFXODUO\VXJJHVWLYHVLQFH
LWLVFOHDUO\OLQNHGZLWKWKHQDUUDWRU¶VJURZLQJQHJDWLYHIHHOLQJVWRZDUGV
KLVZLIH$GPLWWHGO\0RUHOOD¶VYLUWXHVDUHH[SRVHGEXWKHUSRUWUD\DOLV
QRWLPEXHGZLWKDGHSWKRIHPRWLRQZKLFKWKHQDUUDWRUFRPPXQLFDWHV
LQDQHPRWLRQOHVVDQGVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGPDQQHU³IDWHERXQGXVWRJHWKHU
DWWKHDOWDUDQG,QHYHUVSRNHRISDVVLRQQRUWKRXJKWRIORYH´37KHPRUH
QHJDWLYHFKDQJHLQWKHQDUUDWRU¶VSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHZRPDQLVIROORZHGE\
WKHORVVRIKHUKHDOWKDQGYLWDOLW\VKH³SLQHGDZD\GDLO\´2QKHUGHDWKEHG
0RUHOODXWWHUVDVWDWHPHQWWKDWZLOOODWHUSURYHWREHDSURSKHF\³,DP
G\LQJ\HWVKDOO,OLYH´57KLVLVUHPLQLVFHQWRI/LJHLDZKHUHDGHDWKEHG
VFHQHGHPRQVWUDWHGWKHVWUXJJOHEHWZHHQWKHIRUFHVRIOLIHDQGGHDWK
,WLVIDLUO\REYLRXVWKDWWKHHVVHQFHRIWKHVKRUWVWRU\0RUHOODHQFDSVXODWHV
WKHVHOIHYLGHQWWUXWKWKDWOLIHDQGGHDWKDUHLQH[WULFDEO\OLQNHGDV±LQWKH
FDVHLQKDQG±WKHZRPDQ¶VLGHQWLW\VHHPVWROLYHRQDQGSHUVLVWLQWKHERG\
RIKHUGDXJKWHUERUQDWWKHPRPHQWRI0RUHOOD¶VGHDWK,QWKHFRXUVHRIWLPH
WKHQDUUDWRUGHYHORSVVWURQJIHHOLQJVWRZDUGVWKHFKLOG³,ORYHGKHUZLWK
DORYHPRUHIHUYHQWWKDQ,KDGEHOLHYHGLWSRVVLEOHWRIHHOIRUDQ\GHQL]HQRI
HDUWK´$WWKHVDPHWLPHKHEHJLQVWRGLVFRYHUWKHVWULNLQJUHVHPEODQFH
EHWZHHQWKHJURZLQJGDXJKWHUDQGWKHGHFHDVHGPRWKHU6LQFHWKHFKLOG
VHUYHVDVDUHPLQGHURIWKHZRPDQKHZDQWHGWREHGHDGWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRI
))GH6RXVD$OYHV3RH¶V³0RUHOOD´$&DVHRI&RQGHPQDWLRQRI0LVRJ\Q\KWWS
SHULRGLFRVXISEEURMVLQGH[SKSDUWHPLVDUWLFOHYLHZS
3
($3RH0RUHOOD>LQ@&RPSOHWH7DOHVDQG3RHPV1HZ-HUVH\>@S
3RHS
5
3RHS
3RHS
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
WKHVLPLOLWXGHSURYRNHVQHJDWLYHIHHOLQJVLQWKHQDUUDWRUDVKHUHIHUVWRLW
DV³SHUSOH[LQJDQGKLGHRXVO\WHUULEOH´7KH\RXQJJLUOUHPDLQVQDPHOHVV
IRUDSURORQJHGSHULRGRIWLPHDQGWKLVPD\EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQDWWHPSWWR
VXSSUHVV0RUHOOD¶VLGHQWLW\DQGDVXEFRQVFLRXVUHIXVDOWRQDPHWKHFKLOG
LQWKHKRSHWKDW³0RUHOOD¶VQDPHGLHGZLWKKHUDWKHUGHDWK´+RZHYHULW
VRRQEHFRPHVHYLGHQWWKDWWKHUHVHPEODQFHRIWKHGDXJKWHUWRKHUPRWKHU
LVQRWRQO\RIDSK\VLFDOQDWXUHEXWLWLVDOVRPLUURUHGLQWKHPDQQHURI
VSHDNLQJWKHFKRLFHRIZRUGVDQG±PRVWLPSRUWDQWO\±LQWKHLGHQWLW\
RIWKHSHUVRQKHVHHV9HU\PXFKOLNHLQWKHFDVHRI/LJHLDWKHQDUUDWRULV
WHUUL¿HGDWWKHYHU\WKRXJKWWKDWGHVSLWHWKHGHPLVHRI0RUHOOD¶VERG\KHU
H[LVWHQFHVWLOOSHUPHDWHVKLVPLQGDVKHUVHOIKRRGVXUYLYHGLQKHUGDXJKWHU
DQGKDXQWVWKHPDQZKRLVHQVODYHGE\WKHPHPRU\RIKLVZLIH0RUHOOD¶V
GDXJKWHUSURYLGHVWKHPHDQVWKURXJKZKLFKWKHZRPDQPDNHVDQDWWHPSW
WRSUHVHUYHKHULGHQWLW\DQGUHVWRUHWKHOLIHWKDWZDVWDNHQDZD\
$VIRUWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULQ3RH¶V0RUHOODLWLV
ZRUWKSRQGHULQJRQKHUQDPHDVLWPD\EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVUHSUHVHQWLQJ
DFRPELQDWLRQRIWZRPHDQLQJVERWKKDYLQJWKHLUURRWVLQ/DWLQ6SHFXODWLYH
DVLWPD\VRXQGWKHURRWRIWKH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHQDPHPD\EHUHODWHGWRWKH
/DWLQQRXQPRUVPRUWLVPHDQLQJµGHDWK¶ZKLOHWKHVHFRQGSDUWPD\EH
HW\PRORJLFDOO\OLQNHGZLWKWKH/DWLQDWHIHPLQLQHVXI¿[-ella 7KHVXJJHVWHG
FRQQHFWLRQEHFRPHVPRUHJURXQGHGZKHQZHFRQVLGHUWKHWRSLFRIWKLVDQG
VRPHRWKHURI3RH¶VVKRUWVWRULHVZKLFKDOOSHUWDLQWRWKHGHDWKRIDIHPDOH
KXPDQEHLQJ$OVRRXUDWWHPSWWRLQWHUSUHWPHDQLQJIXOO\0RUHOOD¶VQDPHLV
VXSSRUWHGE\3RH¶VRZQWKHRU\DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKHYHU\VLQJOHHOHPHQWRI
DVKRUWVWRU\VKRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHXQLW\RIHIIHFWWKHUHIRUHHYHU\GHWDLO
VHHPVWREHRIVRPHLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKLVOLWHUDU\IRUP,Q
WKLVFDVHWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRPDQ¶VQDPHFRUUHVSRQGVWRKHUSRUWUD\DO
VLQFHKHUDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHFRQFHSWRIGHDWKPD\EHXQGHUVWRRGLQVHYHUDO
UHVSHFWVQRWRQO\GRHVVKHGLHEXWDOVRVKHFDXVHVGHDWKZKLFKOHDGVWR
DPRUHPHWDSKRULFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQQDPHO\025(//$,6'($7+ and
025(//$&$86(6'($7+7KHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHQDPHLVDOVRVXJJHVWHG
E\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHQDUUDWRUUHIHUVWRWKHYHU\QDPHRIWKHZRPDQLPSO\LQJ
WKDWWKHUHLVDVWURQJOLQNEHWZHHQLGHQWLW\DQGWKHQDPH+LVXQZLOOLQJQHVV
WRJLYHDQDPHWRWKHFKLOGPD\UHÀHFWKLVUHOXFWDQFHWRJLYHDVSHFL¿F
µGH¿QLWLRQ¶WRWKH\RXQJJLUODQGWRSHUFHLYHKHUDVDIXOO\ÀHGJHGLQGLYLGXDO
ZKRVHLGHQWLW\±OLNHKHUPRWKHU¶V±PD\HYHQWXDOO\SHUYDGHKLVPLQGDQG
VXSSUHVVKLVRZQLGHQWLW\\HWRQHPRUHWLPH(YHQWKRXJKKHLVKRSHIXO
WKDW³0RUHOOD¶VQDPHGLHGZLWKKHUDWKHUGHDWK´KHXOWLPDWHO\FKRRVHV
WKLVQDPHWRUHIHUWRKLVGDXJKWHU
:KDWLVPRUHWKHXQIDYRXUDEOHSHUFHSWLRQRI0RUHOODE\KHUKXVEDQG
LVUHSHDWHGDQGVWUHQJWKHQHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIFHUWDLQDOOXVLRQVWKDWPD\
3RHS
3RHS
3RHS
