Places and Technologies 2015
KEEPING UP WITH
TECHNOLOGIES TO MAKE HEALTHY PLACES
Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 18.–19.6.2015
BOOK OF CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
A healthy city is one that is continually creating and improving those physical
and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life
and developing to their maximum potential.
Health Promotion Glossary (1998)
Organizers:
University of Belgrade,
Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
University of Ljubljana,
Faculty of Architecture, Slovenia
Professional Association,
Urban Laboratory, Serbia
General Hospital, »Dr Franca
Derganca« Nova Gorica, Slovenia
Sponzors:
KREAL, Creative Aluminium, Kidričevo, Slovenia
Supporters:
CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji
Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana
614:711.4(082)(0.034.2)
INTERNATIONAL Academic Conference Places and Technologies (2 ; 2015 ;
Nova Gorica)
Keeping up with technologies to make healthy places [Elektronski vir]
: book of conference proceedings / [2nd International Academic Conference] Places and Technologies 2015, Nova Gorica, 18.-19. 6. 2015 ; editors
Alenka Fikfak ... [et al.]. - Ljubljana : Faculty of Architecture, 2015
ISBN 978-961-6823-68-5
1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Dodat. nasl. 3. Fikfak, Alenka
279986432
Places and Technologies 2015
KEEPING UP WITH
TECHNOLOGIES TO MAKE HEALTHY PLACES
BOOK OF CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Editors:
Alenka Fikfak, Eva Vaništa Lazarević,
Nataša Fikfak, Milena Vukmirović, Peter Gabrijelčič
Nova Gorica, Slovenia
Contents
INTRODUCTION
10
HEALTHY CITY - TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN RESILIENCE
11
EVA VANIŠTA LAZAREVIĆ
A PLACE FOR PLACES: LIVE AND STAY
13
NATAŠA FIKFAK
NOVA GORICA
14
MATEJ ARČON
HEALTHY CITY - TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN RESILIENCE
17
RUŽICA BOŽOVIĆ STAMENOVIĆ
INNOVATING AT LISBON'S WATERFRONT PLACE,
THE "TAGUS PLATFORM" PROJECT
19
PEDRO RESSANO GARCIA
TOPIC I: Architecture and Health
19
HEALTHY BUILDINGS: THE ICF CLASSIFICATION AS A DESIGNING TOOL
20
ALBERTO ARENGHI, DANIELE MALGRATI, MICHELE SCARAZZATO
THE HEALTH ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
26
KOSARA KUJUNDŽIĆ
UNIVERSITY AND DWELLERS’ ASSOCIATIONS TOGETHER FOR
CREATING SUSTAINABLE AND HEALTHY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
32
LUCIA MARTINCIGH, FRANCESCO BIANCHI, CECILIA DE MARINIS, MARINA DI GUIDA,
GIOVANNI PERRUCCI
“VERTICAL” CITY
39
DAMJANA LOJANIČIĆ
HEALTHY WORKPLACE: UTOPIA OR REALITY OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
45
TIJANA VUJIČIĆ, TANJA TRKULJA
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF HEALTHY BUILT ENVIRONMENT 52
ALEKSANDAR PETROVSKI, OGNEN MARINA, GEORGI DIMKOV, DIMITAR PAPASTEREVSKI
HEALTHCARE DESIGN REVISITED – NEW APPROACHES
TO USER – CENTRIC, EFFICIENT AN EFFECTIVE DESIGN
59
EVA VANIŠTA LAZAREVIĆ, JELENA MARIĆ, MILENA VUKMIROVIĆ, GORAN RADOVIĆ
BUILDING MATERIALS AND HUMAN HEALTH: DESIGNERS' PERSPECTIVE
74
SAJA KOSANOVIĆ, ALENKA FIKFAK, MIRKO GRBIĆ
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
2
TOWARDS A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTHY PLACE
80
SAJA KOSANOVIĆ, EVA VANIŠTA LAZAREVIĆ, SLAĐAN TIMOTIJEVIĆ
ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES OF BUILDING MATERIALS OF TRADITIONAL
OHRID HOUSE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ITS HUMAN DESIGN
86
RADMILA TOMOVSKA, ANA RADIVOJEVIĆ
HEALTHY ARCHITECTURE AS A RESULT OF BALANCED INTEGRATION
OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RULES
93
DŽENANA BIJEDIĆ, RADA ČAHTAREVIĆ, SENAIDA HALILOVIĆ
HEALTHY ARCHITECTURE FOR CHILDREN
