CHAPTER 1
The Age of Iron
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Smelting
Metals: Making Bronze and Iron 30
THE ROOTS OF
WESTERN CIVILIZATION: THE
ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST TO THE
SIXTH CENTURY B.C.E. 3
BEFORE WESTERN CIVILIZATION
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.4: The Assyrian
Empire, ca. 662 B.C.E. 31
Rule by Terror: The Assyrians, 911–612 B.C.E. 31
Babylonian Rule, 612–539 B.C.E. 32
Rule by Tolerance: The Persian Empire, ca. 550–330 B.C.E.
4
Out of Africa: The Paleolithic Period, 600,000–10,000 B.C.E.
The Neolithic Period: The First Stirrings of Agriculture,
10,000–3000 B.C.E. 6
4
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.1: Mesopotamia and
Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C.E. 7
33
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.5: The Persian Empire,
ca. 500 B.C.E. 34
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 1.3: Cambyses
Conquers Egypt 35
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
36
THE WORLD & THE WEST: The Ancient World,
700 B.C.E.–400 C.E. 38
STRUGGLING WITH THE FORCES OF NATURE:
MESOPOTAMIA, ca. 3000ca. 1000 B.C.E. 8
The Origins of Western Civilization 9
Life in a Sumerian City 10
Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley 10
The Development of Writing 12
Laws and Justice 12
Indo-Europeans: New Contributions in the Story of the West 13
Hittites Establish Their Empire 14
RULE OF THE GODKING: ANCIENT EGYPT,
ca. 31001000 B.C.E. 14
CHAPTER 2
THE CONTEST FOR EXCELLENCE:
GREECE, 2000338 B.C.E. 41
THE RISE AND FALL OF ANCIENT
HEROES, 2000800 B.C.E. 42
Prosperity and Order: The Old Kingdom,
ca. 2700–2181 B.C.E. 15
The Greek Peninsula 42
The Minoans, 2000–1450 B.C.E.
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 1.1: An
Egyptian Nobleman Writes His Obituary 16
Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing
29
42
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.1: The World of the
Greeks 43
16
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Nubia: The Passage from the
Mediterranean to the Heart of Africa 17
Mycenaean Civilization: The First Greeks, 2000–1100 B.C.E.
From Dark Ages to Colonies 46
Pyramids and the Afterlife
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.2: The Greek Colonies
in About 500 B.C.E. 47
18
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.2: The Ancient Near
East, ca. 1450 B.C.E. 20
Changing Political Fortunes, ca. 2200–1570 B.C.E. 20
Political Expansion: The New Kingdom, 1570–1085 B.C.E.
21
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Egyptian Fresco,
ca. 1295–1186 B.C.E. 21
The Religious Experiment of Akhenaten,
ca. 1377–1360 B.C.E. 22
The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire, 1360–ca. 1000 B.C.E.
BIOGRAPHY: Hatshepsut (r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.)
24
The Phoenicians: Traders on the Sea 24
The People of the One God: Early Hebrew
History, 1500–900 B.C.E. 25
A Jealous God, 1300–587 B.C.E. 26
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 1.2: King
Solomon Secures His Realm’s Fortune 27
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.3: Mediterranean
Coast in the First Millennium B.C.E. 28
Judaism in Exile
29
45
EMERGING FROM THE DARK: HEROIC
BELIEFS AND VALUES 47
Heroic Values Preserved 47
The Family of the Gods 49
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Transforming Science
in Asia Minor 50
Studying the Material World
22
PEOPLES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST,
CA. 1300500 B.C.E. 24
TERROR AND BENEVOLENCE: THE GROWTH
OF EMPIRES, 1200500 B.C.E. 29
CONTENTS
Rev.Confirming Pages
51
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES : VISUALS: A Warrior’s
Death: Suicide of Ajax, Athenian Vase, ca. 450 B.C.E.
LIFE IN THE GREEK POLEIS
52
52
The Invention of Politics 52
The Heart of the Polis 53
Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life 54
Athens: City of Democracy 54
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 2.1: Theseus
Founds the City of Athens 56
Sparta: A Military State 57
The Love of the Contest: Olympic Games 58
The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E. 58
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.3: The Persian Wars,
490–479 B.C.E. 59
Herodotus: The Father of History
61
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GREECE ENTERS ITS CLASSICAL AGE, 479336 B.C.E.
61
Athens Builds an Empire, 477–431 B.C.E. 61
Artistic Athens 62
Greek Theater: Exploring Complex Moral Problems 64
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 3.3: Judas
Maccabeus Liberates Jerusalem 94
DESTRUCTION, DISILLUSION, AND A
SEARCH FOR MEANING 65
The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E.
THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH: HELLENISTIC
THOUGHT, RELIGION, AND SCIENCE 95
65
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 2.2: A
Playwright Reflects on the Meaning of Life 66
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.4: The Peloponnesian
War, 431–404 B.C.E. 67
BIOGRAPHY: Xanthippus, Son of Pericles
Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art 92
Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, 323–76 B.C.E. 93
A Life of Learning 95
Theater and Literature 95
Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics: Cosmopolitan Philosophy 96
New Religions of Hope 97
Hellenistic Science 98
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Finding
One’s Way at Sea: The Invention of Latitude and
Longitude 99
68
Philosophical Musings: Athens Contemplates Defeat 68
Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations in Greek Theater 70
Hippocrates and Medicine 71
The Aftermath of War, 404–338 B.C.E. 71
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
100
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 2.3: Ten
Thousand Greek Mercenaries Return Home 72
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
73
CHAPTER 4
PRIDE IN FAMILY AND CITY: ROME
FROM ITS ORIGINS THROUGH THE
REPUBLIC, 75344 B.C.E. 103
CHAPTER 3
THE POLEIS BECOME
COSMOPOLITAN: THE
HELLENISTIC WORLD,
336150 B.C.E. 75
THE CONQUEST OF THE POLEIS
THE RISE OF ROME, 753265 B.C.E.