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
EHH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHWH[W7KHHDUOLHUHVWDEOLVKHGDI¿QLW\RIWKHZRPDQ
ZLWKGHDWKLVHQKDQFHGE\WKHUHIHUHQFHVWRKHUYRLFHZKLFKRQFHXVHGWR
EHGHVFULEHGE\WKHQDUUDWRULQWHUPVRIVHUHQLW\DVKHXVHGWR³OLQJHUE\
KHUVLGHDQGGZHOOXSRQWKHPXVLFRIKHUYRLFH´. ,QWKHFRXUVHRIWLPH
KRZHYHUWKHPDOHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHZRPDQ¶VYRLFHFKDQJHVGUDVWLFDOO\WR
GHQRWHDVRXUFHRIXQVSHDNDEOHWHUURU³DWOHQJWKLWVPHORG\ZDVWDLQWHGZLWK
WHUURUDQGWKHUHIHOODVKDGRZXSRQP\VRXODQG,JUHZSDOHDQGVKXGGHUHG
LQZDUGO\DWWKRVHWRRXQHDUWKO\WRQHV$QGWKXVMR\VXGGHQO\IDGHGLQWR
KRUURUDQGWKHPRVWEHDXWLIXOEHFDPHWKHPRVWKLGHRXVDV+LQQRQEHFDPH
*H+HQQD´7KXVWKHQDUUDWRUJURZVFRQVFLRXVRIWKHFRQWUDGLFWRU\QDWXUH
WKDWGH¿QHVKLVIHPDOHSDUWQHUDQGVHHPVWREHOLHYHWKDWWKHUHLVGDQJHULQ
KHUEHDXW\7KHVHFRQÀLFWLQJHPRWLRQVWULJJHUHGE\DQWDJRQLVWLFIHPDOH
TXDOLWLHVHVWDEOLVKWKHOLQNZLWKWKHFDWHJRU\)(00()$7$/(0RUHRYHU
WKHXVHRIWKHZRUG*HKHQQDVHHPVWREHDFRQVFLRXVFKRLFHUDWKHUWKDQ
DUDQGRPFROORFDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQXVHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR0RUHOOD¶V
DI¿QLW\ZLWKGDUNQHVV,QWKLVUHVSHFWLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDW³WKHQRWLRQ
RIWKH¿HU\KHOOUHHNLQJRIVXOIXULVGHULYHGSDUWO\IURP*H+LQQRPLQ
/DWLQ*HKHQQDLQ$UDELF-HKHQQDDUDYLQHRXWVLGH-HUXVDOHPXVHG¿UVW
IRUVDFUL¿FHV´,QWKLVFRQWH[WRQHLVSURPSWHGWRQRWHWKDW0RUHOOD¶V
KXVEDQGDSSHDUVWRDVVRFLDWHWKHZRPDQZLWKDOOW\SHVRIGHPRQLFIRUFHV
ZKLFKEHFRPHVHVSHFLDOO\HYLGHQWLQWKHDFFRXQWRIWKHGDXJKWHU¶VEDSWLVP
$VNHGDERXWWKHQDPHRIWKHFKLOGWKHIDWKHUXWWHUV³0RUHOOD´ZKLFKKH
EHOLHYHVLVDQLQYROXQWDU\DFWFDXVHGE\VRPHVRUWRIHYLOSRZHU)XUWKHU
KHH[SUHVVHVKLVWHUURUDWWKHFKRLFHRIWKHQDPHE\VD\LQJ³:KDWGHPRQ
XUJHGPHWREUHDWKHWKDWVRXQGZKLFKLQLWVYHU\UHFROOHFWLRQZDVZRQWWR
PDNHHEEWKHSXUSOHEORRGLQWRUUHQWVIURPWKHWHPSOHVWRWKHKHDUW":KDW
¿HQGVSRNHIURPWKHUHFHVVHVRIP\VRXOZKHQDPLGWKRVHGLPDLVOHVDQG
LQWKHVLOHQFHRIWKHQLJKW,ZKLVSHUHGZLWKLQWKHHDUVRIWKHKRO\PDQWKH
V\OODEOHV±0RUHOOD"´.
/DQJXDJHZLVHWKHXVHRIVXFKQRXQVDV³GHYLO´DQG³¿HQG´ KDVFOHDU
DQGVWURQJFRQQRWDWLRQVZLWKGHDWKHYLOSXQLVKPHQWGDUNQHVVDQG
WKHQDUUDWRULVFRQYLQFHGWKDWWKHUHH[LVWVDFHUWDLQDI¿QLW\EHWZHHQ
KLVGHFHDVHGZLIHDQGHYLOIRUFHV:KDWLVPRUHWKHYHU\IDFWWKDWKH
3RHS
3RHS
7KHFRQFHSWXDOHOHPHQWVWKDWDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGLQWKLVDQDO\VLVDUHIRUPDOL]HGE\
PHDQVRIDQJOHEUDFNHWQRWDWLRQWKHFRQYHQWLRQZKLFKRULJLQDWHVIURPWKHVHPDQWLFUHVHDUFK
SURMHFWVSURSRVHGLQ.OHSDUVNL,QWKHVHZRUNVWKHFRPSRQHQWLDOPRGHRIIHD
WXUHQRWDWLRQVHUYHGWRIRUPDOL]HUHOHYDQWHOHPHQWVRIPHDQLQJFRQWHQWRIOH[LFDOLWHPVIURP
YDULRXVVSKHUHVRIOH[LFDOVWRFN$ORQJVLPLODUOLQHVLQWKHSUHVHQWDQDO\VLVWKHPHWKRGRI
FRPSRQHQWLDODQDO\VLVVHUYHVWRHQFDSVXODWHDQGIRUPDOL]HWKRVHFRQWH[WXDOHOHPHQWVWKDW
VWDQGRXWDVUHOHYDQWLQWKHDQDO\VLVRI(GJDU$OODQ3RH¶VVKRUWVWRULHV
+%LHGHUPDQQ'LFWLRQDU\RI6\PEROLVP&XOWXUDO,WHPVDQGWKH0HDQLQJV%HKLQG
7KHP1HZ<RUNS
3RHS
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
¿QDOO\GHFLGHVWREDSWL]HKLVGDXJKWHUPD\VXJJHVWWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG
FRQQHFWLRQ2EYLRXVO\WKHPDLQSXUSRVHRIEDSWLVPLVWRVDYHWKHVRXO
E\SXULI\LQJLWVHYLOLQÀXHQFHV±VLQFHWKHQDUUDWRUOLQNVKLVGHDGZLIH
ZLWKGLDEROLFSRZHUVKHPD\H[SHFWWKDWEDSWLVPZLOOHUDGLFDWHWKH
LQKHUHQWHYLOHOHPHQWWKDW0RUHOODSDVVHGRQWRWKHGDXJKWHU/LNHZLVH
WKHQDUUDWRULVFRQ¿GHQWWKDWWKHQDPHH[HUWVDGHVWUXFWLYHLQÀXHQFH
RQKLVGDXJKWHU³:KDWPRUHWKDQ¿HQGFRQYXOVHGWKHIHDWXUHVRIP\
FKLOGDQGRYHUVSUHDGWKHPZLWKKXHVRIGHDWK´ . +HQFHWKHUHIHUHQFH
WR*HKHQQDDVDSODFHZKHUHVDFUL¿FHVZHUHPDGHVHHPVWREHHYHQPRUH
YDOLGHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQZHWDNHQRWHRIWKHIDFWWKDWLWZDVFKLOGUHQZKR
ZHUHVDFUL¿FHG,QDVHQVH0RUHOOD¶VGDXJKWHULVDOVRVDFUL¿FHGVLQFHVKH
GLHVWKHPRPHQWKHUIDWKHUXWWHUVWKHQDPH³0RUHOOD´WKXVHYRNLQJWKH
LGHQWLW\RIWKHPRWKHUZKRVHERG\LVQRORQJHULQWKHYDXOWZKHUHLWZDV
EXULHG7KHUHIRUHWKHSUHYLRXVUHIHUHQFHWR*HKHQQDPD\EHLQWHUSUHWHG
DVIRUHVKDGRZLQJRIWKHZRPDQ¶VSRVWPRUWHPLQÀXHQFHRQWKHOLYLQJ
DQGKHUVXSSRVHGO\GHPRQLFTXDOLWLHV
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHGHSLFWLRQRIWKHGDXJKWHUDOVRVXSSRUWVRXUHDUOLHU
DVVXPSWLRQWKDW0RUHOOD¶VLGHQWLW\VXUYLYHGDQGWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIEHDXW\
DQGGDQJHUZDVWUDQVIHUUHGWRDQRWKHUERG\7KHQDUUDWRU¶VDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV
WKHJLUOLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DPL[WXUHRIIDWKHUO\DIIHFWLRQDQGDQ[LHW\FDXVHG
E\KHUVWULNLQJUHVHPEODQFHWRKHUPRWKHU³VKHJUHZVWUDQJHO\LQVWDWXUH
DQGLQWHOOHFWDQGZDVWKHSHUIHFWUHVHPEODQFHRIKHUZKRKDGGHSDUWHG
DQG,ORYHGKHUZLWKDORYHPRUHIHUYHQWWKDQ,KDGEHOLHYHGLWSRVVLEOHWR
IHHOIRUDQ\GHQL]HQRIHDUWK%XWHUHORQJWKHKHDYHQRIWKLVSXUHDIIHFWLRQ
