ACTION PLAN FOR
RAISED BOG BIRDS
IN IRELAND 2011-2020
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
ACTION PLAN FOR
RAISED BOG BIRDS
IN IRELAND 2011-2020
Written & compiled by
Peadar O’Connell, Species Policy Officer
BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20, Block D, Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
Website: www.birdwatchireland.ie Tel: (01) 2819878 Email: [email protected]
Milestones in the production of the Plan
Consultation draft
Action Plan printed
-
August 2011
November 2011
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank everyone who has taken part in the consultation and drafting process for this
Action Plan to date. Many government departments & agencies, semi-state agencies and other
organisations as well as private individuals helped in the creation of this plan and we are very grateful to
you all. We would also like to thank the Department of Environment, Community & Local Government
for their support.
Recommended citation
BirdWatch Ireland (2011) Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020. BirdWatch Ireland’s
Group Action Plans for Irish Birds. BirdWatch Ireland, Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow
Photography credits
Cover photograph: Mike Brown (Red Grouse)
Raised Bog Birds Group, photographs on page 3: Derek Belsey & Cliff Reddick (Curlew); Vittorio
Caschera (Short-eared Owl); Billy Clarke (Whooper Swan); Shay Connolly (Skylark); Dick Coombes
(Grasshopper Warbler, Greenland White-fronted Goose, Redshank, Snipe); John Fox (Common
Sandpiper); Chris Gomersall RSPB images (Hen Harrier); Breffni Martin (Merlin); Anthony McGeehan
(Lapwing); Richard T. Mills (Red Grouse); Peadar O’Connell (background habitat).
BirdWatch Ireland is the largest environmental charity in Ireland. Established in 1968, we are a nongovernmental organisation with over 14,000 members nationwide, and we work to create a healthy natural
environment both for wildlife and for people through the protection of wild birds and the wide range of flora
and fauna upon which their survival depends. Through our membership, our network of nature reserves, our
20+ volunteer-led Branches, our education programmes, our research, survey and monitoring work and our
continual lobbying of decision-makers, we deliver improved engagement with nature and fight for the
protection of Ireland’s rich natural assets, on which we all depend. We are the Irish partner in BirdLife
International, the global partnership of bird conservation organisations.
Dedicated BirdWatch Ireland media
 Wings magazine
 eWings electronic magazine
 www.birdwatchireland.ie
 Social networking sites (Facebook & Twitter)
 Our annual journal Irish Birds and other publications
This project was partially funded through the Environment Fund by the Department of the Environment,
Community and Local Government
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
The Raised Bog Birds Group
Cygnus cygnus
Whooper Swan
Eala Ghlórach (A)*
Numenius arquata
Curlew
Crotach (R)
Anser albifrons flavirostris
Greenland White-fronted
Goose
Gé Bhánéadanach (A)*
Actitis hypoleucos
Common Sandpiper
Gobadán (A)
Lagopus lagopus
Red Grouse
Cearc Fhraoigh (R)
Tringa totanus
Redshank
Cosdeargán (R)
Circus cyaneus
Hen Harrier
Cromán Na Gcearc (A)*
Asio flammeus
Short-eared Owl
Ulchabhán Réisc (A)*
Falco columbarius
Merlin
Meirliún (A)*
Alauda arvensis
Skylark
Fuiseog (A)
Vanellus vanellus
Lapwing
Pilibín (R)
Locustella naevia
Grasshopper Warbler
Ceolaire Casarnaí (A)
Gallinago gallinago
Snipe
Naoscach (A)
Legend:
3 (R) = Red listed on the Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI) list
(A) = Amber listed on the BoCCI list
* = Listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive (European importance)
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Contents
Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 5
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 6
Achoimre Feidhmitheach...................................................................................................... 7
1. Rationale for Action Planning for Ireland’s Birds ............................................................ 8
1.1 Why we need Action Plans for birds ...................................................................................... 8
1.2 Why Ireland‟s birds need action now ..................................................................................... 9
1.3 The process of creating this Action Plan .............................................................................. 10
1.4 How to use this document .................................................................................................. 11
1.5 Online Action Plans ............................................................................................................ 11
2. Raised Bog Birds and their Habitats .............................................................................. 12
2.1 The birds in this group ....................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Raised bog bird habitats ..................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Biological assessment ......................................................................................................... 16
2.4 The conservation status of raised bog birds and habitats ...................................................... 19
3. Planning a Future for Raised Bog Birds ......................................................................... 20
3.1 Summary of relevant policy and conservation mechanisms to date ........................................ 20
3.2 BirdWatch Ireland‟s long-term vision for the raised bog environment and its birds ................. 22
3.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 23
3.4 Factors affecting raised bog birds........................................................................................ 24
3.5 Targets and actions for the Raised Bog Birds Group ............................................................. 25
Theme 1 – Research and Monitoring ..................................................................................... 26
Theme 2 – Policy, Legislation and Advocacy ........................................................................... 28
Theme 3 – Species and Site Conservation .............................................................................. 30
Theme 4 – Education and Awareness .................................................................................... 32
3.6 Single species targets and actions ....................................................................................... 34
4. Next Steps ...................................................................................................................... 38
5. Selected Bibliography .................................................................................................... 39
Glossary .............................................................................................................................. 41
Appendix 1: Stakeholder Abbreviations ............................................................................. 43
Appendix 2: An Explanation of the Different Conservation Status Assessments .............. 44
Appendix 3: Existing Policy and Legislative Context ......................................................... 46
Appendix 4: Some Current & Recent Projects Relevant to Raised Bog Birds .................... 51
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Foreword
The subtle beauty of our raised bogs may not at first be immediately obvious, but exploring one of
the remaining raised bogs in the midlands or west of Ireland will soon yield rewards. Elusive
sundews, spongy sphagnum mosses and delicately coloured heathers will be sure to capture the eye.
If you’re lucky, depending on the time of year, you may also see some of our rarest birds, such as
nesting Curlew or Red Grouse, or wintering Greenland White Fronted Geese. Raised bogs are indeed
one of our most precious assets, not least for the diversity of unique species they support.
Formed as a result of mild, wet climatic conditions and poor drainage, raised bogs are a distinctive
part of our heritage. For past generations, they were an important source of fuel. However, the slow
and limited hand cutting of “turf” gave way in time to mechanisation and the semi-commercial
extraction of peat and this, along with other land-use pressures, has led to faster and more extensive
damage to these fragile ecosystems. The sad reality is that most of this precious resource in Ireland
is now gone, with just 1% still remaining. In spite of this, Ireland still holds around 50% of Europe’s
intact oceanic raised bog resource. We therefore have a huge responsibility to protect and conserve
these last remaining fragments.
To achieve this, the challenges facing us are enormous and at times, the resolution of the conflicting
demands of nature conservation and other land-uses seems insurmountable. However, it must be
done; it is our collective and moral responsibility to find a way to protect the remaining intact
resource and restore that which has been degraded. In addition to their intrinsic value, they provide
vital ecosystem services such as water and carbon storage, so important for future generations. Of
course, this must be achieved through partnership and we hope that this plan will contribute to
work that has recently taken place to protect the most important remaining areas, even though so
much has been lost already.
Let us now take that step to build on the achievements to date and together try to ensure that
future generations are not deprived of this most distinctively Irish of habitats.
Anita Donaghy
Senior Conservation officer
BirdWatch Ireland
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Executive Summary
 This 10 year Action Plan is part of a project that aims to identify, through expert opinion and stakeholder
consultation, appropriate measures to protect priority, migratory and dispersed birds in the wider
countryside including the marine environment. The project also aims to address important and outstanding
issues raised by a European Court of Justice ruling against Ireland in December 2007 regarding
implementation of the Birds & Habitats Directives.
 Action Plans are a proven conservation tool. Group Action Plans provide an opportunity to create actions
that protect multiple species over a large area. An accompanying website will ensure this Action Plan can
evolve and remain relevant during its 10 year lifetime.
 26 stakeholder organisations were engaged in developing the content of this plan including government
departments and agencies, relevant sectors, recreational users and NGOs. The plan is aimed at policy
makers, state departments and agencies, and other relevant organisations and research institutes who play
a role in determining a sustainable future for raised bog bird species.
 There are 13 bird species in this group. 5 species are listed on Annex I of the European Birds Directive and
all 13 species are listed in the Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI) list, four are Red listed, and
9 are Amber listed. Ireland has a range of national and international responsibilities to protect its wild
birds.
 The habitats in this group include active raised bog, cutaway and cutover bog and associated peatland
habitats. This is a declining habitat and many of the birds in this group are also in decline.
 BirdWatch Ireland’s long term vision and 10 year objectives for raised bog birds have been identified; these
were informed by stakeholder consultation.
 The factors related to the conservation of birds in the raised bog environment and the required targets and
actions, also informed by stakeholders, have been grouped into four themes:
o Theme 1: Research and Monitoring
o Theme 2: Policy, Legislation and Advocacy
o Theme 3: Species and Site Protection
o Theme 4: Education and Awareness
 Actions have also been identified for some single species as required.
 Annual reviews will gauge progress and will be available on the project website. Stakeholder involvement
will continue throughout the lifetime of the action plan.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Achoimre Feidhmitheach
 Tá an plean gníomhaíochta 10 mbliana seo mar chuid de thionscamh a bhfuil sé mar aidhm a aithint, tríd an
gcomhairliúchán le coimeádaithe geallta agus tuairim na saineolaithe, na bearta is fearr chun na h-éinlaith
imirceacha tosaíochta agus scaipthe a chosaint faoin tuath níos leithne comh maith leis an timpeallacht
mara. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an tionscamh freisin chun dul i ngleic le saincheisteanna tábhachtacha ardaithe
mar gheall ar rialú Chúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach i gcoinne na hÉireann i Nollaig 2007 maidir le cur chun
feidhme na Treoracha Éinlaith agus Ghnáthóga.
 Is uirlisí caomhnaithe chruthaithe iad Pleananna Gníomhaíochta. Tugann Pleananna Gníomhaíochta
Grúpáilte deis bearta a chruthú a chosnaíonn speicis iomadúla thar limistéarmór. Beidh an láithreán
gréasáin a ghabhann leis a chinntiú gur féidir leis an Plean Gníomhaíochta éabhlú agus a bheith ábhartha le
linn a 10 mbliana saolré.
 Bhí 26 eagraíochtaí coimeádaithe geallta gabhtha i bhforbairt ábhar an phlean seo, lena n-áirítear ranna
rialtais agus gníomhaireachtaí, hearnálacha ábartha, úsáideoirí caitheamh aimsire agus Eagraíochtaí
Neamhrialtais. Tá an plean dírithe ar lucht déantóirí polasaithe, ranna agus gníomhaireachtaí stáit, comh
maith le heagraíochtaí ábhartha eile, agus institiúidí taighde, ag a bhfuil ról sa chinneadh todhchaí
inbhuanaithe do speicis éin duimhche agus mhachaire.
 Tá 13 speiceas éan sa ghrúpa seo. 5 speicis atá liostaithe ar Aguisín I de Treorach Éinlaith Eorapach agus tá
an 13 speiceas uilig liostaithe sa liosta Éinlaith le Cúram Caomhnaithe (BoCCI). Tá 4 chinn Dearg liostaithe
agus 9 Ómra liostaithe. Tá réimse dualgaisí náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta ag Éireann a chuid éanlaith fiáin a
chosaint.
 I measc na gnáthóga sa ghrúpa seo tá portach ardaithe gníomhach, lagphortaigh agus portaigh a baineadh
cheana agus a bhfuil tuille móin fágtha comh maith le ghnáthóga thailte portaigh a bhaineann leo. Is
gnáthóg ag meath é agus tá go leor de na héin sa ghrúpa chomh maith ag dul i léig.
 Tá fís fadtéarmach agus cuspóirí 10 mbliana d'éin phortach ardaithe Cairde Éanlaith Éireann aitheanta.
Cuireadh in iúl iad trí gcomhairliúchán le na coimeádaithe geallta.
 Tá na tosca a bhaineann le caomhnú na n-éan sa timpeallacht phortach ardaithe agus na spriocanna agus
na gníomhartha a theastaíonn, freisin curtha in iúl ag na coimeádaithe geallta, grúpáilte i gceithre théama:
o Téama 1: Taighde agus Monatóireacht
o Téama 2: Polasaí, Achtú agus Abhcóideacht
o Téama 3: Speiceas agus Cosaint Gnáthóg
o Téama 4: Oideachas agus Feasacht
 Gníomhaíochta aitheanta freisin do roinnt speiceas aonair mar is gá.
 Déanfar athbhreithnaithe bliantúil chun an dul chun cinn a thomhas agus a bheith ar fáil ar shuíomh
gréasáin an tionscnamh. Beidh rannpháirtíocht na coimeádaithe geallta ag dul ar aghaidh i rith shaolré an
phlean gníomhaíochta.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
1. Rationale for Action Planning for Ireland’s Birds
1.1 Why we need Action Plans for birds
Despite Ireland’s small size, it still supports up to 70% of the bird species found in Europe. This
represents a significant natural asset of regional, national, and international value. There is an
unquestionable responsibility to protect and appropriately manage this resource to encourage longterm environmental, economic and social sustainability.
Species Action Plans (SAPs) are a widely used conservation tool in wildlife conservation and
management throughout the world. They can provide considerable benefits for wildlife through the
implementation of conservation actions1. Group Action Plans (GAPs) allow for a coordinated
approach to protecting many species at once and complement an ecosystem approach to
conservation. Actions within BirdWatch Ireland’s series of GAPs aim to benefit multiple species
Shay Connolly
throughout their range and not just in protected wildlife areas.
Birds are often our most familiar link to the natural
world and provide a lot of enjoyment. Birds come in
many forms but are instantly recognisable and
relatively easy to see, adding to their appeal. There are
many moral and ethical arguments for protecting
species and ensuring human actions do not lead to their
decline or extinction in Ireland. Irish culture is full of
bird references and many of the Irish names for birds
hark back to our historically strong link to the
The Grasshopper Warbler is a summer migrant
breeding in scrub and heather often on the edge
of raised bogs. Like most warblers this bird is
easier to hear then to see.
environment. These grounds alone should be reason
enough to protect Irish birds but birds are also
important indicator species. They are utilised in this
role in many countries throughout the world to provide an indication of the health of ecosystems,
habitats, species and biodiversity (the canary in the coalmine!). They can signal changes in
landscapes and seascapes and highlight the impacts that different pressures have on the
environment we live in2. From an economic point of view, birds can be utilised as early warning
1
Fuller, R.A., McGowan, P.J.K., Carroll, J.P., Dekker, R.W.R.J. and Garson, P.J. (2003) What does IUCN species action planning contribute to the conservation
process? Biological Conservation 112:343-349.
2
European Environment Agency (2007) Halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010: proposal for a first set of indicators to monitor progress in Europe. EEA Report
No. 11/2007. Copenhagen (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/technical_report_2007_11 - accessed 10/05/2010).
2
Gregory, R.D., van Strien, A., Vořišek, P., Gmelig Meyling, A.W., Noble, D.G., Foppen, R.P.B. and Gibbons, D.W. (2005) Developing indicators for European
birds. Philosophical Translations of the Royal Society B 360:269–288.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
systems for the degradation or loss of ecosystem services. These ecosystem services make a
significant contribution to the national economy and are vitally important for our health and
wellbeing1. Birds are well suited to this role of indicators2. They are relatively easy to survey and
there is a wealth of historical data on many species in comparison to other animals or plants, which
helps in identifying trends. The ecology of some species is well understood, this allows us to identify
underlying reasons for population changes. Birds also hold many different positions in the food
chain; this can be useful in identifying where threats are having their greatest impact. Finally, Ireland
has signed up to and/or ratified a number of policies and legislations that explicitly identify the
protection of wild birds. These include the European Birds Directive, The Ramsar Convention, The
Bonn Convention, The Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds and
The Bern Convention.
1.2 Why Ireland’s birds need action now
A review of Ireland’s birds was conducted by Lynas et al.3 in 2007; it found that many of our birds
have undergone huge population and range declines, 90% or more for some species. Sadly, one
species (the Corn Bunting) has become extinct in this country since the previous assessment of the
conservation status of birds in Ireland in 19994 . There are currently more species on the Red and
Amber Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI) list than ever before. Ireland also has
responsibilities for a number of bird species of European and global importance that are
experiencing international declines (see Table 2 for more information on the conservation status of
the species in this group).
In December 2007, Ireland was found guilty of failing to properly implement and transpose two very
important European Directives into Irish Legislation (European Court of Justice ruling case: C418/04). The Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) and Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) provide the
framework for the protection of Europe’s wildlife and are transposed through regulations, most
recently the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011. These
regulations are mainly implemented in Ireland through the Wildlife Act 1976 and Wildlife
(amendment) Act 2000. Fulfilling our obligations under these Directives is vital to protect
1
TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2009) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers –
Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature.
1
TEEB (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Report for Business - Executive Summary (www.teebweb.org - accessed on 04/07/2011).
2
Gregory, R.D., van Strien, A., Vořišek, P., Gmelig Meyling, A.W., Noble, D.G., Foppen, R.P.B. and Gibbons, D.W. (2005) Developing indicators for European
birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360:269–288.
2
Gregory, R.D., Vořišek, P., Noble, D.G., Strien, A.V., Klvaňová, A., Eaton, M., Gmelig Meyling, A.W., Joys, A., Foppen, R.P.B. and Burfield, I.J. (2008) The
generation and use of bird population indicators in Europe. Bird Conservation International 18:223–244. BirdLife International, UK.
3
Lynas, P., Newton, S.F. and Robinson, J.A. (2007) The status of birds in Ireland: an analysis of conservation concern 2008-2013. Irish Birds 8:149-166.
4
Newton, S., Donaghy, A., Allen, D. and Gibbons, D. (1999) Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland. Irish Birds 6: 333-334.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
biodiversity, ecosystems and the services they provide us, as well to improve upon our poor
compliance record with European Law.
Ireland is at a pivotal point with respect to the future of biodiversity. A renewed appreciation for
nature and an increasing awareness of its intrinsic importance is coming at a time when many
species have already experienced severe declines. These declines are a result of ongoing changes in
land-use, such as increased intensification, land abandonment, climate change and invasive species.
The most recent report from the European Environment Agency1 confirms that Europe has failed in
its commitment to the Convention on Biological Diversity to halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010 and
Ireland is certainly mirroring this trend.
1.3 The process of creating this Action Plan
This Action Plan is part of a series of GAPs for Ireland’s birds developed by BirdWatch Ireland. The
groups comprise of broad habitat categories chosen because they encompass the range of habitat
requirements of Irish birds, especially those that this project is most concerned with i.e. priority,
migratory and dispersed species.
the creation and implementation of
these Action Plans. Consultation with
Ken Kinsella
Stakeholder involvement is essential in
relevant stakeholders ensures a wide
range of expertise is utilised in finding
solutions to the threats that face wild
birds. The consultation process was
initiated by carrying out a stakeholder
workshop and meetings to identify
factors affecting birds in this group.
The opportunities and gaps that exist
The Redshank has undergone a dramatic 88% decline in recent
decades and, like many of our breeding waders, is now Red Listed
in Ireland.
and the responsibilities of different stakeholders were also discussed. As well as the ‘round-table’
workshop, consultation with stakeholders through the drafting process continued on the specifics of
the conservation actions and the implementation process.
1
European Environment Agency (2010) Assessing biodiversity in Europe – the 2010 report. European Environment Agency. EEA Report No. 5/2010.
Copenhagen (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/assessing-biodiversity-in-europe-84 - accessed on 04/07/2011).
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
This Action Plan is designed to provide the relevant information in a concise and coherent format.
The information provided covers species ecology, status, trends and the factors affecting these, the
actions needed to address negative factors and the stakeholders who have a role to play in
implementing these actions. The Action Plan will also be accessible online and will be updated as
required to ensure the most up to date information is available.
1.4 How to use this document
This Action Plan should be regarded as a working document. A vision statement and series of
objectives set out what the Action Plan aims to achieve within its 10-year period and beyond.

