CASE STUDY
OF FLEXIBLE OPERATIONS IN EGYPT
Eng. Ahmed AWAISE
General Manager of NPP Studies And Development
Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA), Cairo, Egypt
[email protected]
IAEA Technical Meeting TM Flexible (Non-Baseload) Operation for Load Following
and Frequency Control in New NPPs , October 6-8,, Erlangen-GERMANY
CONTENTS
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Country overview
Nuclear power development in Egypt
Grid Requiremement
Operational Performance in BIS
Needs for Flexibility
Challenges for newcomers
CONTENTS
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Country overview
Nuclear power development in Egypt
Grid Requiremement
Operational Performance in BIS
Needs for Flexibility
Challenges for newcomers
I. COUNTRY OVERVIEW
Country Profile




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
Population: 85 million inhabitants
Country Area: 1.009450 million km2
Inhabited Area: 55,520 Km2 (~ 5.5 %)
GDP (Nominal): $215.845 billion
GDP Per Capita: $2,758
GDP Growth:
07/ 08 08/ 09 09/ 10 10/ 11 11/ 12 12/2013
7.2
4.7
5.2
1.8
0.5
1.8
 Installed Generation Capacity: 30,800
MW (megawatts) in 2013
 More than 99% of the Egyptian
population had access to electricity
Development indicators in the Egyptian
electrical network
Egypt overview and energy outlook
Egypt’s GDP Growth
- future economic growth
scenarios
Energy Resource Base
- Hydrocarbons:
Conventional
Hydrocarbon
resources (oil & gas),
- Renewable energies
(limited hydro, Wind
&Solar)
Energy situation in Egypt
The major energy sources consumed in the Egypt are petroleum
(oil), natural gas, coal, and renewable energy.
The major users are residential and commercial buildings,
industry, agriculture, transportation, and electric power generators
Egypt’ Share of Total Primary Energy Supply in 2012
Egypt primary energy consumption in
2012
Evolution of Peak Load
Yearly Peak Load Development (MWe)
The recent studies
showed that:
- Peak Load is
expected to reach to
about 57 GW by the
year 2027.
- The installed
capacity is expected
to reach 73 GW by
the year 2027.
60000
45000
30000
15000
07
/8 20
0
20
2
11
/2 20
01
2
0
7/2
1
0
16
21
2
0
2/2
2
0
26
2
0
7/2
2
0
National Energy Basic Plan
Development of Power Plant Capacity Share
13
1
86
2007
Thermal
9.6
2.4
88
2012
Wind &
Solar
Hydro
6
14
80
2020
Expected / Targeted Future Energy Status up 2042
300000
300000
WIND
H
COAL
N
GT
CC
ST
Peak
250000
200000
150000
150000
100000
100000
50000
50000
Year
2037-2042
2032-2037
2027-2032
2022-2027
2020-2022
2019-2020
2018-2019
2017-2018
2016-2017
2015-2016
0
2014-2015
0
Peak Load (MWe)
S-PV
200000
2013-2014
Total Capacity (MWe)
250000
S- TH
CONTENTS
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Country overview
Nuclear power development in Egypt
Grid Requiremement
Operational Performance in BIS
Needs for Flexibility
Challenges for newcomers
Background of Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear ambitions in Egypt date back to 1954.
• There are two (2) nuclear research reactors in
operation; 1st from Russia (1961) with (2 MW)
and the 2nd from Argentina (1998) with 20 MW.
• Egypt realized the importance of nuclear power
that could be used to secure the supply of
electricity and fresh water.
• Several attempts haven't been materialized in
the last 3 decades due to different factors.
Recently, Egypt has reconsidered the nuclear
power as an option to supply electricity.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program(cont.)
• In 2006, a national debate was initiated to asses the nuclear
option as a part of a comprehensive energy strategy that
included assessing the feasibility to use nuclear energy.
• Based on the outcome of the national debate, Egypt declared
the strategic decision in Oct.2007.
• The strategic decision states that:

To construct a number of nuclear plants for electricity generation,

To take necessary steps to construct the first plant,

To develop the program in cooperation with our international
partners and IAEA.