EHFDPHGDUNHQHGDQGJORRPDQGKRUURUDQGJULHIVZHSWRYHULWLQFORXGV
>«@&RXOGLWEHRWKHUZLVHZKHQ,GDLO\GLVFRYHUHGLQWKHFRQFHSWLRQVRI
WKHFKLOGWKHDGXOWSRZHUVDQGIDFXOWLHVRIWKHZRPDQ"´. 7KHVKLIWLQWKH
QDUUDWRU¶VSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHJLUOLVFDXVHGE\WKHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQKHU
FKLOGOLNHLQQRFHQFHDQGWKHTXDOLWLHVKHXVHGWRGUHDGDERXWKHUPRWKHU
PDLQO\KHULQWHOOHFWXDOVWUHQJWK
7KH QDUUDWRU¶V DQ[LHW\ DW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IHPDOH LQWHOOHFWXDO
VNLOOVPD\LPSO\DGLVFUHSDQF\LQWKHSRUWUD\DORI0RUHOODDQGVXJJHVW
DSRVVLELOLW\RILQYDOLGDWLQJWKHKXVEDQG¶VSHUVSHFWLYHDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFK
WKHZRPDQLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHYLOSRZHUV/LNHLQ/LJHLDLWLVSUREDEOH
WKDWWKHWUXHQDWXUHRIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULVFDSWXUHGEH\RQGWKH
VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGOLWHUDOGHVFULSWLRQWKHUHIRUHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRLQYHVWLJDWH
FHUWDLQWH[WXDOFOXHV,WPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHQDUUDWRUVHHPVWREHVHOI
DEVRUEHGDQGGRHVQRWPHQWLRQRUDWWHPSWWRFRPSUHKHQGWKHSHUVSHFWLYH
RIKLVIHPDOHSDUWQHU+HUHIHUVWR0RUHOOD¶VUHFOXVLYHQDWXUHE\VWDWLQJ
WKDW³VKHVKXQQHGVRFLHW\DQGDWWDFKLQJKHUVHOIWRPHDORQHUHQGHUHG
PHKDSS\´
3RHS
3RHS
3RHS
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
7KHQDUUDWRULVFRQYLQFHGWKDWWKHZRPDQGHULYHVSOHDVXUHIURPKHU
DOLHQDWLRQLPSO\LQJWKDWWKHGRPHVWLFVSKHUHRQO\LVWKHVRXUFHRIKHU
VDWLVIDFWLRQ+RZHYHURQHPD\ZRQGHUZKHWKHUWKLVLVVRPHWKLQJVKHWUXO\
ZDQWVRUSUREDEO\UHVXOWVIURPWKHDVFULEHGJHQGHUUROHWKXVDGGLQJWRKHU
GHSLFWLRQDIHDWXUHZKLFKFRQWUDGLFWVWKHSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHGGHPRQLF
DWWULEXWHVQDPHO\VXEPLVVLYH!)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRWDNH
QRWHRIWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ0RUHOOD¶VVWXGLHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHQDWXUHRI
LGHQWLW\DQGWKHQDUUDWRU¶VLQFUHDVLQJUHVHQWPHQWDJDLQVWKLVZLIH7KHVH
DUHFORVHO\OLQNHGVLQFHWKHGHVFULSWLRQRI0RUHOOD¶VLQWHUHVWVFRQFHUQLQJ
³SULQFLSLXPLQGLYLGXDWLRQLVWKHQRWLRQRIWKDWLGHQWLW\ZKLFKDWGHDWKLV
RULVQRWORVWIRUHYHU´ LVLPPHGLDWHO\IROORZHGE\DVXGGHQFKDQJHLQWKH
KXVEDQG¶VSHUVSHFWLYH³WKHP\VWHU\RIP\ZLIH¶VPDQQHURSSUHVVHGPHDV
DVSHOO,FRXOGQRORQJHUEHDUWKHWRXFKRIKHUZDQ¿QJHUVQRUWKHORZWRQH
RIKHUPXVLFDOODQJXDJHQRUWKHOXVWUHRIKHUPHODQFKRO\H\HV´,WPD\
EHVDLGWKDW0RUHOOD¶VLQWHOOHFWLVVHHQE\KHUKXVEDQGDVDQH[WUDRUGLQDU\
SKHQRPHQRQZKLFK±FRPELQHGZLWKWKHQDWXUHRIKHUVWXGLHV±DGGVWR
DQDXUDRIP\VWHU\LQKLVSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHZRPDQ,QDZD\VKHSRVHV
DWKUHDWWRKHUPDOHSDUWQHUZKRLVXQDEOHWRFRPSUHKHQGKHUQDWXUHDQG
QRORQJHUVHHVKHUDVDQHPERGLPHQWRIDQLGHDOZRPDQ,WLVWUXHWKDW
³0RUHOOD¶VVWUHQJWKRIFKDUDFWHUKHULQGLYLGXDOLW\DQGOHDUQLQJVHHPVWR
LQVSLUHWKHQDUUDWRU¶VKDWUHG´
7KHFDVHRI%HUHQLFH
$OWKRXJKWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHURIWKHVKRUWVWRU\BereniceFDQ
KDUGO\EHVDLGWRUHVXUUHFWDWOHDVWQRWSHUVHVKHFDQQRWEHLJQRUHGLQ
WKHGLVFXVVLRQRIZRPHQLQ3RH¶VVKRUWVWRULHVVLQFHVKHLV³RQHRIWKH
PDQ\IUDLODQGG\LQJ3RHKHURLQHVZKRH[SHULHQFHGHDWKLQOLIH´/LNH
PDQ\RIWKHP%HUHQLFHLVDIIHFWHGE\DVXGGHQDQGP\VWHULRXVLOOQHVV
ZKLFKFDXVHVKHUWRIDOOLQWRDGHDWKOLNHFRQGLWLRQUHIHUUHGWRDVD³WUDQFH´
,QWHUHVWLQJO\$HJHXVWKHQDUUDWRUDQG%HUHQLFH¶VFRXVLQWRZKRPVKHLV
EHWURWKHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\H[SHULHQFHVDGHWHULRUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQZKLFK
KHFDOOVPRQRPDQLDDQGH[SODLQVLWDV³QHUYRXVLQWHQVLW\RILQWHUHVWDQG
FRQWHPSODWLRQRIHYHQWKHPRVWRUGLQDU\REMHFWVRIWKHXQLYHUVH´$VZDV
WKHFDVHLQ³0RUHOOD´WKHQDUUDWRU¶VDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVKLVIHPDOHSDUWQHU
FKDQJHVLQWLPH'XHWR%HUHQLFH¶VLOOQHVVKHUTXDOLWLHVZKLFKKHUPDOH
3RHS
3RHS
/63HUVRQ3RHDQG1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLRQV>LQ@*-.HQQHG\
$+LVWRULFDO*XLGHWR(GJDU$OODQ3RH1HZ<RUNS
'6RYD&ULWLFDO&RPSDQLRQWR(GJDU$OODQ3RH$/LWHUDU\5HIHUHQFHWR+LV/LIHDQG
:RUN1HZ<RUNS
($3RHBerenice>LQ@&RPSOHWH7DOHVDQG3RHPV1HZ-HUVH\>@S
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
SDUWQHUXVHGWRWDNHSOHDVXUHLQDUHQRZJRQH,QFRQVHTXHQFHWKHZRPDQ
DSSHDUVWREHDVRXUFHRIUHVHQWPHQWLQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHQDUUDWRU$W
WKHVDPHWLPH$HJHXVGHYHORSVVRPHZKDWGLVWXUELQJIHHOLQJVWRZDUGV
KHUDVKHEHFRPHVREVHVVHGZLWKWKH³ZKLWHDQGJKDVWO\VSHFWUXPRI
KHUWHHWK´±UHIHUULQJWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQDV³DVWUDQJHDQGLUUHVLVWLEOH
LQÀXHQFH´
7KHYHU\WKRXJKWRI%HUHQLFH¶VWHHWKSHUYDGHVWKHQDUUDWRU¶VPLQGZLWK