The first chapter provides background information on the project and the rationale for
action.

The second chapter presents some key information on the birds in this group, the habitats
within the group and the conservation status of these birds and habitats.

The third chapter is the most important and contains information on the mechanisms that
currently influence conservation action, the factors that are likely to be affecting birds in the
group, BirdWatch Ireland’s long-term vision, the Action Plan’s objectives, targets and
actions as well as the stakeholders associated with these actions.

The fourth chapter lays out the next steps and the Action Plan review process that will
ensure it is reaching its’ objectives.

A series of Appendices provide background information that supports the main text of the
document.
1.5 Online Action Plans
A website will complement these Action Plans. The development of this website will be completed
towards the latter stages of the project when the Action Plans are completed. Updates and progress
will also be posted on this website allowing these Action Plans to be adapted if necessary, after
stakeholder consultation, to ensure the conservation objectives are achieved. This website will be
the main location for up to date information on the implementation process. The website will be
accessible through the BirdWatch Ireland website http://www.birdwatchireland.ie under Species
Action Plans.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
2. Raised Bog Birds and their Habitats
2.1 The birds in this group
This Action Plan is made up of the relevant nationally important birds of conservation concern
identified in the Red and Amber lists in the BoCCI1. Also included in this group are the relevant,
regularly occurring, internationally important species in Ireland as identified in Annex I of the Birds
Directive (2009/147/EC) and in the SPECs (Species of European Conservation Concern) list (see Table
2 for each bird’s conservation status and Appendix 2 for an explanation of these lists). Birds that
have been included in this group include species that, due to their life histories and habitat needs,
have a conservation status dependent on raised bog habitats (Table 1 contains the full list of birds in
this group).
John Fox
Raised bog habitats are important for a number
of very rare and threatened birds in Ireland.
Like upland blanket bogs and Atlantic blanket
bogs (covered in the Action Plan for Upland
Birds in Ireland 2011-2020), raised bogs were
once far more extensive than today and many
birds have adapted to this environment. Some
birds in this group traditionally associated with
peatlands, such as the Curlew and the
The Short-eared Owl is generally found on raised bogs
during the breeding season when it uses these habitats to
nest and to hunt. Only small numbers of these birds breed
in Ireland and their distribution may vary from year to year.
Greenland White-fronted Goose (also known as
the bog goose), have had to readapt to new
environments as many bog habitats have disappeared2. The long-term suitability of alternative
habitats is unknown however, the loss of bog habitat has also coincided with declines in these
species, and while it cannot be said with certainty that this is the primary cause, changing land
management and habitat loss are almost certainly having a significant impact.
Raised bogs provide breeding habitat for two of Ireland’s rarest raptors the Merlin and the Short
Eared Owl, as well as some of the our most threatened waders. The Curlew, an iconic species of
1
Lynas, P., Newton, S.F. and Robinson, J.A. (2007) The status of birds in Ireland: an analysis of conservation concern 2008-2013. Irish Birds 8:149-166.
Ruttledge, R.F & Ogilvie, M.A. (1979) The past and present status of the Greenland White-fronted Goose in Ireland and Britain. Irish Birds 3: 293-363.
2
Norriss, D.W. & Wilson, H.J. (1993) Seasonal and long-term changes in habitat selection by Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris in
Ireland. Wildfowl 44: 7-18.
2
Sharrock, J.T.R. (1976) The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland. Poyser, London, UK.
2
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
remote habitats in Ireland, has declined at an alarming rate over the last 30 years1 and there is a real
danger of extinction in the near future if this decline cannot be reversed. Lapwing, Snipe and
Redshank are also all declining dramatically across their range and are found on raised bogs habitats.
The Hen Harrier is a winter visitor to raised bogs where it hunts over open habitats for small
mammals and birds.
Skylark and Red Grouse are resident bog birds, remaining in these habitats year round. The Red
Grouse is dependent on the heather species Ling Calluna vulgaris for the vast majority of its feeding
and habitat requirements. Ling is most common on peatlands in Ireland, growing on the drier parts
of bogs such as at the edges and on hummocks. Therefore the conservation status of the Red Grouse
is intricately linked to the extent of suitable peatland habitat, and raised bogs are an important,
although declining, component of this. Skylarks are commonly seen on raised bogs and nest on the
ground amongst the heather. Well known for their trilling songs and display flights the skylark is in
decline across Ireland2.
2.2 Raised bog bird habitats
Raised bogs are an increasingly rare and threatened habitat in Europe. Ireland possesses 51% of the
remaining active raised bog habitat in the Atlantic northwest European region3 however this is only
10% of the original habitat in Ireland4. The habitats in this group include healthy active raised bog as
well as cut over and cut away raised bog. A healthy raised bog is dome shaped, has a high water
table, deep peat and characteristic features such as hummock and hollow topography, lagg system
at the edges, bog pools and characteristic flora (inc. moss, mostly Sphagnum spp., sedges and
heather)2. There are very few examples of healthy raised bogs left in the country and even fewer
with a complete complement of characteristic features.
Bogs form when organic material (mosses, sedges, etc.) builds up rather than being broken down by
normal decomposition processes and the dead vegetation is compacted as more and more organic
material accumulates. A high water table maintains anaerobic conditions below the surface,
effectively stopping the decomposition of the peat. The living layer of the bog is known as the
acrotelm. The acrotelm is vital to a bog as it is the active peat growing layer. It extends down to the
top of the water table on an undisturbed bog, the top 5-50cm5. Below this is the catotelm. The
1
>80% decline over the last 40 years (Anita Donaghy personal communication).
Crowe, O., Coombes, R.H., Lysaght, L., O'Brien, C., Choudhury, K.R., Walsh, A.J., Wilson, J.H. and O'Halloran, J. (2010) Population trends of widespread
breeding birds in the Republic of Ireland 1998–2008. Bird Study 57:267 – 280.
3
Foss, P.J., O’Connell, C.A. and Crushell, P.H. (2001). Bogs and Fens of Ireland Conservation Plan 2005. Irish Peatland Conservation Council, Dublin, Ireland.
4
Malone, S. & O’Connell, C. (2009) Ireland’s Peatland Conservation Action Plan 2020 – halting the loss of peatland biodiversity. IPCC, Kildare, Ireland.
5
Rydin, H. and Jeglum, J. (2006) The Biology of Peatlands. Oxford University Press, UK.
2
13
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
catotelm is constantly water logged and is composed of partially decomposed material. Anaerobic
conditions mean any further decomposition is very slow and increasing pressure limits the flow of
water and compacts the peat. The catotelm is far deeper than the acrotelm, up to 12m.
Raised bogs are ombrotrophic meaning they are dependent on rainwater for the majority of their
nutrients. For this reason, bogs are largely confined to areas with cool temperatures and high
precipitation throughout the year1. Raised bogs are very nutrient poor and highly acidic with a pH of
The formation of raised bogs began after the
last ice age, c. 10,000 years ago. As the ice
Billy Clarke
between 3.5 and 4.22. They are generally located in the midlands of Ireland.
retreated lakes were formed which became
dominated by fen vegetation. Peat was then
created by the slow decomposition of this
fen vegetation and grew higher until it
eventually reached a point where it was no
longer in contact with the groundwater but
instead received most of its nutrients from
the rain3. Bogs take thousands of years to
form, and at one point raised bogs covered
308,742ha of the landmass of the Republic of
Ireland. Today only 10% of the original raised
The Skylark is a familiar bird to many due to the breeding
display song, which is both complex and spectactular. Skylarks
are declining significantly around the country according to the
Countryside Bird Survey.
bog habitat remains relatively intact4 and none of it has been unaffected by cutting, drainage or
other exploitative activities (see Table 4 for more information on habitat loss).
Mineral rich groundwater plays a role in the vegetation around the edges of healthy bogs creating a
fen like area called a lagg. Today laggs are rare on the margins of raised bogs due to land
reclamation and peat cutting5. The steeper the slope at the edge of a raised bog the quicker water
1
van der Schaaf, S. (2002) ‘Chapter 1: Bog Types, Climate and Land Forms’, in ed. M.G.C. Schouten Conservation and Restoration of Raised Bogs; Geological,
Hydrological and Ecological studies. Duchas – The Department of the Environment & Local Government, Staatsbosbeheer & the Geological Society of Ireland.
2
O’Connell, C. (1998) A Day on the Bog - field studies guide. Irish Peatland Conservation Council, Ireland.
3
Warren, W.P., Smyth, M., van der Meer, J.J.M. & Hammond, R.F. (2002) ‘Chapter 2: Geology’, in ed. M.G.C. Schouten Conservation and Restoration of Raised
Bogs; Geological, Hydrological and Ecological studies, Duchas – The Department of the Environment & Local Government, Staatsbosbeheer & the Geological
Society of Ireland.
4
Malone, S. & O’Connell, C. (2009) Ireland’s Peatland Conservation Action Plan 2020 – halting the loss of peatland biodiversity. IPCC, Co. Kildare.
5
Feehan, J. & O’Donovan, G. (1996) The bogs of Ireland. An introduction to the natural, cultural and industrial heritage of Irish peatlands. Walsh Printers,
Roscrea, Ireland.
14
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
will flow out causing the central parts of the bog to subside1. This is one reason why peat cutting is
so damaging to a raised bog complex as the healthy bog consists predominantly (>90%) of water.
Peatlands are important for a number of reasons including:

They act as huge sinks for CO2, keeping this greenhouse gas out of the atmosphere.