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.1: Italian Peninsula,
ca. 700 B.C.E. 105
The Etruscan Influence 105
The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753–509 B.C.E. 106
Governing an Emerging Republic, 509–287 B.C.E.
Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients 108
76
Tribal Macedonia 76
Philip II: Military Genius 76
Death of the King 77
Alexander’s Conquests 78
Dominating the Italian Peninsula
80
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 3.1: Alexander
Restores Greek Exiles 81
THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS, 323ca. 100 B.C.E.
Egypt Under the Ptolemies
82
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 3.2: The Successor
States After the Death of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E. 83
84
The Seleucids Rule Asia 84
Antigonids in Greece 86
EAST MEETS WEST IN THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS
x
109
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.2: Rome During the
Republic 110
FAMILY LIFE AND CITY LIFE
110
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.3:
Italy, 265 B.C.E. 111
82
BIOGRAPHY: Arsinoë II (315–ca. 270 B.C.E.)
107
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 4.1: The
Power of Public Opinion 109
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 3.1: Alexander’s
Empire 79
A Young Ruler’s Legacy
104
A Great City Is Founded 104
A Pious, Practical People 112
Loyalty to the Family 112
The Challenges of Childhood 113
Life in the City 113
EXPANSION AND TRANSFORMATION,
87
265133 B.C.E.
114
Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies 87
Armies of the Hellenistic World 88
A True Cultural Blending? 89
Struggles and Successes: Life in the Cosmopolitan Cities 89
The Romans’ Victorious Army
114
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 3.2: Cities
Celebrate Professional Women 91
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.4: Expansion of the
Roman Republic, 264–44 B.C.E. 117
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Trajan’s
Column 115
Wars of the Mediterranean
115
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THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 4.2: Hannibal
Triumphs at the Battle of Cannae 118
An Influx of Slaves 119
Economic Disparity and Social Unrest 120
148
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 5.2: Diocletian
Becomes “Lord” 149
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY: Diocletian’s Division
of the Empire, 304 C.E. 150
BIOGRAPHY: Publius Terentius Afer
(Terence) (ca. 190–159 B.C.E.) 121
THE HELLENIZING OF THE REPUBLIC
The Reforms of Diocletian, 285–305 C.E.
The Capital Moves East
122
Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility and Beauty
Concrete: A New Building Material 123
Latin Comedy and the Great Prose Writers,
240–44 B.C.E. 123
150
THE LONGING FOR RELIGIOUS FULFILLMENT
122
THE TWILIGHT OF THE REPUBLIC, 13344 B.C.E.
125
The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133–123 B.C.E. 125
Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption of Civil Wars,
123–46 B.C.E. 126
Julius Caesar, 100–44 B.C.E. 127
The Roman Republic Ends 127
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.5: Israel at the Time
of Jesus 154
The Jesus Movement 155
Early Christian Communities
157
FROM CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION TO THE CITY OF GOD,
64410 C.E. 157
Looking for Christian Scapegoats 158
Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor 158
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 4.3:
Conspirators Assassinate Julius Caesar 128
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
151
Stoicism and Platonism 152
Mystery Cults 152
The Four Faces of Judaism 153
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 5.3: Titus
Destroys Jerusalem 159
129
The Empire Adopts Christianity
160
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.6: The Spread of
Christianity to 311 C.E. 161
CHAPTER 5
The New Roman 163
Asceticism and the Holy Dead
TERRITORIAL AND CHRISTIAN
EMPIRES: THE ROMAN EMPIRE,
31 B.C.E.410 C.E. 133
THE PAX ROMANA, 27 B.C.E.180 C.E.
163
BIOGRAPHY: Melania the Younger (385–ca. 439) 165
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
134
166
THE WORLD & THE WEST: Looking Ahead to the Middle
Ages: 400–1400 168
Augustus Takes Power 134
A New Form of Governing 135
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 5.1: Augustus
Tallies His Accomplishments 137
Challenges to the Principate, 69–193 C.E.
137
CHAPTER 6
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.1: City of Rome During
the Empire 139
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China’s Han Dynasty and the
Silk Road 140
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.3: The Roman Empire,
44 B.C.E.–284 C.E. 141
A Vibrant, Far-Flung Empire 141
LIFE DURING THE PEACE OF ROME
A New Decadence
THE MAKING OF THE WESTERN
KINGDOMS, ca. 376750 172
143
143
Life in a German Clan and Family 172
Germanic Clothing and Food 173
Heroic Society 173
Inf iltrating the Roman Empire, 376–476 174
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS:
Wall Painting from a Baker’s Shop in Pompeii,
ca. 70 C.E. 144
The Problem with Population 144
Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings
The Games 145
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.1: Germanic Invasions,
Fifth Century 175
145
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Ancient
Medicine: Bodies Out of Balance 146
CRISIS AND TRANSFORMATION, 192ca. 400 C.E.