101
JULIJA ALEKSIĆ
MEDICINE AND ARCHITECTURE IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
107
ILKA ČERPES
MARGINALISATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
ALONG THE STRAIT OF SINGAPORE
115
MAGNUS NICKL, VERENA STECHER
THE SCALE OF ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS IN SERBIA THE NEED FOR RETHINKING
121
MARKO MATEJIĆ
ARCHITECTURE AND HEALTHY LIVING SPACE
127
GORAN RADOVIĆ
TOPIC II: Physical Planning and Quality of Place
140
DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF URBAN STRUCTURE THROUGH
REGISTRATION OF CHANGES OF SEGMENTS OF URBAN COMPLEX
141
VELIMIR STOJANOVIĆ
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE SQUARE
CARICA MILICA IN NOVI SAD (SERBIA)
147
IVANA SENTIĆ, KSENIJA HIEL
VARESE LIGURE: AN ITALIAN RURAL MUNICIPALITY WHICH HAS
IMPLEMENTED AN EXEMPLARY MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
154
GIOVANNI SERGI, CARLO BERIO, GIULIA CANTON, GIACOMO CROVO
CYBERPARKS CHALLENGES - NEW DIGITAL MEDIA FOR ATTRACTIVE
URBAN OPEN SPACES
163
INA ŠUKLJE ERJAVEC, CARLOS SMANIOTTO COSTA
MEDIA ARCHITECTURE AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
171
JASNA ČIKIĆ-TOVAROVIĆ, JELENA IVANOVIĆ-ŠEKULARAC, NENAD ŠEKULARAC
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
3
IMPLEMENTATION OF NORWEGIAN EXPERIENCE
TO SLOVENIAN HOSPITAL SECTOR
179
ALENKA TEMELJOTOV-SALAJ, SVEIN BJOERBERG, SIMON VRHUNEC, ANDREJ BARIČIČ
TOWARDS OPEN, THERMODYNAMIC CITY P&T 2015
186
MARIJA BOJOVIĆ, IRENA RAJKOVIĆ, SANJA PAUNOVIĆ ŽARIĆ
INTERWEAVING OF BANJALUKA’S URBAN AND RURAL LANDSCAPES
194
DIJANA SIMONOVIĆ
AN APPLICATION OF THE “ENVIRONMENTAL ISLAND”: A PRESCRIPTIVE
TOOL TO CREATE HEALTHIER URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
201
LUCIA MARTINCIGH, CECILIA DE MARINIS, JANET HETMAN
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SQUARES IN NORTH WESTERN
EUROPEAN CITY CENTRES
209
BOB GIDDINGS, JAMES CHARLTON
MUSIC AND SOUND AS A TOOL INTO DESIGNING HEALTHIER ENVIRONMENT 216
ANJA KOSTANJŠAK, MORANA PAP, TENA LAZAREVIĆ
DESIGNING PARKING STRUCTURES IN SERVICE OF PUBLIC HEALTH
225
TANJA TRKULJA, TIJANA VUJIČIĆ
DESIGNING THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
WHEN PLANNING BUSINESS ZONES
232
GREGOR ČOK
FOUR PARADIGMS FOR THE VENETO REGION’S CENTRAL AREA
240
ENRICO ANGUILLARI
MUNICIPALITY POLICY AS KEY FACTOR FOR THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN PUBLIC HEALTH
248
DEJAN VASOVIĆ, NATAŠA ĆUKOVIĆ IGNJATOVIĆ, DUŠAN IGNJATOVIĆ
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN ALBANIA AND THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR
REGENERATION AND ADAPTIVE RE-USE
255
FLORIAN NEPRAVISHTA
THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT
OF HEALTHY CITY IN ILLEGAL SETTLEMENTS IN SERBIA
266
BRANISLAV ANTONIĆ, BISERKA MITROVIĆ
URBAN REGENERATION AS A TOOL FOR
POPULATION HEALTH IMPROVEMENT
272
FILIP PETROVIĆ
URBANIZATION OF METROPOLITAN AREAS – THE IMPORTANCE
OF NEW SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
281
HANNA OBRACHT-PRONDZYNSKA
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
4
AQUAPONICS BASED ARTIFICIAL BIOSPHERE INCLUDED IN ARCHITECTURE: FROM
MITIGATION OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO POSITIVE ADDED VALUES OF URBAN
SPATIAL STRUCTURES ON LOCAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SCALE
288
PIOTR MAREK SMOLNICKI
INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES IN THE URBAN PLANNING
WATER SENSITIVE PLACES
297
VIŠNJA SRETOVIĆ BRKOVIĆ, MATIJA BRKOVIĆ
TOPIC III: Lifetime Communities and Participation
308
COHOUSING FOR BUILDING REUSE
309
ADOLFO BARATTA, FABRIZIO FINUCCI, ANNALISA METTA, LUCA MONTUORI
HOW TO DESIGN HEALTHY BUILDING FOR HEALTHY LIVING?