The program is to be conducted in a transparent way and respect
of Egypt’s commitments to the international community.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.)
Since strategic decision, several activities have been carried out:
 Cooperation with IAEA, to support the Egyptian infrastructure
for introducing NPPs.
 Contracting with International consultant engineering to support
NPPA (Utility) in the implementation of the first NPP.
 Complete updating El Dabaa site studies and submit Site Permit
Documents and Applications to RB. No rejection criteria is existing.
 Survey and ranking the new potential additional sites.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.)
 A Nuclear Law issued in 2010 and its regulations
in 2011.
 The Nuclear Safety and Radiological Control
Authority was established in 2012 as independent
Regulatory Body and reports directly to the prime
minister.
Prepare the BIS documents.
 Development of the Egyptians Human Resources
for implementing the NPP.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.)
Mechanisms used for Human resources Development
• Cooperation with IAEA: through
workshops and expert missions.
training
courses,
• Bilateral cooperation through the agreements concluded with nuclear
technology supply countries (Korea Republic- U.S.A – France – Russia –
China).
• Training by the consultant.
Current Situation of the NP Project
• In February 2011, the technical specifications for the
construction of the NPP were completed and NPPA was
ready to call for tenders.
• After the revolution of Jan. 25, and Fukushima Accident
in March 2011, the Ministers’ Cabinet decided to
postpone tendering process until the election of
parliament.
The technical specs, have been reviewed by the IAEA
experts, the consultant engineer as well as the Egyptian
nuclear regulatory body to embody the lessons learned
from the accident in the specs.
• In Oct. 2013 the Cabinet of Ministers decided to resume
the Egyptian NPP. Accordingly, working is now
undergoing to update the specs to be ready for tendering
by the beginning of next year.
Main features of the 1st NPP project
• The selected technology is PWR of GIII &
GIII+, for which there are several vendors
mainly in Korea, USA, France, Russia and
China.
• The NPP will be with nominal power of 900 1650 MWe for each Unit.
• The tender will call for all qualified
international vendors to submit their bids.
• The project will be EPC Lump Sum Turnkey
Contract.
Towards Achieving Milestone 2
MILESTONE 1
Ready to make a knowledgeable
commitment
to a nuclear programme
PHASE
Preparing
for 1
assuming
commitmentsbefore
&
Considerations
a
obligations
decision
to launch a
nuclear power programme
is taken
The first phase of the contract:
Potential sites selection and
evaluation;
Project
Pre-project
1st. NPP
Bid invitation for consulting services
announced in February 2008;
In June 2009 EGYPT has selected the
Australian company WorleyParsons to
help develop the first nuclear power
plant, the company had won Egypt's bid
to be a 10-year consultant for the nuclear
plant.
program
Infrastructure
development
Nuclear power option
included within the national
energy strategy
Feasibility Study
Updating El-Dabaa site investigations;
Pre-contract activities and project
implementation.
Infrastructure Development Program
10 – 15 years
8CONTENTS
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Country overview
Nuclear power development in Egypt
Grid Requiremement
Operational Performance in BIS
Needs for Flexibility
Challenges for newcomers
IV. IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE PROJECT (Cont.)
No
4
Item
Funding and •
financing •
5
Legislative
framework
6
Safeguards
7
8
9
10
Regulatory
Framework
Radiation
Protection
Electrical
grid
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Human
resources
development •
Action Plan Activities
Financial and funding mechanisms implemented
Mechanisms implemented to provide the funding for long term spent fuel
handling and final disposal, waste management, and decommissioning
Comprehensive legislative oversight established
Funding/guarantees remain in place
Funding of human/physical development continues
Legislation maintained and amended as necessary
All safeguards measures and an effective SSAC in place before receipt of
initial fuel loading
Information regarding fuel cycle and all relevant nuclear material subject to
safeguards instruments provided to IAEA
All regulatory regulation is in place
Sufficient regulatory staffing is in place
Licenses and permits prior to criticality and operation issued
Plant operators certified
Inspection and enforcement activities in place
Competence of regulatory body staff maintained
Open communications with government, operator and the public
maintained
International and professional interfaces maintained
All necessary radiation monitoring and protection programmes to optimize
the radiation exposure of the public and workers in place
Waste management capabilities in place.
Plans for grid enhancement executed
Grid ready to support commissioning and operation of a nuclear power plant
All human resources to commission and operate the first nuclear power plant
are in place
Education and training programmes for continuing flow of qualified people are
underway
22
NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.)
Egyptian Electrical Grid
The Egyptian Electrical Unified
Network (EEUN)
in Egypt is divided into six
geographical regions,
namely, Cairo, Canal, Delta, Al
exandria/ west
delta, Middle Egypt, and Upper
Egypt. The
Egyptian Electricity
transmission system is
composed of 500 kV, 400
kV, 220 kV, 132 kV, and 66
kV levels.
NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.)
Power system current features
• The egyptian grid will be in the next years a
part of Mediterranean sea power ring.
24
NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.)
Power system current capabilities (Continue)
• Plan for grid
enhancement
to address
NPP needs is
executed now
by EEHC the
owner and
the operator
of our
national grid
as scope of
service of its
relevant
consultant.
25
NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.)
Load following is a utility’s practice of adding additional
generation to available energy supplies to meet moment-tomoment demand in the distribution system served by the utility
or keeping generating facilities informed of load requirements to
insure that generators are producing neither too little nor too
much energy to supply the utility’s customers,
see:
www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/load_following.html.
Actual Maximum Load Curve for Year 2012
Natural gas-fired
generation will be
needed to meet
peaking
requirements, provide
load following
and backup services
PEAK LOAD 27000 M.W
Unexploited
Energy
23652 M.W.
HOUR
Hour
19:40
Hour 18:00
Hour 07:00
19300 M.W.
27
NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.)
Following are the main types of constraints
imposed in the generation expansion planning:
 Reserve margin:
lower and upper limits on the system reserve margin
are specified to determine the percentage by which
the total generating capacity exceeds the annual
peak load.
 Loss of load probability (LOLP):
Defined as the probability (fraction of time) that the
system demand is not fully satisfied or in other
words, that the system demand exceeds the
available capacity.
Following are the main types of constraints
imposed in the generation expansion planning:
 Reserve margin:
lower and upper limits on the system reserve
margin are specified to determine the percentage
by which the total generating capacity exceeds the
annual peak load.
 Loss of load probability (LOLP):
Defined as the probability (fraction of time) that the
system demand is not fully satisfied or in other
words, that the system demand exceeds the
available capacity.
 Unserved energy:
Represents the portion of the initial system
energy that cannot be met by the system's
generating units.
 Fuel availability:
Represents the upper limit on the amount of
fuel of a particular type.
-The reliability constraints considered in the
generation expansion optimization are shown
in the following table .
Reliability constraints
Constraint
Reserve Margin (%)
Loss of Load Probability (LOLP)
Value
15-17
8 hours / year
Spinning Reserve (MW)
600
Unserved Energy Cost ($ / MWh)
2000
Spinning reserve is the on-line reserve capacity that is
synchronized to the grid system and ready to meet electric
demand within 10 minutes of a dispatch instruction
These constraints define the minimum acceptable level
of generating system reliability. With this level, the
future generating system could withstand the following
conditions:
Forced outage of generating units
Random variations in load demand to be
supplied by the generating subsystem.
Variations in hydraulic flow which affect
hydro electric capacity and available energy
Maintenance scheduling of generating
station
• The basic generating unit characteristics (for
existing and new units) include:
• Installed capacity
• Forced outage rate
• Maintenance requirements
• Heat rate
• Energy limitations (hydro and pump).
• The operating costs include:
• Fuel cost
• Fixed and Variable components of the operation
and maintenance (O&M) cost.
Reliable grid connection for Reactor Cooling
• Reliable Grid?
• Voltage well controlled (+/- 5%)
• Frequency well controlled (+/- 1%)
• Reactor trip does not cause abnormal voltage or frequency
• Abnormal voltage or frequency is rare
• Loss of grid supply to NPP is rare
• System collapse/blackout very rare
Reliable grid connection for Reactor Cooling
RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETERATION
Wind Energy: Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector
in Egypt.
• in August 2009, authorities have approved the
designation of state-owned land, located on the east and
west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind
farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW.
• wind energy production by NREA and multinational
organisations, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the
private sector by bid-procedure.
IV. Load following operation as per BIS
• European Utility Requirements (EUR) is used as a basis for
the standard
• Number of Variations
• scheduled variations, each variation being defined as a
transient from full power to minimum load and back to full
power:
• 2 per day,
• 5 per week,
• cumulatively 200 per year.
• Emergency load variations
• Load change performance:
• ›1 – 2 %PR/min for load following operation
• ›> 2 %PR/min in case of primary and secondary control power
• ›Range for load change: 100 – 40 %PR available
Constraints for flexible Operation

