Terms of utility industry
Part B
Power and District Heat
Booklet 3
Fundamentals and systematics
of availability determination for
Thermal Power Plants
I. Availability of Thermal Power
Plants
- Fundamentals and Determination -
II. Analysis of the Unavailability
of Thermal Power Plants
- Execution Instructions -
III. EMS Event characteristic
key system
- Application and key part 7th Edition 2008
Published by the
VGB PowerTech e.V.
Obtainable at:
VGB PowerTech Service GmbH
Verlag technisch-wissenschaftlicher Schriften
Postfach 10 39 32, D-45039 Essen
Phone: +49 (0) 201 8128-200
Fax: +49 (0) 201 8128-329
e-mail: [email protected]
http://www.vgb.org
Any reproduction is only allowed with
the previous approval of VGB.
1
List of editions of this series of publications „Availability of Thermal Power Plants“ issued so
far:
1st Edition 1970
2nd Edition 1973
3rd Edition 1980
4th Edition 1987
4th Edition 1991 English
5th Edition 1992
6th Edition 1999
7th Edition 2008
Members of the Working Group were:
C. Bredthauer
E.ON Kraftwerke GmbH, Hannover
H. C. Compter
E.ON Benelux N.V., Rotterdam/Netherlands
U. Dorn
Vattenfall Europe Generation AG & Co. KG, Cottbus
R. Kirsch
Vattenfall Europe Generation AG & Co. KG, Cottbus
F.-P. Laube
E.ON Kernkraft GmbH, Hannover
J.-F. Lehougre
EDF, Paris/France
H.-J. Meier
VGB PowerTech e.V., Essen
D. Minke
Kernkraftwerk Brunsbüttel GmbH & Co. oHG, Brunsbüttel
S. Prost
VGB PowerTech e.V., Essen
Dr. J. Rassow
EnBW Kraftwerke AG, Stuttgart
Dr. R. Uttich
RWE Power AG, Essen
J. D. Waehrens
Vattenfall A/S, Fredericia/Denmark
Essen, March 2008
VGB PowerTech e. V.
2
Preface to the 7th Edition
The liberalisation of the electricity market and the related transition to “market-oriented electricity generation” require criteria for the assessment of these processes. Utilities need new
parameters for analysing the aforementioned new processes and for evaluating the technical
and economical performance of the individual power plant types. The terms defined in this
document help to evaluate and analyse the complex relation between the single market participants and the chain of economic value in order to ensure economic efficiency.
Apart from a number of technical restrictions, running costs determine the economicallyefficient application of power plants in a competitive environment. These comprise all items
like fuel costs, expenditure for start-up and shutdown as well as the dynamical characteristics
of the different power plant types. They set the “merit order” in the electricity market and
power plant application. In addition to these factors there are further aspects as e.g. CO2
emissions certificate trade and the fluctuating character of wind power that have effects on the
application of power plants.
These factors necessitate the revision of the existing definitions, and the definition of new parameters for the technical and economic assessment of different thermal power plants including combined cycle power plants for the electricity industry.
The output of the VGB Working Panel “Operating Parameters” are presented in this revised
edition of the brochure “Terms for the Utility Industry”.
With the terms and definitions contained in this brochure, power plant operators will be able to
carry out economical examinations on power plant internal as well as external applications.
A few examples of its’ potential application are given below:
−
Support for
•
Optimising the application of power plant capacities (inclusive of system services)
•
Comparative evaluation of cost-optimised fuel application at minimum CO2
emissions
−
−
As management instrument
•
For the formulations of targets and goals
•
For benchmarking national and international power plants
For the provision of parameters and indicators for public relations etc.
The VGB Guideline “Operation and Plant Parameters of Thermal Power Plants” is continuously being updated and adopted to current developments. It can be ordered via the internet
www.vgb.org.
3
Contents
Preface to the 7th Edition ....................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 8
1
Fundamentals......................................................................................................................... 11
1.1
Availability: Perception and Definition...................................................................................... 11
1.1.1
Performance indicators of Availability and Utilization............................................................... 12
1.1.2
Classification of the Unavailability (UA) ................................................................................... 14
1.2
Availability indicators................................................................................................................ 16
1.2.1
Time availability (base)............................................................................................................. 16
1.2.2
Time availability during peak times .......................................................................................... 16
1.2.3
Energy availability .................................................................................................................... 17
1.2.4
Market-assessed availability .................................................................................................... 17
1.2.5
Time UA Base/peak ................................................................................................................. 17
1.2.6
Energy UA Base/peak .............................................................................................................. 18
1.3
Reliability and dispatchability indicators .................................................................................. 19
1.3.1
Time reliability........................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.2
Energy reliability ....................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.3
Start-up reliability...................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.4
Market-assessed supply reliability............................................................................................ 20
1.3.5
Dispatch reliability .................................................................................................................... 20
1.3.6
Schedule constancy ................................................................................................................. 21
1.3.7
Dispatchability .......................................................................................................................... 21
1.3.8
Market-assessed dispatchability .............................................................................................. 21
1.3.9
Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation UAGS7 ...................................................................... 22
1.4
Definition of utilization .............................................................................................................. 23
1.4.1
Time utilization ......................................................................................................................... 23
1.4.2
Energy utilization/ Energy utilization with negative balancing energy...................................... 23
1.4.3
Market-assessed utilization ...................................................................................................... 24
1.5
Failure rate............................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.1
Time failure rate ....................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.2
Energy failure rate .................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.3
Dispatching (energy) failure rate .............................................................................................. 25
1.6
Other indicators........................................................................................................................ 26
1.6.1
CHP indicator (combined heat and power) ............................................................................. 26
1.6.2
Greenhouse-gas indicator ....................................................................................................... 26
1.7
Overview about terms and basic parameters It is defined:...................................................... 27
4
2
Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 29
2.1
Hierarchy and relation of definitions ........................................................................................ 29
2.2
Hierarchy and relation of definitions ........................................................................................ 30
2.3
Time-related terms................................................................................................................... 31
2.3.1
Begin of data recording ............................................................................................................ 32
2.3.2
End of data recording ............................................................................................................... 32
2.3.3
Reference period...................................................................................................................... 32
2.3.4
Peak-times reference period .................................................................................................... 32
2.3.5
Available time/Available time turing peak-times....................................................................... 32
2.3.6
Operating time .......................................................................................................................... 32
2.3.7
Available time not in operation ................................................................................................. 32
2.3.7.1
Stand-by time ........................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.7.2
Available not dispatchable time (external influence time) ........................................................ 33
2.3.8
Unavailable time (UA-time) ...................................................................................................... 33
2.3.8.1
Planned UA-time ...................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.8.2
Unplanned UA-time .................................................................................................................. 33
2.3.8.3
Unplanned postponable UA-time ............................................................................................. 33
2.3.8.4
Not unplanned postponable UA-time ....................................................................................... 33
2.4
Capacity-related terms............................................................................................................. 33
2.4.1
Nominal capacity ...................................................................................................................... 34
2.4.2
Available capacity..................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.3
Dispatchable capacity .............................................................................................................. 36
2.4.4
Capacity generated .................................................................................................................. 36
2.4.4.1
Gross-(generated-) capacity..................................................................................................... 36
2.4.4.2
Net-(generated-) capacity......................................................................................................... 36
2.4.4.3
Auxiliary power capacity........................................................................................................... 36
2.4.5
Schedule capacity .................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.6
Available unproducible capacity ............................................................................................... 37
2.4.6.1
Stand-by capacity..................................................................................................................... 37
2.4.6.2
Available unproducible capacity (external influences) ............................................................. 37
2.4.7
Unavailable capacity (UA-capacity) ........................................................................................ 37
2.5
Energy-related terms ............................................................................................................... 39
2.5.1
Nominal energy ........................................................................................................................ 39
2.5.2
Nominal energy during Peak-Times......................................................................................... 39
2.5.3
Available energy....................................................................................................................... 40
2.5.4
Available energy during Peak-times......................................................................................... 40
2.5.5
Dispatchable energy................................................................................................................. 40
2.5.6
Generated energy .................................................................................................................... 40
2.5.7
Schedule energy ...................................................................................................................... 40
5
2.5.8
Available energy not generated .............................................................................................. 40
2.5.8.1
Stand-by energy ....................................................................................................................... 40
2.5.8.2
Available unproducible energy (external influence energy) .................................................... 40
2.5.9
Unvailable energy (UA-energy) ................................................................................................ 41
2.5.9.1
Planned UA-energy .................................................................................................................. 41
2.5.9.2
Unplanned UA-energy.............................................................................................................. 41
2.5.9.3
Unplanned postponable UA-energy ......................................................................................... 41
2.5.9.4
Unplanned not postponable UA-energy ................................................................................... 41
3
Plant (unit) delimitation ......................................................................................................... 43
4
Principles and hierarchy of events ...................................................................................... 45
5
Start-up and Shutdown ......................................................................................................... 47
6
Capacity Fluctuations by Different Temperatures of Cooling Water and Air .................. 48
7
Excess Energy ....................................................................................................................... 48
8
Market assessed supply reliability....................................................................................... 48
9
Exceeding and Falling Below Planned Unavailabilities..................................................... 49
9.1
General .................................................................................................................................... 49
9.2
Extension ................................................................................................................................. 49
10