LUUHVLVWLEOHSRZHU7KHWHHWKEHFRPHWKHVRXUFHRIKLVFRQIXVLRQVLQFHKHLV
XQDEOHWRGH¿QHWKHHPRWLRQVKHLVH[SHULHQFLQJ,WVHHPVFOHDUWKRXJKWKDW
WKHLPDJHRIWKHZRPDQ¶VWHHWKDFWVOLNHDQREMHFWZLWKFHUWDLQVXSHUQDWXUDO
SRZHUEHFRPLQJWKHREMHFWRIWKHQDUUDWRU¶VDGGLFWLRQDQGUHOHDVLQJKLV
SDVVLRQDWHLQIDWXDWLRQ$VLI3RHNQHZWKHURXWLQHSDWKRIWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RIVHQVHVKHRUFKHVWUDWHVWKHQDUUDWRU¶VPLQGLQVXFKDZD\WKDW%HUHQLFH¶V
WHHWKDUHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDEVWUDFWFRQFHSWV³WRXWHVVHVGHQWVpWDLHQWGHV
tGpHV´ZKLFKFDXVHVKLPWREHOLHYHWKDWKHPD\UHJDLQKLVFRPSRVXUHRQO\
WKURXJKWKHSRVVHVVLRQRIKHUWHHWK$HJHXV¶REVHVVLRQOHDGVWRDSHUYHUWHG
DFWRIYLROHQFHDVKHLQWUXGHVLQWRWKHJUDYHRIWKHVXSSRVHGO\GHFHDVHG
%HUHQLFHDQGH[WUDFWVKHUWHHWKZLWKWKHDLPRIUHWULHYLQJWKHP$VIDUDV
WKHOLQJXLVWLFDVSHFWLVFRQFHUQHGWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ³GHQWV´³tGpHV´
DQG³LGHQWLW\´ LVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJ7KHZRUG³tGpHV´ LVFRQQRWHGWRWKH
PLQGDQGLWLVFOHDUO\VWDWHGWKDWUHDVRQLVWKHGRPDLQRI$HJHXVZKRVHHNV
KLVSHDFHRIPLQGLQKDYLQJFRQWURORYHU%HUHQLFH¶³GHQWV´,QDZD\KH
DOVRDWWHPSWVWRUHFRYHUKLVRZQ³LGHQWLW\´ ZKLFKKHEHOLHYHVZDVGHOXJHG
E\DVXUJHRISDVVLRQVRWRVSHDN'D\DQUHIHUVWRDQLQWHUHVWLQJWKHRU\
RIWUDQVIHUHQFHZKLFKLQWKLVFRQWH[WPHDQVWKDWWKHWHHWK³VWDQGIRURU
FRPSULVHKLVLGHQWLW\$HJHXVSXUVXHVKLVLGHQWVtGpHV´7KH¿QDOVFHQH
LQZKLFKWKHQDUUDWRUUHDOL]HVWKDWKHKDVULSSHGRXW%HUHQLFH¶VWHHWKDQG
WKH\DUHVFDWWHUHGRQWKHÀRRUPD\UHSUHVHQWWKHGLVSHUVHGLGHQWLW\WKDW
KHZDVXQDEOHWRUHJDLQ$OVRWKHVFHQHPD\LPSO\WKDW$HJHXV¶SXUVXLWRI
PHDQLQJLQLQDQLPDWHREMHFWVZDVSRLQWOHVVDQGWKHUHIRUHKHVHDUFKHGIRU
KLJKHUYDOXHVHPERGLHGLQ³tGpHV´7KHIXWLOLW\DQGDEVXUGLW\RIKLVHIIRUWV
LVH[SUHVVHGLQWKHIDFWWKDW³WKHQDUUDWRULVQRZXQDEOHWRHYHQQDPHWKH
REMHFWVKHVHHVVFDWWHUHGRQWKHÀRRU+HVHHVRQO\³VPDOOZKLWHLYRU\
ORRNLQJVXEVWDQFHV´ZKLFKQRORQJHUUHSUHVHQWDQ\SURIRXQG³tGpHV´DQG
ZKLFKSURYHWREHXVHOHVVLQWKHVHDUFKIRUKLVLGHQWLW\
,QDQDWWHPSWWRLQWHUSUHWWKHPHDQLQJRI%HUHQLFH¶VGHDWKRUUDWKHU
GHDWKOLNHFRQGLWLRQLWLVDOVRYLWDOWRUHIHUWRV\PEROLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI
3RHS
3RHS
-'D\DQ7KH,GHQWLW\RI%HUHQLFH3RH¶V,GRORIWKH0LQG>LQ@6WXGLHVLQ5RPDQWLFLVP
9RO1R5RPDQWLF:KROHQHVV:LOOLDP:RUGVZRUWK:RPHQLQ5RPDQWLF:ULWLQJ
%RVWRQS
&.RHOE7KH5HYLYLI\LQJ:RUG/LWHUDWXUH3KLORVRSK\DQGWKH7KHRU\RI/LIHLQ
(XURSH¶V5RPDQWLF$JH1HZ<RUNS
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
WHHWK2QHRIWKHPRVWFRPPRQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVOLQNVWHHWKZLWKVH[XDOLW\
ZKLFKLVDOVRHYLGHQWLQWKHZRUG³WRRWKVRPH´ZKLFKPHDQV³GHOLFLRXV
DQGE\H[WHQVLRQVH[XDOO\DWWUDFWLYH´0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\WKHORVVRI
WHHWKUHSUHVHQWV³IHDURIFDVWUDWLRQ´DQGWKHUHODWHGPHWDSKRU³YDJLQD
GHQWDWD´ GHQRWHVWKHFDVWUDWLRQFRPSOH[0HUFDWDQWHDQG'RZ
7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDSSHDUVWREHYDOLGLQWKHFDVHRI%HUHQLFHWKHLPDJH
RIKHUWHHWKLVSHUFHLYHGE\WKHQDUUDWRUQRWRQO\LQWHUPVRIDWWUDFWLRQ
EXWDOVRLQWHUPVRIPHQDFH$OVRWKH³YDJLQDGHQWDWD´ PRWLIFRPELQHV
WKHSOHDVXUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVH[XDOLQWHUFRXUVHZLWKDIHHOLQJRIIHDU
/LNHZLVH%HUHQLFH¶VWHHWKDURXVHFRQWUDGLFWRU\HPRWLRQVLQ$HJHXVDV
WKH\VHHPWRKDYHDWZRIROGQDWXUHRQWKHRQHKDQGWKH\DUHWKHVRXUFH
RIPDOH³SKUHQ]LHGGHVLUH´RQWKHRWKHUKDQG$HJHXVUHIHUVWRWKHPDV
³JKDVWO\´0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\LWPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHQDUUDWRU¶VREVHVVLRQ
ZLWK%HUHQLFH¶VWHHWKHUXSWVVKRUWO\EHIRUHWKHLUZHGGLQJGD\2QWKH
RQHKDQGWKLVPD\LPSO\KLVIHDURIEHLQJVXSSUHVVHGLQWKHPDUULDJH
UHODWLRQVKLSWKDWZLOOVRRQEHJLQ%XWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLQWKHVKRUWHU
WHUPSHUVSHFWLYHVLQFHWKHZHGGLQJGD\LVQHDU$HJHXVPD\VLPSO\IHHO
IHDULQWKHIDFHRIFORVHHQFRXQWHUVZLWK³YDJLQDGHQWDWD´1RWHWKDWLIZH
DVVXPHWKDWKHIHHOVWKUHDWHQHGE\IHPDOHVH[XDOLW\ZHPD\LQWHUSUHWWKH
DFWRISXOOLQJWKHZRPDQ¶VWHHWKRXWDVDQDWWHPSWWRSUHVHUYHKLVDXWKRULW\
RUSK\VLFDOLQWHJULW\7KXVWKHVWRU\RI%HUHQLFH¶VGHDWKEHFRPHVDVWRU\
RIPDOHGRPLQDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULVGHPRQL]HGDJDLQLQ
RUGHUWRMXVWLI\PDOHGHVLUHVDQGWKHGHVWUXFWLYHDFWVWKDWIROORZDQDWWHPSW
WRVDWLVI\WKHGHVLUHV
1RWVXUSULVLQJO\WKHSRUWUD\DORI%HUHQLFHDVDIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULV
DOVRSOXQJHGLQWRFRQWUDGLFWLRQGLVFUHSDQF\DQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOORI
ZKLFKDUHSDUWLFXODUO\HYLGHQWDVIDUDVKHUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK$HJHXVLV
FRQFHUQHG%HUHQLFHLV¿UVWGHVFULEHGDVDEHDXWLIXOYLJRURXVSHUVRQ
VKHLVWKHH[DFWRSSRVLWHRIWKHLQWURVSHFWLYHQDUUDWRUZKRGHVFULEHV
KLPVHOIXVLQJVXFKTXDOLWLHVDV³LOORIKHDOWK´!DQG³EXULHGLQJORRP´!