315
ANJA JUTRAŽ, SANJA ŠTIMAC
PARTICIPATORY URBAN PLANNING AND PUBLIC POLICY
326
VIŠNJA KUKOČ
TOPIC IV: Cultural Patterns and Sensitivity
332
SENSE OF PLACE IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:
TOWARDS HEALTHY PLACES P&T 2015
333
EGLĖ NAVICKIENĖ
HOLIDAY HOMES IN THE VICINITY OF SPLIT, CROATIA, DESIGNED
BY FRANO GOTOVAC – CONTINUITY OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
341
VESNA PERKOVIĆ JOVIĆ
ARCHITECTURE AND ITS AFTERLIFE; GREEN URBANITY
347
GABRIELLA MEDVEGY, GÁBOR VERES
INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE
OF THE INHABITANTS AND QUALITY OF HOUSING
353
ANA ŠPIRIĆ, SANJA TRIVIĆ
UTOPIAN PROJECTS DRAWINGS AS INDICATORS
OF MODERN SOCIETY NEEDS
361
VLADIMIR KOVAČ
YOUTH AND THE FEELING OF SAFETY IN PUBLIC SPACES
368
SVETLANA STANAREVIĆ, STEVAN TATALOVIĆ
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
5
TOPIC V: Health Intensive Care
375
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY - GUIDED PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS
CORONARY INTERVENTION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
375
IGOR KRANJEC
FRACTAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE CORONARY ARTERY TREE
386
MATJAŽ KLEMENC
HUMANIZATION OF DIALYSIS: GREEN AND COZY
392
JADRANKA BUTUROVIĆ-PONIKVAR
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND
AN ACTIVE APPROACH TO OVERCOME THEM
392397
MARKO VUDRAG
ANALYSIS AND CONTEMPORARY APPROACH OF SPACE DESIGN
OF INTESIVE PSYCHIATRIC CARE UNIT
406
NEVENA DUTINA, ALEKSANDRA DUTINA
TOPIC VI: Inclusive and Accessible Environment
413
TOWARDS INCLUSIVE FIRE SAFETY DESIGN
414
VALERIA TATANO, ELISABETTA CARATTIN
INCLUSIVE AND THERAPEUTIC URBAN ENVIRONMENT:
INVOLVING USERS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS
422
ILARIA GAROFOLO, BARBARA CHIARELLI
DEVELOPING INNOVATIVE SOCIAL HOUSING TO FOSTER INCLUSIVE
COMMUNITIES
429
SILVIA GRION, PAOLA COLONI
URBAN PUBLIC SPACES ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL: A CASE STUDY
IN A HISTORICAL DISTRICT OF ROME
436
LUCIA MARTINCIGH, CECILIA DE MARINIS
ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE, PHYTODEPURATION AND MANMADE
WETLANDS IN MAGOK LAKE PARK, SEOUL
445
CRISTIAN SUAU, CARMELO ZAPPULLA
ADVANCED SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING COMMON HEALTH
458
URŠKA KALČIČ, JANEZ PETER GROM
INCLUSIVE AND ACCESSIBLE ENVIRONMENT: PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE
466
SANKALP SHUKLA, APOORVA GANGRADE, ANSHULA GUMBER
FACTS4STOPS – USER NEEDS REGARDING PUBLIC TRANSPORT
STATIONS AND ENVIRONMENT
472
CHRISTINE CHALOUPKA-RISSER, DANIEL BELL
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
6
TOPIC VII: Environmentally Friendly Transport
478
SHIFTING TO MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MODES
IN LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT
479
ALEKSANDRA NEŠIĆ, IVANA ČAVKA, OLJA ČOKORILO
ASSESSING PUBLIC TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTEXT
OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
485
EVGENIA YOSIFOVA
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT PRIORITY
IN SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY
492
