h"p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBuPiC3ArL8 h"p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIOUD1XFBeA h"p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE6XUcq4g38 AgouL and Brazil nuts Strategies of Life
Chapter 20
Great Idea:
Living things use many different strategies to deal
with the problems of acquiring and using matter and
energy
Chapter Outline
The Organization of Living Things
What is Life?
Classifying Living Things
Survival: A New Look at the Life Around
You
•  Strategies of Fungi
•  Strategies of Plants
•  Strategies of Animals
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The Organization of
Living Things
Ways of Thinking
about Living Things
•  Levels
–  Biosphere
–  Ecosystem
–  Community
–  Population
–  Organism
–  Anatomy and physiology
–  Cellular
–  Molecular
•  All levels complement each other
Study an Ant What Is Life?
The Characteristics of Life
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High degree of order and complexity
Part of larger systems of matter and energy
Life depends on chemical reactions in cells
Life requires liquid water
Organisms grow and develop
Regulate energy use
Share same genetic code, code is heritable
All living things are descended from a common
ancestor
Organisms Need Energy
Organisms Grow and Develop
Classifying Living Things
h"p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE6XUcq4g38 EvoluLon of skin color EvoluLon Chapter 25
Great Idea:
All life on Earth evolved from single-celled organisms
by the process of natural selection.
Chapter Outline
•  The Fact of Evolution
•  Chemical Evolution
•  Natural Selection and the Development
of Complex Life
•  The Evolution of Human Beings
The Fact of Evolution
The Fact of Evolution
•  Evolution
–  Ongoing process of change
•  Scientists accept evolution as fact
–  Debate various theories
The Fossil Record
•  Fossils
–  Organism s hard parts preserved
•  Turned to rock
•  Replaced by minerals
•  Fossil record
–  Fossils found, catalogued, and analyzed
–  Shows transitions
–  Incomplete
The Fossil Record – cont.
•  Three key ideas
–  Older fossils more different
–  Increasing complexity with time
–  Most species have gone extinct
Wide Variety of Fossils
Fossil Trilobites
The Biochemical Evidence
•  DNA
–  Evidence for evolution
–  Changes slowly
–  Also compare amino acid sequences
•  Cytochrome c
–  Humans and chimps identical
–  Rattlesnake 86% overlap
Evidence from Anatomy:
Vestigial Organs
•  Vestigial organs
–  Internal features
–  No useful function
•  Examples
–  Appendix: humans
–  Wings: penguins
–  Hind legs: whales
Wings of a Penguin Are
Vestigial Organs
Evolution of skin color
h"p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOSPNVunyFQ Cataloging Life
•  Linnaean classification
–  Shared characteristics
•  Hierarchy
–  Kingdom
–  Phylum
–  Class
–  Order
–  Family
–  Genus
–  Species
•  Binomial nomenclature
ClassificaLon of Life Classifying Life -­‐ cont. •  Kingdoms
–  Monera
–  Protista
–  Fungi
–  Plants
–  Animals
Five-Kingdom Classification
Monera
Protista
Different Division of Life •  Carl Woese
–  Molecular genetics
–  Three domains
•  Bacteria
•  Archaea
•  Eucaryea
Science by the Numbers
•  How many
species are
there?
Species Estimation
Classifying Human Beings
•  Kingdom: Animals
•  Phylum: Chordates
–  Subphylum: vertebrates
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Class: Mammals
Order: Primates
Family: Hominid
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Primates
The Characteristics of Life
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High degree of order and complexity
Part of larger systems of matter and energy
Life depends on chemical reactions in cells
Life requires liquid water
Organisms grow and develop
Regulate energy use
Share same genetic code, code is heritable
All living things are descended from a common
ancestor
Implications of
Linnaean Classification
(physical similarities)
•  Use of DNA
•  Similarity depends on time and change
•  Classification results from real events
Survival: A New Look at
the Life Around You
Survival: A New Look at
the Life around You
•  Autotrophs
•  Heterotrophs
•  Dealing with complexity- specialized
organs vs. collection of similar cells
•  Two basic tasks of life
–  Obtain and distribute molecules for energy
–  Reproduce
Strategies of Fungi
Strategies of Fungi
•  Growth
–  Filaments
–  Decomposers
•  Structure
–  Mass of filaments
•  Reproduction
–  Break filaments
–  Asexual reproduction
•  Spores
Fungi-formerly classified as plants
molds..mushrooms…yeast
Fungi – cont.