Retrofitting Measures (Retrofit)........................................................................................... 50
11
External influences ................................................................................................................ 50
12
Combined Heat and Power Generating Plants (CHP) ........................................................ 52
13
Successful start-up rate........................................................................................................ 56
14
Special Regulations............................................................................................................... 56
14.1
Measures in available plants ................................................................................................... 56
14.2
Failure of Flue Gas Cleaning ................................................................................................... 57
14.3
Nuclear Power Plants .............................................................................................................. 57
14.4
Missing Operating Permit ........................................................................................................ 57
14.5
Advancing of Planned Unavailabilities..................................................................................... 58
15
Data Recording ...................................................................................................................... 58
15.1
Use of Gross or Net Values ..................................................................................................... 58
15.2
Data sheet for reporting to VGB .............................................................................................. 60
6
16
Calculation of Mean Values .................................................................................................. 63
16.1
Fundamentals .......................................................................................................................... 63
16.2
Mean value for Several Plants for one Calendar Year or one Operating Year ....................... 64
16.2.1
Mean Energy Availability k mean
for I Plants............................................................................... 65
W
16.2.2
Mean Operating Time t Bmean for I Plant...................................................................................... 65
16.2.3
Mean Utilization Duration t mean
for I Plant ................................................................................ 65
aN
16.3
Mean Value for Several Plants for Several Calendar Years or Several Operating Years...... 66
16.4
Classification and comparison of units .................................................................................... 68
17
Analysis of the Unavailability of thermal power plants ..................................................... 69
17.1
History of VGB Guideline 140.................................................................................................. 69
17.2
Unavailability analysis from thermal power plants................................................................... 69
17.3
Range of determination ........................................................................................................... 72
17.4
Recording of event data........................................................................................................... 79
17.5
Evaluation ................................................................................................................................ 85
18
Power plants database KISSY .............................................................................................. 88
18.1
KISSY access and data collection ........................................................................................... 88
18.2
Evaluations and reports ........................................................................................................... 90
19
Structure of event characteristic key system EMS and overview .................................... 93
19.1
Application recommendations.................................................................................................. 95
19.2
Event characteristic key 1 „Type of event“ .............................................................................. 97
19.3
Event characteristic key 2 „Operating status before event“..................................................... 98
19.4
Event characteristic key 3 „Operating status after event“....................................................... 99
19.5
Event characteristic key 4 „Impact on unit“........................................................................... 100
19.6
Event characteristic key 5 „Outage impact on the system/components“............................... 102
19.7
Event characteristic key 6 „Cause“ ........................................................................................ 103
19.8
Event characteristic key 7 „Damage mechanism“ ................................................................ 108
19.9
Event characteristic key 8 „Damage“..................................................................................... 111
19.10
Event characteristic key 9 „recognition of failure“................................................................ 113
19.11
Event characteristic key 10 „Maintenance form“ ................................................................... 116
19.12
Event characteristic key 11 „Measures against recurrence“ ................................................. 117
19.13
Event characteristic key 12 „Urgency of measures“ .............................................................. 119
20
Examples of use................................................................................................................... 120
20.1
Example 1: „Unplanned not available laod reduction“ ........................................................... 120
20.2
Example 2: „Blackout“............................................................................................................ 121
20.3
Example 3: „Unplanned not available block unavailability“.................................................... 122
20.4
Example 4: „Blackout after faulty operation“.......................................................................... 123
7
List of figures ....................................................................................................................................... 124
List of tabels......................................................................................................................................... 126
Literature .............................................................................................................................................. 127
Index...................................................................................................................................................... 128
Overview of folders ............................................................................................................................. 131
8
Introduction
Apart from investment cost, fuel and running cost also determine the economic success of
power plant operation. In this respect availability is playing a very important part. It is an indicator for assessing the technical and economic potential and capacity as well as the reliability
of a plant and reflecting the advances in technology and engineering.
The guideline at hand contains the terms, definitions, technical profile as well as recording and
calculations guides necessary for determining availability. These apply mainly to thermal
power plants for electricity generation but can also be used for plants for combined heat and
power generation. Relevant economic parameters important for marketing the final product,
i.e. the converted energy, are also defined.
In general it is possible to gain an overview about the technical and economical capacity of a
generation unit as well as data about the quality of operation and maintenance.
Parameters are basically used for the technical and economical comparison (benchmarking).
Mostly dimensionless parameters are applied that were derived from terms related to dimensions.
The consequent consideration of the definitions and rules gathered in this guideline are advantageous in the following internal and industry-wide applications:
•
•
Support
−
When planning, preparing and optimising maintenance
−
When planning fuel application
−
When optimising the power plant portfolio and power plant application
−
When making an economic analysis
Determination of statistically confirmed standards and comparative values on
the basis of a large number of plants for the qualitatively and economic assessment and evaluation of power plants and systems in view of e.g. conception, construction, quality of design and construction and operational approval.
•
Presentation and documentation of operating results
−
Internal and external comparison of e.g. plant groups and types,
capacity ranges, power plant sites
−
Analytical assessment of the level and timely development of availability
−
Analyse of unavailability
9
•
Provision of data and results, among others for
−
Public relation activities
−
Investigations and analyses
−
Acquisition
In cases of international comparison it has to be assured that the country-specific reference
base (market parameters, stock exchange prices) are duly considered.
10
I. Availability of Thermal Power Plants
- Fundamentals and Determination -
11
A
Fundamentals
- Performance Indicators, Terms and Definitions -
1
Fundamentals
The most obvious performance indicator for a unit is the technical availability. For the load
dispatcher who transfers and deals the energy to the different markets, the reliability of the
plant is an important indicator for him. If the reliability of a power plant is reduced, all the
causes of this unavailability must be explained and estimated. The outcome of this follows to
other definitions of indicators like the utilization i.e. the exploitability of a power plant. For
special applications like for example co-generation plant or environmental points of view,
some other indicators were developed in order to bring lot of important information about the
operational processes. Those have been defined below.
1.1
Availability: Perception and Definition
The different perceptions of indicators for the unit operator and the load dispatcher are shown
by the figure 1. The assignments of the colours to the definitions made are effective for the
whole volume. All the following terms and definitions refer both to the previous technical perception (Market: Base) and to the now liberalised electricity market perception (Peak, Market
assessed).
100 %
not dispatchable
availability
100 %
unplanned
planned
availiable
but not in
operation
external
influences
stand-by
stand-by
utilization
utilization
dispatched availability
unavailability
12
0%
view power plant operator
Figure 1:
view dispatcher
Performance indicators for power plant operators and dispatchers
1.1.1 Performance indicators of Availability and Utilization
The availability characterizes the ability of a unit or of a unit part to convert energy independent of the actual operation.
Events besides the sphere of influence of the plant management, which result in an capacity
delimitation by external influences or due to a lack of load, do not reduce the availability.
The most obvious performance indicator is the energy availability. It is a measure for the energy which can be generated by a plant due to its technical and operational state. In connection with the energy utilization it is the extensive performance indicator for the overall evaluation of a plant. Additionally it facilitates making comparative statements on the quality of different plants.
Unlike the energy availability is the time availability a measure for the time dispatchability of
a plant and that is independent of the size of the particularly available capacity. If a plant can
only be operated at reduced capacity because of unavailability, it is with regard to time fully
available. Therefore the numerical value of the time availability is normally larger than the energy availability.
13
The time availability is easy to determine and is suitable to evaluate plants or plant parts comparatively, e.g. waste incineration plants, for which it is not possible to determine energyrelated indicators.
With the example of an idealized operational diagram, the calculation of energy availability,
energy utilization and time availability is shown in Figure 2. At the same time it represents the
basic differences in the performance indicators.
normal capacity
capacity
unit not
available
unit
available
but not
operation
unit in
operation
time
reference period
unavailable
energy
norminal
energy
energy availability =
norminal
energy
energy
generated
energy utilization =
nominal
energy
reference
period
time availability =
Figure 2:
unavailable
time
reference period
Operating diagram and performance indicators
For the load dispatcher the actually dispatchable capacity, i.e. the exploitability (see Part B,
Booklet 1) of the plant is important. The difference between availability and exploitability is that
part of capacity which cannot be utilised because of external influences.
14
Moreover we can distinguish:
The utilization is a measure for the real utilization of a plant or a plant part.
The failure rate is of special use for the planning of operation.
The start-up reliability is important to evaluate units with frequent start-ups, e.g. gas turbines.
1.1.2
Classification of the Unavailability (UA)
The unavailability of a unit is its’ incapacity to produce electricity or heat. The various causes
can include: a unit internal problem, which can be solved by maintenance - (repair, replacement, etc.). Unavailability can not be influenced by the operational management but stays
under the control of plant management.
External influences are by definition out of the control of the plant management and are not
considered as unavailability but as a part of undispatchability.
Unavailabilities are distinguished in relation to the temporal urgency for a shutdown and the
derating respectively, Figure 3:
Classification of unavailability
15
unavailability (UA)
detainable
≤ 4 weeks
determined
> 4 weeks
planned UA
unplanned UA
detainable
> 12 hours
postponable UA
Figure 3:
≤ 12 hours
not postponable UA
Classification of unavailability
Planned unavailability
The beginning and duration of the unavailability have to be
determined more than 4 weeks before commencement.
Unplanned unavailability
The beginning of unavailability cannot be postponed or only up
to 4 weeks.
•
Postponable
•
Not postponable
The beginning of unavailability can be postponed more than 12
hours up to 4 weeks.
The beginning of unavailability cannot be postponed or only up
to 12 hours.
16
1.2
Availability indicators
Designation
1.2.1
Time availability
(base)
Symbol/Formula
kt =
t
t
v
=
t −t
N
N
t
Definition
Time availability is the quotient
of available time and nominal
time (calendar time).
nv
N
Available time is the difference
between nominal time and unavailable time.
1.2.2
Time availability
during peak times
kt Pe =
tv Pe
t N Pe
=
t N Pe − t nv Pe
t N Pe
Time availability at peak times
is the quotient of available time
during peak times and the number of peak hours in nominal
time.
Available time during peak
times is the difference between
the number of peak hours in
nominal time and the unavailable time during peak times.
Application
Time availability is a measure of a plant's temporal deployability. It is independent of the capacity
available in a particular case. Where required,
further differentiation can be achieved using
planned and unplanned unavailable times.