&RQWHPSODWLQJKHUSK\VLFDODWWUDFWLYHQHVV$HJHXVUHIHUVWRLWDV³JRUJHRXV
\HWIDQWDVWLFEHDXW\´ZKLFKLPSOLHVDFHUWDLQQRQKXPDQRUWRSXWLWPRUH
DGHTXDWHO\VXSHUKXPDQTXDOLW\VKDUHGE\3RH¶VIHPDOHKHURLQHV$OVRWKH
QDUUDWRUOLNHQV%HUHQLFHWRP\WKRORJLFDOFUHDWXUHVVXFKDV³V\OSKDPLGWKH
VKUXEEHULHVRI$UQKHLP´DQG³1DLDGDPRQJLWVIRXQWDLQV´7KHQDPHRIWKH
SODFHPD\EHUHODWHGWR7KH'RPDLQRI$UQKHLPRQHRI3RH¶VOHVVHUNQRZQ
VKRUWVWRULHVLQZKLFKWKHPDLQFKDUDFWHUXVHVKLVIRUWXQHWRFUHDWHDVRUW
+%LHGHUPDQQ'LFWLRQDU\RI6\PEROLVP&XOWXUDO,WHPVDQGWKH0HDQLQJV%HKLQG
7KHP1HZ<RUNS
-(&LUORW$'LFWLRQDU\RI6\PEROVndHGLWLRQ/RQGRQS
$0HUFDWDQWH-'RZ7KH)DFWVRQ)LOH(QF\FORSHGLDRI:RUOG0\WKRORJ\DQG/HJHQG 3rdHGLWLRQ1HZ<RUNS
3RHS
3RHS
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
RIHDUWKO\SDUDGLVH³ZKLFKVWLOOLVQDWXUHLQWKHVHQVHRIWKHKDQGLZRUNRI
WKHDQJHOVWKDWKRYHUEHWZHHQPDQDQG*RG´. 7KHQDUUDWRULVFDSWLYDWHG
E\WKHEHDXW\RIWKH³3DUDGLVHRI$UQKHLP´DVZHOODVLWVXQHDUWKO\HWKHUHDO
TXDOLW\DQGUHIHUVWRLWDV³WKHSKDQWRPKDQGLZRUNFRQMRLQWO\RIWKH6\OSKV
RIWKH)DLULHVRIWKH*HQLLDQGRIWKH*QRPHV´336LPLODUO\%HUHQLFHDSSHDUV
WRFRPELQHDQXPEHURIFRQWUDGLFWRU\TXDOLWLHVVKHLVKXPDQEXW±RQWKH
RWKHUKDQG±KHUÀDZOHVVEHDXW\VHHPVWRGLVWLQJXLVKKHUIURPRWKHUIHPDOH
KXPDQEHLQJV$OVRWKHUHIHUHQFHWRQDLDGVPD\VXJJHVWDFRQQHFWLRQ
EHWZHHQQDWXUHDQGWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUDVVKHXVHGWRURDP³FDUHOHVVO\
WKURXJKOLIHZLWKQRWKRXJKWRIWKHVKDGRZVLQKHUSDWKRUWKHVLOHQWÀLJKW
RIWKHUDYHQZLQJHGKRXUV´WKXVVKDULQJZLWKWKHVHPDQWLF¿HOG1$785(
VXFKTXDOLWLHVDVVHUHQLW\!MR\!LQQRFHQFH!PDMHVW\!EXWDOVR
OLNHQDWXUHVKHPLJKWEHGLI¿FXOWWRFRQWUROZKLFKPD\FRQWULEXWHWRWKH
QDUUDWRU¶VJURZLQJVHQVHRIDQ[LHW\
0RUHRYHUWKHSRUWUD\DORIQ\PSKVLQ*UHHNP\WKRORJ\LVZRUWKSXUVXLQJ
VLQFHWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGLWVHOILV³\RXQJXQPDUULHGZRPDQ´35ZKLFK
FRUUHVSRQGV ZLWK %HUHQLFH¶V QRQDGYDQFHG DJH $OWKRXJK WKHUH LV QR
VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJKHUDJHWKHSDUDPHWHURI<281*
$*(LVLPSOLHGKHUHE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIVXFKDWWULEXWLYHYDOXHVDJLOH!
JUDFHIXO!HQHUJHWLF!$OVRLWPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHVHPDQWLF¿HOG
1<03+FRPSULVHVFRQÀLFWLQJTXDOLWLHVEHDXWLIXO!DQGGDQJHURXV!
OLNHZLVH%HUHQLFHLQVSLUHVFRQWUDGLFWRU\LPSXOVHVLQ$HJHXVDVKHLVERWK
DWWUDFWHGWRKHUDQGDIUDLGRIKHU$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH³YDJLQDGHQWDWD´PRWLI
DVDVRXUFHRISOHDVXUHDQGSDLQHYRNHVGLVWLQFWDQGHTXDOO\FRQWUDGLFWRU\
DVVRFLDWLRQVDVWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIYDJLQDGHQWDWDFRQQRWHVVXFKHOHPHQWVDV
DOOXULQJ!DQGWKUHDWHQLQJ!+HQFHWKHSRUWUD\DORI%HUHQLFHFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKWKHGHSLFWLRQRIRWKHUIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVRI3RH¶V¿FWLRQVLQFHWKH\DUH
DOVRDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVHPDQWLF¿HOGVWKDWDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\GLVFUHSDQW
FRQFHSWV1<03+)(00()$7$/(9$03,5(
$FOHDUFXWFRQFHSWXDOVKLIWLQWKHSRUWUD\DORIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHU
RFFXUVZKHQ%HUHQLFHEHFRPHVLOOEHFDXVHDWWKLVSRLQWDQJHOLF!WXUQV
LQWRGHPRQLF!%HUHQLFH¶VH\HVLQVSLUH$HJHXV¶WHUURUZLWKVXFKIHDWXUHV
DVOLIHOHVV!OXVWUHOHVV!DQGJODVV\!HYRNLQJFOHDUFRQQRWDWLRQVZLWK
GHDWKDQGHVWDEOLVKLQJDFRQFHSWXDOUHVHPEODQFHZLWKWKHFRQFHSWRI
9$03,5(,QWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHQDUUDWRUWKHZRPDQ¶VWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
IURPKDUPOHVVWRSRWHQWLDOO\KDUPIXOLVREVHUYHGPDLQO\LQKHUSK\VLFDO
DSSHDUDQFH±DVLWGHWHULRUDWHVKLVDQ[LHW\EHFRPHVVWURQJHU+HGRHV
QRWVHHPWRUHFRJQL]HKHUDQ\PRUHDVKHVWDWHV³,NQHZKHUQRW±
3RHS
3RHS
3RHS
35
$0HUFDWDQWH-'RZ7KH)DFWVRQ)LOH(QF\FORSHGLDRI:RUOG0\WKRORJ\DQG/HJHQG 3rdHGLWLRQ1HZ<RUNS
:.RSDOLĔVNL6áRZQLNV\PEROL:DUV]DZDS
33
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
RUNQHZKHUQRORQJHUDV%HUHQLFH´7KHVLJQLILFDQFHRIKHUFKDQJHG
DSSHDUDQFHLVUHSHDWHGDVWKHPDOHFKDUDFWHUUHPLQLVFHVDERXWKHUORVW
EHDXW\³,KDGVHHQKHU²QRWDVWKHOLYLQJDQGEUHDWKLQJ%HUHQLFHEXW
DVWKH%HUHQLFHRIDGUHDPQRWDVDEHLQJRIWKHHDUWKHDUWK\EXWDV
WKHDEVWUDFWLRQRIVXFKDEHLQJQRWDVDWKLQJWRDGPLUHEXWWRDQDO\]H
QRWDVDQREMHFWRIORYHEXWDVWKHWKHPHRIWKHPRVWDEVWUXVHDOWKRXJK
GHVXOWRU\VSHFXODWLRQ´
2QHPD\VD\WKDWUHGXFLQJWKHZRPDQWRSK\VLFDODWWULEXWHVLPSOLHV
WKDWLQWKHPLQGRIKHUPDOHSDUWQHUVKHIXQFWLRQVDVDQDEVWUDFWFRQFHSW
PRUHWKDQDUHDOSHUVRQVKHLVREMHFWL¿HGDQGGLPLQLVKHGHYHQPRUHZKHQ
WKHGLVHDVHDIIHFWVKHU7KHQDUUDWRUGRHVQRWHYHQVHHPWRQRWLFHKHUDV
KHVD\V³,VDWDQGVDWDV,WKRXJKWDORQHLQWKHLQQHUDSDUWPHQWRI
WKHOLEUDU\%XWXSOLIWLQJP\H\HV,VDZWKDW%HUHQLFHVWRRGEHIRUHPH´
7KHVFHQHUHVHPEOHVWKHSRUWUD\DORI/LJHLDZKR³FDPHDQGGHSDUWHG
DVDVKDGRZ´ ±KHQFHHSKHPHUDO!DQGVXEPLVVLYH!DUHUHSHDWHG
KHUHDVWKHDWWULEXWHVRI3RH¶VIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUV$GGLWLRQDOO\%HUHQLFH¶V
SHUVSHFWLYHLVQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHHYHQWVHLWKHUDQGVKHJRHVWKURXJKWKH
HQWLUHVWRU\ZLWKRXWVSHDNLQJ
7KHSRUWUD\DORIWKHZRPDQPXVWDOVREHDQDO\]HGLQWKHFRQWH[WRI
ZKDWZHNQRZDERXWKHUPDOHSDUWQHU$HJHXVVHHPVWROLYHLQDVHOI
FRQWDLQHGZRUOG±KHZDVERUQLQDOLEUDU\DQGVSHQGVPRVWRIKLVWLPH
WKHUH$OVRLWLVDSODFHZKHUHOLIHDQGGHDWKDUHLQWHUWZLQHGVLQFHKLV
PRWKHUGLHGWKHUHZKHQKHZDVERUQ±DIDFWWKDWPD\IRUHVKDGRZWKH
GHDWKRIDQRWKHUIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUZKRVHIDWHLVWLHGWRWKDWRIWKHPDQ7KH
DWWDFKPHQWWRKLVRZQSHUVRQDOZRUOGDQGKLVFRQVHTXHQWLVRODWLRQFDXVHV
$HJHXVWREHFRPHDVHOIDEVRUEHGSHUVRQDEOHWRIRFXVVROHO\RQWKRXJKW
DQGUHDVRQZKLOHXQIDPLOLDUZLWKDQGLQFDSDEOHRIFRPSUHKHQGLQJWKH
QDWXUHRISDVVLRQ7KHPLQG±YHUVXV±KHDUWVWUXJJOHLQGLFDWHGWKURXJK