The Military Monarchy 147
Ravaged by Recession, Inflation, and Plague 148
A WORLD DIVIDED: WESTERN
KINGDOMS, BYZANTIUM,
AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD,
CA. 3761000 171
147
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 6.1: The Huns
Menace Rome 176
Did Rome “Fall”? 176
Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485–750 178
Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490–750
The Visigoths in Spain, 418–711 179
178
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The Growing Power of the Popes 180
Monasteries: Peaceful Havens 181
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, ca. 4001000
Governing the Kingdom 207
Alfred the Great: King and Scholar 208
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.2:
England in 886 209
182
Justinian and Theodora, r. 527–565 182
Constantinople: The Vibrant City 183
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Mosaics in San
Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 548 184
CHARLEMAGNE AND THE CAROLINGIANS:
A NEW EUROPEAN EMPIRE 209
Charlemagne’s Kingdom
210
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.2 : Justinian’s
Conquests, 554 185
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.3: The Empire of
Charlemagne, ca. 800 211
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.3: The Byzantine
Empire, Eighth Century 186
Linking Politics and Religion 211
Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam 212
Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings 186
Breaking Away from the West 187
Converting the Slavs, 560–ca. 1000 189
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The ’Abbasid Caliphate and
Charlemagne 213
ISLAM, 6001000
An Intellectual Rebirth
The Prophet 190
The Religion 190
The Spread of Islam
213
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.2:
Charlemagne Promotes Educational Reforms
190
STRUGGLE FOR ORDER IN THE CHURCH
191
Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.4: The Expansion of
Islam to 750 192
Creating an Islamic Unity 193
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 6.2: Christians
Accept Caliph Umar’s Terms 194
The Gracious Life 194
Forces of Disunity 195
214
215
216
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.3: A Comet
Predicts Disaster 217
ORDER INTERRUPTED: VIKINGS AND
OTHER INVADERS 217
Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne’s Descendants
217
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.4: Partition of the
Carolingian Empire, 843—Treaty of Verdun 218
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Yemen: Monotheism Spreads to
Southern Arabia 196
“The Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavian
Life and Values 218
Heirs to Hellenistic Learning
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.5: Invasions of Europe,
Ninth and Tenth Centuries 219
197
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.5: Islam, ca. 1000
BIOGRAPHY: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037)
198
Viking Travels and Conquests 220
An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy 221
199
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 6.3:
Shahrazád Mollifies a Murderous King 200
Islam and the West
BIOGRAPHY: Dhuoda, Bernard, & William (ca. 840)
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
222
MANORS AND FEUDAL TIES: ORDER
EMERGING FROM CHAOS 223
200
201
Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations
on the Medieval Manor 223
Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations Among the Elite
224
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Vassal Receiving
Fief 225
CHAPTER 7
Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine: A Noble’s Life
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.4: A Wife
Steals an Inheritance 227
THE STRUGGLE TO BRING
ORDER: THE EARLY MIDDLE
AGES, CA. 7501000 203
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
BRINGING ORDER WITH LAWS AND LEADERSHIP
The Rule of Law
228
204
204
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.1: The
Visigoths Lay Down the Laws 205
ANGLOSAXON ENGLAND: FORWARDING LEARNING
AND LAW 206
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.1: Anglo-Saxon
Kingdoms, ca. 700 206
The Venerable Bede: Recording Science and History
xii
226
207
CHAPTER 8
ORDER RESTORED: THE HIGH
MIDDLE AGES, 10001300 231
THOSE WHO WORK: AGRICULTURAL LABOR
Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind
232
232
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New Agricultural Techniques 233
The Population Doubles 233
CHAPTER 9
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Catching
the Wind: The Development of Windmills 234
THE WEST STRUGGLES AND
EASTERN EMPIRES FLOURISH:
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES,
CA. 13001500 265
THOSE OUTSIDE THE ORDER: TOWN LIFE
235
Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town 235
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.1: German Migration
Eastward 235
The Widening Web of Trade
236
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.2: Trade Routes,
Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 237
The Glory of God: Church Architecture 238
The Rise of Universities 239
Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy 240
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 8.1: Guibert of
Nogent Describes His Education 241
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MISERY
Famine 266
The Black Death: A Pandemic Strikes
266
266
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.1: The Spread of the
Black Death 267
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.1: Agnolo
the Fat Survives the Plague 268
Peasants and Townspeople Revolt
IMPERIAL PAPACY BESIEGED
269
271
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.3: Medieval
Universities 242
Popes Move to Avignon 271
Things Get Worse: The Great Schism
BIOGRAPHY: Ramón Lull (ca. 1232–1316)
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.2: The Great
Schism,1378–1417 272
244
Discovering the Physical World 245
THOSE WHO FIGHT: NOBLES AND KNIGHTS
245
Castles: Medieval Homes and Havens 245
The Ideals of Chivalry 246
The Literature of Chivalry 247
In Praise of Romantic Love 247
THE RISE OF CENTRALIZED MONARCHIES
The Conciliar Movement 273
New Critics of the Church 273
MORE DESTRUCTION: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR,
13371453 274
England vs. France
248
England: From Conquest to Parliament 248
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.4: Medieval France,
England, and Germany, Tenth through Fourteenth
Centuries 250
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.5: Christian Expansion
in Iberia 251
The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands 251
France and Its Patient Kings 252
The Myth of Universal Rule: The Holy Roman Empire
253
A Call for Church Reform 254
The Investiture Controversy 254
The Byzantine Empire Struggles 256
Christians on the March: The Crusades, 1096–1291
274
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.3: The Hundred Years’
War, 1337–1453 275
Joan of Arc 276
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.2: Joan of
Arc Is Defiant 277
Results of the War
277
RESPONSES TO THE DISRUPTION
OF MEDIEVAL ORDER 278
William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism
New Literary Giants 278
278