Time availability at peak times is the quotient of
available time during peak times and the number
of peak hours in nominal time.
Available time during peak times is the difference
between the number of peak hours in nominal
time and the unavailable time during peak times.
Time availability at peak times is a measure of a
plant's deployability at peak times. It is particularly suited as a measure for plants that are to be
deployable mainly in the mid-merit and peak load.
Time availability during peak times is independent
of the capacity available in a particular case.
Where required, further differentiation can be
achieved using planned and unplanned unavailable times.
17
1.2.3
Energy availability
kw =
W
W
v
=
W −W
N
P ⋅t
N
N
Energy availability is the quotient of available energy and
nominal energy.
nv
N
Available energy is the difference between nominal energy
and unavailable energy. Nominal energy is the product of
nominal capacity and nominal
time (calendar time).
1.2.4
Market-assessed
availability
km =
∑ ( W − W ) ⋅ DB
∑ W ⋅ DB
i =1.. N
N ,i
i =1... N
nv , i
N ,i
i
i
Market-assessed availability indicates the ability
of a plant or part of a plant to convert energy profitably, irrespective of actual deployment. Events
- available energy weighted with outside the plant's sphere of influence that result
a positive profit margin
in capacity restrictions due to external influences
or lack of demand do not reduce the market- nominal energy weighted with
assessed availability.
a positive profit margin
Market-assessed availability is
the quotient of
- each relative to the time span
considered
1.2.5
Time UA
Base/peak
k tn = 1 − k t
(k
tn Pe
= 1 − k t Pe )
Energy availability is a measure of the energy that
a plant can produce in view of its technical and
operational condition. Unlike time availability, it
also takes account of partial unavailabilities.
Time unavailability (time UA) is
the complement of time availability at 100%.
The parameter corresponds to energy availability
weighted with positive profit margins.
Time UA is a measure of a plant's total temporal
deployability in view of internal problems which
cannot be influenced by the management.
18
1.2.6
Energy UA
Base/peak
kWn = 1 − kW
(k
Wn Pe
= 1 − k W Pe )
Energy unavailability (energy
UA) is the complement of energy availability at 100%.
Energy UA is a measure of lost energy due to
internal problems which cannot be influenced by
the management.
Separate consideration of the availability for base and peak is by way of example and can also, if required, be transferred to other characteristics.
19
1.3
Reliability and dispatchability indicators
Designation
1.3.1
Time reliability
Symbol/Formula
w =
t
tB
t +t
B
1.3.2
Energy reliability
w =
1.3.3
Start-up reliability
z =
v
nv un
WB
WB + Wnv un
se
se + s n
Definition
Application
Time reliability is the quotient of Reliability says something about the dependability of a plant as regards unplanned, (non-)
operating time and the sum of
operating time and unplanned, disposable events.
(non-disposable) UA time.
Energy reliability is the quotient
of generated energy and the
sum of generated energy and
unplanned, (non-disposable)
UA energy.
Reliability says something about the dependability of a plant as regards unplanned events.
Start-up reliability is the quotient
of the number of successful
start-ups (se) and the sum of
successful (se) and unsuccessful start-ups (sn) (see chapter
13).
Start-up reliability is used to assess plants and
units whose lifetime also depends largely on the
number of start-ups, e.g. gas turbines or emergency generating sets.
20
1.3.4
Market-assessed
supply reliability
rm = 1 −
Σ( WBi - WFpi ⋅ DBi )
Σ( WFpi ⋅ DBi )
Market-assessed supply reliability is the quotient of
− the amount, weighted with
the profit margin, of the difference between generated
energy and the schedule
energy
Supply reliability is a measure of a plant's economic deployability on the wholesale market.
Going beyond the technical deployability, it assesses the economic benefit of any deployment.
− schedule energy weighted
with the profit margin,
each relative to the period observed. The initial parameters
are established by analogy with
price developments, viz. by the
hour.
1.3.5
Dispatch reliability
pV =
WB
WB + Wnv un + Wns
Dispatch reliability is the quotient of generated energy and
the sum of generated energy,
(non-)disposable, unplanned
UA energy and externalinfluence energy.
Dispatch reliability is a measure of a plant's dependability outside planned unavailabilities.
The parameter can also be used for peak-load
plants.
21
1.3.6
Schedule constancy
f
Fp
=
Schedule constancy is the quo- This ratio can be used to assess balancing
group deviations.
tient of generated energy and
energy requirement to be met
by a production plant within a
given time span.
W
B
W
Fp
1.3.7
Dispatchability
k =
b
W
b
W
=
W −W −W
N
nv
W
N
1.3.8
Market-assessed
dispatchability
k bm =
∑(W
i =1.. N
ns
N
N ,i
− Wnv ,i − Wns ,i ) ⋅ DB + i
∑W
i =1... N
N ,i
⋅ DB + i
Dispatchability is the quotient
of dispatchable energy and
nominal energy.
(Energy) dispatchability is a measure of the energy that a plant is able to generate in view of its
technical and operational condition and in view
of the condition impacted by external influences.
Market-assessed dispatchability is the quotient of
Market-assessed dispatchability is the ability of
a plant or a part of a plant to profitably convert
energy in view of its technical and operational
condition and of the condition impacted by external influences, viz. irrespective of actual deployment.
− dispatchable energy
weighted with a positive
profit margin and
− nominal energy weighted
The parameter corresponds to the energy diswith a positive profit margin, patchability, weighted with positive profit margins.
each relative to the time span
considered.
Note: For a trader, the market-assessed dispatchability is important; for a producer, it is the
market-assessed availability for which he is responsible.
22
Count ⋅ 7000
1.3.9
UAGS 7 =
tb
Unplanned Automatic
Grid Separation
UAGS7
The indicator "Unplanned
Automatic Grid Separation" is
defined as the count of unplanned automatic grid separations (triggering of the protection system), standardized to a
given operating time (e.g.
7,000 h).
The factor "Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation" reflects the improvement in plant safety
from reducing the count of undesired and unplanned thermohydraulic transients that lead to
grid separation. It also indicates how well the
plant is operated and serviced.
A consideration of the count of hours in which
the plant was available to the load dispatcher is
an indicator of the efficacy of the efforts to reduce UAGSs. It provides a basis for comparing
plant values with each other and with the average values for the entire sector if the grid separation of the various units is standardized (e.g.
7,000 h).
23
1.4
Definition of utilization
Designation
1.4.1
Time utilization
1.4.2
Energy utilization/
Energy utilization
with negative balancing energy
Symbol/Formula
n =
t
nW =
n =
W
tN
B
WN
Application
Time utilization is the quotient of Time utilization is a measure of a plant's actual
operating time and nominal time temporal deployment. It is independent of the
(calendar time).
level of the operating capacity concerned.
tB
W
Definition
=
W
PN ⋅ t N
WB + WRd
WN
B
=
WB + WRd
PN ⋅ t N
Energy utilization is the quotient
of generated energy and nominal energy.
Energy utilization is a measure of the energy that
a plant actually produces (plus negative balancing
energy).
Energy utilization with negative
balancing energy is the quotient
of generated energy plus balancing energy and nominal energy.
The equivalent terms "utilization duration" and
"full-load utilization hours" are also frequently
used:
Nominal energy is the product of
nominal capacity and nominal
time (calendar time). Operating
energy is the product of operating capacity and operating time
(meter value) plus operating
capacity and operating time for
the negative balancing energy
(meter value).
t aN =
WB
PN
The link between energy utilization and utilization
period is:
taN = nW ⋅ t N
Negative balancing energy is energy that reduces
the generated energy of the power plant when it is
used for assuring the supply of grid services (e.g.
primary, secondary, or tertiary control, etc.)
24
1.4.3
Market-assessed
utilization
nWm
∑W ⋅ DB
=
∑W ⋅ DB+
i=1..N
i=1...N
B,i
N,i
i
Market-assessed utilization is
the quotient of
Market-assessed utilization is a measure of the
profitable energy that a plant actually produces.
− generated energy weighted
with the positive or negative
profit margin and
The parameter corresponds to energy utilization, weighted with profit margins.
i
− nominal energy weighted
with the positive profit margin,
each relative to the time span
considered.
25
1.5
Failure rate
Designation
1.5.1
Time failure rate
1.5.2
Energy failure rate
1.5.3
Dispatching (energy)
failure rate
Symbol/Formula
t
pt =
t nvu + t B
pw =
p =
l
nvu
W
nvu
W nvu + W B
W nv u(n)
W nv u(n) + W ns + W B
Definition
Application
The time failure rate is the quo- The time failure rate indicates a plant's nontient of unplanned unavailability deployability outside planned downtimes and
time and the sum of operating outside available non-deployment times.
time and unplanned unavailability time.
The energy failure rate is the
quotient of unplanned, unavailable energy and the sum of
generated energy and unplanned, unavailable energy.
The energy failure rate is a measure of unproducible energy outside planned unavailabilities
and outside available, unproduced energy due
to stand-bys and external influences.
The dispatching (energy) failure
rate is the quotient of (nondisposable), unplanned, unavailable energy and the sum
of (non-disposable), unplanned, unavailable energy,
external-influence energy and
generated energy.
The dispatching (energy) failure rate is a measure of the unproducible energy outside planned
unavailabilities and outside available energy.
This makes it an early-warning indicator in a
risk-management system.
26
1.6
Other indicators
Designation
Symbol/Formula
1.6.1
CHP indicator
(combined heat and
power)
nKWK =
1.6.2
Greenhouse-gas
indicator
eCO2 =
Wne KWK
WN ne
M B ⋅ Hu ⋅ e f ⋅ eox
WB ne
Definition
Application
The CHP indicator is the quotient of net produced CHP energy and net nominal energy.
Assessment of a plant as to its CHP share relative to its net nominal energy.
A plant's greenhouse-gas indicator is the quotient of CO2
produced and net generated
energy.