They contain unique species of animals and plants that are found nowhere else in Ireland.

They provide unique opportunities for eco tourism and recreation. They are symbolic of
Ireland and an important tourist draw.
Peat cutting is a sensitive issue in Ireland as there has been a long history of this activity in many
parts of the country. However there is a need to now conserve the remaining healthy peat bogs as
functioning ecosystems and as a sample of this rare and valuable habitat in Ireland. There is also an
obligation to fulfil international and European commitments made to preserve the remaining raised
bogs in Ireland, as it is a rare and important habitat in Europe. Cooperation is important in managing
the remaining intact peat bogs to ensure that a sample of this habitat survives.
Nick Marchant
Raised Bogs are home to many rare and specialised plants. These plants must be able to
withstand the harsh and generally nutrient poor conditions associated with this habitat type.
Top L-R: Bog Cotton Eriophorum spp., Butterwort Pinguicula grandiflora, Heather Calluna
vulgaris. Middle L-R: Sphagnum moss Sphagnum sp., Bog Asphodel Narthecium ossifragum,
Lichen Cladonia sp. Bottom L-R: Sundew Drosera sp., Bell Heather Erica cinerea &
Cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccus
1
van der Schaaf, S (2002) ‘Chapter 4: Bog Hydrology’, in ed. M.G.C. Schouten Conservation and Restoration of Raised Bogs; Geological, Hydrological and
Ecological studies, Duchas – The Department of the Environment and Local Government, Staatsbosbeheer and the Geological Society of Ireland.
15
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
2.3 Biological assessment
Table 1: Biological assessment of the 13 bird species in the Raised Bog Birds Group
Species
Habitat requirements & diet
Migration & national distribution
1
(R=Red, A=Amber, *=Annex I)
WHEN PRESENT IN THE GROUP
Cygnus cygnus
Whooper Swan
Eala Ghlórach (A)*
NON-BREEDING SEASON
Anser albifrons flavirostris
Greenland White-fronted
Goose
Gé Bhánéadanach (A)*
NON-BREEDING SEASON
Lagopus lagopus
Red Grouse
Cearc Fhraoigh (R)
ALL YEAR
Circus cyaneus
Hen Harrier
Cromán Na Gcearc (A)*
NON-BREEDING SEASON
Falco columbarius
Merlin
Meirliún (A)*
ALL YEAR
1
National &/or All-Ireland
trends
[Provisional Atlas Data in brackets]
2
Current
population
estimate3
NB = 15,158
birds (AI)(4)
Also found in these Group
Action Plans




Shore & Lagoon Birds
Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Riparian Birds
Lowland Farmland Birds
NB = 10,977
birds (AI)(EO)




Shore & Lagoon Birds
Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Lowland Farmland Birds
Upland Birds
B = 4,020
birds (RoI)(6)
 Upland Birds
Winters on lakes, marshes, lagoons, bogs &
sheltered inlets, also increasingly found in
agricultural fields. Diet: aquatic vegetation
within 1m of the surface as well as roots, shoots,
leaves, rhizomes & tubers on bogs & grassland.
The population occurring in Ireland breeds in
Iceland. Ireland hosts 61% of this population
during the winter. They arrive in Sep/Oct &
remain until Mar/Apr. Relatively widespread
although less common in the south & southeast.
(AI) 6% increase in nonbreeding population since
2005(4) or 2.8% annual increase
between 1994/95 - 2003/04(5).
[Atlas: NB = +16%]
Becoming rare on their traditional bog habitats.
In recent years favouring more intensively
managed farmland, though this may be suboptimal compared with relatively undisturbed &
intact bog. Diet: roots & tubers of grassy plants,
historically Cotton Grass Eriophorum spp. on
peatlands.
Typically arrives in Oct, returning to its breeding
grounds in west Greenland in spring.
Distribution is very localised in Ireland. The main
population is found on the Wexford Slobs in the
southeast, however smaller populations are still
found on peatlands scattered around the
middle, west & north of the country.
(AI) 2.4% annual decline
equating to a 30% decline over
15 years. More pronounced
outside Wexford where the
annual decline is about 5%(EO).
[Atlas: na]
Found on mountains, moorland & lowland raised
bogs. Nests on the ground in heather which it
relies on heavily throughout the year, even
where the plant is not abundant. Diet: Heather
but will also take berries, shoots & leaves of
other plants. Chicks are fed on invertebrates.
Resident In Ireland & quite sedentary unless
forced to move due to weather. It is distributed
across much of Ireland’s suitable boglands but is
most abundant in Counties Wicklow, Laois &
Donegal.
Population trends are
unknown.
[Atlas: B = -18%, NB = -28%]
Breed in the uplands where they nest on the
ground. Disperse to lower altitudes in winter
when they are more likely to be encountered
roosting & feeding on raised bogs. Mainly hunt
over open areas. Diet: birds & small mammals.
Birds resident. Many move from upland nesting
sites to lowland feeding areas in late summer &
early autumn although others remain in the
uplands. Found mainly in the midlands, west &
southwest
(RoI) Breeding population has
remained stable between 2005
– 2010 although local declines
have occurred between survey
years(EO) .
[Atlas: NB = +45% ]
NB =
Unknown




Nest predominantly on the edge of plantation
woodland, adjacent to moorland. Many disperse
to lower altitudes & coastal sites during the
autumn & winter. Diet: small mammals & small
birds, such as Meadow Pipits & Skylarks.
An elusive resident species, breeding Merlin are
found in the west & northwest of the country &
in the Wicklow Mountains with scattered
populations across the midlands, including
raised bogs.
Population trends are
unknown.
[Atlas: B = -13%, NB = +73% ]
B = 250 – 400
pairs (RoI)(EO)
 Woodland & Scrub Birds
 Upland Birds
NB =
Unknown
Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Lowland Farmland Birds
Woodland & Scrub Birds
Upland Birds
NB =
Unknown
Red and Amber identify the conservation status in Ireland (Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland list). Annex I refers to the first Annex of the Birds Directive (see Appendix 2 for more details).
16
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Species
Habitat requirements & diet
Migration & national distribution
(R=Red, A=Amber, *=Annex I)
WHEN PRESENT IN THE GROUP
Vanellus vanellus
Lapwing
Pilibín (R)
ALL YEAR
Gallinago gallinago
Snipe
Naoscach (A)
ALL YEAR
Numenius arquata
Curlew
Crotach (R)
ALL YEAR
Actitis hypoleucos
Common Sandpiper
Gobadán (A)
BREEDING SEASON
Tringa totanus
Redshank
Cosdeargán (R)
ALL YEAR
Asio flammeus
Short-eared Owl
Ulchabhán Réisc (A)*
BREEDING SEASON
National &/or All-Ireland
trends
[Provisional Atlas Data in brackets]
Breed on open grassland, including machair &
cutover or cutaway raised bogs. Prefers
relatively bare ground with short swards. Nests
on the ground. Wintering birds recorded in a
variety of habitats, inc. wetlands, pasture &
rough land adjacent to bogs. Diet: invertebrates.
Unknown if breeding birds are resident.
Breeding usually occurs from Apr until Jul. Most
continental birds arrive in Autumn, departing
again from mid Feb. Thinly distributed as a
breeding species across the country with a few
hotspots (such as Lough Boora).
Highly dispersed species, breed in a variety of
habitats including farmland, grassland & bogs.
Forage over a variety of wetland & damp
habitats. Nest on the ground in tussocks of
vegetation. Feed in the damp soil generally at
night or early morning. Diet: largely vegetable
matter, seeds & soil invertebrates.
Previously relatively common though dispersed
species, now severely declining. Nests on the
ground in heath & bogs, rough pastures &
meadows, with the nest usually in tussocky
vegetation. Diet: invertebrates, it uses its long
curved bill to probe for food in soft soils &
sediment.
Breeds on the shores of inland lakes, fast flowing
rivers, some western islands, machair & on
raised bogs. Generally nests on flat ground often
by, or in, grassy tussocks. Also nests more
openly on pebbly, sandy or rocky margins or
banks. Diet: invertebrates as well as small fish &
amphibians.
Found all along the coast & in wet inland sites.
Breed on wet grassland & bogs. Nest on the
ground in grassy tussocks. In the non-breeding
season, commonly forage on wet grasslands as
well as along the upper shore of estuaries &
muddy river channels. Diet: invertebrates.
Many birds are resident although some may
migrate to Britain or Continental Europe. Winter
migrants from western Europe & Scandinavia
supplement the resident population. Widely
dispersed but very difficult to census due to
secretive nature.
Nests in upland moorlands, on raised bogs or in
young forestry on the ground in a shallow
depression. Diet: mainly small mammals but
birds are also taken.
Predominantly a winter migrant to coastal areas
particularly in the east. Only a small number
breed, although numbers are likely to vary from
year to year. Most recent breeding records &
sightings in suitable habitat during the breeding
season have come from the south & southwest
of the country.
Resident & winter visitor from Scandinavia &
Britain. Now thought to be a very rare breeder,
still occurs on the Shannon Callows & other
upland areas & bog habitats, however
distribution is poorly known
Primarily a summer migrant. A small number
overwinter primarily on the south coast. The rest
of the Irish population is thought to migrate to
west Africa, south of the Sahara in winter. They
are most commonly found in the southwest,
west & northwest of the country.
Much of the Irish breeding population is resident
all year. These birds are joined by Icelandic,
Faroese & continental European birds in winter.
They are found all along the coast of Ireland.
17
2
(RoI) 88% decline in breeding
population between 1988/91 &
2008(7) (AI) Annual 5.5%
decline in non-breeding
population between 1994/95 2003/04(5).
[Atlas: B = -36%, NB = -11%]
(RoI) 50% decline in breeding
population between 1988/91 2008(7). Non-breeding
population trend is unknown.
[Atlas: B = -14%, NB= +7%]
Current
population
estimate3
B = 2000
pairs (RoI)(7)
NB = 207,700
birds (AI)(5)
B = 5,000
pairs (RoI)(7)
NB =
Unknown
Also found in these Group
Action Plans




Shore & Lagoon Birds
Dune & Machair Birds
Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Lowland Farmland Birds





Shore & Lagoon Birds
Dune & Machair Birds
Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Lowland Farmland Birds
Upland Birds