DINO ŠOJAT, DAVOR BRČIĆ, MARKO SLAVULJ
APPLICATION OF PV MODULES ON NOISE BARRIERS
498
BUDIMIR SUDIMAC, ANDJELA DUBLJEVIĆ
PLANNING OF ELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE KRŠKO REGION
505
ANA TIVADAR, STANKO MANOJLOVIĆ, SIMON PODKORITNIK
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS FOR SMART CITIES
511
BIA MANDŽUKA, LJUPKO ŠIMUNOVIĆ, MARIO ĆOSIĆ
TOPIC VIII: Building Technologies
518
RETROFITTING OF MULTI-FAMILY BUILDINGS TOWARDS
HEALTHIER SETTLEMENTS
519
ALEKSANDRA KRSTIĆ-FURUNDŽIĆ, ALEKSANDRA ĐUKIĆ
FERROCEMENT ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
FROM THE ASPECT OF SOCIAL WELL-BEING
526
ALEKSANDRA NENADOVIĆ
DAYLIGHT ANALYSES OF "READY-MADE" FAÇADES WITH
MODULAR OPENINGS - CASE STUDY LOCATION IN PODGORICA
532
SANJA PAUNOVIĆ ŽARIĆ, IRENA RAJKOVIĆ, MARIJA BOJOVIĆ
ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS – STUDY OF POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION
IN THE MATERIALIZATION OF TOURIST FACILITIES IN MONTENEGRO
539
IRENA RAJKOVIĆ, SANJA PAUNOVIĆ ŽARIĆ, MARIJA BOJOVIĆ
PREFABRICATED PASSIVE HOUSE VENTILATED FAÇADE
PANEL SYSTEM WITH RECYCLED CONCRETE
548
LJUBOMIR MIŠČEVIĆ , IVANA BANJAD PEČUR, BOJAN MILOVANOVIĆ
POTENTIAL ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC, THERMAL BUILDING SIMULATIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT OF MEASUREMENT AIDED SIMULATION TECHNIQUE
556
ISTVÁN KISTELEGDI, BÁLINT BARANYAI, BÁLINT BACHMANN
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
7
TOPIC IX: Adaptive Reuse and Urban Renewal
561
COMPARISON OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
562
TANYA CHARDAKOVA, MARINA TRAYKOVA
SYSTEMS FOR THE REQUALIFICATION OF NON-LISTED ARCHITECTURE:
THE “ADAPTIVE EXOSKELETON”
569
FRANCESCA GUIDOLIN
RECONSTRUCTION AND REVITALIZATION OF THE COMPLEX SENARA, WITHIN
THE MONASTERY HILANDAR, IN ORDER TO ADAPT TO MODERN TRENDS AND
SOCIAL CHANGES
575
JELENA IVANOVIĆ-ŠEKULARAC, JASNA ČIKIĆ-TOVAROVIĆ, NENAD ŠEKULARAC
RENEWAL OF JUGOMONT PREFABRICATED RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS JU-61
582
IVAN MLINAR, LEA PETROVIĆ KRAJNIK, TAMARA MARIĆ
BROWNFIELDS AS PLACES AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
AS TECHNOLOGIES: POTENTIALS AND RISKS IN CASE OF SERBIA
588
ANITA STOILKOV-KONESKI, ZORAN KONESKI
LANDFILL JAKUŠEVEC IN ZAGREB – POTENTIAL FOR NEW SPACE
IDENTITY AND ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE
595
LEA PETROVIĆ KRAJNIK, DAMIR KRAJNIK, IVAN MLINAR
TOPIC X: Active Living and Health
601
OPEN PUBLIC SPACES FOR HEALTHIER CITIES
602
ALEKSANDRA STUPAR, ALEKSANDRA ĐUKIĆ
RESPONSIBILITY TO THE EMPLOYEES' HEALTH UNAVOIDABLE
IN THE CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE DESIGN OF OFFICE SPACES
610
NIKOLA Z. FURUNDŽIĆ, DIJANA P. FURUNDŽIĆ, ALEKSANDRA KRSTIĆ- FURUNDŽIĆ
HEALTHY PLACES, ACTIVE PEOPLE
617
KATARINA ANA LESTAN, IVAN ERŽEN, MOJCA GOLOBIČ
THE IMPACT OF QUALITY OF PEDESTRIAN SPACES ON
WALKING AS A MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
623
MILENA VUKMIROVIĆ, EVA VANIŠTA LAZAREVIĆ
TOPIC XI: Health Promotion, Protection and Prevention
638
OUTDOOR GYMS: “NO MORE EXCUSES FOR PEOPLE WHO CANNOT
AFFORD MEMBERSHIPS. GET OUT AND GET IN SHAPE!”