This indicator gives the CO2 emissions in t/MWh
for the generation of electric energy and heat.
27
1.7
Overview about terms and basic parameters It is defined:
Amount of coverage (= market
price minus actual costs)
DB
Nominal energy during PeakTimes
WNpe
Amount of coverage, only positive, otherwise zero
DB+
Number of successful Starts-up
se
Available capacity
Pv
Number of unsuccessful Startsup
sn
Available energy
Wv
Operating capacity (gross or net)
PB (br o.ne)
Available energy during PeakTimes
WvPe
Operating time
tB
Available not supplied during
Peak-Times
tng
Oxidation factor
eox
Available time
tv
Peak-hours inside the reference
period
tNPe
Available time during Peaktimes
tvPe
Planned unavailable energy
Wnv p
Available unproducible energy
Wng
Planned unavailable capacity
Pnv p
Available unproducible capacity
Png
Planned unavailable time
tnv p
Dispatchability
kb
Reference period in Peak-Times
tNPe
Dispatchable energy
Wb
Schedule constancy
fFP
Duration of utilization
taN
Stand-by capacity
PR
Energy availability
WB
Stand-by energy
WR
Energy availability in Peaktimes
kWPe
Stand-by time
tR
Energy failure rate
pW
Start-up reliability
Z
Emission factor
ef
Supply Reliability
rm
External influences
Wns
Time availability
kt
External influences capacity
Pns
Time availability in Peak-Times
ktPe
External influence time
tns
Time failure rate
pt
Energy reliability
WV
Time reliability
Wt
Energy utilization
nW
Timetable in Energy
WFP
Energy unavailability
kWn = 1 - kW
Timetable in capacity
PFP
Fuel provided
MB
Time unavailability
ktn = 1 - kt
Generated CHP net energy
Wne KWK
Time utilization
nt
Greenhouse Gas-Indicator
eCO2
Unavailable capacity (UAcapacity)
Pnv
Market assessed utilization
nWm
Unavailable energy (UA -energy)
Wnv
Market assessed dispatchability
Bbm
Unavailable energy during Peaktimes
WnvPe
Market assessed availability
kWm
Unavailable time (UA-time)
tnv
Market price
MP
Unavailable time during Peaktimes
tnvPe
Net calorific value
Hu
Undispatchable energy
Wnb
Nominal energy
WN
Unplanned automatic grid separation
UAGS
28
Number of Peak-hours in the
nominal period
tNPe
Unplanned (not postponable)
UA-capacity
Pnv un
Unplanned (not postponable)
UA energy
Wnv u(n)
Unplanned postponable UAenergy
Wnv ud
Unplanned (not postponable)
UA-time
tnv u(n)
Unplanned postponable UATime
tnv ud
Unplanned postponable UAcapacity
Pnv ud
Unplanned UA-capacity
Pnv u
In order to avoid some misunderstandings, terms like availability, utilization and failure rate
can be always used respectively with the added terms of time or energy.
29
2
Definitions
2.1
Hierarchy and relation of definitions
view
power plant operator
nominal (reference) values
time | capacity | energy
available
in
operation
unavailable
not in
operation
operable
(stand-by)
planned
inoperable
(external influence)
dispatchable
unplanned
postponable
not
postponable
not dispatchable
view
dispatcher
Figure 4:
Hierarchy of definitions (survey)
30
2.2
Hierarchy and relation of definitions
Time Indicators
Capacity Indicators
Energy Indicators
Nominal period
tN
Nominal capacity
PN
available time
tv
tv = tN - tnv
available capacity
Pv
Pv = PN – Pnv
Nominal energy
WN
WN = PN · tN
available energy
Wv
Wv = WN – Wnv
operating time
tB
available time
not in operation
tng
tng = tv - tB
= tR + tns
stand-by time
tR
tR = tng - tns
available not dispatchable time (external influence time)
tns
operating capacity
PB
available capacity
not in operation
Png
Png = Pv - PB
= PR + Pns
stand-by capacity
PR
PR = Png - Pns
available not dispatchable capacity (external influence capacity)
Pns
unavailable time
tnv
tnv = tnv p + tnv u
unavailable capacity
Pnv
Pnv = Pnv p + Pnv u
unavailable energy
Wnv
Wnv = Wnv p + Wnv u
planned unavailable capacity
Pnv p
planned unavailable energy
Wnv p
unplanned unavailable capacity
Pnv u
Pnv u = Pnv ud + Pnv un
unplanned unavailable energy
Wnv u
Wnv u = Wnv ud + Wnv un
unplanned postponable
unavailable capacity
Pnv ud
unplanned postponable
unavailable energy
Wnv ud
not postponable
unplanned unavailable capacity
Pnv un
not postponable
unplanned unavailable energy
Wnv un
planned
unavailable time
tnv p
unplanned
unavailable time
tnv u
tnv u = tnv ud + tnv un
unplanned postponable unavailability
time
tnv ud
not postponable
unplanned
unavailable time
tnv un
operating energy
WB
available energy
not generated
Wng
Wng = Wv - WB
= WR + Wns
stand-by energy
WR
WR = WN – Wnv – WB – Wns
available unproducible energy
(external influence energy)
Wns = Pns · tns
31
2.3
Time-related terms
Following time-related definitions (Figure 5) refer exclusively to the states ”plant in operation“ or ”plant out of operation“. During the state ”plant in operation“ it is unimportant which
capacity is in operation.
The reference period can be, as technical point of view, the calendar time (Base) or can
be, with a market point of view, the electricity stock exchange time reference (i.e Peak-time
reference).
tN
available time
unavailable time
tv
tnv
planned
unavailable
time
available time
not in operation
tB
Figure 5:
tng
unplanned
unavailable time
tnv u
tnv p
stand-by time
available
not dispatchable
time (external
influence time)
postponable
tR
tns
tnv ud
Diagram of time-related terms
not
postponable
tuv un
32
Designation
Symbol
Term definition and description
2.3.1
Begin of data recording
The data recording for availability determinations startups with the commissioning of the plant to the responsibility of the operator after the end of trial operation.
2.3.2
End of data recording
The data recording for availability determinations ends
with the decommissioning (termination) of the plant.
2.3.3
Reference period
Peak-times reference period
2.3.4
Available
time/Available time
during peak-times
tN
tNPe
tv
tvPe
The reference period is the total recording period without
any interruption (calendar time).
The peak-time reference period within the nominal time
comprises all exchange-typical peak times (e.g., in Germany: Monday to Friday all hours from 08:00 a.m. 08:00
p.m.; holidays falling on these days are normal workdays).
The available time is the period in which a plant converts
energy or can convert it independent of the level of the
achievable capacity.
tv = tN - tnv
The available time during peak times reduces the time
span being considered to the peak hours.
2.3.5
Operating time
tB
The operating time is the period in which a plant converts
energy. Connecting in parallel is seen as the beginning of
the operating time and the separation of the generator
from the grid as the end.
2.3.6
Available time not
in operation
tng
The available time not in operation is the period in which
a plant is available but not in operation and/or cannot be
operated due to external influences.
tng = tv - tB
= tR + tns
33
Designation
2.3.6.1
Stand-by time
Symbol
tR
Term definition and description
The stand-by time is the period in which the plant can be
operated but will not be operated.
tR = tng - tns
2.3.6.2
Available not dispatchable time (external influence time)
2.3.7
Unavailable time
(UA-time)
tns
The available dispatchable time is the period in which the
plant cannot be operated due to external influences.
tnv
The unavailable time is the period in which the plant cannot be operated for reasons, which are inside the plant or
which cannot be influenced by the management.
The unvailable time is composed of a planned and an
unplanned part.
tnv = tnv p + tnv u
2.3.7.1
Planned UA-time
tnv p
The planned unavailable time is the period in which a
plant cannot be operated due to a shutdown planned on
a long-term basis. The beginning and duration of the
shutdown have to be determined more than 4 weeks in
advance.
2.3.7.2
Unplanned UA-time
tnv u
The unplanned unavailable time is the period in which a
plant cannot be operated due to an unplanned shutdown,
where as the shutdown may not be postponed or only up
to 4 weeks.
The unplanned unavailable time is divided into a postponable and a not postponable part.
tnv u = tnv ud + tnv un
2.3.7.3
Unplanned postponable UA-time
tnv ud
The unplanned postponable unavailable time is that part
of unplanned unavailable time which may be postponed
from 12 hours up to 4 weeks.
2.3.7.4
Not unplanned postponable UA-time
tnv un
The not unplanned postponable unavailable time is that
part of unplanned unavailable time which may not be
postponed or only up to 12 hours.
2.4
Capacity-related terms
34
The fundamental reference indicator for availability determinations is the nominal capacity.
The nominal capacity of a plant is based on a value which is normally set up compulsively
for the whole service life and admits load changes very restrictedly.
Designation
2.4.1
Nominal capacity
Symbol
PN
Term definition and description
The nominal capacity of a plant is the highest continuous
capacity (see part B, booklet 1) on nominal conditions,
which is reached by a new plant at commissioning time.
This value is binding for the whole service life.
Capacity changes are only permitted with essential
changes of nominal conditions and with constructive
measures in the plant.
Until the exact determination of this highest continuous
capacity on nominal conditions the ordered value has to
be indicated as nominal capacity in accordance with the
supply agreements.
If the ordered value does not clearly conform to the real
approval and operating conditions to be expected, one
has to ascertain, until confirmed measuring results are on
hand, an average capacity value as nominal capacity in
advance. It is to be determined in such a way that additional and reduced generations within an average year are
compensated ((e.g. due to the cooling water temperature
curve, as is shown in Figure 2).