Shore & Lagoon Birds
Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Lowland Farmland Birds
Upland Birds
(RoI) >80% decline in breeding
population between 1988/91 2008(EO). (AI) 3.1% annual
decline in non-breeding
population between 1994/95 2003/04(5).
[Atlas: B = -60%, NB = -21%]
Breeding population trend is
unknown.
[Atlas: B = -13%]
B = 100-200
pairs (RoI)(EO)
B = Unknown
 Dune & Machair Birds
 Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
 Riparian Birds
(RoI) 88% decline in breeding
population between 1988/91 2008(7). (AI) 2.3% annual
increase in non-breeding
population between 1994/95 2003/04(5).
[Atlas: B = -38%, NB = +3%]
Breeding population trend is
unknown.
[Atlas: B = 0%)
B = 500 pairs
(RoI)(7)
 Shore & Lagoon Birds
 Dune & Machair Birds
 Lowland Farmland Birds
NB = 54,650
birds (AI)(7)
NB = 31,090
birds (AI)(5)
B = 1-5 pairs
(RoI)(8)
 Woodland & Scrub Birds
 Upland Birds
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Species
Habitat requirements & diet
Migration & national distribution
(R=Red, A=Amber, *=Annex I)
WHEN PRESENT IN THE GROUP
Alauda arvensis
Skylark
Fuiseog (A)
ALL YEAR
Locustella naevia
Grasshopper Warbler
Ceolaire Casarnaí (A)
BREEDING SEASON
National &/or All-Ireland
trends
[Provisional Atlas Data in brackets]
Breeds in open habitat, farmlands, uplands,
raised bogs & sand dunes. Nest on the ground in
short to longish vegetation. Diet: mainly
invertebrates although seeds, grains, leaves &
flowers are also taken.
Resident birds are joined by birds from Britain &
the continent in winter. Irish birds vacate upland
areas in the winter for lowlands (particularly
farmland stubbles) & coastal areas. Widely
distributed throughout the country.
(RoI) 3% annual decline in the
breeding population between
1998 - 2008(9).
[Atlas: B = -9%, NB = -10%]
Generally heard in dense vegetation such as long
grass and rushes, occasionally reed beds. Breed
in young conifer plantations, rough farmland,
marshy fields & the edges of bogs. Diet:
invertebrates.
Arrives from western Africa around early May &
can be found in suitable habitat throughout
most of the country. Birds begin to migrate back
to Africa in Aug.
(RoI) 2.1% annual increase in
the breeding population
between 1998 - 2008(9).
[Atlas: B = +70%]
2
Current
population
estimate3
B = Unknown
NB =
Unknown
B = Unknown
Also found in these Group
Action Plans
 Dune & Machair Birds
 Lowland Farmland Birds
 Upland Birds
 Lake, Fen & Turlough Birds
Information from: BirdLife International (2011b); Cramp (1985); Cramp (1988); Cramp (1992); Cramp & Simmons (1977); Cramp & Simmons (1983); Cramp & Simmons (1987); Crowe (2005);
Gibbons et al. (1993); Lynas et al. (2007); Sharrock (1976); Watson (1977); Wernham et al. (2002)
2
Provisional data (October 2011) from the Bird Atlas project 2008-2011 has been included to give a rough guide to the most recent changes in the range of bird species since the last Bird Atlases (Breeding: Gibbons
et al. (1993) & Non-breeding: Lack (1986)). Atlas trends are based on the changes in presence or absence of bird species within 10 km squares of the country. This data is incomplete and needs to be validated;
therefore, the data should be viewed as a rough guide only. The results will be updated when complete.
3
B = Breeding season, NB = Non-breeding season, RoI = Republic of Ireland, AI = All-Ireland
Population estimates & trends from:
4
Boland et al.(2010)
5
Crowe et al. (2008)
6
Cummins et al (2010)
7
Lauder & Donaghy (2008)
8
Hillis (2005)
Crowe et al. (2010)
(EO)
Expert Opinion or unpublished data – where no recent printed material exists
9
See Bibliography for references. In cases where trend information is a number of years old or out of date changes may have occurred in the trends, natural fluctuations will also act upon the
populations on the shorter term.
18
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
2.4 The conservation status of raised bog birds and habitats
Birds
The protected status and associated national, European and global agreements for protection of
species are identified for each of the group’s bird species in Table 2. See Appendix 2 for an
explanation of each of these. The Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI) classification
distinguished between the Breeding and Non-breeding populations for all Red listed birds, therefore,
for all Red listed birds in this plan (B) or (NB) is listed with their status.
Table 2: The status of the groups 13 raised bog birds in relevant conservation lists, treaties and legal documents
National
European
Global
Species
BoCCI
SPECs
Birds Directive
Bern
IUCN
Bonn
AEWA
Whooper Swan
Amber
-
Annex I
Appendix II
LC
Appendix II
Column A
Greenland White-fronted
Goose
Red Grouse
Amber
-
Annex I, II/2
Appendix III
LC*
Appendix II
Column A
Red (B)
-
Annex II/1, III/1
Appendix III
LC
-
No
Hen Harrier
Merlin
Lapwing
Amber
Amber
Red (B)
3
2
Annex I
Annex I
Annex II/2
Appendix II
Appendix II
Appendix III
LC
LC
LC
Appendix II
Appendix II
Appendix II
No
No
Column B
Snipe
Curlew
Amber
Red (B)
3
2
Annex II/1, III/2
Annex II/2
Appendix III
Appendix III
LC
NT
Appendix II
Appendix II
Column B
Column C
Redshank
Common Sandpiper
Red (B)
Amber
2
3
Annex II/2
-
Appendix III
Appendix III
LC
LC
Appendix II
Appendix II
Column B
-
Short-eared Owl
Amber
3
Annex I
Appendix II
LC
No
Skylark
Amber
3
Annex II/2
Appendix III
LC
Grasshopper Warbler
Amber
Appendix III
LC
* Least concern status is relevant to the Greater White-fronted Goose. The Greenland White-fronted Goose (a sub-species of the Greater
White-fronted Goose) has been identified as Endangered using IUCN global criteria1.
Habitats
The Habitats Directive lists a number of important European habitats; some of these are habitats of
particular importance in a European context. Referred to as Annex I habitats (as they are found
within the first Annex in the Habitats Directive), it is the responsibility of member states to designate
and protect an appropriate proportion of these habitats within their range. Table 3 provides a list of
the Annex I habitats associated with this group and the results of the most recent Article 17 report2,
which is a national assessment of the condition of these habitats.
Table 3: The 3 Habitats Directive Annex I habitats associated with the Irish dune & machair environment
Habitat
Code
Habitat area
Overall status in Ireland
Raised Bog (Active)*
Degraded Raised Bog
Rhynchosporion Depressions
* Priority habitats in Europe
19.45 km2
480.7 km2
Unknown
7110
7120
7150
Bad
Poor
Good
1
Boertmann, D. (2007) Rødliste 2007 over planter og dyr i Grønland. [2007 Red list of plants and animals in Greenland]. Direktoratet for Mijø og Natur,
Grønlands Hjemmestyre, Greenland.
Eaton, M.A., Brown, A.F., Noble, D.G., Musgrove, A.J., Hearn, R., Aebischer, N.J., Gibbons, D.W., Evans, A. and Gregory, R.D. (2009) Birds of Conservation
Concern 3: the population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. British Birds 102:296-341.
2
NPWS (2008) The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and
Local Government.
19
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
3. Planning a Future for Raised Bog Birds
This chapter is the most important of the Action Plan, it summarises the current measures in place
that affect bird conservation in this group. It details the vision, which describes the desired situation
for raised bog birds by 2050 as well as a series of objectives. These objectives describe the condition
that should be reached by the end of the 10-year period of the Action Plan to help achieve the
vision. Consultation with stakeholders on factors affecting raised bog bird conservation informed the
four themes under which targets and actions have been identified.
3.1 Summary of relevant policy and conservation mechanisms to
date
A number of measures exist that provide protection for raised bog birds and biodiversity. It is
important to acknowledge these and build on them where necessary. A short summary is provided
here; refer to Appendix 3 for more detailed information.
National and international legislation provides the legal basis for the protection of our wild birds and
biodiversity. The Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) and Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) are the strongest
of these and are transposed through regulations, most recently the European Communities Birds
and Natural Habitats Regulations (S.I. No. 477 of 2011). Protection is also offered through the
Wildlife Act 1976, the Wildlife (amendment) Act 2000 and the Wildlife (amendment) Act 2010. This
legislation allows, amongst other things, the designation of important sites for bird conservation.
National policy for wildlife and the environment is detailed by the National Biodiversity Plan (NBP)
and associated Local Biodiversity Plans. The first NBP was a five year plan that ran from 2002-
2007. A new plan was published in November 2011.
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention) was adopted in
Iran in 1971. It created a framework to carry out national action to protect and enhance wetlands
and encourage international cooperation where relevant. A broad definition of wetland is used that
includes freshwater systems, peatlands, wet grasslands and coastal waters. The mission of the
convention is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and
international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout
the world”.
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has dominated Irish agricultural policy since joining the EEC in
1973. The CAP has become increasingly cognisant of environmental and social factors and the
20
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
importance of these for healthy agricultural systems through successive reforms. Farmers in receipt
of any EU farm subsidy are required to maintain their land for farming and adhere to existing rules
and regulations within the EU. This is known as Cross Compliance. Agri-environment schemes
provide opportunities for protecting and conserving birds and farm habitats over and above the
requirements of Cross Compliance. Due to the high proportion of agricultural land around raised bog
habitats, such schemes have the potential to make substantial contributions to species conservation
in this group. A number of these schemes currently exist (The National Parks and Wildlife Service
Farm Plan Scheme, Commonage Framework Plans, The Rural Environmental Protection Scheme
(REPS) and the more recent Agri-Environment Options Scheme (AEOS)).
Environmental guidelines for forestry and afforestation include recommendations with relation to
water quality and biodiversity that must be adhered to in order to receive grand aid e.g. the Forestry
Environment (Afforestation) Protection Scheme (FEPS), the Afforestation Grant and Premium
Scheme and the Reconstitution of Woodlands Scheme. Also important are the environmental
considerations included in planning regulations to safeguard the environment and biodiversity.
Planting on bogs is no longer recommended, however cutaway bogs are still seen as legitimate sites
for future afforestation.
Paul Troake
Paul Troake
Dick Coombes
The Snipe is a cryptic bird that is very difficult to survey and monitor due to its skulking nature. It is believed the population is
experiencing large declines although perhaps not as dramatic as those seen in some other breeding waders. Nests are built on
the ground in grassy tussocks and the chicks leave the nest soon after hatching when the parents split the brood up and then
separate from one another. Chicks become independent of their parents after about six weeks.
21
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
3.2 BirdWatch Ireland’s long-term vision for the raised bog
environment and its birds
By 2050, the conservation of raised bog birds will no longer be constrained by a lack of information.
Sectors with an interest in the raised bog environment will work together to create an integrated and
strategic approach to addressing the concerns affecting these habitats and its birds. Human activities
on these and adjacent habitats, such as agriculture, recreation, forestry and development, will be
based on the principles of environmentally sensitive and sustainable use of resources to support longterm social and economic stability and will not negatively affect raised bogs or their biodiversity. Peat
cutting will have stopped on raised bogs of conservation interest and measures will be in place to
restore these habitats and maintain the ecosystem services they provide in the long term. A national
strategy to deal with alien invasive species will be well underway and delivering significant results
while mechanisms will be in place to reduce new invasive species from entering the country. The
worst effects of climate change will be mitigated against and strategies will be in place to give raised
bog birds and habitats the best possible chance of adapting to a changing climate. An awareness of
how different factors affect birds and biodiversity that rely on these sensitive habitats will be better
understood and incorporated into decision-making by appropriate sectors and by the wider
community. The local knowledge of farmers and land managers, together with strong scientific data
will be utilised to achieve this vision. Overall, measures will maintain healthy and robust populations
of birds and wildlife into the future, thus the Ireland of 2050 will support a rich, healthy and diverse
environment.
Anthony McGeehan
The Lapwing is a
large colourful
member of the plover
family. Its highly
distinctive “pee-wit”
call and aerobatic
display flights make it
one of the better
known breeding
waders in Ireland. The
lapwing is Red Listed
in Ireland due to a
nearly 90% decline in
its breeding
population in the last
20 years. Lapwing like
to nest in areas with
short vegetation and
have begun using
cutover and cutaway
raised bogs in the
midlands.
22
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
3.3 Objectives
These objectives should be met within 10 years; meeting these objectives will be the first steps in
achieving the long-term vision. This will help ensure Ireland meets its national and international
obligations for birds and biodiversity. By reaching the targets through the successful implementation
of actions these objectives can be met. The objectives are:
1.
To halt and where possible reverse declines in the populations and ranges of raised bog bird
species that are currently undergoing significant population size and/or range declines or
that have in the past undergone large declines and have not recovered.
2.
To maintain and, where relevant, enhance the populations and ranges of bird species that
are not in decline (as specified by targets in Table 10).
3.
To address any negative effects sectors such as agriculture, recreation, forestry, renewable
energy and construction might have on raised bog birds and their habitats and to promote
sustainability in these sectors.
4.
To update legislation concerning damaging land-use practices such as peat cutting and to
halt these activities on sensitive raised bog sites.
5.
To identify and deliver best management practices to restore protected raised bogs where
they have become degraded.
6.
To improve our knowledge of the distribution and population as well as the ecology and
conservation requirements of raised bog birds and to use this knowledge to inform
conservation actions.
7.
To identify the most important sites for raised bog bird conservation and to designate and
manage these appropriately.
8.
To monitor trends of raised bog birds in an integrated and strategic manner at intervals
appropriate to the species involved.
9.
To manage and control, or if possible, eradicate alien invasive species from sites where they
are affecting raised bog birds and their habitats.
10. To improve cooperation and consultation between relevant stakeholders on the issues
affecting raised bog birds and biodiversity and to garner co-operation in supporting and
assisting with the protection and sustainable management of protected raised bogs.
11. To ensure policy makers, stakeholders and the public appreciate and take fully into account
the importance of birds and biodiversity from an environmental, economic and social point
of view.
12. To understand the likely effects of climate change on raised bog birds to ensure adaptation
and mitigation measures are implemented to protect these birds from the worst effects.
23
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
3.4 Factors affecting raised bog birds
This section identifies the main factors affecting the 13 bird species in this group. The factors were
identified through a review of relevant research, stakeholder consultation and by expert opinion
within BirdWatch Ireland and elsewhere. The factors identified in Table 4 are relevant to all the birds
within this group unless otherwise stated. It should be noted that this list does not necessarily
represent the views of all stakeholders. The list should be regarded as a guide to the factors most
likely to be affecting raised bog birds and their conservation. More research may be required to
assess the impacts of these factors on the birds in this group and to help identify mitigation
measures.
Table 4: The list of main factors affecting the birds in this group
Factors
Effects
Lack of awareness:
This is a cross cutting factor with many facets. A general lack of awareness of the importance of the environment
makes developing coherent strategies for the long-term sustainable management of our environment & its
habitats & species difficult. The important role of birds as indicators for the environment, for example, is poorly
appreciated and seabirds in particular are under utilised in this role. This lack of awareness also affects the
resources available to conservation as nature & biodiversity are often near the bottom of priorities for government
departments and institutions However the lack of awareness is a global as well as a national issue & more work is
needed to increase appreciation for the role nature plays in all aspects of humanity.
Habitat loss & degradation are the biggest threats to raised bog biodiversity in Ireland. Historically huge areas of
raised bog habitat have been destroyed & today we are left with only a small fraction of their original extent. Peat
cutting, agricultural intensification & afforestation have had the biggest affect & continue to be a major contributor
to habitat loss in some areas, although agricultural intensification & afforestation are no longer as prevalent. The
introduction of mechanical peat cutting has significantly increased the speed & rate at which peat is being
extracted from the remaining bogs in Ireland. The effects of habitat loss & degradation on birds include reducing
suitable areas for breeding, feeding & roosting. Burning & drainage are both associated with different land-uses &
are major causes of bog habitat degradation.
This is an important factor & particularly so outside of designated areas where effective measures to ensure the
protection of priority, migratory and dispersed species & their habitats are lacking. Poor planning with respect to
agricultural intensification & afforestation was a major cause of habitat loss & degradation in the past on raised
bogs. Even today, a more strategic approach is needed to ensure land use planning in the wider countryside takes
environmental considerations, including biodiversity, fully into account. For example renewable energy & wind
energy in particular is vital in the fight against climate change. However, wind turbines can affect the suitability of
habitats for birds1 & can also cause direct mortality through collisions with turbines. This only becomes an issue
however if windfarms are placed in unsuitable areas where bird displacement &/or mortality are likely to be high.
Activities in areas adjacent to raised bogs should also take into account the affects any land management will have
on the health of the raised bog & its biodiversity.
Recreational disturbance is probably a localised issue on raised bogs. Motorised vehicles can cause serious damage
to healthy bogs & can still cause a problem for nesting birds on active, cutaway or cutover bogs. In all cases,
disturbance to breeding or feeding birds & the destruction of nests may occur. Machinery & livestock likely have
the most serious impacts through disturbance & trampling.
The degradation of raised bog habitat can encourage invasive species to outcompete the specialist flora & fauna.
Invasive plant species need to be very tolerant of harsh acidic & wet conditions to thrive on active raised bog &
most only colonise once a bog has been drained or cut., Common invasive plant species on raised bogs include
Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta, Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum & the Purple Pitcher Plant Sarracenia
purpurea. American Mink Mustela vison is an invasive alien species from North America & can occur on raised
bogs. It is a ferocious predator of ground nesting birds, their eggs & chicks. Predation, which is primarily an issue
for ground nesting birds, can be a particular problem at some sites. Other predators include Red Fox Vulpes vulpes,
& Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus as well as birds such as raptors & corvids. The importance of any one predator is
Habitat loss,
degradation &
fragmentation:
Lack of strategic
land-use planning
Recreation &
disturbance:
Invasive species &
predation:
1
Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Stephen, L., Langston, R.H.W., Bainbridge, I.P. and Bullman, R. (2009) The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms.
Journal of Applied Ecology 46, pp: 1323-1331
1
Drewitt, A. and Langston, R.H.W. (2006) Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis 148, pp: 29-42.
24
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Climate change:
site dependant & in most cases, predation occurs at natural levels. When the bird species being predated are
found in small fragmented populations &/or have a small national population, or where, for reasons usually
associated with changes in land use, predator numbers are above natural levels, problems can occur. Predation
pressure within this group may be higher due to the loss of habitat making breeding birds easier to find in the few
remaining fragmented patches of raised bog.
It is very difficult to quantify the effects in the short term. Predicted changes in weather patterns brought on by
climate change may lead to increased competition & a shifting of species & populations on a national &
international level. Consequently, we may lose some species & gain others. Changes in rainfall may affect the
hydrology of raised bogs & could have a huge impact on an already degraded & fragmented habitat. It is important
to identify likely scenarios & develop strategies for these to provide the best chance of protecting the birds &
habitats in this group into the future through natural & sustainable means.
3.5 Targets and actions for the Raised Bog Birds Group
Gaps in our knowledge of the effects different factors may have on birds can introduce uncertainty
into conservation prioritisation. It is important however to emphasise which targets will have the
greatest impacts on the birds within this plan. The priority ranking in Table 5 aims to be broad
enough to address these shortcomings but specific enough to be useful.
Table 5: Priority rating for targets
Meeting these targets is required urgently for birds in this group and is vital for the conservation of
High
priority, migratory and dispersed species
Medium Meeting these targets is required to halt declines and maintain the populations of birds in this group
Meeting these targets will benefit birds in this group but are not necessarily vital to their
Low
conservation within the timeframe of this Action Plan
The targets and actions are divided into four themes. Each of these themes contains an introduction
and a table where the targets and their actions are identified. These themes, targets and actions
Padraig Kavanagh
were informed by stakeholder consultation.
The Greenland White-fronted Goose or „bog goose‟ as it is colloquially known
has undergone a dramatic change in its range. As the name bog goose implies, it
was once largely associated with bogs in Ireland feeding on the roots and tubers of
grasses and sedges such as Cotton Grass. Today the highest concentration is found
on improved grassland in Wexford. A decline in its traditional habitat may be
associated with the corresponding loss of bog habitat in Ireland.
25
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Theme 1 – Research and Monitoring
Research and monitoring are essential for a coherent conservation strategy. Gaps in our knowledge of some of the species in this group are limiting our
ability to meet their conservation requirements. This makes it much more difficult to make appropriate conservation decisions. This can result in poorly
informed decisions being taken relating to resource use and site management. This often leads to unsustainable policies affecting ecosystems and their
birds. Where information is available on factors negatively affecting the conservations status of a species, measures should be implemented to address
these. A full picture of any species ecology is practically unattainable, if a species is under significant threat limited knowledge is no excuse for inaction.
Monitoring allows for changes in population or range to be determined, while research aims ultimately to identify the best approach to address the factors
that cause these changes. The basic information required for the conservation of the species within this group is:

The range and population status of each species

Their current conservation status and targets

Their ecology and requirements

The factors (natural or artificial) that are affecting populations and if these factors are working alone or in combination with other factors

The best approaches to counteract any negative effects identified so as to improve the conservation status of the species or group

The most appropriate monitoring regime for the species or group
Monitoring should be tailored appropriately to enable an assessment of the status of the species or group, and the effectiveness of actions taken.
Monitoring helps identify problems and should be used to focus research programmes. An appropriate monitoring scheme will highlight if the desired
results are being met and if efforts need to be re-targeted. It is important that, in prioritising one problem (energy supply, demand for food, etc.) we do not
exacerbate existing problems or create new ones for our environment and the habitats and species it supports.
See Appendix 4 for a list of current & recent projects relevant to the birds in this group.
26
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Table 6: Theme 1 - Research and Monitoring
Targets
Actions
1. By 2015 the ecology &
1. Review current knowledge of the population, range, ecology & requirements of each bird species in this group – by
requirements of raised bog birds is
2015
better understood.
2. Identify where more research is required on raised bog bird ecology & requirements & initiate a strategic approach to
Priority: High
acquiring these data – by 2015
3. Carry out sensitivity mapping to identify the most vulnerable bird areas – by 2012
2. By 2017 the impacts of key
activities on raised bog birds are
better understood & solutions to
address impacts are being progressed.
Priority: High
3. By 2015 the effects of alien species
& predators on raised bog birds are
quantified.
Priority: High
4. By 2015 species monitoring
programmes provide sufficient
coverage of raised bog birds & are
conducted in a periodic & strategic
fashion.
Priority: High
5. By 2020 the effects of climate
change on raised bog birds & their
environment is better understood &
appropriate conservation measures
identified.
Priority: Medium
1
1
Stakeholders (A-Z)
BWI, IRSG, NPWS, RSPB, 3rd
Lvl
BWI, HC, IRSG, NPWS, RSPB,
3rd Lvl
BWI, HC, NBDC, NPWS
1. Carry out a review of the effects of agricultural, wind farm & forestry practices on raised bog birds identifying where
these may be contributing to declines & initiate a programme of research to identify mitigation measures – by 2013
2. Monitor & evaluate the response of raised bog bird populations to agri-environment & forestry measures & adapt
measures as necessary to benefit the relevant species – by 2015
3. Conduct research into the effects of peat cutting and drainage on raised bog birds, identifying the most threatened
populations & develop mitigation measures where necessary – by 2013
4. Conduct research into the effects of recreation on raised bog birds & identify mitigation measures where necessary –
by 2015
5. Develop & implement a programme of hunting bag returns that feed into a national database – by 2013
1. Determine the role of alien invasive species &/or predators on the population trends of raised bog birds at priority
sites & review best practice for methods of control or eradication where this is deemed necessary for bird
conservation – by 2015
BWI, Ct, DAFM, FS, IWEA,
NPWS, Tc, 3rd Lvl
1. Develop a monitoring strategy for all of Ireland’s priority bird species – by 2013
BWI, DAFM, IRSG, NBDC,
NPWS, RSPB
BnM, BWI, DAFM, NBDC,
NPWS
2. Carry out periodic monitoring on cutaway peatlands to identify key bird species & identify opportunities for habitat
management, restoration & enhancement – by 2015
3. Conduct an All-Ireland breeding wader survey including raised bogs – by 2013
4. Monitor other species in this group at appropriate time intervals – ongoing
5. Investigate the efficacy of using bird species as indicators for biodiversity – by 2012
1. Assess the likely impact of climate change on raised bog birds & their habitats & identify appropriate adaptation
measures for their long term conservation – by 2020
See Table 11, Appendix 1 for a full list of stakeholder abbreviations
27
BWI, Ct, DAFM, FS, NPWS,
Tc, 3rd Lvl
BWI, NPWS, 3rd Lvl
BWI, FI, NPWS
NARGC, NBDC, NPWS
BWI, DAFM, IPCC, ISI,
NARGC, NBDC, NPWS, RSPB
BWI, NBDC, NPWS, RSPB
BWI, IRSG, NBDC, NPWS,
RSPB
BWI, DAFM, NPWS
BWI, DAFM, DAHG, DECLG,
EPA, IPCC, NBDC, NPWS
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Theme 2 – Policy, Legislation and Advocacy
Policies and legislation steer economic activities, resource use and conservation. There is an urgent need to align these policies to ensure the sustainable
management of raised bogs for the future. Advocating this message to policy makers is paramount, policies should be backed up, where possible, with
scientific evidence. A precautionary approach should be taken to any policies or legislation potentially affecting the raised bogs and their wider landscape
context where this evidence does not exist.
Relevant policies and legislation should be reviewed and assessed for effectiveness regularly to ensure they are achieving their stated objectives. Policies
for activities such as recreation and resource exploitation should take into account the uncertainties that often surround these practices in relation to their
potential effects on birds and their habitats. Also important when aiming to ensure policies and legislation do not have a negative effect on the
environment is to consider the policies governing activities on adjacent habitats and land-uses.
Irish and European legislation also provides for the protection of sites of special conservation interest for particular species or habitats. Site designation is
amongst the strongest forms of protection for threatened species. The Birds and Habitats Directives are particularly relevant as they provide the means to
designate areas of particular conservation concern (for priority bird species, biodiversity and habitats) and require that these areas be managed in a manner
that protects their designation interests. The requirement to protect habitats for bird outside of designated sites through national policy and local
government policy and decision-making is also a requirement of the Habitats and Birds Directives.
28
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Table 7: Theme 2 - Policy, Legislation and Advocacy
Targets
6. By 2017 legislation is effective at
protecting raised bog birds & habitats
& is properly enforced & resourced.
Priority High
7. By 2017 national policies fully
address current gaps in policy
regarding raised bog bird
conservation.
Priority High
Actions
1. Review current legislation affecting raised bogs (wildlife protection, planning, peat cutting, afforestation, wind farms,
development, etc.) & identify a list of gaps which need to be filled for the effective protection of birds – by 2015
2.
Identify opportunities to fill these gaps & advise the importance of doing so to responsible parties to ensure effective
protection is achieved – by 2017
1. Review current policy affecting the raised bog environment (wildlife protection, planning, peat cutting, developments,
afforestation, etc.) & identify a list of gaps which need to be filled for the effective protection of birds – by 2015
2. Identify opportunities to fill these gaps & advise the importance of doing so to responsible parties to ensure effective
protection is achieved – by 2017
3. Develop ecologically sound land-use planning strategies using tools such as sensitivity mapping – by 2015
8. By 2020 the most important bird
sites in the raised bog environment
are identified & designated as per
Ireland’s obligations under national &
international commitments.
Priority High
9. By 2015 hunting does not increase
the chance of extinction of any raised
bog birds.
Priority Medium
1
1
Stakeholders (A-Z)
AT, BnM, BWI, Ct, DAFM,
DAHG, DCENR, DECLG, EPA,
FS, IPCC, IRSG, IWEA, NPWS
AT, BnM, BWI, Ct, DAFM,
DAHG, DCENR, DECLG, EPA,
FS, IPCC, IRSG, IWEA, NPWS
AT, BnM, BWI, Ct, DAFM,
DAHG, DCENR, DECLG, EPA,
FS, IPCC, IRSG, IWEA, NPWS
AT, BnM, BWI, Ct, DAFM,
DAHG, DCENR, DECLG, EPA,
FS, IPCC, IRSG, IWEA, NPWS
BWI, DCENR, DECLG, NPWS
4. Include raised bog bird requirements & favourable management into Local Biodiversity Action Plans & support these
with appropriate & effective measures for bird conservation in relevant County Development Plans – ongoing
1. Regularly review data from research & monitoring projects to ensure that the most appropriate sites for raised bog
birds are designated – ongoing
2. Produce (with appropriate consultation) & implement ornithological selection criteria for NHAs – by 2020
3. Ensure appropriate information of designations is released to help facilitate local & stakeholder acceptance – ongoing
DAHG, DECLG, EPA, NPWS
1. Review the hunting list & remove, if appropriate, particular bird species in consultation with relevant bodies – by 2015
BWI, NARGC, NPWS
2. Support current efforts within the hunting community to phase out lead shot and maintain an open dialogue on
progress and timelines – ongoing
3. Phase out the use of lead shot in Ireland – by 2015
BWI, NARGC, NPWS
See Table 11, Appendix 1 for a full list of stakeholder abbreviations
29
NPWS
BWI, IRSG, NPWS
NPWS
NARGC, NPWS
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Theme 3 – Species and Site Conservation
Protecting priority, migratory and dispersed birds within and outside of protected areas often requires special management or particular measures to be
taken. This is often because land-use has generally intensified throughout much of the country and many birds cannot adapt quickly enough. It is important
that necessary measures can be provided in a species habitat, particularly if the species is threatened or only has a small and or declining population. Once
a species reaches low numbers it is far more vulnerable to factors such as habitat loss, disturbance, predation, disease and extreme weather events than it
would naturally be.
Any uncertainties about what factors are affecting rare and/or declining species need to be identified through research and monitoring. However if a
species is in rapid decline, conservation measures should be taken immediately using existing reliable information where available, with additional
simultaneous research and monitoring programmes established as required. Appropriate management should be taken to counteract or minimise any
negative factors. As mentioned in the previous theme, designating the most important bird sites is one of the strongest means of protection for the most
threatened species. In protected sites, such as Special Protection Areas (SPAs), Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs), the
easiest way to develop a strategic approach is to create management plans. These plans should identify the management required to sufficiently protect
and manage the site for the species of concern. However, outside of protected areas other interests often outweigh species conservation in national
policies. Another means of protecting specific birds is the development of Single Species Action Plans for the most threatened species or those with
specialised requirements. This provides a mechanism to encourage cooperation between multiple stakeholders to protect a species and can help in locating
sufficient resources for the species in question.
The impacts of climate change on raised bog birds are largely unknown. Predictive modelling has raised a number of potential outcomes. As more research
is conducted and predictive models become more accurate it is important that measures are taken to provide these birds and their habitats with the best
change of coping with changes as naturally as possible. Enhancing environmental sustainability in all sectors is the best way to ensure the future of these
habitats and their species, but much work needs to be done before this goal is achieved.
30
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Table 8: Theme 3 - Species and Site Conservation
Targets
Actions
10. By 2017 raised bog birds outside of 1. Develop resources for a system of enforcement for wildlife crime through cooperation between the relevant agencies
designated sites benefit from
– by 2017
appropriate protection.
2. Ensure appropriately targeted & costed measures to benefit raised bog birds & their habitats are included in agriPriority: High
environment & other land-use schemes & payments in designated & non-designated sites (e.g. AEOS, FEPS, NPWS FPS,
Commonage Framework Plans) – by 2015
3. Where appropriate include raised bog bird interests in national strategies or plans to address alien invasive species or
predator issues – by 2017
4. Work with landowners & managers to ensure water management in adjacent habitats takes into account the
sensitivity of the raised bog to changes in water levels, particularly in active growing bogs – by 2017
11. By 2020 all designated sites for
1. Beginning immediately, create plans for all designated & state protected sites, which focus on the protection (&
raised bog birds are managed
management) of their qualifying interests – by 2020
appropriately with dedicated
2. Ensure the implementation of designated site Management/Conservation Plans & monitor the effectiveness of
management plans.
actions, adapting as necessary to ensure protection of the designating interests – by 2017
Priority: High
3. Ensure designated sites provide adequate access for all requirements of the birds of designating interests inc. feeding
& roosting sites & that these are managed appropriately – by 2015
12. By 2020 the landscape integrity of
1. Identify appropriate cutaway sites for restoration/enhancement for raised bog birds & create & implement restoration
the environment is improved through
plans for these sites – by 2020
landscape scale protection &
2. Establish a landscape approach to conservation in an Irish context & identify aspects of the landscape that need
restoration.
protecting & restoring raised bog birds, develop an appropriate strategy to achieve this – by 2017
Priority: Medium
3. Create & maintain wildlife corridors & stepping stones between raised bog habitats and other suitable habitats
wherever possible to facilitate movements between key sites – by 2020
4. Conduct an audit of the Habitats Directive Article 17 report & fully implement the recommendations – by 2020
13. By 2020 the single species actions
1. Implement the Single Species Actions in Table 10 – as identified in the table
for raised bog birds are implemented.
Priority: High
1
2. Identify species requiring Single Species Action Plans & create & implement these – by 2015
See Table 11, Appendix 1 for a full list of stakeholder abbreviations
31
1
Stakeholders (A-Z)
DAHG, DJE, NPWS
BWI, DAFM, FS, IPCC, NPWS
BWI, ISI, NARGC, NPWS
DAFM, DECLG, EPA, FS,
NPWS, OPW
NPWS
NPWS
NPWS
BnM, BWI, IPCC, NPWS, RSPB
BWI, HC, NPWS
BnM, BWI, DAFM, DAHG,
DECLG, IPCC, NPWS, RSPB
NPWS
BWI, GET, IGPCT, IRSG,
NARGC, NPWS, RSPB, 3rd lvl
BWI, IRSG, NPWS, RSPB
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Theme 4 – Education and Awareness
This theme is particularly important for the long-term conservation of the raised bog birds group. Raising awareness on the plight of these birds and their
habitats as well as the importance of the latter for carbon storage and biodiversity is vitally important if we are to save the few remaining active raised bogs
in Ireland. Without providing people with the information to make informed decisions, conservation will remain a “fire fighting” exercise. As resources are
limited, they are often targeted at the biggest priorities at the time, and education and awareness are often overlooked. It would be a mistake however to
ignore this theme as, in the long term, it may be the most important for a sustainable conservation strategy for Irelands biodiversity. A strategic and well
thought out education and awareness campaign can help increase a sense of ownership and the value placed on the environment by the general public,
help secure funding for conservation and environmentally sustainable enterprises, help minimise harmful practices, and influence policy makers.
Increasing the exposure of the public to basic concepts in biodiversity and conservation from an early age and instilling an appreciation and a curiosity for
the environment is the first step in reducing an apathy and general lack of knowledge amongst many members of the public with respect to wildlife and
nature conservation. Economic benefits associated with the sustainable management of land and resources could also provide a large number of benefits
for rural communities. This needs to be done in conjunction with an awareness campaign for land managers, planners and decision makers. Providing
awareness material on environmentally sustainable habitat management and the public benefits (the ecosystem services) that such an approach delivers
can influence sectors to adopt more sustainable practices. This should occur alongside changes in policies for maximum effect. Indeed, it is important to
explain the relevant policies to relevant sectors so that they are in a position to buy-in to conservation policy and are fully informed of the benefits they are
in a position to deliver.
Education and awareness are vital to maintaining an environmentally, socially and economically healthy environment. Ensuring people are provided with
the knowledge and opportunities to engage in the protection of this environment will provide enumerable benefits for the future.
32
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Table 9: Theme 4 – Education and awareness
Targets
Actions
14. By 2017 stakeholders have agreed
1. Develop, promote & distribute best-practise information (e.g. leaflets/website/manuals) to raise awareness of how
on & are provided with best practice
best to manage the raised bog environment for birds & why this is so important – by 2015
methodology for sustainable
2. Where possible incorporate bird habitat conservation management into key management (e.g. agriculture, forestry &
environmental use & the reasons this
planning) & environmental courses within colleges & similar institutions – by 2017
methodology is important for birds,
3. In conjunction with relevant stakeholder organisations, develop, promote & distribute best practice information for
the raised bog environment &
participants in recreation activities within raised bog habitats & explain why this is important – by 2017
ecosystem services.
4.
Ensure those responsible for drawing up agri-environment plans for landowners receive regular & effective training in
Priority: High
conservation management techniques & are aware of the conservation priorities in their areas – by 2013
15. By 2015 the general public have a
1. Develop & implement an awareness strategy to educate the general public on the importance of the raised bog
better understanding of the
environment for birds, biodiversity & ecosystem services & the public benefits these provide – by 2015
importance of raised bog birds, the
factors that affect them & the
importance of a healthy environment.
Priority: High
1
See Table 11, Appendix 1 for a full list of stakeholder abbreviations
33
1
Stakeholders (A-Z)
BWI, Ct, DAFM, DCENR, EPA,
HC, IPCC, NPWS, Tc
BnM, Ct, FS, Tc, 3rd lvl
BWI, FI, IPCC, LNT, NARGC,
NPWS
BWI, DAFM, NPWS, Tc
AT, BWI, DAFM, DAHG,
DECLG, EPA, FI, HC, IPCC,
IRSG, LNT, NPWS
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
3.6 Single species targets and actions
Table 10 identifies the targets for all the species found in this group. Also provided are the
population estimates and current population trends. The species targets are the overall targets for
that species and are the same in all of the Group Action Plans that species is found in. Most of the
species targets should be met through the group actions laid out in Tables 6-9, however, some
species will require specific measures to reach their targets. These single species actions are
provided here. If the species is found in multiple Group Action Plans, specific actions are made
relevant to each Action Plan. If a species has additional actions identified for it in Table 10 that does
not necessarily mean it is in more danger or more important than species with no additional specific
actions, but highlights the special pressures it faces. For any species that requires a lot of additional
support a Single Species Action Plan may be the most appropriate next step. Some bird species are
present throughout the year and, where appropriate, these have been separated in the table into
Derek Belsey, Cliff Reddick
breeding and non-breeding to take account of different populations and migrant birds.
Of all the Red Listed breeding waders in Ireland the Curlew has shown the greatest declines in the past 20 years. The
Curlew is now recognised as a global priority, listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature‟s (IUCN) Global Red
List. Huge effort is needed to stop the decline and ensure the Curlew does not become extinct as a breeding bird in Ireland in
our lifetime.
34
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
The ‘Population Trend’ column represents the Republic of Ireland or All-Ireland population trends for
the species and is not habitat specific (see Table 1 for more information). A ‘?’ is assigned where a
reasonable estimate cannot be provided. This should not be viewed as less important than the
species that are identified as declining as many of these birds may also be experiencing large
declines. If a known population has declined or increased by less than 10% within 25 years, it is
identified as ‘Stable’(--). Changes in wintering waterbird (Irish Wetland Bird Survey & Wetland Bird
Survey) and common breeding bird (Countryside Bird Survey) populations are measured as mean
annual rates of decline. Significant declines comparable to those presented for other species have
been assigned based on an extrapolation of these annual rates of decline; declines of 0.44%, 1.2%
and 2.9% per year equate to declines of 10%, 25% and 50% respectively over 25 years.
Current Trends:

≥50% Decline

10-50% Decline =
↓

Stable
=
−−

Increase
=
↑

Unknown
=
?
↓↓
Nick Bramhall
=
The Red Grouse is a very specialised bird that relies on a small number of habitats. Heather Calluna vulgaris is vital to
the Red Grouse‟s life history as it relies on this plant for feeding, nesting and roosting. Habitat degradation has had a
significant effect on the Irish population and the range of this characteristic Red Listed bog bird is now highly restricted.
35
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Table 10: Raised bog bird targets, single species actions and stakeholders
Species
Current
population1
Population
trend
Species overall 10 year targets
Whooper Swan (A)
(Non-breeding)
15,158 birds
(AI)
↑
 Maintain non-breeding population &
range
Greenland White-fronted
Goose (A)*
(Non-breeding)
Red Grouse (R)
(All Year)
10,977 birds
(AI)
↓
 Stabilise non-breeding population
 Maintain & enhance current range
 Increase range by 15%
4,200 birds
(RoI)
?
Hen Harrier (A)
(Non-breeding)
Unknown
Merlin (A)*
(All Year)
c. 250-400 pairs
(RoI)
--
?
Lapwing (R)
(Breeding)
(Non-breeding)
Snipe (A)
(Breeding)
(Non-breeding)
2,000 pairs
(RoI)
207,700 birds
(AI)
5,000 pairs
(RoI)
Unknown
Curlew (R)
(Breeding)
c. 100-200 pairs
(RoI)
↓↓
(Non-breeding)
54,650 birds
(AI)
↓↓
Common Sandpiper (A)
(Breeding)
Unknown
↓↓
↓↓
↓↓
?
?
 160 breeding pairs
 Designate appropriate roosts & winter
sites
 Establish breeding range & appropriate
monitoring protocol
 Maintain known breeding range
 Establish breeding population trends
 Determine conservation priorities
 Reverse negative breeding population
trend
 Maintain & enhance breeding & nonbreeding range
 Establish appropriate monitoring
protocol
 Maintain breeding & non-breeding
range range
 Reverse negative breeding & nonbreeding population trends
 Understand the population dynamics &
requirements to inform management
 Maintain & enhance breeding & nonbreeding range
 Establish breeding range
 Maintain breeding range
Species actions
 Targets should be met through the group actions
i. Implement the relevant actions identified in the International Single Species Action
Plan (Stroud et al. unpublished draft)
i. Research the population dynamics that are likely to be affecting densities at a habitat
and regional level – by 2015
ii. Regularly monitor breeding productivity at a number of key sites representative of the
different regions & habitats where grouse occur e.g. suitable National Parks – by 2020
iii. Trial management at a number of key sites to test habitat specific measures on local
populations to see what measures can benefit Irish low density populations – by 2017
iv. Create a Single Species Action Plan for Red Grouse – 2013
 Targets should be met through the group actions
Stakeholders2
(A-Z)
-
BWI, NPWS
BWI, GET,
IGPCT,
NARGC,
NPWS, 3rd lvl
-
i. Monitor a sample of the population in selected areas on an annual basis to determine
population densities and trends over time, as well as factors that influence occupancy
and breeding success (such as habitat suitability and land management) – by 2013
ii. Evaluate the conservation benefit of artificial nest baskets for Merlin – by 2015
BWI, NPWS,
 Targets should be met through the group actions
-
IRSG
i. Develop methodology to appropriately survey – by 2013
BWI, NARGC,
NPWS
i. Carry out site assessments at key breeding sites (identified by a National Breeding
Wader Survey) to identify the main threats – by 2014
ii. Trial & implement appropriate measures to address threats at key breeding sites – by
2015
BWI, NPWS,
RSPB
 Targets should be met through the group actions
-
36
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Species
Current
population1
Redshank (R)
(Breeding)
(Non-breeding)
500 pairs
Short-eared Owl (A)*
(Breeding)
1-5 pairs (RoI)
Skylark (A)
(Breeding)
Unknown
(Non-breeding)
Unknown
Grasshopper Warbler (A)
(Breeding)
Unknown
31,090 birds
(AI)
Population
trend
↓↓
↑
?
↓↓
?
↑
Species overall 10 year targets
Species actions
Stakeholders2
(A-Z)
 Increase the breeding population to
750 pairs
 Maintain non-breeding population size
& range
 Targets should be met through the group actions
-
 Determine core areas & the breeding
population size
 Maintain breeding population
 Targets should be met through the group actions
-
 Estimate breeding & non-breeding
population size
 Maintain breeding & non-breeding
population size & range
 Estimate breeding population size
 Maintain breeding range
 Targets should be met through the group actions
-
 Targets should be met through the group actions
-
1
See Table 1 for more information on current populations and references (RoI = Republic of Ireland; AI = All-Ireland).
Trends are national or All-Ireland, see Table 1 for more information
See Table 11, Appendix 1 for a full list of stakeholder abbreviations. Additional stakeholders may be identified during implementation. Any changes to the stakeholders list will be made available on the project website.
Birds of conservation concern in Ireland: (R) = Red listed, (A) = Amber listed & * = Birds Directive Annex I species.
References for species trends and population estimates are provided in Table 1.
2
3
37
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
4. Next Steps
It is important that there is some measure of progress in implementing the Action Plan so that the
impacts of the actions can be determined and efforts adjusted as necessary. BirdWatch Ireland is
responsible for the creation and updating of the Action Plan. This responsibility includes continuing
to engage with relevant stakeholders to ensure relevant interested parties have an opportunity to
input into the Action Plan.
BirdWatch Ireland will monitor and report on the overall progress and implementation of the Action
Plan. Short annual reviews will be undertaken through consultation and a progress questionnaire. A
mid-term review where all stakeholders will be invited back to discuss progress and consult on the
implementation of actions will also take place. Updates and amendments will be posted on the
project website and this will be the main location for consulting on the Action Plan in the future.
Stakeholders have indicated a commitment to implement or assist in implementing these actions.
The level of input from stakeholders will determine the funding responsibilities against the actions to
which they are signatories to. Many of the actions overlap with national and international
obligations and their implementation will go some way to reaching many of these. Where actions
have identified a number of interested stakeholders, a strategic approach will be needed to
implement these and ongoing engagement between stakeholders will be necessary. BirdWatch
Ireland will act as an intermediary in this process wherever necessary.
Many actions cut across multiple Action Plans and a full list of actions will be provided to all
stakeholders. Areas of overlap will be identified to highlight actions, which if implemented in one
plan may also be implemented or partially implemented in another plan to which the implementing
party has been identified as a stakeholder.
A new version of this Action Plan will
be required at the end of its 10 year
Monitoring and reporting on progress
Year 1: Official launch of the Action Plan
Year 2, 3 & 4: Annual reviews
cycle. Consultation with stakeholders
Year 5: Mid-term review, consultation & progress report
on how to improve and progress the
Year 6, 7, 8 & 9: Annual reviews
next edition of this Action Plan will be
Year 10: Final review, consultation & creation of new plan
an ongoing process.
All updates will be made available online.
38
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
5. Selected Bibliography
Anderson, G. (2008) Birds of Ireland: facts folklore and history. Collins Press, Cork, Ireland.
BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status.
Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (Birdlife Conservation Series No. 12).
BirdLife International (2011a) IUCN Red List for birds. (http://www.birdlife.org - accessed on 30/09/2011).
BirdLife International (2011b) Species data zone. (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/search - accessed on
13/09/2011).
Boland, H., McElwaine, J.G., Henderson, G., Hall, C., Walsh, A. and Crowe, O. (2010) Whooper Cygnus cygnus
and Bewick’s C. columbianus bewickii Swans in Ireland: results of the international Swan Census, January 2010.
Irish Birds 9: 1-11.
Brazil, M. (2003) The Whooper Swan. Poyser, London, UK.
Cramp, S. (1985) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western
Palearctic. Volume IV Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford University Press, UK.
Cramp, S. (1988) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western
Palearctic. Volume V Tyrant Flycatchers to Thrushes. Oxford University Press, UK.
Cramp, S. (1992) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western
Palearctic. Volume VI Warblers. Oxford University Press, UK.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (1977) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The
Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume I Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press, UK.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (1983) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The
Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume III Waders to Gulls. Oxford University Press, UK.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (1987) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The
Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume II Hawks to Bustards. Oxford University Press, UK.
Crowe, O. (2005) Ireland’s Wetlands and their Waterbirds: Status and Distribution. BirdWatch Ireland,
Newcastle, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
Crowe, O., Austin, G.E., Colhoun, K., Cranswick, P.A., Kershaw, M. and Musgrove, A.J. (2008) Estimates and
trends of waterbird numbers wintering in Ireland, 1994/95 to 2003/04. Bird Study 55:66-77.
Crowe, O., Coombes, R.H., Lysaght, L., O'Brien, C., Choudhury, K.R., Walsh, A.J., Wilson, J.H. and O'Halloran, J.
(2010) Population trends of widespread breeding birds in the Republic of Ireland 1998–2008. Bird Study 57:267
– 280.
Cummins, S., Bleasdale, A., Douglas, C., Newton, S., O’Halloran, J. and Wilson, H.J. (2010) The
status of Red Grouse in Ireland and the effects of land-use, habitat and habitat quality on their distribution.
Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 50. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment,
Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.
Donald, P.F. (2004) The Skylark. Poyser, London, UK.
Eaton, M.A., Brown, A.F., Noble, D.G., Musgrove, A.J., Hearn, R., Aebischer, N.J., Gibbons, D.W., Evans, A. and
Gregory, R.D. (2009) Birds of Conservation Concern 3: the population status of birds in the United Kingdom,
Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. British Birds 102:296-341.
Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland 19881991. Poyser, London, UK.
Hagemeijer, E.J.M. and Blair, M.J. (Editors) (1997) The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their
Distribution and Abundance. Poyser, London, UK.
Hannon, C., Berrow, S.D. and Newton, S.F. (1997) The status and distribution of breeding Sandwich Sterna
sandvicensis, Roseate S. dougallii, Common S. hirundo, Arctic S. paradisaea and Little Terns S. albifrons in
Ireland in 1995. Irish Birds 6:1-22
Hillis, J.P. (2005) Rare breeding birds in Ireland, 2003, the second annual report of the Irish Rare Breeding Birds
Panel (IRBBP). Irish Birds 7: 539-548.
Hutchinson, C.D. (1989) Birds in Ireland. Irish Wildbird Conservancy. Poyser, Calton, UK.
39
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Lack, P. (1986) The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland. Poyser, London, UK.
Lauder, C. and Donaghy, A. (2008) Breeding Waders in Ireland 2008: A review and recommendations for future
actions. Report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Ireland.
Lynas, P., Newton, S.F. and Robinson, J.A. (2007) The status of birds in Ireland: an analysis of conservation
concern 2008-2013. Irish Birds 8:149-166.
Malone, S. and O’Connell, C. (2009) Ireland’s Peatland Conservation Action Plan 2020 – halting the loss of
peatland biodiversity. Irish Peatland Conservation Council, Kildare, Ireland.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World
Resources Institute, Washington DC, USA.
Newton, I. (2010) Bird migration. Collins new naturalist collection. HarperCollins Publishers, London, UK.
Roy, S., Reid, N. and McDonald, R.A. (2009) A Review of Mink Predation and Control in Ireland. Irish Wildlife
Manuals, No. 40. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local
Government, Dublin, Ireland.
Sharrock, J.T.R. (1976) The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland. Poyser, Berkhamsted, UK.
Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C. and Francis, I.S. (compilers) International Single Species Action Plan for the
Conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris, 20101-2020. Draft AWEA
Technical Series Manuscript. Bonn, Germany. Draft accessible at:
http:gwfg-conservation.wikispaces.com/Draft+international+action+plan.
Tucker, G.M. and Evans, M.I. (1997) Habitats for birds in Europe: a conservation strategy for the wider
environment. BirdLife International, Birdlife Conservation Series no. 6, Cambridge, U.K.
Watson, D. (1977) The Hen Harrier. Poyser, Berkhamsted,UK.
Wernham, C., Toms, M., Marchant, J., Clark, J., Siriwardena, G. and Baillie, S. (2002) The Migration Atlas
Movements of the Birds of Britain and Ireland. Poyser, London, UK.
40
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Glossary
Actions: The activities that when implemented will reach the targets and ultimately help achieve the
objectives and vision.
Advocacy: The process of attempting to influence or inform the decisions of those with the power to initiate
change.
Alien species: Non-native species that have been introduced into the country either purposefully or by
mistake.
Anaerobic: Refers to the lack of oxygen.
Biodiversity: Biological diversity encompasses the diversity of life at all levels, from genetic diversity to species
diversity to diversity of the to the earth’s ecosystems and includes biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystems.
Climate change (human induced): Climate change is the process of the global temperature rising due to the
increased levels of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and other greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere by
human activities.
Climate change adaptation: Helping species or habitats to adapt to a changing climate.
Climate change mitigation: The process of acting to reduce the intensity of climate change through reducing
the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Avoiding impacts of climate change on birds
encompasses, usually indirectly, ensuring actions are taken to mitigate for a changing climate in a way that
does not negatively affect birds.
Ecology: The scientific study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment.
Ecosystem: An ecosystem is composed of communities of organisms interacting within a physical
environment. Not constricted by size, examples include rock pools and rainforests.