•  Lichens (live in extreme environments)
–  Two interdependent species
Science in the Making
•  The discovery of
penicillin
–  1928
–  Alexander Fleming
Strategies of Plants
The Simplest Plants
•  Phylum: Bryophytes
•  Structure
–  No roots
–  Photosynthetic
•  Reproduction
–  Sexual
–  Asexual
Bryophytes Vascular Plants
•  Phylum: vascular plants
•  Structure
–  Roots, stems, leaves
–  Control water loss
•  Reproduction
–  Seedless
–  Gymnosperms (seeds---no flowers)
–  Angiosperms (flowers and seeds)
•  Sexual and asexual
Design of Vascular Plants
Angiosperm
h"p://youtu.be/RuYrFwDuYn0 Reproduction of plants…
h"p://youtu.be/fIOUD1XFBeA • 
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h"p://youtu.be/mZYmkd2FGUc The Brazil nut is a hard shelled seed from the Brazil nut tree. The Brazil nut tree, also known as the castana tree, is from the Neotropics, spread out from southern Mexico into southern Brazil. The Brazil nut represents only a single species in of the genus BertholleLa. Although there is considerable variaLon in fruit size and shape and number of seeds per fruit, there is no jusLficaLon for recognizing more than one species of BertholleLa. It is the only species in the genus BertholleLa and can be found in the Amazon forests of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, the Guianas, and Venezuela. The Brazil nut tree reach heights of about 150 feet, their trunk can be about 8 feet in diameter and can live about 500 years. This tremendous tree only has branches and leaves at the top third of the tree. The branches can span a hundred feet providing a canopy over other rain forest vegetaLon. The leaves of the Brazil nut tree are long, green and waxy. At the end of the leaf is a yellow orchid. This flower, when pollinated, produces the fruit that contain the Brazil nuts. Flowering happens during the dry season and conLnues into the wet season. Dry season is very important for Brazil nuts, they grow naturally only in areas with a 4-­‐month dry season. In the eastern part of Amazonian Brazil, the flowering starts near the end of the rainy season in September and runs into February. October, November, and December are when the Peak flowering happens. Cross-­‐pollinaLon is required for seed set in Neotropical Lecythidaceae. The Brazil Nut tree depends on bees, and bats to pollinate the flowers and begin the fruit and seed development of Lecythidaceae. The large shelled fruit, similar to a coconut, takes about 14 months to mature. The fruit is about 4-­‐6 inches in diameter and can weigh up to 4 pounds. The shell of the fruit is about a quarter of an inch thick and inside clustered together are between 12-­‐24 brazil nuts. Brazil nuts are primarily harvested from wild trees during six month period in the rainy season. The fruits weigh between 0.5 to 2.5 kilograms and contain about 20 seeds. The brazil nut trees are so tall that harvesLng the fruits consists of gathering the fruit afer they fall. Once the fruit falls, it has to be gathered quickly since they are suscepLble to fungal a"ack, and animals also carry the fruit away. Brazil-­‐Nut Tree Symbiosis Gregory Cello Rainforests are characterized by a unique vegetaLve structure consisLng of several verLcal layers including the overstory, canopy, understory, shrub layer, and ground level. One of the largest trees in the rainforest that makes up a large porLon of the canopy is the Brazil nut tree (Bertholle(a excelsa). These trees are dependent on several animal species for their survival such as the agouL, a ground-­‐dwelling rodent, for a key part of their life cycle. The agouL is the only animal with teeth strong enough to open their grapefruit-­‐sized seed pods. While the agouL eats some of the Brazil nut's seeds, it also sca"ers the seeds across the forest by burying caches far away from the parent tree. These seeds then germinate and form the next generaLon of trees. For pollinaLon, Brazil nut trees are dependent on Euglossine orchid bees. Without these large-­‐bodied bees, Brazil nut reproducLon is not possible. For this reason, there has been li"le success growing Brazil nut trees in plantaLons as they only appear to grow in primary rainforest. Strategies of Animals
Major Animal Phyla
Invertebrates
•  Invertebrates
–  No backbone
–  Most diverse animals
•  Arthropods
–  70% of known animal species
•  Structure
–  Exoskeleton
Arthropods
Three Main Body Segments
in Insects
Vertebrates
•  Organization
–  Ocean to terrestrial
•  Evolution
–  Earliest fish
–  Bony Fish
–  Amphibians
–  Reptiles
–  Birds
–  Mammals
Modern Fish
Mammalian Family Tree
Thinking More about
Life s Strategies
•  Eating through the phyla