PDOH±YHUVXV±IHPDOHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQPD\PDNHWKHUHDGHUVUHÀHFW
RQWKHYDPSLUHPRWLISUHVHQWLQWKHVWRU\7RWKHQDUUDWRU¶VPLQGWKH
IHPDOHFKDUDFWHUHPERGLHVGDQJHULWLVPRUHOLNHO\KRZHYHUWKDWLWLV
WKHQDUUDWRUZKRLVDPRUHVHULRXVWKUHDWWR%HUHQLFH,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKH
DVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHVWRU\³PD\EHWROGE\WKHYDPSLUHKLPVHOI´VHHPVWR
EHKLJKO\SUREDEOHDVKHLVWKHRQHZKRGUDLQVWKHOLIHRXWRIWKHZRPDQ
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVHHPVWRGHULYHVRPHHQHUJ\IURPKLV
SDUWQHU¶VGHWHULRUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQ³DVVKHZHDNHQVKHP\VWHULRXVO\JDLQV
VWUHQJWKVWUHQJWKKHXVHVQRWWRSXUVXHKLVQRUPDODFWLYLWLHVEXWUDWKHU
LQKLVRZQZRUGVWRIROORZKLVPRQRPDQLD´
3RHS
3RHS
3RHS
($3RH/LJHLD>LQ@&RPSOHWH7DOHVDQG3RHPV1HZ-HUVH\>@S
-7ZLWFKHOO7KH/LYLQJ'HDG$6WXG\RIWKH9DPSLUHLQ5RPDQWLF/LWHUDWXUH'XUKDP
S
7ZLWFKHOOS
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
7KHFDVHRIWKHSDLQWHU¶VZLIH
7KH GHDWK RI WKH IHPDOH FKDUDFWHU RI 3RH¶V YHU\ VKRUW VWRU\ 2YDO
3RUWUDLWGHVHUYHVDSODFHLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQVLQFHLWGHSLFWVWKHLGHD
RI³VXEMHFWLRQRIZRPHQWRWKHREMHFWLI\LQJHYHQPXUGHURXVSRZHUVRIPDOH
JD]H´,WVHHPVWKDWQRZKHUHHOVHLQ3RH¶V¿FWLRQLVWKLVPRWLISRUWUD\HGVR
H[SOLFLWO\VLQFHLQWKHHQGWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULVOLWHUDOO\WUDQVIRUPHGLQWR
DQREMHFW±WKHSRUWUDLWRIWKHZRPDQ±LQFRQWUDVWWR0RUHOODRU/LJHLDZKR
DUHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRRUUHVXUUHFWLQWKHIRUPRIDQRWKHUIHPDOHKXPDQ
EHLQJ<HWDQRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHRIKHULVWKDWVKHGRHVQRWHYHQKDYH
DQDPH7KHXQQDPHGQDUUDWRUHQWHUVDQDEDQGRQHGFKDWHDXDQGGLVFRYHUV
DSDLQWLQJRIDEHDXWLIXOODG\)DVFLQDWHGE\LWVH[WUDRUGLQDU\YLYLGQHVVKH
VHDUFKHVIRUDQ\LQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHKLVWRU\EHKLQGWKHSDLQWLQJ
DQGOHDUQVLWIURPRQHRIWKHYROXPHVKH¿QGVLQWKHURRP7KHWUDJLFVWRU\
RIWKHZRPDQDQGKHUGHDWKOLNHWKHVWRULHVRIRWKHUIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVRI
3RH¶V¿FWLRQFDQDOVREHUHDGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIPDOHDXWKRULW\DQGIHPDOH
VXEPLVVLYHQHVV7KHSDLQWHUSUHRFFXSLHGZLWKFUHDWLQJWKHSRUWUDLWRIKLV
ZLIHGRHVQRWQRWLFHWKDWWKHPRUHSURJUHVVKHPDNHVZLWKKLVFUHDWLRQ
WKHPRUHWKHZLIH¶VFRQGLWLRQGHWHULRUDWHVDQGRQO\ZKHQKHSODFHVWKHWLQW
RQWKHSRUWUDLWRIWKHZRPDQDQG¿QLVKHVLWGRHVKHUHDOL]HWKDWKLVPRGHO
LVQRORQJHUDPRQJWKHOLYLQJ
+HUHDJDLQWKHGHDWKRIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUPD\EHVDLGWRFRPSULVH
WZRPDLQLGHDVQDPHO\FUHDWLRQDQGGHVWUXFWLRQ,QDZD\VKHLVVDFUL¿FHG
RQO\WREHUHSODFHGE\DSHUIHFWLPPRUWDOFUHDWLRQZKLFKZLOOQHYHU
DFWXDOO\OLYH(YHQWKRXJKWKHSDLQWHUUHIHUVWRWKHDVWRXQGLQJTXDOLW\RI
KLVFUHDWLRQE\VWDWLQJWKDWWKLVLVLQGHHG/LIHLWVHOI3RHLWLV
QRWOLIHDVVXFKEXWRQO\OLIHOLNH7KHKXVEDQG¶VSDVVLRQEHFRPHVOLIH
FRQVXPLQJIRUWKHZRPDQEXWSDUDGR[LFDOO\LWDOVRVHHPVWRSUHVHUYHOLIH
PDNLQJLWHWHUQDO,WVHHPVWKDWRQHFDQGLVFHUQFHUWDLQDXWRELRJUDSKLFDO
WUDLWVLQWKHVWRU\6RPHFULWLFVKDYHLQWHUSUHWHGWKHVWRU\LQUHODWLRQWR
3RH¶VPDUULDJHWR9LUJLQLDFODLPLQJWKDWWKHZULWHU³H[SORUHGWKHLGHDWKDW
9LUJLQLD¶VUHOHDVHIURPSDLQZRXOGHQVXUHKHULPPRUWDOLW\WKURXJKKLV
RZQDUW´3RH¶VZLIHZDVGLDJQRVHGZLWKWXEHUFXORVLVLQWKHVDPH
\HDUWKDWWKHVKRUWVWRU\ZDVSXEOLVKHG,WVRULJLQDOWLWOH/LIHLQ'HDWK
VXJJHVWVWKHWKHPHE\LQFRUSRUDWLQJGLVWLQFWUHDOLWLHVDQGLQGLFDWHVWKDW
JUHDWFUHDWLRQGRHVQRWFRPHZLWKRXWDVDFUL¿FH$IWHUDOO3RH¶VWKHRU\
DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHGHDWKRIDEHDXWLIXOZRPDQLVRQHRIWKHPRVW
SRHWLFDOO\DQGHPRWLRQDOO\SRZHUIXOPRWLIVLVHFKRHGQRWRQO\LQWKLV
VWRU\EXWDOVRLQRWKHUWDOHVGLVFXVVHGKHUHLQ2EYLRXVO\WKHHPRWLRQDO
LPSDFWRIDOLWHUDU\ZRUNGHSHQGVPXFKRQWKHFKRLFHRIWKHWKHPH
DQGWKHFRQWURYHUV\UHJDUGLQJDSHUIHFWFUHDWLRQDQGWKHFRVWLWHQWDLOV
3HUVRQS
-0+XWFKLVVRQ3RH-DFNVRQS
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
FHUWDLQO\FRQWULEXWHVWRWKHHPRWLRQDORYHUWRQHRIWKHVWRU\8QOLNH3RH¶V
RWKHUYDPSLUHOLNHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVWKHZLIHRIWKHSDLQWHULQ³7KH2YDO
3RUWUDLW´LVQRWGHPRQL]HGE\KHUPDOHSDUWQHULQIDFWZHNQRZYHU\OLWWOH
DERXWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHHYHQWVVLQFHHYHU\WKLQJZHOHDUQDERXWWKHP
LV¿OWHUHGWKURXJKWKHQDUUDWLYHRIDQXQVSHFL¿HGZULWHU
7KHYDPSLUHPRWLIPD\DOVREHIRXQGLQ7KH2YDO3RUWUDLWZKHUH
WKHSDLQWHU¶VREVHVVLRQZLWKUHFRQVWUXFWLQJOLIHLVIXOILOOHGDWWKHFRVW
RIWKHOLIHRIDUHDOKXPDQEHLQJ±KLVZLIH7KHKXVEDQGDSSHDUVDV
DVLQJOHPLQGHGVHOIDEVRUEHGDUWLVWZKRJLYHVDOOKLVDWWHQWLRQWR
RQHJRDOFUHDWLQJWKHSRUWUDLWWKDWZRXOGUHFDSWXUHOLIHLQLWVSXUHVW
PRVWIODZOHVVIRUPQRWDEO\ZKHQKLVZLIHPRGHOLV\RXQJ+HQHHGV
EHDXW\DQG\RXWKLQRUGHUWRIHHGKLVREVHVVLYHQHHGWRUHQGHUWKH
SDLQWLQJSHUIHFW,QWKLVUHVSHFWKHEHFRPHVDYDPSLUHZKRVXFNVWKH
OLIHRXWRIWKHZRPDQWRKDYHLWUHSURGXFHGZLWKLQWKHFDQYDVRIKHU
SRUWUDLW8QOLNH/LJHLD0RUHOODRU%HUHQLFHWKHUHLVQRLQGLFDWLRQWKDW
WKHZRPDQLVDYDPSLUHLQVSLUHGFKDUDFWHU+RZHYHUVKHFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKDW\SLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI3RH¶VZRPHQLQWKDWVKHLVGHVFULEHG
DVDEHDXWLIXODQGKXPEOHSHUVRQDQGVKHDOVRGLHV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH
QRWLRQRIFKDQJHWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HVRWKHUZRPHQLQ3RH¶VWDOHVLVSUHVHQW
LQKHUGHSLFWLRQDVVKHH[SHULHQFHVDWUDQVIRUPDWLRQZKLFKPD\EH
GHVFULEHGDVDSURFHVVRIGHJUDGDWLRQRUQDUURZLQJLQDVHQVHUHVXOWLQJ
LQKHUGHPLVH7KHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULVILUVWGHSLFWHGDVDFKHHUIXOJRRG
QDWXUHGSHUVRQZKRLVDIIHFWLRQDWHWRKHUKXVEDQG+HUSRUWUD\DOLV
SHUYDGHGE\DVHQVHRIMR\DQGRSWLPLVPDOVRWKHYDOXHRI<281*$*(
LVLPSOLHGE\VXFKIHDWXUHVDVORYHO\!IXOORIJOHH!IUROLFVRPH!