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Illumination from
a Book of Hours, Fifteenth Century 280
THOSE WHO PRAY: IMPERIAL POPES AND
EXPANDING CHRISTENDOM 254
A New View: Jan van Eyck 281
EMPIRES IN THE EAST
256
281
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.4: The Mongol Empire,
ca. 1300 282
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 8.2:
Princess Anna Komnene Writes of Byzantium’s
Troubles 257
Eastern Universalism: The Mongols
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.6: The Early Crusades,
1096–1192 258
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.7: The Late Crusades,
1202–1270 260
Criticism of the Church 260
The Church Accommodates: Franciscans and
Dominicans 261
The Church Suppresses: The Albigensian
Crusade and the Inquisition 261
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
271
282
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.3: A
Franciscan Missionary Goes to China 283
284
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.5: The Ottoman
Empire,1300–1566 285
Russia: The Third Rome
285
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.6: The Rise of Moscow,
1325–1533 286
BIOGRAPHY: Vlad III Dracula (the Impaler), King of
Wallachia (1431–1476) 287
263
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
288
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CHAPTER 10
Visual Arts in Northern Europe 316
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.3: France in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 317
A NEW SPIRIT IN THE
WEST: THE RENAISSANCE,
CA. 13001640 291
English Humanism
A NEW SPIRIT EMERGES: INDIVIDUALISM, REALISM,
AND ACTIVISM 292
The Renaissance: A Controversial Idea 292
Why Italy? 293
A Multifaceted Movement 293
Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement 294
The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas
BIOGRAPHY: Isabella d’Este (1474–1539)
317
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.3: A
Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the
Spider 318
Renaissance London: A Booming City 319
England’s Pride: William Shakespeare 319
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
295
296
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.1:
Isabella d’Este Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint
for Her 297
320
CHAPTER 11
“ALONE BEFORE GOD”:
RELIGIOUS REFORM AND
WARFARE, 15001648 323
The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas 297
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY:An
Information Revolution: The Printing Press 298
THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT
298
The Italian City-States 298
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.1:
Italy in 1454 299
Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Venice: The Serene Republic? 300
299
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.2: Friar
Savonarola Ignites a “Bonfire of the Vanities” 301
Milan and Naples: Two Principalities
301
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.2: The Venetian
Empire in the Fifteenth Century 302
The Papal States 303
The Art of Diplomacy 304
INDIVIDUALISM AS SELFINTEREST: LIFE
DURING THE RENAISSANCE 305
Growing Intolerance 305
Economic Boom Times 305
Slavery Revived 306
Finding Comfort in Family 307
Children’s Lives 308
AN AGE OF TALENT AND BEAUTY: RENAISSANCE
CULTURE AND SCIENCE 309
Artists and Artisans 309
Architecture: Echoing the Human Form 309
Sculpture Comes into Its Own 311
Painting from a New Perspective 312
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Raphael, School
of Athens, 1510–1511 313
Celestial Music of Human Emotions 313
Science or Pseudoscience? 314
Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man” 314
RENAISSANCE OF THE “NEW MONARCHIES”
OF THE NORTH, 14531640 315
France: Under the Italian Influence 315
xiv
THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 15151555
Land-Hungry Monarchs 324
The Changing Rules of Warfare
324
324
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.1: Europe in 1526—
Habsburg-Valois Wars 325
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY:
Destruction and Amusement: The Development and
Uses of Gunpowder 326
Winners and Losers
327
BIOGRAPHY: Martin Guerre (1524–1594)
The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544
A TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM
328
328
329
The Best Path to Salvation? 329
Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists” 330
Luther’s Revolution 330
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.1:
Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation 331
Protestant Religious Ideas 332
The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany 333
Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland 334
Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers 335
Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class 335
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.2: Marie
Dentière Defends Reformation Women’s Rights 336
Henry VIII and the English Church
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION
The Stirring of Reform in Spain
337
340
340
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.2: Religions in
Europe, ca. 1600 341
The Society of Jesus
342
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.3: Ignatius
Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution 343
The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 343
Catholics on the Offense 344
EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN: A CENTURY OF
RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 15591648 346
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French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 346
A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566–1609
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 348
The Rise of Commercial Capitalism
347
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.3: The Thirty Years’
War, 1618–1648 350
Peace at Westphalia 351
LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION
351
New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage
351
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.2: Thomas
Mun Praises Trade 380
Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade 381
The Growth of Banking 381
The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson 381
Redefining Work Roles 382
Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700 382
BIOGRAPHY: Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717)
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.4: Europe,
1648 352
THE WORLD TRANSFORMED
Forging a Link Between Education and Work 353
Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity 354
Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches 354
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
379
383
384
European Culture Spreads 384
European Culture Transformed 385
355
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Festival Scene
Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650 386
A New Worldview
387
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
389
CHAPTER 12
FAITH, FORTUNE, AND FAME:
EUROPEAN EXPANSION,
14501700 359
THE WORLD IMAGINED
CHAPTER 13
THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL
AND SOVEREIGNTY: EUROPE’S
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
ORDER, 16001715 391