The final setting of the nominal capacity of a power plant
unit will be made after the commissioning of the plant,
normally after the presentation of results from the acceptance measurements. Here it is of special importance that
the nominal conditions refer to a year’s average value, i.e.
that the seasonal influences (e.g. the inlet temperature of
cooling water and air), the electric and steam-side auxiliary consumption as well as the capacity factor of the grid
are compensated during one regular year and that idealtypical conditions at the acceptance measurement such
as e.g. special steam cycles are converted into normal
operating conditions.
In contrast to the maximum capacity, the nominal capacity
must not be adjusted to a temporary capacity change. It is
also not allowed to make a change of the nominal capacity in the case of capacity decreases as a consequence of
or for the avoidance of damages. In the same way a decrease of the nominal capacity is not admissible due to
ageing, wear or soiling.
35
Designation
Symbol
Term definition and description
A change of the nominal capacity may be only made if
additional investments, e.g. retrofitting measures improving efficiency, are made with the aim to increase the capacity of the plant, plant parts are definitely shut down or
removed with an intentional acceptance of capacity
losses, due to external influences, see chapter 14, the
plant is continuously, i.e. for the rest of its service life,
operated outside the design area determined in the supply
agreements, or the plant is only allowed to be operated
with a reduced capacity till the end of the service life due
to an authoritative direction, even if no technical defect
exists.
36
Designation
2.4.2
Available capacity
Symbol
Pv
Term definition and description
The operating capacity gross or net is the capacity operated at the relevant time.
The operating capacity can be higher than the nominal
capacity, e.g. excess-capacity due to good cooling water
conditions (see Figure 2 as well as Figure 2 and Figure 2).
Pv = PN - Pnv
2.4.3
Dispatchable capacity
Pb
The operating capacity gross or net is the capacity operated at the relevant time.
The operating capacity can be higher than the nominal
capacity, e.g. excess-capacity due to good cooling water
conditions (see Figure 2 as well as Figure 2 and Figure 2).
P b = P v – P ns
2.4.4
Capacity generated
PB
The gross or net operating capacity is the capacity generated at the relevant time.
The operating capacity can be greater than the nominal
capacity, e.g. excess capacity due to good cooling-water
conditions (see Figure 6).
2.4.4.1
Gross-(generated-)
capacity
PB br
2.4.4.2
Net-(generated-)
capacity
PB ne
The gross operating capacity of a plant is the delivered
capacity at the terminals of the generator.
The net operating capacity of a plant is the capacity which
is delivered to the supply system (transmission and distribution system, consumer) less a possible obtainment of
capacity in the operating time. It results alternatively from
the gross capacity reduced by the electric auxiliary capacity during the operation.
PB ne = PB br - PEig B
2.4.4.3
Auxiliary power capacity
2.4.5
Schedule capacity
PEig B
PFP
The operating auxiliary capacity is that electric capacity
which is necessary for secondary and auxiliary plant units
during the operation of a plant (generator connected to
the grid).
The gross or net schedule capacity (active power incl balancing capacity) is the capacity that must be generated
and/or stored at the variously set time intervals.
37
2.4.6
Available unproducible capacity
Png
The available unproducible capacity is that part of available capacity which is ready for operation but will not be
used and/or cannot be used due to external influences.
Png = Pv – PB
= PR + Pns
2.4.6.1
Stand-by capacity
PR
The stand-by capacity is the capacity beyond the operating capacity which may be operated but is not operated by
the load dispatcher.
PR = Png - Pns
2.4.6.2
Available unproducible capacity
(external influences)
Pns
The available unproducible capacity is the capacity which
could be generated by the plant but cannot be used by the
load dispatcher because of external influences, i.e. for
reasons which are outside the plant.
Due to the determination of the nominal capacity as average nominal capacity of a year, one has to take into account that the available indispatchable capacity as remaining link, calculated by
Pns = PN - Pnv - PB - PR
may cause deviations from the exact value for shorter
evaluation periods than one regular year. If in special
cases the available indispatchable capacity has also to be
determined exactly for shorter evaluation periods than one
calendar year, the instantaneous values have to be inserted into above correlation.
2.4.7
Unavailable capacity (UA-capacity)
Pnv
The unavailable capacity is that capacity of a plant relating to the nominal capacity which cannot be operated due
to reasons which are inside the plant or which cannot be
influenced by the management.
Pnv = Pn - Pv
The subdivision of the unavailable capacity into a planned
and an unplanned part will be carried out according to
Figure 4:
Hierarchy of definitions (survey).
38
Figure 6:
Example for the determination of the nominal capacity due to the correlation
between operating capacity and cooling water inlet temperature
39
energy
generated
Wnv
Wnv p
unproducible energy
- external influence energy -
Wns
Producible but not generated energy - stand-by
energy -
WR
Wns
Wng
WR
WB
WB
unit
Figure 7:
stand-by
energy
energy
generated
dispatchable
energy Wb
available energy Wv
nominal energyWN
available
energy not
generated
Wnv un
W nv ud
undispatchable
energy Wnb
Energy-related terms
unavailable
energy Wnv
2.5
load dispatcher
Diagram of energy-related definitions
Designation
2.5.1
Nominal energy
Symbol
WN
Term definition and designation
The nominal energy is the product of nominal capacity
and reference period.
WN = PN · tN
2.5.2
Nominal energy during Peak-Times
WNPe
Nominal energy during peak times is the product of
nominal capacity and nominal time limited to the peak
times.
WNPe = PN · tNPe
40
Designation
2.5.3
Available energy
Symbol
Wv
Term definition and designation
The available energy is the energy which can be generated in the reference period due to the technical and
operational condition of the plant.
WV = WN - Wnv
2.5.4
WvPe
Available energy during Peak-times
The available energy is the producible energy in peak
times in view of the plant's technical and operational
condition.
WVPe = WNPe - WnvPe
2.5.5
Dispatchable energy
Wb
2.5.6
Generated energy
WB
2.5.7
Schedule energy
WFp
2.5.8
Available energy not
generated
Wng
The dispatchable energy of a production unit is the
sum of generated energy and stand-by energy.
The energy generated is the energy actually generated
during the reference period.
The schedule energy is the energy that must be produced on the basis of the schedule set by the dispatcher.
The available energy not generated is that part of
available energy which is not generated and/or cannot
be generated due to external influences.
Wng = WV - WB
= WR + Wns
2.5.8.1
Stand-by energy
WR
2.5.8.2
Available unproducible
energy (external influence energy)
Wns
The stand-by energy is the energy which may be generated in addition to the energy generated but is not
generated.
The available unproducible energy is the energy which
cannot be generated due to external influences, i.e. for
reasons which are outside the plant. Pay also attention
to the note in 2.4.6.
41
Designation
2.5.9
Unvailable energy
(UA-energy)
Symbol
Wnv
Term definition and description
The unavailable energy is the energy which cannot be
generated for reasons which are inside the plant or
cannot be influenced by the management.
The unavailable energy is calculated from the sum of
unavailable capacities multiplied by the respective periods:
Wng = ∑ (Pnv ⋅ t )
The respective period t is not always identical to the
unavailable period tnv according to chapter Fehler!
Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden..
The unavailable energy is composed of a planned and
an unplanned part.
Wnv = Wnv p + Wnv u
2.5.9.1
Planned
UA-energy
Wnv p
2.5.9.2
Unplanned
UA-energy
Wnv u
The planned unavailable energy is that unavailable
energy the respective beginning and duration of which
have to be determined more than 4 weeks in advance.
The unplanned unavailable energy is that unavailable
energy the beginning of which cannot be postponed or
only up to 4 weeks.
The unplanned unavailable energy is subdivided into a
postponable and a not postponable part.
Wnv u = Wnv ud + Wnv un
2.5.9.3
Unplanned postponable UA-energy
Wnv ud
2.5.9.4
Wnv un
Unplanned not postponable UA-energy
The unplanned postponable unavailable energy is that
part of unplanned unavailable energy the beginning of
which can be postponed more than 12 hours up to 4
weeks.
The unplanned not postponable unavailable energy is
that part of unplanned unavailable energy the beginning of which cannot be postponed or only up to 12
hours.
42
II.
Analysis of the unavailability
of Thermal Power Plants
- Execution Instructions -
43
B
DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
- Rules and regulations -
3
Plant (unit) delimitation
For the comparability of availability results attention is to be paid to the factual delimitations
of power plant systems.
In most cases the availability determination is carried out for units. The delimitation of a
plant (unit) is made, as far as the grid is concerned, at the high-voltage terminals of the
machine transformer and, as far as the fuel is concerned, at the commissioning point to the
power plant.
If several units have a joint equipment, e.g. a joint fuel supply, a joint chimney, a joint flue
gas cleaning one has to consider that the unavailabilities of this joint equipment are added
to each respective unit.
For plants with combined generation of Heat and Power (CHP) the delimitation for the heat
generation is normally the commissioning point.
44
Power plant unit
unit
Power plant units with a joint equipment
unit A
unit B
steam generator
steam generator
steam generator
steam turboset
steam turboset
steam turboset
steam turbine
steam turbine
steam turbine
generator
generator
machine
transformer
machine
transformer
generator
Equipment belonging to
the unit, e.g.:
- machine transformer
- fuel supply
- internal supply
- feedwater supply
- cooling water supply
- fuel gas purification
- chimney
Figure 8:
(common) systems assigned to several units,
e.g.:
- fuel supply
- internal supply
- feedwater supply
- cooling water supply
- fuel gas purification
- chimney
Factual delimitation of power plant systems
45
4
Principles and hierarchy of events
♦ It is important to notice that the unavailability has basically to be referred to the
nominal capacity.
♦ The allocation made for an unavailability into
-
planned
-
unplanned postponable
-
unplanned not postponable
continues for the whole duration of the unavailability, (exception see chapter 14.5)
♦ Hierarchy of events
If there are, at the same time, several reasons for a shutdown or a capacity decrease of
a plant (Figure 9-Figure 12) following order of priority applies to the evaluation:
1. unavailability planned
2. unavailability unplanned
3. external influence
4. stand-by
If there are at the same time an unavailability and an external influence or a stand-by, it
is necessary to determine the available energy, as if external influence and stand-by
respectively did not exist (Figure 11 and Figure 12).