Ecosystem approach: An increasingly popular concept “the ecosystem approach is a strategy for the
integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in
an equitable way. It is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of
biological organization, which encompass the essential processes, functions and interactions among organisms
and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of
ecosystems.” (http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/).
Ecosystem services: The services that healthy functioning ecosystems provide and on which humans are
heavily reliant. These include the provision of food, clean water, carbon storage, medicines, energy, materials,
etc. Ecosystem services are worth trillions of dollars a year to the global economy.
Food chain: The linkages between predator and prey. The bottom of the food chain is composed of primary
producers that generally create energy from the sun; these are eaten by primary consumers that are
themselves prey to secondary consumers and on up the line.
Habitats: The physical area a species inhabits and which is composed of the necessary requirements for the
species survival.
Indicator species: Indicator species are species or groups of species that can indicate changes in other species
or in other aspect of the environment due to a biological sensitivity to these changes.
Invasive species: A native or alien species that invades a habitat and has a significant negative impact on other
species in that habitat. This can occur due to introductions or escapes of alien species or an explosion in the
populations of native species due to an increase in favourable conditions or a loss of natural controls.
Life cycle: A species life cycle consists of the life stages a species goes through from birth to death.
Migrant: A migrant is a species that leaves its breeding grounds for non-breeding grounds and returns in
subsequent seasons. Migration is usually an evolutionary response to unfavourable weather conditions or food
availability.
Natura 2000 Network: A network of protected sites (SACs and SPAs) within the European Union.
41
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Natural fluctuations: Bird populations undergo natural increases and decreases in numbers due to various
factors (weather, food abundance, interactions with other species). These fluctuations generally stabilise over
a period.
Objective: A situation that should be met if the targets are reached and will help reach the long-term vision.
Policy: Very generally means the global, national and regional legislation, priorities, programmes and
institutional arrangements that impact on birds and biodiversity.
Population: A loose term influenced by scale. It may refer to a national population or a local population
depending on the context but refers to the number of birds of one species that make up a specific unit.
Range: The geographical area over which the birds regularly use for feeding, breeding or roosting.
Renewable energy: The harnessing of energy from renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydro, geothermal,
bioenergy and wave energy.
Special Area of Conservation (SAC): A site designation for the protection of habitats or species (other than
birds) of European importance. Its legal basis is the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).
Special Protection Areas (SPA): A site designation for the protection of birds of European importance. Its legal
basis is the Birds Directive (2009/147/EC).
Species: A difficult term to define but at its most simple a species is an organism that is genetically distinct
from other organisms to a sufficient degree that breeding between them does not occur or if it does nonreproductive offspring result.
Stakeholders: In the current context, any person, organisation or government department that can
significantly affect or be affected by the activities mentioned in this Action Plan.
Sustainable: “A characteristic or state whereby the needs of the present and local population can be met
without compromising the ability of future generations or populations in other locations to meet their needs”
(Millennium Ecosystem Report).
Targets: Targets are measurable steps that help to meet the objectives. They are reached by implementing
actions.
Threats: A threat is any activity that negatively affects the group and depending on its severity may lead to
large scale declines in species populations.
Vision: An inspirational statement about a desired future condition. The vision is partially met through
meeting the objectives.
42
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Appendix 1: Stakeholder Abbreviations
Table 11: Stakeholder abbreviations
AT
BnM
BWI
Ct
DAFM
DAHG
DCENR
DECLG
DJE
EPA
FI
FS
HC
IGPCT
IPCC
IRSG
ISI
IWEA
LNT
NARGC
NBDC
NPWS
OPW
RSPB
Tc
rd
3 Lvl
An Taisce
Bord na Mona
BirdWatch Ireland
Coillte
Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine
Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht
Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources
Department of the Environment, Community & Local Government
Department of Justice & Equality
Environmental Protection Agency
Fáilte Ireland
Forest Service
Heritage Council
Irish Grey Partridge Conservation Trust
Irish Peatland Conservation Council
Irish Raptor Study Group
Invasive Species Ireland
Irish Wind Energy Association
Leave No Trace
National Association of Regional Game Councils
National Biodiversity Data Centre
National Parks & Wildlife Service
Office of Public Works
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Teagasc
Third level research institutions
43
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Appendix 2: An Explanation of the Different Conservation
Status Assessments in Table 2
Table 12: Explanation of the different conservation status assessments mentioned in Table 2
The Birds of Conservation
Concern in Ireland (BoCCI)
List
http://www.birdwatchirela
nd.ie
Species of European
Conservation Concern
(SPECs)
www.birdlifeinternational.o
rg
BirdWatch Ireland & the RSPB Northern Ireland have
agreed a list of priority bird species on the island of
Ireland.
Red List birds are of high conservation concern.
Amber List birds are of medium conservation
concern.
Green List birds are not considered threatened.
An assessment developed by BirdLife International to
categorise the conservation status of European birds.
Highly regarded & widely used in a European context.
The Birds Directive
http://ec.europa.eu/enviro
nment/nature/legislation/b
irdsdirective/index_en.htm
The EU’s oldest piece of nature legislation & one of the
most important, creating a comprehensive scheme of
protection for all wild bird species & their most
important sites/habitats (SPAs) naturally occurring in
the Union.
The BERN Convention
http://europa.eu/legislatio
n_summaries/environment
/nature_and_biodiversity/l
28050_en.htm
IUCN Global Status
http://www.iucn.org/about
/work/programmes/species
/red_list/
The aim of this convention is to ensure the conservation
of European wildlife & natural habitats by means of
cooperation between States.
The Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild
Animals (Bonn Convention)
http://www.cms.int
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (also known as CMS or Bonn
Convention) aims to conserve terrestrial, marine &
avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an
intergovernmental treaty, concluded under the aegis of
the United Nations Environment Programme,
concerned with the conservation of wildlife & habitats
on a global scale.
The Agreement provides for coordinated and concerted
action to be taken by the range states throughout the
migration system of waterbirds to which it applies.
Parties to the Agreement are called upon to engage in a
wide range of conservation actions that are described in
a comprehensive Action Plan to halt the declines in
migratory waterbirds.
SPEC 1 – European species of global
conservation concern.
SPEC 2 – Global population concentrated in
Europe and have an unfavourable conservation
status in Europe.
SPEC 3 – Global population not concentrated in
Europe but have unfavourable conservation
status in Europe.
Annex I – Species requiring special protection.
Annex II/1 –Species that may be hunted
throughout the EU.
Annex II/2 – Species that may be hunted in
indicated member states.
Annex III/1 – Species that may be legally sold.
Appendix I - Strictly protected flora species.
Appendix II - Strictly protected fauna species.
Appendix III - Protected fauna species.
Appendix IV - Prohibited means & methods of
killing, capture & other forms of exploitation.
EX – Extinct
EW – Extinct in the wild
CR – Critically endangered
EN – Endangered
VU – Vulnerable
NT – Near threatened
LC – Least concern
DD – Data deficient
Appendix I - Migratory species that have been
categorized as being in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant proportion of
their range.
Appendix II - Migratory species that have an
unfavourable conservation status or would
benefit significantly from international cooperation organised by tailored agreements.
Table 1 in Annex 3 of the agreement contains
three columns:
Column A contains the most threatened species
followed by column B. Column C contains
species that do not qualify for A or B but which
would benefit from conservation effort. See
http://www.unepaewa.org/documents/agreement_text/agree_
main.htm for a full explanation.
The African - Eurasian
Waterbird Agreement
(AEWA)
http://www.unepaewa.org/
Widely accepted as the most objective & authoritative
system available for assessing the global risk of
extinction for species.
44
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
The methodology behind the Red and Amber Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland lists. Highlighting how these lists were created. For a digital copy of the BoCCI
list go to the BirdWatch Ireland website www.birdwatchireland.ie
45
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds
Appendix 3: Existing Policy and Legislative Context
There are a number of policies and legislations that currently affect raised bog birds, both positively and
negatively. Details on some of these are provided below. A list of other important policies and legislations are
also provided. This should not be considered an exhaustive list and only aims to identify the most relevant to
raised bog birds.
Overarching legislation
The Birds Directive 2009/147/EC and the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
Birds Directive - Article 1.1.
“This Directive relates to the conservation of all species of naturally occurring birds in the wild state
in the European territory of the Member States to which the Treaty applies. It covers the protection,
management and control of these species and lays down rules for their exploitation.”
The Birds Directive is Europe’s oldest and one of the most important pieces of nature legislation. It was
created to provide a strong system of protection for all of the European Union’s wild birds. It recognises the
importance of their habitats to bird conservation and introduced the requirement of member states to
designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for Europe’s most threatened species listed in Annex I of this
Directive. Practices that directly threaten wild birds are banned by the Directive although there are exceptions
for hunting and pest control. In these exceptions, it is up to the member state to ensure that the practices do
not affect negatively the species concerned.
The Habitats Directive provides protection for birds indirectly through the designation of Special Areas of
Conservation (SACs). SACs are designated for habitats or non-avian species of high conservation interest and
are listed in Annex I and II of the Habitats Directive. SPAs and SACs together form the Natura 2000 network
that stretches right across the EU. Both SACs and SPAs are protected through Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the
Habitats Directive, which requires an Appropriate Assessment be carried out on any proposed activity that
might affect Natura 2000 sites. The European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations
transpose the Birds & Habitats Directives into Irish law.
Irish Wildlife Act 1976 & Wildlife (amendment) Act 2000
The Wildlife Act and amendment Act are Ireland’s main tools in the conservation and protection of Irish
wildlife. The Wildlife Act protects all wild birds, their nests and their eggs from many activities that could have
negative impacts. Some activities that have negative effects on birds can be carried out under licence and
some species may be hunted or controlled. These are identified in the Act as well as the manner in which these
activities can be legally carried out.
46
BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Designations
The principal method for protecting birds and their habitats is through formal designation of sites for
conservation. The most relevant designations in Ireland are SPAs, SACs, Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) and
the various designations on government controlled Nature Reserves, National Parks and Wildfowl Reserves.
SPAs & SACs are sites of European importance and are designated and protected in line with the
requirements of the Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) and the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Raised bog NHAs
have been given formal protection in Ireland.
Policy
National Biodiversity Plan (NBP)
First created in 2002 the NBP was commissioned to address the requirements of the Convention on Biological
Diversity. There was a list of 91 actions within the NBP that aimed to reach the overall objective “to secure the
conservation, including where possible the enhancement, and sustainable use of biological diversity in Ireland
and to contribute to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity globally”. Local Biodiversity Plans must
be created by each local authority and relevant departments and agencies must create strategies for
biodiversity to encourage cross-sectoral cooperation in biodiversity conservation. At the time of publication,
many local authorities had still failed to create a Local Biodiversity Plan. The first NBP was a five year plan that
ran from 2002-2007. A new plan was published in November 2011.
CAP and Single Farm Payment
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has led agriculture in Ireland since joining the EEC in 1973. Originally
primarily concerned with production the CAP has become increasingly reflective of environmental and social
factors and the importance of these for healthy agricultural systems through successive reforms. The CAP
consists of two Pillars.
Pillar I is for production supports. One of the most relevant changes in Pillar I for the environment in recent
years has been the Single Farm Payment (SFP). Launched in 2003 as part of a larger CAP reform the SFP was
introduced as a means of decoupling subsidies from production. To receive the SFP farmers must conform to
the requirements of Cross Compliance which state that farmland must be kept in good agricultural and
environmental condition.
Pillar II is for rural development and is where most of the opportunities for environmental benefits lie. Pillar II
consists of four Axes:

Axis 1: Improving competitiveness of the farming sector, including training of farmers, installation aid
for young farmers, early retirement supports, investment for improved production, research into new
methods to improve the sector, etc.

Axis 2: Environmental land management on farmland, including management of Natura 2000 sites,
agri-environment schemes, animal welfare, establishment of agro-forestry systems, and supports for
afforestation.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds

Axis 3: Diversification and quality of life supporting diversification into non-agricultural activities,
tourism, natural heritage management, rural services, village renewal and training and capacity
building

Axis 4: LEADER approach (bottom-up capacity building in local communities), over-arching the three
other axes
The Rural Development Plan specifies the actions within Pillar II. RDPs are prepared by each Member State and
are guided by the EU's Rural Development Regulations. Most of the CAP funding is allocated to Pillar I, this is
wholly financed by the EU. Pillar II is partially funded by the member state and EU funding is considerably less
than for Pillar I. Since 2007, funds from Pillar I have been transferred into Pillar II through modulation. The
level of modulation (drawn from any Single Farm Payment above €5,000 a year) is set to increase from 5% in
2008 to 10% in 2012. Major CAP reform is underway and a new CAP is to be published in 2013.
Agri-environment schemes
In a country where land-use is dominated by agriculture, agri-environment schemes (AES) play a vital role in
the protection of biodiversity. There are a number of AES’s in the country. The NPWS Farm Plan scheme (FPS)
is provided within designated sites for nature conservation (Special Protection Areas (SPAs), Special Areas of
Conservation (SACs), Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) and/or commonage) to offer farmers compensation for
any loss of income imposed by restrictions or management requirements linked to the designation. There are
plans to include specific measures for Corncrake, Hen Harrier and Chough in the FPS. Commonage Framework
Plans have been created for 4,400 commonages throughout the country. The prescriptions within these plans
are carried out through the FPS or through The Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS).
REPS is the largest AES (about 30% of the land area of the state (EPA 2008)), now in its fourth round the
scheme has been discontinued and will disappear once the current rotation is finished in 2015. Entry to REPS is
now closed and a new scheme (AEOS) has been created to take its place from 2010 onwards. Three measures
exist within REPS 4 that specifically address bird conservation:

Wild Bird Habitats – requires farmers to follow agreed management prescription for Corncrakes in the
Shannon Callows SPA

LINNET Habitats – pays farmers to establish sacrificial crops for seed-eating birds (LINNET – Land
Invested in Nature – National Eco-Tillage)

Bat and Bird boxes – an option for farmers to put up bird and/or bat boxes on the farm
It is now largely recognised that the main impact of REPS was as a socio-economic scheme that maintained
extensive farming practices. The measures within REPS are considered too general to have positive impacts on
biodiversity, and this is backed up by research that has shown that REPS has had no demonstrable impact on
bird populations in summer or winter.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
The new Agri-environment Options Scheme (AEOS) replaced REPS in the latter half of 2010. Its objectives are
“to promote biodiversity, encourage water management/quality and combat climate change” and to deliver
on the requirements of the Birds, Habitats and Water Framework Directives by promoting “positive
environmental management” in river catchments and Natura 2000 sites. The scheme is not as well funded as
REPS, which is likely to have an impact on its effectiveness. The structure of the scheme has the potential to
deliver real benefits for biodiversity, particularly by combining multiple measures to meet specific biodiversity
targets. However, at the present time there is no targeting within the scheme further than a “biodiversity”
objective. Supplementary to AEOS is a Natura 2000 scheme. However, this option is only available to farmers
with Corncrake land within the Shannon Callows SPA. It is hoped that future revisions may be able to address
some issues relating to the conservation of lowland farmland birds.
Code of Best Forest Practice and Forestry Environmental Guidelines
The Code of Best Forest Practice and series of six Environmental Guidelines are the mechanism used in Ireland
to promote compliance with the environmental aspects of the Sustainable Forest Management. These
guidelines are due to be reviewed and updated in the near future. Recipients of forestry and afforestation
grants are required to follow the code of practice and environmental guidelines. The six environmental
guidelines are:

Forestry and Water Quality Guidelines

Forestry and Landscape Guidelines

Forestry and Archaeology Guidelines

Forest Biodiversity Guidelines

Forest Harvesting and Environmental Guidelines

Forest Protection Guidelines
These guidelines were produced in 2000 and are under review by the Forest Service.
Forestry Grant Schemes
There are a number of grant schemes currently available to forestry and afforestation. All require the applicant
to abide by the Environmental Guidelines for forestry. Some of the best known grants are:

The Forest Environment Protection Scheme (FEPS) was initiated to encourage REPS farmers to “high
nature value” forestry on suitable areas of their land. This afforestation should benefit biodiversity
and protect water quality while ensuring it is conducted for economic gain. There are a number of
measures and optional measures to be carried out to achieve these aims. Although REPS has closed
FEPS is still, as this document went to print, in operation.

The Afforestation Grant and Premium Scheme compensates the forester for the initial start up cost as
well as the lost income during the maturation phase of the plantation.

The Reconstitution of Woodland Scheme is available to those who would like to restore a forest back
to its original state prior to damage due to natural events excluding fire and wind damage. It also
acknowledges the importance of previous ecosystems and biodiversity and also aims to restore these.
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Group Action Plans for Irish Birds

The Native Woodland Scheme is concerned with the restoration or planting of native woodlands
throughout the country.
Environmental Assessments
Planning laws require an environmental assessment to be carried out for certain developments. Within SPAs
(and SACs) the designating interests must be protected and therefore developments that could impact on the
species (or habitats) of interest should not go ahead unless for reasons of overriding public importance
(assessed through Appropriate Assessment – Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive). Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) identify whether plans or projects are
likely to have an impact on the environment and, if a conflict arises, recommend measures to mitigate against
the impacts.
Other relevant policy and legislation



Biodiversity
o Convention on Biological Diversity (http://www.cbd.int/)
o Ramsar Convention (http://www.ramsar.org)
Forestry policy & legislation
o Forestry Acts (http://www.agriculture.gov.ie)
o Irish National Forest Standard (http://www.agriculture.gov.ie)
o The National Development Plan (http://www.ndp.ie)
Energy policy & legislation:
o The National Development Plan (http://www.ndp.ie)
o The Electricity Act 1999 (http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Energy/)
o Energy White Paper, Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland 2007‐2020 (http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Energy/)
o European Renewables Directive (2009/28/EC) (http://www.managenergy.net/resources/48)
o National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) 2007-2012
(http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/)

Planning legislation:
o Planning Acts & Bills (http://www.environ.ie/en/DevelopmentHousing/PlanningDevelopment/Planning/PlanningLegislationOverview/PlanningActs/)


o Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/home.htm)
o Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/sea-legalcontext.htm)
o Environmental Liability Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/liability/index.htm)
Sustainability
o The European Union Sustainable Development Strategy (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/)
Climate change policy
o The National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012
(http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/)


Recreation
o National Countryside Recreation Strategy
(http://www.pobail.ie/en/RuralDevelopment/NationalRuralDevelopment/ComhairlenaTuaithe/)
Pollution
o Water Framework Directive (http://www.wfdireland.ie/index.html)
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BirdWatch Ireland‟s Action Plan for Raised Bog Birds in Ireland 2011-2020
Appendix 4: Some Current & Recent Projects Relevant to
Raised Bog Birds
Bird Atlas 2007-11
The Bird Atlas 2007-11 was a joint project between BirdWatch Ireland, the British Trust for Ornithology and the
Scottish Ornithologists’ Club to map the distribution and abundance of all of Ireland and Britain’s birds during
both the winter and the breeding season. Fieldwork started in November 2007 and continued for four winters
and four breeding seasons, during which the whole of Ireland and Britain were surveyed. The aims of the Bird
Atlas were to map bird distributions at 10 km scale, to map broad patterns of relative abundance and to assess
changes in bird distributions and relative abundance since previous breeding Bird Atlases in 1968-72 and 198891, and since the last winter Bird Atlas of early 1981-84. Work was carried out primarily by volunteers.
The Irish Wetland Bird Survey (I-WeBS)
I-WeBS was initiated in the Republic of Ireland in 1994/95. This survey is ongoing, and aims to continue to
monitor wintering waterbird populations and the wetlands upon which they rely. Species specific surveys are
also carried out at particular intervals for swan and geese species to monitor the Irish proportion of their
populations, this is sometimes done together with other countries to establish the flyway population. I-WeBS
monitors birds at many coastal as well as inland sites. It should be noted that I-WeBS surveys are not designed
for marine birds and although some species are counted the data are often weak and should be treated with
caution. Survey work is carried out primarily by volunteers as well as NPWS & BirdWatch Ireland staff.
The Countryside Bird Survey (CBS)
CBS has been in operation since 1998. Its primary aim is to monitor “common” breeding bird populations in
the Republic of Ireland. The surveys are conducted yearly on a primarily voluntary basis producing meaningful
analyses of the population trends of several species, including trends at a regional level.
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