360
The Lure of the East 360
Imagined Peoples 361
Ptolemy’s Map 361
THE WORLD DISCOVERED
STRESSES IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
361
Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore 361
New Technologies and Travel 362
The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418–1600 363
Mounting Demands on Rural Life 392
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.1: Exploration and
Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 364
Pressures on the Upper Orders
Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Louis le Nain,
The Cart, 1641 393
364
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.1: Amerigo
Vespucci Describes the New World 366
The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1497–1650
CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES
366
367
The Original Americans South of the Rio Grande
392
367
394
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.1: Bishop
Bossuet Justifies Monarchical Absolutism 395
ROYAL ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE
395
Henry IV Secures the Monarchy 396
Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority 396
Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition 397
The Sun King Rises 397
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.2: European
Expansion, ca. 1700 368
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.2: Louis
XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties 398
The Original Northern Americans
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.1: France Under
Louis XIV, 1661–1715 402
369
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.3: Indigenous
Peoples and Empires in the Americas, ca. 1500 370
Early Contacts 371
Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550 371
North American Contacts 372
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Inca Empire Falls
Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700
The African Slave Trade 375
Gathering Souls in the New Lands 377
373
374
Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia 403
Austria Expands Its Control 403
The Ottoman Challenge 403
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.2: Central and
Eastern Europe, 1648 404
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.3: Central and
Eastern Europe, 1640–1725 405
THE WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL
REVOLUTION 378
High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage
THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY
IN EASTERN EUROPE 403
378
Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence 406
The Victory of the Nobility in Poland 407
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GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal
Empire in India 408
THE TRIUMPH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM
409
The Nobility Loses Respect 409
Protestantism Revitalized 410
James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings 411
Charles I Alienates Parliament 411
LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR
THE ENLIGHTENMENT 436
Science Popularized 436
Skepticism and Religion 438
Eastern Customs and Criticism of Authority
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FULL STRIDE
439
439
The Philosophes 439
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.4: The English Civil
War, 1642–1649 412
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES : DOCUMENT 14.3:
Condorcet Lauds the Power of Reason 440
“God Made Men and the Devil Made Kings”:
Civil War, 1642–1649 412
The King Laid Low 413
A Puritan Republic Is Born: The
Commonwealth, 1649–1660 414
Who Has the Power to Rule? 415
The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688 416
The Glorious Revolution 417
Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke 417
The Encyclopedia 441
Battling the Church 441
Reforming Society 442
BIOGRAPHY: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) 444
The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment 445
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léonard
Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781 447
BIOGRAPHY: Samuel Pepys (1633–1703)
418
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
447
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.5: The United
Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands, 1609 419
The Netherlands Maintain a Republic
419
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.3: An
Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government 420
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
422
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
COMPETING FOR POWER
AND WEALTH: THE OLD
REGIME, 17151789 451
STATEBUILDING AND WAR
452
Rising Ambitions in Eastern Europe
A NEW WORLD OF REASON
AND REFORM: THE
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT,
16001800 425
QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY
Reasoning and Technology: East and West
The Old View 426
Undermining the Old View 427
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.1: Europe,
1721 453
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.1:
Landlords and Serfs in Russia 455
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.2: The Expansion of
Russia and the Partition of Poland, 1721–1795 456
426
426
428
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton 428
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.1: Kepler
and Galileo Exchange Letters About Science 430
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.2: Isaac
Newton: God in a Scientific Universe 431
433
SUPPORTING AND SPREADING SCIENCE
Courts and Salons 435
The Rise of Royal Societies 435
Religion and the New Science 435
The New Worldview 436
xvi
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.3: Prussia and the
Austrian Empire, 1721–1772 458
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.2: Austria’s
Empress Explains the Diplomatic Revolution 459
DEVELOPING A MODERN SCIENTIFIC VIEW
The Revolution Spreads: Medicine,
Anatomy, and Chemistry 432
The Methodology of Science Emerges
452
434
Warfare in the Eighteenth Century 459
Western Europe and the Great Colonial Rivalry 460
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.4: Overseas Colonies
and Trade, 1740 461
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.3: Olaudah
Equiano Describes the Middle Passage 465
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Western Africa, Brazil, and the
Atlantic Slave Trade 467
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.5: India,
1756–1805 468
THE TWILIGHT OF MONARCHIES? THE QUESTION
OF ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM 468
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.6 AND 15.7: North
America, 1755 and 1763 469
CO N T E N T S
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CHANGES IN COUNTRY AND CITY LIFE
471
TO THE RADICAL REPUBLIC AND BACK
The Agricultural Revolution 471
Manufacturing Spreads in the Countryside:
Cottage Industry 472
War and the Breakdown of Order 497
Radical Republicans Struggle for Power
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The
Golden Age of Canals 473
More People, Longer Lives 474
Deepening Misery for the Poor 474
Prosperity and the Bourgeoisie 475
496
497
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.2: The
Jacobins’ Revolutionary Politics 498