639
ANNE-KATHRIN WILL
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
8
STUDENT PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
646
ALEŠ GOLJA
KEY POINTS OF HUMAN AWARENESS AND EMERGENCY
PLANNING. SCHOOLS AS A CASE STUDY
655
MADDALENA COCCAGNA
ANOTHER SIDE OF THE COMFORT OF LIVING –
ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
661
NEBOJŠA ARSIĆ, JORDAN RADOSAVLJEVIĆ, NATAŠA FIKFAK, SAŠA ŠTATKIĆ
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNIVERSAL DESIGN OF OUTDOOR
LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL AREAS
667
LARA SLIVNIK
TOPIC XII: Social Networks and Human Basic Needs
673
VISUAL REPRESENTATION AND EXPERIENCE OF PLACE:
CASE STUDY ALHAMBRA IN GRANADA
674
ISIDORA KARAN, VEDRANA IKALOVIĆ
BEYOND THE QUANTIFIED SELF: A LOOK AT
THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF HEALTH
680
SVEA HEINEMANN
SKYSCRAPER'S PUBLIC AREAS: THE IMPACT ON SPACE AND SOCIAL LIFE
686
ALICJA STEFAŃSKA
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKS USE ON REDUCTION
OF DEPRESSION IN CANCER PATIENTS
691
LEILA HABIBI, HAMID REZA FARPOUR
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
9
SYSTEMS FOR THE REQUALIFICATION OF NONLISTED ARCHITECTURE: THE “ADAPTIVE
EXOSKELETON”
Francesca Guidolin
Ph.D. Candidate, Università Iuav di Venezia, School of Doctorate Studies, Palazzo
Badoer, San Polo 2468, 30125 Venezia, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The architecture developed starting from the 40s is obsolete from different points
of view: energetic, structural but also functional and social.
Therefore, the field of rehabilitation acquires a strategic relevance concerning
future objectives (Directives 2002/91/CE, 2010/31/EU).
Among the systems for an appropriate requalification of the non-listed buildings
there is the addition of external independent structures, fragmented or continuous,
that are identified with the term “adaptive exoskeleton”.
This system consists in a three-dimensional structure, independent from the
building it envelopes, which generates functional spaces as addictions and/or
elevations.
The analysis of the scientific literature and of case studies shows that the use of the
exoskeleton implies as a regenerative practice. It allows:
 the installation of elevation systems which provide accessibility according
to the principles of inclusive design, therefore appropriate for the
evacuation in emergency situations;
 the enlargement of the housing units and the improvement of living spaces
and of domestic work, even in terms of inclusive design;
 the addition of new, common, encounter spaces for the creation of a
housing micro-unity;
 the improvement of the internal micro-climate (with the constitution of an
internal/external buffer zone, spaces for the installation of new systems
and devices;
 the anti-seismic requalification, by creating a structural grid.
Starting from the examination of the operational technological possibilities in the
market, the aim of the paper is to analyse the role of the exoskeleton in renewal
and functional architectural requalification of buildings. Said analysis shall be
carried on not only from a technological point of view but also from a social one.
As a socio-technical device, this system provides the application of participative
practices for inclusion and appropriation of spaces by its own users. The intention
is to suggest a classification of the exoskeleton types through the examination of
case studies.
Keywords: adaptive requalification, inclusive systems, exoskeleton, sociotechnical devices.