ORYLQJ!FKHULVKLQJ!
+RZHYHULQWKHFRXUVHRIWLPHWKHSRVLWLYHWUDLWVRIKHUSHUVRQDOLW\
EHFRPHVXEGXHGDQGEDFNJURXQGHGRQO\WRGLVDSSHDUFRPSOHWHO\ZKHQWKH
SDLQWLQJLV¿QLVKHG'HVSLWHWKDWVKHGRHVQRWVHHPWRFRPSODLQDERXWKHU
IDWHDQGLVGHYRLGRIVSHHFKLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHOLWHUDU\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
RI3RH¶VZRPHQ³VKHZDVKXPEOHDQGREHGLHQWDQGVDWPHHNO\IRUPDQ\
ZHHNVLQWKHGDUNKLJKWXUUHWFKDPEHUZKHUHWKHOLJKWGULSSHGXSRQWKH
SDOHFDQYDVRQO\IURPRYHUKHDG´. $OWKRXJKEHLQJVXEPLVVLYH!DVRQH
RIWKHYLUWXDOO\XQLYHUVDOIHDWXUHVRI3RH¶VIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVSHUWDLQVWR
KHUQDWXUHDVZHOOVKHGRHVQRWXQGHUJRDWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWRDGHPRQLF
OLIHFRQVXPLQJYDPSLUH,QVWHDGLWLVWKHZLIHZKRJLYHVDZD\KHUOLIHWR
QRXULVKWKHKXVEDQG¶VSDVVLRQDVWKHOLIHRIDKXPDQEHLQJZLWKDOOLWV
EHDXW\DQGHQHUJ\LVWUDQVIHUUHGWRDSLHFHRIDUW7KHSDLQWHUDSSHDUVDV
WKHH[DFWRSSRVLWHRIWKHZRPDQEHLQJFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\VXFKDWWULEXWHV
DVSDVVLRQDWH!VWXGLRXV!DXVWHUH!7KHSDLQWHU¶VFRQGXFWVHHPV
WREHORFDWHGVRPHZKHUHDWWKHRSSRVLWHHQGWRWKDWRIWKHZRPDQZKR
LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VXFK DWWULEXWLYH YDOXHV DV JHQWOH! FKHHUIXO!
($3RH7KH2YDO3RUWUDLW>LQ@&RPSOHWH7DOHVDQG3RHPV1HZ-HUVH\>@
S
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
FRQVLGHUDWH!,QIDFWKLVREVHVVLRQZLWKDUWFRQVWUDLQVWKHTXDOLWLHV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKIHPDOHEHDXW\DQG\RXWKDQGVXSSUHVVHVKHUWUXHQDWXUH
VRVKHEHFRPHVGLVSLULWHG!DQGZHDN!6KHEHFRPHVPRUHDQGPRUH
LQYLVLEOHDVDUHDOSHUVRQZKHUHDVWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIKHUSDUWQHU¶VSDVVLRQ
±KLVSDLQWLQJ±JDLQVPRUHSURPLQHQFH
&RQFOXVLRQV
,QWKHOLJKWRIWKHIRUHJRLQJGLVFXVVLRQLWDSSHDUVWKDWLQRUGHUWR
GLVFRYHUWKHWUXHQDWXUHRIWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVLQ3RH¶VVKRUWVWRULHV
WKHUHDGHUFDQQRWUHO\VROHO\RQWKHOLWHUDOOD\HURIWKHLUWH[WV,QVWHDG
LWVHHPVPXFKPRUHSODXVLEOHWKDWWKHOLWHUDOOHYHOLVXVHGLQRUGHUWR
WULJJHULQWHUSUHWDWLRQVZKLFKJRIDUEH\RQGWKHVXSHU¿FLDOPHDQLQJRI
ZRUGV7KHSULPDU\FRQFOXVLRQWKDWPD\EHGUDZQZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKH
SRUWUD\DORIZRPHQLQ3RH¶VWDOHVLVWKDWWKHUHLVPRUHWKDQRQHGLPHQVLRQ
WRWKHP7KLVUHVXOWVIURPWKHXQGHUO\LQJGLVFUHSDQFLHVWKDWFDQQRWEH
LJQRUHGLQWKHH[SORUDWLRQRI3RH¶VIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVGLVFXVVHGKHUHLQ
7KHFRQÀLFWLQJTXDOLWLHVZKLFKVXEVWLWXWHWKHHVVHQFHRIDWOHDVWVRPHRI
KLVIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVPD\EHGHWHFWHGLIWKHUHDGHUH[SORUHVWKHWUXWKWKDW
PLJKWOLHEHQHDWKWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHOLWHUDOGHVFULSWLRQDQGJREH\RQGWKH
OLPLWVRIPDOHSHUVSHFWLYHDVLWLVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHUHVSHFWLYHWDOHV,QWKH
FDVHRI0RUHOODWKH¿JXUDWLRQRIWKHZRPDQDVDSHUVRQZRUWK\RISUDLVH
RQWKHRQHKDQGDQGH[SRVLQJKHUDI¿QLW\ZLWKHYLORQWKHRWKHUFUHDWHV
DQDWPRVSKHUHRIFRQIXVLRQDQGHVWDEOLVKHVDFRQWUDGLFWRU\UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQKHUDQGKHUKXVEDQGZKRVHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKHZRPDQFKDQJHV
RYHUWLPH,WLVWKHQRWLRQRIFKDQJHWKDWOLQNV0RUHOODZLWK%HUHQLFHDV
KHUSRUWUD\DOLVDOVRLPEXHGZLWKFHUWDLQLQFRQVLVWHQF\7KHZRPDQ¶V
RULJLQDOO\SRVLWLYHTXDOLWLHVDUHGLVSODFHGZKHQKHUSK\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQ
GHWHULRUDWHVZKLFKFRLQFLGHVZLWKWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQLQWKHPDOHIHPDOH
UHODWLRQVKLS&KDQJHDQGGHWHULRUDWLRQDUHDOVRUHVRQDQWLQWKHFDVHRI
WKHSDLQWHU¶VZLIHLQ7KH2YDO3RUWUDLWDVKHU\RXWKIXOHQHUJ\DQGEHDXW\
JUDGXDOO\HYDSRUDWHDQGVKHVLQNVLQWRREOLYLRQVRWRVSHDN(DFKVWRU\
PXFKOLNHHDFKSHUVRQ¶VH[SHULHQFHVPD\EHGHVFULEHGLQWHUPVRIWKH
SDWKIURPOLIHWRZDUGVGHDWK,QWKHFDVHRI3RH¶VZRPHQH[DPLQHGLQ
WKHIRUHJRLQJGLVFXVVLRQWKRXJKWKLVPRYHPHQWFDQKDUGO\EHGHVFULEHG
DVDQHQWLUHO\QDWXUDOSKHQRPHQRQ7KHGHDWKVRI0RUHOOD%HUHQLFH
DQGWKHSDLQWHU¶VZLIHDUHFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHLUPDOHSDUWQHUV¶
VKLIWLQJDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKHZRPHQ0RUHOOD¶VKXVEDQGH[SUHVVHVFRQFHUQ
DERXWWKHQDWXUHRIWKHZRPDQ¶VVWXGLHV$HJHXV¶¿[DWLRQLQFUHDVHVDV
%HUHQLFHVXIIHUVIURPDGHFOLQLQJFRQGLWLRQWKH\RXQJZRPDQLQ7KH
2YDO3RUWUDLWSHULVKHVDVKHUKXVEDQG¶VFUHDWLYHSRZHUUHDFKHVLWVIXOO
ÀRXULVKLQJ,QDVHQVHWKHGHDWKRIWKHVHZRPHQLVSUHFHGHGE\WKHLU
Barbara Niedziela, Grzegorz A. Kleparski
JUDGXDOGLVLQWHJUDWLRQE\WKHPDOHSDUWQHUWKH\DOOEHFRPHUHGXFHGDQG