The Terror
499
BIOGRAPHY: Manon Roland (1754–1793)
500
The Republic of Virtue 501
The Revolution Spreads Outside of France 503
Resistance to the Republic Rises 503
Reaction: The “White” Terror and the Directory 504
THE CULTURE OF THE ELITE: COMBINING
THE OLD AND THE NEW 476
The Advent of the Modern Novel 476
Pride and Sentiment in Art and Architecture 476
Reaching New Heights in Music 477
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Jean-Baptiste
Greuze, The Father’s Curse, ca. 1778 478
505
505
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.3: France and Its
Sister Republics 506
BIOGRAPHY: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) 479
Napoleon Consolidates Control 507
Reforming France 507
Creating the Empire 507
War and Conquest 508
The Impact Overseas 509
Gin and Beer 480
Religious Revivals 480
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.4: Europe,
1810 510
The Grand Tour 478
CULTURE FOR THE LOWER CLASSES
478
Festivals and Popular Literature 478
FORESHADOWING UPHEAVAL: THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION 481
Insults, Interests, and Principles: The Seeds of Revolt
A War for Independence 482
Creating the New Nation 482
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
481
483
THE WORLD & THE WEST: Moving into the Modern
World 484
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.3:
Napoleon Issues an Imperial Decree
at Madrid 511
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.5: Latin America
After Independence 512
Decline and Fall
512
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Francisco de
Goya, The Executions of the Third of May, 1808 513
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
514
CHAPTER 16
OVERTURNING THE POLITICAL
AND SOCIAL ORDER: THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
NAPOLEON, 17891815 487
“A GREAT FERMENT”: TROUBLE
BREWING IN FRANCE 488
The Financial Crisis Weakens the Monarchy 488
The Underlying Causes of the Revolution 488
The Tennis Court Oath 490
Storming the Bastille 491
The End of the Old Order 492
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.1: New
Laws End the Feudal System in France 493
THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: ESTABLISHING
A NEW ORDER 494
CHAPTER 17 FACTORIES, CITIES, AND
FAMILIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL
AGE: THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION, 17801850 517
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS
518
Why the West and Not the East 519
Britain’s Unique Set of Advantages 519
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings: China and Great Britain
520
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.1: EighteenthCentury England 521
A Revolution in Agriculture
522
NEW MARKETS, MACHINES, AND POWER
522
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.1 AND 16.2:
Reorganizing France in 1789 495
The Rising Demand for Goods
Cotton Leads the Way 522
522
The King Discredited 495
Reactions Outside France 496
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The
Electric Motor 523
CO N T E N T S
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Iron: New Processes Transform Production 524
The Steam Engine and the Factory System 524
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.1: Europe, 1815
IDEOLOGIES: HOW THE WORLD SHOULD BE
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.1: Andrew
Ure Defends Industrial Capitalism 525
Coal: Fueling the Revolution 525
Railroads: Carrying Industrialization Across the Land
526
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: William Powell
Frith, The Railway Station, 1862 527
Britain’s Triumph: The Crystal Palace Exhibition
528
INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS TO THE CONTINENT 528
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.2: The Industrial
Revolution in Europe, 1850 530
The Middle Class 531
The Working Classes 531
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.2: Factory
Owners Establish Discipline for Workers 532
LIFE IN THE GROWING CITIES
533
534
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.3:
A Middle-Class Reformer Describes Workers’
Housing 536
PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 536
The Danger of Disease 536
Seeking Medical Care 537
Promising Developments for Public Health
539
BIOGRAPHY: The Cadburys 542
Working-Class Realities 542
Prostitution 543
Stress and Survival in the Working Classes
Romanticism: Freedom, Instinct, and Spontaneity 556
Early Socialism: Ending Competition and Inequities
“Scientific Socialism”: Karl Marx and The
Communist Manifesto 560
RESTORATION AND REPRESSION
559
561
A WAVE OF REVOLUTION AND REFORM
562
564
The Greek War for Independence 564
Liberal Triumphs in Western Europe 565
Testing Authority in Eastern and Southern Europe
Liberal Demands in Great Britain 566
566
THE DAM BURSTS, 1848
568
The “Glory Days” 568
The Return to Order
571
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.3: European Revolts,
1848–1849 571
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.3: German
Liberals and Nationalists Rally for Reform 572
What Happened? 573
543
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
544
CHAPTER 18
COPING WITH CHANGE:
IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, AND
REVOLUTION, 18151850 547
xviii
BIOGRAPHY: John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) and
Harriet Taylor (1807–1858) 554
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.2: France’s
Provisional Government Issues Decrees 570
539
Middle-Class Ideals: Affection, Children, and Privacy 539
Separate Spheres: Changing Roles for MiddleClass Women and Men 540
The Concert of Europe: Securing the
Vienna Settlement 549
552
Liberalism: Individual Freedom and Political
Reform 552
Nationalism: A Common Identity and National
Liberation 553
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.2: European Revolts,
1820–1831 567
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.3: The Spread of a
Cholera Epidemic 538
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA: A
GATHERING OF VICTORS 548
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.1:
A Conservative Theorist Attacks Political Reform
The Return of the Bourbons in France 561
Reaction and Repression in the German States
Restoration in Italy 562
Conservatism in Russia 563
Holding the Line in Great Britain 563
The Promise and Pitfalls of Work in the Cities 534
Living with Urban Growth 535
Worrying About Urban Society: Rising Crime 535
FAMILY IDEALS AND REALITIES
551
551
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS:
Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval Town on a River,
1815 558
BALANCING THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS
OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 530
Developing Working-Class Consciousness
Conservatism: Restoring the Traditional Order
550
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
574
CHAPTER 19
NATIONALISM AND
STATEBUILDING: UNIFYING
NATIONS, 18501870 577
BUILDING UNIFIED NATIONSTATES
578
THE DRIVE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION
578
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.1:
Garibaldi Appeals to Italians for Support 580
CO N T E N T S
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GERMANY “BY BLOOD AND IRON” 580