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
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INTRODUCTION
The declared material and functional obsolescence of the Italian built heritage, built
from the ’40s to today, led to estimate the sector of the architectural renewal as one
of the most important for the achievement of the objectives set by the European
Community. In fact, according to the CRESME data (2014), the amount of the
costs for the requalification is estimate as 115.1 billion of euros of the 173.5 billion
of the whole building production (66.4%). Investments in the renewal sector
increased by 55.4% of the total construction sector in 2005 and up to 66.4% in
2013, instead those of new construction declined from 44.3% to 29.3%. Infact,
working on the energy efficiency of only 20% of the residential building, according
to the principles of the European directives (2010/31/EU, 2012/27/UE), it could be
possible to bring down the total consumption of the built of the 12.6%.
Social needs define also other deficiencies: for instance, the upgrade of the supply
of housing to the demand implies the adaption of new housing types (Malighetti,
2004. Delera, 2009). This is due to demographic changes and different needs of
new households (single-parents families, city users, multicultural families and
students/workers abroad). Further attention is required by social and physical
inclusiveness and the development of virtuous mechanisms that could inhibit the
processes of social degradation.
These problems lead to the consideration that the re-qualification should be an
integrated intervention.
The practice development of re-qualification leads to the adoption of different
methods of intervention morphologically and constructively identifiable as
addition, subtraction, or replacement of parts. Among the methods of intervention
on the non-listed architecture there is in particular a system of volumetric addition,
that is today called "adaptive exoskeleton" (Montuori, 2014). This device is
identified as an external independent structure, which allows the integrated
regeneration of the building from different points of view.
THE DEFINITION OF A SYSTEM: EXOSKELETON, A BIOMIMETIC DEVICE
The term exoskeleton (from the Greek exo- outside, skeletòs, dried implied soma,
body), defines the external structure of some arthropods and vertebrates. The
exoskeleton has mechanical properties that confer stiffness. It contains the nerve
endings; it has isolation and protection functions, chemical inertness and
impermeability. The processes of technology transfer from different disciplines
have always been the basis of the technological innovation, not only in architecture.
The biomimetic approach let to transfer the features of this natural inspiration
device to the artificial world, firstly to the military field - with the creation of
exoskeletons for lifting and transporting heavy weights; then in medical design -
2ND INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE: PT 2015
570
with the introduction of robotic exoskeletons for assisted walking of people with
disabilities – and finally in architecture.
So far, the application of the exoskeleton for the architectural upgrading occurred
only in cases of rehabilitation of residential buildings, multi-storey block, with
availability of external space. These buildings have concrete framed structure, or
often prefabricated systems structure (eg. banches-tables or tunnel building
systems), that were typical of the years of post-war reconstruction. They have
compact and linear fronts, regular fenestration and medium height. In these cases,
the positioning of the external volumes can solve certain problems, but the future
development of this system could lead to solve a higher number of architectural
deficiencies in an integrated manner. In fact, having an independent structure at a
distance from the building that is functional for the location of additional services,
gives the opportunity to upgrade the façade from an architectonical point of view.
The façade becomes a spatial device: a modular interface between interior and
exterior, based on the needs of its inhabitant. The additional volume can increase
the surface of the housing unit, it can implement the functionality of the living area,
or can create a functional buffer spaces. Moreover, it allows the adaptation of the
interior spaces, according to the principles of Inclusive Design. Recent studies
demonstrate the possibility to use the exoskeleton for structural seismic upgrading,
interpreted as a shell structure, a strengthening grid that allows the stiffening
against the horizontal actions of the seismic event. This aim can be achieved with
the application of external bracing, or use of dissipative connections. For energy
efficiency, the exoskeleton as a three-dimensional structure that acts like a doubleskin, it reduces the transmittance of the external closures, with the consequent
improvement of the internal microclimate.
The exoskeleton also allows inclusive re-qualification and social upgrading. The
accessibility to the housing is improved by the increased surface area inside the
housing unit, and by the possibility to locate spaces and technologies for the
vertical connective (such as elevators, lifts, access ramps, etc.).
There is moreover an interesting use of this device for social re-qualification.
The provision of an external structure, which increases the volume of the building,
can become an opportunity for involvement of the dweller in the management,
design and maintenance of these spaces. The development of a sense of space
ownership by the inhabitants could be useful for the regeneration of neighbourhood
from a social point of view.
The involvement of the dweller is carried through participation, from the earlier
phases – the mapping of needs – to the project phase (eg. the personalized
functional, formal and material configuration of the addition). Users are involved
also during the construction phase, through the possibility to conduct works on site
without their displacement. Alternatively, it is possible to use elevation units
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571
located in the top of the building as temporary housing. Once the construction site
ends, these units can be sold to cover part of the costs of intervention.