Design load cycle numbers
 Cross border exchanges
37
CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Country overview
Nuclear power development in Egypt
Grid Requiremement
Operational Performance in BIS
Needs for Flexibility
Challenges for newcomers
Market Reform
Source: Market Design of Electricity Market - Training Course to EgyptERA Staff - , jan 2013
Needs for Flexibility
upward and downward flexibility requirements
Upward flexibility is provided by resources that are
capable of responding to centralized automatic
generation controls to increase output as needed to
address balancing and load-following requirements.
Conversely, downward flexibility involves resources
capable of decreasing output
CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Country overview
Nuclear power development in Egypt
Grid Requiremement
Operational Performance in BIS
Needs for Flexibility
Challenges for newcomers
Challenges for newcomers
According
to the EU experience the share of nuclear generated electricity has
42
to be high before load follow is adopted for nuclear power plants.
• Respecting the operational limits and conditions in all operating
activities
• Maintaining and checking the availability and reliability of
safety related equipment by periodic testing, preventive and
corrective servicing (maintenance), re-qualification after repair.
Nuclear Safety
Need to maintain cooling
Need electrical power available
On-site emergency supplies have finite capacity & reliability
Supplies from grid are important 42
Challenges for newcomers
 PWRs
are the most widespread design in the world and are inherently
able to load-follow
Elimination of fuel failure FAs operate in load-follow modes
Radiation dose on the staff
Outage length /Stratching out cycle length
International experience from operating nuclear units is that
frequent operation in load following or automatic frequency
control modes leads to poorer reliability of the nuclear
plant, less efficient use of the nuclear fuel, increased
maintenance requirements and possibly shorter plant life.(NGT-3.8 Electric Grid Reliability and Interface with NPPs)
NPPs have special safety requirements and need a reliable grid
Flexible operation is possible, at extra cost and complexity.
‫شك ار لكم‬
Thank you
Vielen Dank