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.1: Kaiser
William II Links Nationalism and Imperialism 609
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Garibaldi
Landing in Sicily 581
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.1: The Unification
of Italy 582
THE NEW IMPERIALISM: THE RACE
FOR AFRICA AND ASIA 609
Money and Glory
609
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.2: Bismarck
Masters Politics in Prussia 583
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.2:
Economics and Imperialism in Africa 611
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.2: The Unification
of Germany 584
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.3: Progress
and the Struggle of Race with Race 612
The Tools of Conquest 612
The Scramble for Africa 613
THE FIGHT FOR NATIONAL UNITY
IN NORTH AMERICA 585
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.2: Imperialism
in Africa, ca. 1885 614
DIVIDED AUTHORITY IN THE AUSTRIAN
AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES 586
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.3: Language Groups
of Austria-Hungary 587
USING NATIONALISM IN FRANCE AND RUSSIA
587
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.4: The Decline of the
Ottoman Empire, 1683–1914 588
Napoleon III and the Second Empire
Alexander II and Russia 589
588
BIOGRAPHY: Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)
590
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.3:
A Serf Reacts to the Russian Emancipation
Proclamation 593
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.3: Imperialism
in Africa, 1914 615
Establishing Control in Asia 616
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.4: The Middle East
and Central Asia, 1850–1914 617
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Opium and the West in China 619
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.5: Imperialism
in Asia, 1840–1914 620
The Legacy of Imperialism
622
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
623
593
CHAPTER 21
MODERN LIFE AND THE CULTURE
OF PROGRESS: WESTERN
SOCIETY, 18501914 625
CHAPTER 20
MASS POLITICS AND IMPERIAL
DOMINATION: DEMOCRACY
AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM,
18701914 597
DEMANDS FOR DEMOCRACY
598
Liberal Democracy in Western Europe 598
For and Against Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe 600
INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS: POLITICS
OF THE EXTREMES 601
The Spread of Unions 602
Socialism Gains Strength 602
Anarchism: Freedom from All Authority 603
Anti-Semitism and Ultranationalism 604
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.1: Jewish Migration,
1870–1914 606
Still Outsiders: Women, Feminism, and the Right to Vote 606
EMIGRATION: OVERSEAS
AND ACROSS CONTINENTS
Leaving Europe
607
607
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Eugène
Laermans, The Emigrants, 1896 608
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
626
Steel Leads the Way 626
New Transportation and
Communication Networks 627
The Birth of Big Business 627
The Lure of Shopping 628
Western and Non-Western Worlds: The Race for Wealth
628
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Transformation
in Latin America 629
THE NEW URBAN LANDSCAPE
630
Rebuilding Cities 630
Sewers and Subways 630
CITY PEOPLE
630
On Top of It All: The Urban Elite 631
Pride and Success: The “Solid” Middle Class
631
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.1: John
Stuart Mill Argues for Women’s Rights 632
Hardworking and Hopeful: The Lower Middle Class
The “Other Half”: The Working Classes 633
632
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léon Frédéric,
The Stages of a Worker’s Life, 1895–1897 634
What to Do About “Them” 634
CO N T E N T S
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SPORTS AND LEISURE IN THE CITIES
Slaughter and Stalemate on the Western Front 662
635
Building Character Through Athletics 635
The New Tourist 635
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The
Invention of the Tank 664
PRIVATE LIFE: TOGETHER AND ALONE AT HOME
Family: The Promise of Happiness
A Home of One’s Own 636
635
636
WAR ON THE HOME FRONT
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.2: Beeton’s
Guide for Women 637
Poor Housing 637
Intimacy and Morality 638
Sexual Realities 638
Psychic Stress and Alcoholism 639
SCIENCE IN AN AGE OF OPTIMISM
Mysteries of the Material and Human World
Germs, Cures, and Health Care 643
642
CULTURE: ACCEPTING THE MODERN WORLD
Realism and Naturalism: The Details of Social Life
Impressionism: Celebrating Modern Life 646
645
BIOGRAPHY: Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945)
670
Gathering at Versailles 670
A Victors’ Peace 671
Redrawing the Maps of Europe and the Middle East
Legacy of the Peace Treaty 672
REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA
648
672
674
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.6: The Middle East,
1923 675
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.3:
Keynes Warns of the Economic Consequences of the
Peace 676
The First Warnings, 1905 676
The Fall of the Tsar 677
The Provisional Government 678
The Rise of the Bolsheviks 679
Communism and Civil War 680
651
CHAPTER 22
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.7: Civil War in Russia,
1919 681
DESCENDING INTO THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY: WORLD
WAR AND REVOLUTION,
19141920 655
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
656
DARKENING DECADES:
RECOVERY, DICTATORS, AND
DEPRESSION, 19201939 685
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.1 AND 22.2: The
Balkans, 1878 and 1914 658
659
Off to Battle 659
TRYING TO RECOVER FROM THE
GREAT WAR, 19191929 686
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.1: A
Russian Socialist Supports the War Effort 660
The Schlieffen Plan 660
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.3: World War I
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.4: The Western
Front 662
682
CHAPTER 23
Rivalries and Alliances 656
Crises in the Balkans 657
xx
669
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.5: Europe,
1923 674
Everything Is Relative 648
Sex, Conflict, and the Unconscious 649
Fear of Social Disintegration 649
Disenchantment Sets In 649
Art Turns Inward 650
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
669
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.2: In the
Trenches and Beyond 673
645
647
BIOGRAPHY: Claude Monet (1840–1926)
THE FRONT LINES
668
ASSESSING THE LOSSES
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.3: Walter
Bagehot on Natural Selection and Human History 642
ON THE PATH TO TOTAL WAR
666
Mobilizing Resources 666
New Gender Roles 666
Maintaining the Effort 667
TO THE BITTER END
639
640
FROM OPTIMISM TO UNCERTAINTY
664
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Let Us Never
Forget 668
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Universities
and the Professionalization of Science 640
Science, Evolution, and Religion
Victory and Defeat on the Eastern and Southern Fronts
The War Spreads Across the Globe 665
661
The Victors Just Hold On 686
Continuing Crises in Germany 687
Conciliation and a Glimpse of Prosperity
688
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Penicillin
and Antibiotics 689
CO N T E N T S
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The Roaring Twenties?
