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Contents
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Timeline of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
Volume 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Early American Civilizations . . 1
The World’s First Civilizations (box) . . . . . . . 5
Steps to Civilization: Worldwide Firsts (box). . . . 6
Sumer, Mesopotamia: The Cradle of
Civilization (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 2: Before the Rise of Civilization:
The First Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Native American Graves Protection and
Repatriation Act (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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Chapter 3: Early Andeans: From Nomads to City Folk . . 35
The First Mummies (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
New World Camelids (box) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 4: Chavín Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Oracles (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 5: Nazca Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
An Alternative Idea about the
Nazca Lines (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 6: Moche Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Finding the Lord of Sipán (box) . . . . . . . . . 94
Chapter 7: Tiwanaku Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Tiwanaku Ruins (box) . . . . . . . . . . . 113
A Little Help from the Ancients (box). . . . . . 117
Chapter 8: Wari Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chicha and the Reciprocity Ceremony (box) . . 131
Chapter 9: Kingdom of Chimor . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Chapter 10: The Rise of the Incas . . . . . . . . . . . 155
The Chroniclers of the Inca Empire (box) . . . . 168
The Inca Rulers (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 11: Inca Government and Economy . . . . . . 179
The Administrative Hierarchy (box) . . . . . . 187
Chapter 12: Inca Religion, Arts, and Sciences . .
Inca State Ceremonies (box) . . . . . .
Runasimi: The Quechua Language (box)
Inca Medicine (box) . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 13: Daily Life in the Inca Empire. . . . . . . . 221
The History of the Potato (box) . . . . . . . . 234
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Chapter 14: The Conquest of the Incas . . . . . . . . 241
The Smallpox Epidemic (box) . . . . . . . . . 244
The Last Words of the Last Conquistador (box) . 255
Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix
Volume 2
Chapter 15: Early Mesoamerican Peoples . . . . . . . 261
Timeline of Early Mesoamerica (box) . . . . . . 268
Chapter 16: Olmec Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Chapter 17: Zapotecs and Monte Albán . . . . . . . . 299
The First Mesoamerican Calendar
Systems (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Chapter 18: Teotihuacán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Teotihuacán and the Aztec Legend of
the Fifth Sun (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Chapter 19: Mystery of the Maya . . . . . . . . . . . 333
A Note about Rain Forests (box) . . . . . . . . 340
Chapter 20: The Rise and Fall of Maya Cities . . . . . . 347
San Bartolo (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Chapter 21: Maya Religion and Government . . . . . . 371
The Epic Tale of the Hero Twins (box) . . . . . 376
Chapter 22: Maya Arts and Sciences . . . . . . . . . . 391
Deciphering the Work of Scribes (box) . . . . . 394
The Bonampak Murals (box) . . . . . . . . . . 404
Chapter 23: Maya Economy and Daily Life . . . . . . . 415
Xocolatl: The Drink of the Gods (box). . . . . . 430
Contents
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In the Eye of the Beholder (box) . . . . . . . . 432
The Lacandón Maya (box) . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Chapter 24: Toltec Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Two Early Societies of the United States (box) . . 452
Chapter 25: The Rise of the Aztecs . . . . . . . . . . 457
Two Spanish Sources: Sahagún and Díaz (box). . 468
The Man behind the Emperors (box) . . . . . . 472
Chapter 26: Aztec Government and Economy . . . . . 477
The Aztec Kings and Emperors,
1376 to 1521 (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Chapter 27: Aztec Religion, Culture, and Daily Life . . . 501
Chapter 28: The Conquest of the Aztecs . . . . . . . . 529
The Conquistadores (box) . . . . . . . . . . . 534
The Toll of Epidemics on the Native
Populations of Mexico (box) . . . . . . . . . . 542
Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix
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