46
PN
WB
Wnv un
Wnv p
Wnv un
P
beginning
leakage
Figure 9:
beginning
repeated
testing
end
repeated
testing
end
leakage
t
Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous presence of a planned (e.g. repeated testing) and an unplanned partial unavailability (e.g. leakage)
PN
Wnv p
P
WB
WB
beginning
of trial
Figure 10:
damage
emergeny trip
t
end of planned
unavailability
(scheduled date)
Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous
presence of a planned unavailability (e.g. revision) and an unplanned event
(e.g. turbine emergency trip)
47
PN
stretch-out
stretch-out
Wns
P
Wns
Wnv un
WB
WB
t
energency trip
Figure 11: Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous presence of an unplanned unavailability (e.g. turbine emergency trip) and an external influence (e.g. stretch-out-operation with nuclear power plants)
PN
Wns
Wns
WR
P
Wnv un
WB
beginning partial
unavailability
end partial
unavailability
t
Figure 12: Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous presence of an unplanned partial unavailability (e.g. feed water pump failure), an
external influence (e.g. cooling water temperature beyond design) and a standby (e.g. lack of load)
5
Start-up and Shutdown
Energy not generated during the start-up process (beginning with the synchronization with
the grid) must be allocated to the preceding operating state, with the shutdown (derating) to
the subsequent operating (Figure 12 and Figure 13)
48
6
Capacity Fluctuations by Different Temperatures of Cooling Water and
Air
The capacity fluctuations which result from seasonally caused different cooling water inlet
temperatures at the condenser and/or air inlet temperatures with gas turbines form the basis of the nominal capacity definition see Figure 6.
Reduced capacities within the fluctuation range, e.g. during the summer months, are thus,
according to the definition, no unavailable capacities and even no external influence capacities.
7
Excess Energy
According to the definition excess energies (energies above the nominal capacity) are not
considered when determining the energy availability.
So values of > 1 and/or > 100 % are not possible.
In contrast to the energy availability are excess energies included into the consideration for
the energy utilization, so that values of > 1 and/or > 100 % are possible.
Unavailable energies above the nominal capacity are basically not taken into consideration.
8
Market assessed supply reliability
The market assessed supply reliability is a financial approach to benchmark the economical operation of a power unit in the market. Considering both the deviation between operational and scheduled work in a time slice, and the assessment of the deviation with the
profit margin (market price, e.g. EEX in Germany, reduced by the specific variable costs)
concerning to this time slice it is possible to decide, whether a power unit has been dispatched economically or not.
Looking at the specific variable costs at least the fuel costs should be considered (including
the greenhouse gas costs for conventional power plants).
The schedule (power plant schedule) is obligatory for the supply of electrical capacity and
electrical work in a time slice (e.g. 15 minutes).
49
9
9.1
Exceeding and Falling Below Planned Unavailabilities
General
According to chapter 2, a planned unavailability ends at that time (scheduled date) which
was fixed at least 4 weeks before the beginning of the unavailability. This date may be
fallen below or exceeded (extension, see chapter 9.2).
In case of falling below the planned unavailability ends in time with the grid synchronization, with regard to the capacity it ends when the required capacity has been reached (see
Figure 10).
If a trial/test operation is carried out before the end of the planned unavailability (scheduled
date), which will be interrupted due to a malfunction or a damage, the assignment of the
unavailability continues corresponding to the hierarchy of event (see chapter 4).
9.2
Extension
Any exceeding of the scheduled date of a planned unavailability is an extension and must
be recorded separately (see Data sheet for reporting to VGB in chapter 15.2). Reasons for
an extension may be both planned and unplanned.
An extension is planned, when it is determined at least 4 weeks before the scheduled date.
As with the planned unavailability, the duration, i.e. the new scheduled date, has also to be
determined with the planned extension.
All other extensions are not postponable unplanned unavailabilities (Figure 12).
50
PN
P
Wnv p
WB
Wnv un
WB
not postponable
unplanned
extension
≤ 4 weeks
Feststellung der
Überschreitung
des Solltermins
Ende der geplanten NV
(Solltermin)
t
Figure 13: Extension of a planned unavailability due to a damage
10
Retrofitting Measures (Retrofit)
Shutdowns due to retrofitting or improvement do not interrupt the data recording for the
availability determination.
11
External influences
External influences are defined as external events, which occure to a power plant or unit,
affecting the capacity or dispatchability but not the availability. These events (i.e. climate,
regulatory rules) cannot be affected by the power plant management.
Capacity restrictions by external influences
Capacity restrictions of a plant due to external influences which cannot be affected by the
management or when just a little, do not decrease the availability. These capacity restrictions by external influences are defined as available indispatchable capacity, as far as the
reason for the capacity losses are substantiated by following listed or comparative events
and these do not lead to a technical damage or a malfunction in the plant.
If, however, any external influence, although taken into account by plant design,
causes a technical damage or a failure in the plant, this is an unavailability.
51
Fuel
-
fuel shortage (e.g. supply difficulties, icing)
-
fuel quality (outside the design band)
-
stretch-out-/stretch-in-phases in nuclear power plants
-
reduced capacity by fuel limitation.
Fuel related reductions in capacity may be caused by management decisions according to
commercial reasons. Therefore those are not external influences.
Preservation of the plant
Shutdowns in connection with preservation measures, e.g. preparing the plant as a cold
stand-by capacity, are also considered as external influences, as far as the plant otherwise
is fully technically available.
Availability statistics can be falsified by the cold stand-by of a power plant (100% available
according to external influences), especially when the power plant stays on cold preservation for a long time. For statistical evaluations the situation of cold stand-by must be taken
into account by diminishing of the reference period.
The reference period begins with the first new start-up announcement of the power plant
after a cold stand-by period and ends if the plant must be preserved once more again.
Climate
-
water shortage due to e.g. icing, ice floes, screenings, high/low water, infiltration of
fish etc.
-
temperature of cooling water and air (outside the design band, and approved values
of the plant respectively), see Chapter 6.
-
smog, emissions into the surroundings of the plant
-
Leistungseinsenkungen durch außergewöhnliche Umwelteinflüsse
Grid related restrictions
The delimitation of the plant on the grid side is at the high-voltage terminals of the machine
transformer.
All results which lead to an impairment of the energy leakage into lines, coupling parts etc,
are to be assessed as outside influence.
All events causing a disturbance of the energy transmission concerning the grid lines or
electric coupler system, etc, are considered as external influence:
-
The measures which do not permit the transfer and the release of the energy when
they are out of the responsibility of the plant operator. (e.g. maintenance work / disturbances in the transformer stations or in high voltage lines which do not permit the
52
transmission capacity).
-
The measures to the security or to the reliability of the electricity supply system
which are ordered by the grid operator.
Shortage of Personnel
Missing stand-by ability due to a reduction of the shift personnel in certain low load periods
for economic reasons, e.g. shutdowns during the weekend.
Other matters
•
Strike, siege, occupation, terror assault, shipping and flying accident, earthquake, force
majeur
•
Open day
•
No safety authorities permission for restart of an available Nuclear Power Plant
•
Missing environmental certificates
•
Forced restrictions of the authorities for operation
12
Combined Heat and Power Generating Plants (CHP)
Availability determinations of plants with co-generation are only useful when they facilitate
an evaluation of the total plant, i.e. when they are performed including the heat generation.
This requires the definition of the total capacity, i.e. of the nominal capacity of the cogeneration plant. Three cases are possible:
equipment electrical
unavailable energy by
thermal generation
energy not
generated
undispatchable
energy Wnb
electrical unavailable
energy
Wnv
Wnb
Wnv äqu
Wng
K
unavailable
Energy Wnv KWK
The electrical capacity corresponds to the total capacity (Figure 14).
WR
stand-by
energy
53
Figure 14:
Co-Generation plant (CHP) with an extraction condensing turbine, case a
c)
WR
stand-by
energy
KWK
Wng
electrical
energy
generated
equivalent electrical
energy generated by
thermal generation
WB
WB
WB äqu
unit
Figure 15:
undispatchable
energy Wnb
Wnv äqu
PN
energy generatedt WB
available energy Wv KWK
nominal energy WN KWK
energy not
generated
Wnb
electrical
energy
generated
dispatchable
energy Wb
equivalent electrical
unavailable energy by
thermal generation
Wnv
PN
electrical
unavailable energy
PB äqu
unavailable
energy Wnv KWK
b) The electrical capacity and the thermal capacity add up to the total capacity (Figure 15).
load dispatcher
Co-generation plant (CHP) with an extraction condensing turbine, case b
The electrical and the thermal capacity intersect in one partial area, i.e. the sum of
noth is higher than the total capacity (Figure 16).
Wnv äqu
energy not generated
Wng
Wnb
WR
stand-by
energy
WB
electrical
energy
generated
PN
WB
äqu
PN äqu
equivalent electrical
energy generated by
thermal generation
WB
Päqu max
energy generated WB KWK
available energy Wv KWK
electrical
energy
generated
Wb max
undispatchable
energy Wnb
equivalent electrical
unavailable energy by
thermal generation
dispatchable
energy Wb
Wnv
PN
electrical
unavailable
energy
KWK
nominal energy WN KWK
unavailable
energy Wnv KWK
54
view dispatcher
Figure 16: Co-generation plant (CHP) with an extraction condensing turbine, case c
Nominal capacity and nominal energy from co-generation plants
When defining the total capacity of the co-generation plant PN CHP one always has to proceed from the highest electrical permanent capacity (nominal capacity PN according to
chapter 2.4.1). In case b) and c) this must be complemented by the thermal capacity which
goes beyond PN, expressed in an equivalent electrical capacity PN equ.