689
AXIS VICTORIES, 19391942
THINKING ABOUT DOCUMENT 23.1: Postwar Strains
in Germany 690
The Anxious Twenties 692
TURNING AWAY FROM DEMOCRACY:
DICTATORSHIPS AND FASCISM, 19191929
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
NAZISM IN GERMANY
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.5: World War II
in the Pacific 721
694
695
BEHIND THE LINES: THE STRUGGLE
AND THE HORROR 721
697
The Young Adolf Hitler 697
The Birth of Nazism in Germany’s Postwar Years
The Growth of the Nazi Party 698
The Appeal of Nazism 698
Hitler Takes Power 698
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise of Japanese
Ultranationalism 722
697
The Holocaust
722
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.1: The Nazi
Death Camps 724
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.2:
Goebbels’s Nazi Propaganda Pamphlet 699
Life in Nazi Germany 699
Rebuilding and Rearming the New Germany
Collaboration and Resistance 725
Mobilizing the Home Fronts 725
701
TURNING THE TIDE OF WAR, 19421945
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Felix Nussbaum,
Self-Portrait with Jewish Identity Card, 1943 701
TRANSFORMING THE SOVIET UNION, 19201939
702
725
The Eastern Front and the Battle of Stalingrad 725
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.2: Women
Go to Work in the Factories 726
Lenin’s Compromise: The NEP 702
The Struggle to Succeed Lenin 702
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans 703
The Southern Fronts 727
The Western Front 727
The War in the Pacific 728
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.3: Stalin
Collectivizes Agriculture 704
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.3: “We
Shall Plunge into Enemy Ships” 730
Blood and Terror: The Great Purges
705
THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 19291939
Crash! 706
In the Teeth of the Depression
Searching for Solutions 707
PEACE AND THE LEGACY OF WAR
730
The Settlement 731
The Legacy of War 731
706
706
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
732
THE WORLD & THE WEST: Forming the Present
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
718
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.4: World War II
in Europe 720
693
Authoritarianism in East-Central Europe 693
BIOGRAPHY: Virginia Woolf (1882–1941)
717
Triumph of the German Blitzkrieg 717
War in North Africa and the Balkans 718
Operation Barbarossa: Germany Invades the Soviet Union
Japan Attacks 719
734
708
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 24
INTO THE FIRE AGAIN: WORLD
WAR II, 19391945 711
THE ROAD TO WAR, 19311939
International Affairs Break Down
712
712
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.1: The Spread of
Authoritarian Governments 713
Civil War in Spain 713
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Pablo Picasso,
Guernica, 1937 714
Trying to Cope with Germany
714
SUPERPOWER STRUGGLES AND
GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS: THE
COLD WAR, 19451980s 737
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
The Heart of the Cold War
738
738
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.1: Europe After
World War II 739
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.2: Europe During the
Cold War 741
The Global Impact of the Cold War
741
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.1: The Cold
War and Nuclear Weapons 742
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.2: The Spanish Civil
War, 1936–1939 715
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.3: Cold War
Alliances and Conflicts 744
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.3: German
Expansion, 1936–1939 716
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.4: Vietnam and
Southeast Asia 745
CO N T E N T S
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Rev.Confirming Pages
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Wolf Vostell, Miss
America, 1968 746
Détente 747
Life After the Collapse of Communism
Tight Control in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 747
Parliamentary Politics and Prosperity in
the Western Democracies 749
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.2: The Dissolution of
the Soviet Union, 1991 782
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.3 AND 26.4:
Disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia,
1991–2007 783
751
THE TWILIGHT OF COLONIALISM
780
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.1: The End
of the Cold War 781
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.2: A
Warning About the United States 751
752
Revolts in Southern Asia 753
Conflict in the Middle East 753
Nationalism Unleashed 783
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.5: The Arab-Israeli
Conflict, 1947–1982 754
Liberating Africa 755
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Apartheid in South Africa
756
A SENSE OF RELATIVITY IN THOUGHT
AND CULTURE 758
The United States Unchallenged and Germany Rising
Politics Shift to the Right 785
Toward European Integration 786
785
THE WORLD AND THE WEST FROM A
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 787
Existentialism: Responsibility and Despair 758
A Culture of Contrasts and Criticism 758
East Asia and the Rise of the Pacific Rim 788
The Challenge of Islam 788
International Terrorism and War 789
PROTESTS, PROBLEMS, AND NEW POLITICS:
THE 1960s TO THE 1980s 760
A Flurry of Social Protests and Movements
REPERCUSSIONS AND REALIGNMENTS
IN THE WEST 785
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.5: The European
Union, 2012 787
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.6:
Decolonization 757
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.6: Israel and the
Occupied Territories, 2010 790
760
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.3: An
Oxford Student Explains Revolutionary Attitudes 761
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.7: The Middle East
and Iraq, 2003 791
Stagnant Growth and Rising Inflation 762
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.2: War in
Afghanistan 793
BIOGRAPHY: Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)
The New Political Landscape
POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
763
Upheavals in North Africa and the Middle East
764
765
Changing Fortunes in the Postindustrial Society 765
The Baby Boom and the Booming Cities 766
The Shifting Foundations of Family and Private Life 766
The “Sexual Revolution” and the Youth Culture 767
BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE
767
From the Universe Above to the Universe Within 768
The Information Revolution 768
Transforming Medicine 768
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD
769
Across Borders: Cultural Conflict and Convergence
Beyond Borders: Uncertainty and Opportunity
in a Shrinking World 796
794
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.9: The Growth of
Cities 798
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.10: Global
Environmental Problems 799
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Charles Michael
Helmken, Loveaidspeople, 1989 800
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY:
CERN 802
INTO THE TWENTYFIRST
CENTURY: THE PRESENT
IN PERSPECTIVE 773
THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM
793
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.8: Afghanistan,
Kashmir, and South-Central Asia, 2002 794
THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.3: The
Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change 801
CHAPTER 26
LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 803
774
Undermining Communism in the Soviet Union
Gorbachev Launches Reforms 775
Revolutions in Eastern Europe 776
xxii
778
THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.1: Eastern Europe,
1989 780
EAST AND WEST: TWO PATHS TO
RECOVERY IN EUROPE 747
Assessing the Paths Taken
BIOGRAPHY: Václav Havel (1936–)
The Soviet Union Disintegrates 778
774
CO N T E N T S
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