Due to the coexistence of these instances, the exoskeleton could be seen as a real
example of socio-technical device (Vermaas et al., 2011). This kind of system is
not just a technical artefact for the physical requalification of a building, but it is
also a social device, that is capable of triggering integrated and sustainable
mechanisms of management by the inhabitants.
THE
ROLE OF THE EXOSKELETON IN THE REQUALIFICATION OF NONLISTED BUILDINGS.
From a technological point of view, the methods of building re-qualification can
be classified in synoptic diagrams, by the intersection of morphological/
constructive data with the functions they respond to (Zambelli, 2004). The most
common strategies for upgrading are those of integration, replacement and
addition. Such interventions may be morphologically and structurally localized in
a continuous or discontinuous way, and constructively differentiable between twodimensional (as functional layers) or three-dimensional (spatial additions).
Figure 1: The taxonomy of re-qualification methods, synoptic diagram.
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The requalification by the use of additions offers a series of methodologies and
tools that are wider than others, because it combines the presence of multiple
systems responding to a broader spectrum of needs. In this classification of
methods for retrofit, the exoskeleton system is located in the field of maximum
invasiveness and maximum functionality. Even the re-qualification with
exoskeletons can be classified into different types, based on the structural and
constructive system, on the morphology, and functional changes it brings. It is
however to be pointed out that this device has not yet found a wide range of case
studies. Exoskeleton as a re-qualification method is a technology that is still object
of study and improvement for its integrated potentialities. Among the studies, the
PRIN study in 2009 "New design practices for the sustainable redevelopment of
social housing complexes in Italy" developed by the University of Brescia
(M.Montuori), Naples (P.Belfiore), Salerno (R.Vanacore) and Bologna
(V.Balducci) could be mentioned.
Examples of renewal by volumetric addition can be identified in the Bois Le Pretre
Tower, (Lacaton & Vassal). Even if it is not a totally integrated system, it can be
considered an initial prototype of exoskeleton. The project involves the expansions
in front of the building with a semi-independent anchored structure which allows
the energy, architectural and functional upgrading, besides the typological
adaptation of the housing. Some of the proposals for the European research SuREFIT (Sustainable Roof Extension Retrofit for High Rise Social Housign in Europe)
can also be identified as exoskeletons. Among these, we could mention the Leeuw
van Vlaanderen intervention, by Heren 5 Architecten in Amsterdam (NL) (2007)
and the redevelopment Westerpark, in Tilburg (NL), led by Van Hoogmoed
Architecten (2008). This one consists in façades expansions: punctual in the North
façade that contains the vertical accessible connective; continue in the south façade
to update the typology of housing with a gallery that allows two entrances. The
steel structure is semi-independent and anchored to the existing building and has
its own foundations. However, the most significant example for the application of
the exoskeleton device as defined, is given by the Ipostudio Architects’ research for
Le Piagge in Florence (2007-2008). The project involves the creation of a modular
skeleton, completely independent from a structural point of view, alongside the
existing façade and over the top as an elevation. This system potentially offers the
inhabitant a total freedom concerning the functional (use classification),
morphological and material choice of the additional volume. The Ipostudio’s
proposal is the most complete example of exoskeleton, because it looks like a
double covering global building, maximizing energetic functional and structural
performances.
CONCLUSIONS
The D.M. 14/01/2008 identifies in about 50 years the minimum life of the
structures, for ordinary buildings. Data show that in 2020 in Italy, buildings with
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over 60 years will be about 11 million, 3.7 million of which concentrated in cities.
In this context, it is necessary to provide an appropriate refurbishment process: a
methodology to integrate structural, formal and functional upgrade of the nonlisted buildings. The analysis drew on the different strategies of re-qualification
and identifies the exoskeleton system as good refurbishment practice for those
buildings that have certain characteristics: non-listed, with unitary façades and
medium heights. As an integrated system, it firstly provides the opportunity to
physical rehabilitation from many points of view: architectural and formal,
energetic, seismic and structural, functional and inclusive. Secondly, as a sociotechnical system, it can initiate processes of social regeneration, developing a sense
of belonging and responsibility towards the renewal process. Through the
functional, constructive and formal choice, and participatory management of the
construction site, users could then be involved in the renewal process of their
building.
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