PN KWK = PN + PN equ
PN KWK :
PN
PN equ
nominal capacity of the co-generation plant
:
highest electrical permanent capacity
:
equivalent electrical capacity of the thermal generation, which goes beyond PN
The nominal capacity PN CHP has to be defined at commissioning. Changes of capacity are
permitted only with essential changes of the nominal conditions (e.g. remaining changes of
the heat acceptance conditions) and with constructive measures at the plant.
According to that the nominal energy of a co-generation plant is.
55
WN KWK = WN + WN equ
WN KWK :
:
WN
WN equ :
nominal energy of the co-generation plant
electrical nominal energy (see chapter 2.5.1)
equivalent electrical nominal energy through thermal generation, which goes
beyond WN
Equivalent electrical energy through thermal generation.
The equivalent electrical energy is the product of the steam quantity and the specific energy of the steam dependent on the steam condition. This corresponds to the energy which
could be generated in the turbine unit by an extraction steam quantity.
Wequ = ∑ (Di ⋅ ai )
i
Wequ
:
equivalent electrical energy through thermal generation
D
:
extraction steam quantity in t
i
:
extraction point
a
:
specific energy in kWh/t
Energy availability
kW =
Wnv
:
Wnv equ :
W N KWK − Wnv KWK
W N KWK
mit Wnv KWK = Wnv + Wnv equ
unavailable electrical energy (see chapter 2.5.9)
equivalent unavailable electrical energy through thermal generation
Energy utilization
56
nW =
WB KWK
W N KWK
=
WB + WBequ
W N KWK
WB KWK :
generated energy of the co-generation plant
WB
electrical energy generated (see chapter 2.5.6)
:
WB equ :
13
equivalent electrical energy generated through thermal generation
Successful start-up rate
The successful start-up rate is the ratio of the number of successful start-ups to the number
of total requested start-ups over a given period of time. (see Chapter 1.3.3).
A start-up is technically considered as a successful start-up, when the connection of the
unit to the grid (closing the line circuit breaker) succeeds and stays in a stable state.
For the determination of the successful start-up rate, it is important to take into account just
the start-ups arising when the unit is considered available. All start-ups during maintenance
phases or test-start are not taken into account in the determination of this indicator.
A successful start-up is one which, with the respect to the start-up requested, corresponds
to the exact level of power and the exact timing specified in the scheduled drafted by the
grid administrator. A tolerance of ± ¼ hour is granted and the connection must be maintain
at least ½ hour at a stable level.
For gas turbines and all emergency units those conditions are stronger: The unit must be
connected at least 10 minutes after the start-up order has been received by the load dispatcher.
14
14.1
Special Regulations
Measures in available plants
Measures in an available but not operated plant, which take no more than 30 minutes, do
not reduce the availability.
Measures which take more than 30 minutes are unavailabilities, even when the operations
can be interrupted at any time and the plant can be started in its usual start-up period.
57
A disregarding of this rule would result in inadmissible distortions of the availabilities.
14.2
Failure of Flue Gas Cleaning
Basically any capacity restriction of the unit caused by the flue gas cleaning plant is unavailability.
According to each countries specifications for pollution control (e.g. 13. BlmSchV in Germany) it may be allowed to continue the operation of a boiler and thus the power plant unit
even in case of the flue gas desulphurisation plant failure when the failure period does not
exceed a fixed period of hours per year.
The same special regulations may be applied to DENOX plants.
14.3
Nuclear Power Plants
In adaptation to the availability determination of WANO [5] capacity restrictions by Strechin/strech-out have been defined for nuclear power plants since January 1, 1991 as an
available undispatchable capacity (external influence capacity), as far as there does not
exist an unavailability at the same time (chapter 4 and Figure 11).
According to the instruction manual those regulations set up in chapter 8 and 9 are valid
with start-ups after a fuel-saving program.
14.4
Missing Operating Permit
Shutdowns and operating mode with reduced capacity respectively are, due to a missing/cancelled operating permit, unavailabilities only when there are technical defects within
the plant.
If assumed technical and/or organizational defects are not confirmed and if inspections or
tests have not been executed to prove this, these events are to be evaluated retroactively
as available undispatchable capacity/unproducible energy due to external influences.
If inspections and tests were required to prove the technically perfect condition of the plant,
it is allowed only to consider the period after the end of inspections/tests until the re-
58
granting of the operating permit to determine the available undispatchable capacity/unproducible energy due to external influences.
PN
P
WB
Wnv un
damage
Figure 17:
14.5
Wnv p
Wnv p
Wnv un
advanced planned
unavailability
WB
WB
t
WB
originally planned
unavailability
Advancing of a planned unavailability on the occasion of a damage
Advancing of Planned Unavailabilities
On the occasion of an unplanned unavailability one advances an unavailability which is
planned for a later time.
In contrast to the original assignment (see chapter 4) the unavailability has to be assessed
as planned from the beginning of the advanced unavailability for the original duration
(scheduled value) (Figure 17). This is also true when the planned unavailability is advanced for economic reasons, as far as it is possible to prove that there are no operational
and/or safety-related reasons for advancing.
15
15.1
Data Recording
Use of Gross or Net Values
For the determination of availability one can calculate with gross or net values. By restricting the energy generated to the operating time of the unit (connected to the grid) one
avoids a negative capacity/energy when using the net capacity for the determination of the
energy generated (e.g. with reference to the shutdown auxiliary consumption from the
59
grid).
Small differences result from e.g. the conversion from non-electrical drives to electrical
drives and other changes in the electrical auxiliary consumption.
60
15.2
Data sheet for reporting to VGB
Table 1:
Data sheet for reporting to VGB (example)
company: VGB
1
2
power plant: anonymous
3
4
5
6
7
period under report: from 2007
8
9
10
11
12
up to 2007
13
14
Utilization of energy, Availability of energy
unit-/
plant no.
capacity
Nominal time
time
Nominal
energy
Operating Ulilization of
energy
energy
(generation)
MW
h
GWh
GWh
PN
tN
W N = PN * tN
WB
%
nW =
W
W
B
planned (1)
Target
Actual
Not available energy
unplanned
disponibel
nicht
disponibel
total
( Column
8+9+10)
(2)
GWh
(3)
GWh
(4)
GWh
(5)
GWh
GWh
W nv
W nv
W nv
W nv
W nv
p
p
ud
un
Extension
planned
unavailablility
(6)
GWh
N
Availability of Availability of
peak energy
energy
15
Available
not producible
energy
(external
impact
energy)
(7)
%
%
W − WnvP
W − Wnv
k WP = NP
kW = N
WN
PN * tNP
GWh
W ns
X1
133
8760
1165,1
844,3
72,47
200,24
0,00
110,42
310,66
0
73,34
81,05
30,07
Y1
125
8760
1095,0
266,1
24,30
514,00
33,10
8,60
555,70
0
49,25
60,96
0,00
Z1
32
8784
281,1
1,4
0,50
122,50
0,00
22,60
145,10
0
48,38
24,25
0,00
(1) Start and period of the unavailability has to be defined more than 4 weeks before access
(2) As planned (target value)
(3) as actually happend (actual value)
(4) The start of the unavailability is movable more than 12 hours up to 4 weeks
(5) The start of the unavailability is not movable or up to 12 hours
(6) Jede Überschreitung des Solltermins einer geplanten Nichtverfügbarkeit, auch ungeplante Verlängerungen
(7) Available not producible energy due to effects outside the unit (unit is available, but not applicable).
Advice to column 7, 12 and 14: Value = "0", please fill in "0" . Value not covered, please mark "-"
Datenbasis:
Bruttowerte
Nettowerte
61
Table 2:
16
Continuance date sheet for reporting to VGB (example)
17
18
19
20
Utilization of time,
Block-/
unit no.
Time of
operation
Utilization
of time
21
22
23
25
24
availability of time
Unavalable time
planned
unplanned
(8)
(9)
26
27
28
Realiability of starts
Avaiablility of
time
total
Availability
of peaktime
Driven fuel within reporting preiod.
Number of starts (10)
effective
Reliability of
starts
not effective
Unplanned
automatic
load control
Part of the production
h
%
tB
nt =
tB
tN
h
h
t nv
t nv
p
h
u
UAGS7
(11)
tnv=tnv p + tnv u
%
kt =
tN − t nv
tN
%
k tP =
t NP − t nvP
t NP
%
%
Hard coal
Lignite
Oil
Gas
se
sn
z=
se
Anz. * 7000
Po =
tB
se + sn
X1
6627
75,65
1505,6
830,2
2335,8
73,34
81,31
0,0
100,0
0,0
0,0
-
-
-
-
Y1
2210,1
25,23
4112,0
306,0
4418,0
49,56
60,82
100,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
-
-
-
-
Z1
66
0,75
0,0
3749,0
3749,0
57,32
28,64
0,0
0,0
100,0
0,0
19
0
100
-
(8) Start and period of the unavailability (shutdown) has to fixed more than 4 weeks before access
(9) The Start of the unavailability (shutdown) is not m oveable or up to 4 weeks
(10) Starts are only counted if the plant is declared available. All starts within an unavailability like failure diagnostic or tests must not to be counted.
(11) A "sucessful start" is given by accieving the necessary power
Advice to "for power plant/gas turbines" (Column 25 to 27): Only to be registered for successfull and unsuccessfull starts.