HYHQWXDOO\YDQLVK,QHDFKZRPDQWKHUHH[LVWVDFHUWDLQTXDOLW\WKDWLV
WDNHQDZD\IURPKHULQWKHFDVHRI0RUHOODRQHRIWKHHOHPHQWVWKDW
FRQVWLWXWHKHULGHQWLW\LVKHUYRLFHDVLWDSSHDUVWREHDVVRFLDWHGE\KHU
KXVEDQGZLWKKHUPRVWH[SOLFLWIHDWXUHV±EHDXW\DQGGDQJHU%HUHQLFH¶V
SDUWQHUVHHPVWRGHSUHFLDWHWKHZRPDQE\GHFRPSRVLQJKHUSK\VLFDO
XQLW\DQGGHYHORSLQJDPRUELGIDVFLQDWLRQZLWKKHUWHHWKDVWKHRQO\
FRQVWLWXHQWRIKHULGHQWLW\WKDWKHLVDEOHWRQRWLFH7KHSDLQWHU¶VZLIHLV
GLVLQWHJUDWHGDVKHUKXVEDQGUHSURGXFHVLQGLYLGXDOSDUWVRIKHULGHQWLW\
LQWKHIRUPRIDSDLQWLQJQHJOHFWLQJWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHZRPDQDVDUHDO
IHPDOHKXPDQEHLQJ7KHQDWXUHRIWKHZRPHQ¶VGHDWKVDVZHOODVWKH
DOOXVLRQVDQGV\PEROLFUHIHUHQFHVIRXQGLQWKHLUSRUWUD\DOVPD\FKDOOHQJH
WKHFUHGLELOLW\RIWKHPDOHSHUVSHFWLYHDQGHQFRXUDJHUHDGHUVWRVHHN
GHHSHUPHDQLQJVEH\RQGWKHPDOHJD]H
'DOHMQLĪPĊVNLHVSRMU]HQLH
.RELHW\ZRSRZLDGDQLDFK(GJDUD$OODQD3RH
6 W U H V ] F ] HQ LH
&HOHPDUW\NXáXMHVWSU]HĞOHG]HQLHPRW\ZXĞPLHUFLZWZyUF]RĞFL(GJDUD$OODQD3RH
]HV]F]HJyOQ\PXZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPWU]HFKRSRZLDGDĔ0RUHOODBerenika i 3RUWUHWRZDOQ\
2SLVSRVWDFLNRELHF\FKXND]DQ\FKZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKRSRZLDGDQLDFK]RVWDáSRGGDQ\
DQDOL]LH]QDZLą]DQLHPGRLFKSDUWQHUyZNWyU]\SHáQLąIXQNFMĊQDUUDWRUDZSU]\SDGNX
GZyFKSLHUZV]\FKWHNVWyZOXENWyU]\]GDMąVLĊRGJU\ZDüF]\QQąUROĊZVWRVXQNXGRVZR
MHMSDUWQHUNLMDNZ3RUWUHFLHRZDOQ\P$QDOL]DSU]\WDF]DQ\FK]PĊVNLHMSHUVSHNW\Z\
REV]HUQ\FKRSLVyZSRVWDFLNRELHF\FKURG]LS\WDQLHRLFKWUDIQRĞüLZLDU\JRGQRĞü-HVWRQR
V]F]HJyOQLHLVWRWQH]XZDJLQDSHZQHQLHĞFLVáRĞFLNWyUHGDMąVLĊ]DXZDĪ\üZGRQLHVLHQLDFK
QDUUDWRUyZFRVNáDQLDF]\WHOQLNDGR]DVWDQRZLHQLDVLĊQDGPRĪOLZ\PLQLHGRSRZLHG]H
QLDPL3UyEDXFKZ\FHQLDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLZWHNVWDFK]DEXU]DVSyMQRĞüSHUVSHNW\Z\
SU]HGVWDZLRQHMSU]H]PĊVNLHJRQDUUDWRUDRUD]SURZDG]LGRVIRUPXáRZDQLDVSU]HF]Q\FK
FHFKRNUHĞODMąF\FKERKDWHUNLRSRZLDGDĔ3RH'ODSU]\NáDGXSDUWQHU0RUHOOL]GDMHVLĊ
E\üSHáHQSRG]LZXGODMHMFQyWMHGQDNZMHJRSU]HND]LHSRMDZLDMąVLĊDOX]MHLRGQLHVLH
QLDV\PEROLF]QHRZ\GĨZLĊNXQHJDW\ZQ\PSU]HGVWDZLDMąFHMHMSRVWDüZNDWHJRULDFK
QLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD1LHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLWHZSRáąF]HQLX]PRW\ZHPSU]HGZF]HVQHM
ĞPLHUFLVNáDQLDMąGRUR]SDWU]HQLDUyĪQ\FKGUyJSRVWU]HJDQLDERKDWHUHNRUD]LFKUHODFML
]SRVWDFLDPLPĊVNLPL
6 á RZ DN OXF ] RZH
(GJDU$OODQ3RHOLWHUDWXUDJUR]\NRELHW\X3RHJRBerenice0RUHOOD3RUWUHWRZDOQ\
PRW\ZĞPLHUFL
Summar y
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRWUDFHWKHPRWLIRIGHDWKLQWKUHHVKRUWVWRULHVE\(GJDU
$OODQ3RH0RUHOODBerenice and 7KH2YDO3RUWUDLW7KHSRUWUD\DOVRIIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVDUH
LQWHUSUHWHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKHLUPDOHSDUWQHUVZKRHLWKHUQDUUDWHWKHVWRULHVDVLQ0RUHOOD
and BereniceRUVHHPWREHPRUHDFWLYHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUDVLQ7KH
The Male Gaze and Beyond: Edgar Allan Poe’s Female Characters
2YDO3RUWUDLW$OWKRXJKWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIHDFKRIWKHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVUHYHDOVPXFKDERXW
WKHZRPHQUHQGHULQJWKHZRPHQVLOHQWWKHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUWKHUHDGHUFDQUHO\RQWKHLU
DFFRXQWVSHUVLVWV7KLVLVGXHWRFHUWDLQLQFRQVLVWHQFLHVZKLFKDUHYLVLEOHLQWKHGHVFULSWLRQV
RIIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVDVWKH\DUHSURYLGHGE\3RH¶VQDUUDWRUV$VDUHVXOWWKHUHDGHULVLQF
OLQHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHERWKWKHVSRNHQDQGXQVSRNHQFRQWHQWDVWKHODWWHUPD\RIIHUDVSDFH
LQZKLFKWKHIHPDOHYRLFHLVKHDUG7KHGRXEOHOD\HURIPHDQLQJFUHDWHGE\DOOXVLRQVDQG
V\PEROLFUHIHUHQFHVFDXVHVRQHWRTXHVWLRQWKHFUHGLELOLW\RIPDOHFKDUDFWHUVDQGGLVWXUEV
WKHLULQWHJULW\WKXVH[SRVLQJFRQÀLFWLQJTXDOLWLHVZKLFKGH¿QH0RUHOOD%HUHQLFHDQGWKH
SDLQWHU¶VZLIHLQ7KH2YDO3RUWUDLW0RUHOOD¶VKXVEDQGIRULQVWDQFHDGPLUHVKLVZLIH¶V
YLUWXHVEXWDOVRGHVFULEHVKHUXVLQJZRUGVZKLFKKDYHRYHUWO\QHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQVUHQ
GHULQJKHULQFUHDVLQJO\GDQJHURXV$OORIWKHWKUHHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVHYHQWXDOO\GLHZKLFK
LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHDPELJXRXVPDOHFRQVWUXFWHGGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHLUOLYHVDQGGHDWKV
HQFRXUDJHVUHDGHUVWRH[SORUHRWKHUSRVVLELOLWLHVLQWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI3RH¶VZRPHQDQG
WKHLUUHODWLRQWRWKHPDOHFKDUDFWHUV
. H \ZRU G V
(GJDU$OODQ3RH*RWKLF¿FWLRQBerenice0RUHOOD7KH2YDO3RUWUDLWGHDWK