62
Table 3:
Continuance date sheet for reporting to VGB (example)
VGB
09/2007
Availablility of thermal power plants
Data sheet for reporting to VGB
for fossil fired units, nuclear power plants, gasturbines
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
failure rate
Block/
unit no.
power plant failure rate
unplanned
%
W nv u
pl =
W B + W nv
unplanned
%
u
W nv un
pl =
W B + W nv
power plant reliability
load dispatcher failure rate
unavailable
un
36
37
realiability
unavalable
%
%
Wnv un
Wnv u
pl =
pl =
WB + Wnv un + Wns
WB + Wnv u + Wns
load dispatcher realiability
ungeplant
unavailable
unplanned
unavailable
%
%
WB
pV =
W B + W nv un
%
WB
pV =
WB + Wnv u + Wns
%
WB
pV =
WB + Wnv un + Wns
pV =
WB
WB
+ W nv
u
X1
0,12
0,12
0,11
0,11
0,88
0,88
0,86
0,86
Y1
0,14
0,03
0,14
0,03
0,86
0,97
0,86
0,97
Z1
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,06
0,06
0,06
0,06
63
Calculation of Mean Values
16
Beside uniform definitions and determination methods, also definite and uniform regulations
are necessary to compare availability considerations. The following sections show how the
mean values are to be formed for one or several calendar or operating years.
16.1
Fundamentals
It is valid for the following formulas and figures:
i
= 1, 2, ..., I
j
= 2002, 2003, ..., J calendar years, e.g. 2002, 2003
m = 0, 1, 2, ..., M
plant numbering
operating years of the plants
♦ The calendar year in which commercial operation began is the operating year zero (m = 0).
♦ One operating year corresponds to one calendar year (January 1 to
December 31).
Exceptions usually are the years of the beginning of the commercial
operation and of the decommissioning.
tN
reference period (see 1.3), corresponds to the number of hours of the
considered calendar year
normal year tN = 8760 h
leap year
tN = 8784 h.
64
16.2
Mean value for Several Plants for one Calendar Year or one Operating Year
The different mean value calculations can be seen in the following matrix, e.g. for the available energy Wv:
Year of commercial operation of unit 1
(m=0)
Year of commercial operation of unit 2
(m=0)
Year of commercial operation of unit 3+4
(m=0)
…
j=J
j=2002
j=2003
j=2004
j=2005
j=2006
Wv,1
(m=0)
Wv,1
(m=1)
Wv,1
(m=2)
Wv,1
(m=3)
Wv,1
(m=4)
Wv,1
(m=M)
Wv,2
(m=0)
Wv,2
(m=1)
Wv,2
(m=2)
Wv,2
(m=M)
unit 3
(i=3)
Wv,3
(m=0)
Wv,3
(m=1)
Wv,3
(m=M)
unit 4
(i=4)
Wv,4
(m=0)
Wv,4
(m=1)
Wv,4
(m=M)
Wv,I
(m=0)
Wv,I
(m=M)
unit 1
(i=1)
unit 2
(i=2)
…
unit I
(i=I)
Wv,i,j for a certain calendar year (e.g.: j = 2005)
Wv,i,m for a certain operating year (e.g.: m = 1)
65
16.2.1
Mean Energy Availability k mean
for I Plants
W
in the calendar year j:
in the operating year m:
I
I
k
=
mean
W,j
=
∑W
i =1
I
v ,i , J
i =1
N ,i , j
∑W
k
Wv ,1, j + Wv , 2, j + ... + Wv , I , j
=
W N ,1, j + W N , 2, j + ... + W N , I , j
mean
W ,m
=
∑W
i =1
I
v ,i ,m
i =1
N ,i ,m
∑W
Wv ,1,m + Wv , 2,m + ... + Wv , I ,m
W N ,1,m + W N , 2,m + ... + W N , I ,m
The calculation of the other parameters is made analogously, replacing the:
− time availability kt
− time utilization nt
− energy utilization nW
16.2.2
:
:
:
Wv by tv, WN by tN
Wv by tB, WN by tN
Wv by WB
Mean Operating Time t Bmean for I Plant
in the calendar year j:
t mean = n mean ⋅ t
B, j
t, j
N
in the operating year m:
mean
t Bmean
=
n
⋅ tN
,m
t ,m
The calculation of the mean operating time for several plants with the help of the mean time
utilization nt of these plants makes it possible also to include and correctly evaluate plants,
the commercial operation or decommissioning of which has taken place within the calendar
year and operating year respectively.
16.2.3
Mean Utilization Duration t mean
for I Plant
aN
in the calendar year j:
mean
mean
t aN
=
n
⋅ tN
,j
W
in the operating year m:
t mean = n mean ⋅ t
aN , m
W
N
66
The calculation of the mean utilization duration for several plants with the help of the mean
energy utilization nW of these plants makes it possible also to include and correctly evaluate
plants, the commercial operation and decommissioning of which has taken place within the
calendar year and operating year respectively.
16.3
Mean Value for Several Plants for Several Calendar Years or Several Operating
Years
j=2002
j=2003
j=2004
Year of
commercial
operation
unit 3+4
(m=0)
j=2005
Wv,1
(m=0)
Wv,1
(m=1)
Wv,1
(m=2)
Wv,1
(m=3)
Wv,1
(m=4)
Wv,1
(m=M)
Wv,2
(m=0)
Wv,2
(m=1)
Wv,2
(m=2)
Wv,2
(m=M)
unit 3
(i=3)
Wv,3
(m=0)
Wv,3
(m=1)
Wv,3
(m=M)
unit 4
(i=4)
Wv,4
(m=0)
Wv,4
(m=1)
Wv,4
(m=M)
Wv,I
(m=0)
Wv,I
(m=M)
Year of commercial operation unit 2
(m=0)
Year of commercial operation unit 1
(m=0)
unit 1
(i=1)
unit 2
(i=2)
j=2006
…
j=J
…
unit I
(i=I)
Wv,i,j for a certain calendar year (e.g.: j = 2005)
Wv,i,m for a certain operating year (e.g.: M = 2)
67
Mean Energy Availability k mean
for I Plants and J Calendar Years or M Operating Years:
W
for J calendar years
I
k
mean
W,j
= 20.. bis J
=
=
J
∑ ∑W
i =1 j = 20..
I
J
v ,i , J
i =1 j = 20..
N ,i , j
∑ ∑W
(Wv ,1, 20 .. + ... + Wv ,1, J ) + (Wv , 2, 20 .. + ... + Wv , 2, J ) + ... + (Wv , I , 20.. + ... + Wv , I , J )
(W N ,1, 20.. + ... + W N ,1, J ) + (W N , 2, 20.. + ... + W N , 2, J ) + ... + (W N , I , 20.. + ... + W N , I , J )
for M operating years
I
k
mean
W , m = 0 bis M
=
=
M
∑∑W
i =1 m =0
I M
v ,i , m
i =1 m =0
N ,i , m
∑∑W
(Wv ,1,0 + ... + Wv ,1,M ) + (Wv , 2,0 + ... + Wv , 2,M ) + ... + (Wv ,I ,0 + ... + Wv , I ,M )
(WN ,1,0 + ... + WN ,1,M ) + (WN , 2,0 + ... + WN , 2,M ) + ... + (WN ,I ,0 + ... + WN , I ,M )
The calculation of the other parameters is made analogously, replacing the:
- time availability kt
:
Wv by tv, WN by tN
- time utilization nt
:
Wv by tB, WN by tN
- energy utilization nW
:
Wv by WB
It is only allowed to include such plants into the mean value calculation, which have already
reached or exceeded the operating year M.
68
16.4
Classification and comparison of units
The following diagrams may be used in order to benchmark two or more units:
•
Percentile diagram
•
Pareto diagram
The Percentile-Diagram is used to compare the relative position of one data among a homogeneous group of same statistical data. Here this type of diagram is used to compare the
performance indicator of one unit or plant with the same indicator of other units or plants.
Unit Capability Factor
AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/SI/ZA
Steam Turbine - All Fuels - P =100/199 MW - (1990 to 2004)
Distribution
" Best
Quartile"
93,4
M edian
88,22
383
400
number of units
350
309
271
300
250
200
1557 Unit. Years
Arith. M ean=84,2
200
129
150
100
50
5
2
0
5
0
0
10
8
10
10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
24
21
55
60
38
64
68
70
75
0
65
80
85
90
95
100
percent
Figure 18: Example of frequency distribution
The distribution is shared in four quartiles. The under quartile (percentile 25) is called “Worst
Quartile” and the upper quartile (percentile 75) „Best Quartile“(see Figure 18). The difference
between the two quartiles represents exactly 50% of the distribution and can be used as statistical spread.
Another important value used in this distribution is the median (percentile 50, middle quartile),
which shares the group in two equal parts.
The Pareto-Diagram (see Figure 19) is built with the accumulation of one performance indicator or failure list. The values of the performance indicator or the type of failure are downward classified and accumulated from left to right of the X-coordinate. The results often are
graphically interpreted.
69
Pareto chart of Availability
Collective: fossil-fired units, total
Period: 2005
100
Numbers of units
75
50
25
0
100
>=95
>=90
>=85
>=80
>=75
>=70
>=65
>=60
>=55
>=50
Availability [%]
This document is protected by national and international law.
VGB PowerTech e.V. • www.vgb.org
Klinkestr. 27-31 • D-45136 Essen • [email protected]
Figure 19: Example of a pareto chart
The Pareto-principle is usually called “80 - 20 rule“. This rule means that in the majority of
cases, about 80% of problems can be explained by 20% of possible causes.
17
17.1
Analysis of the Unavailability of thermal power plants
History of VGB Guideline 140
The external availability determination of thermal power plants through the VGB was extended to the analysis of unavailabilities in the year 1988. The previous VGB Guideline “VGB
Richtlinie 140” includes principles and special features, which have to be observed for a systematic and externally uniform determination of unavailable events and the reporting to the
VGB. Simultaneously, it is the basis for plant-internal determinations which are normally more
detailed.
The update of this guideline is now integrated at this 7th edition of the VGB Booklet 3 and will
not be used as a separate document.
17.2
Unavailability analysis from thermal power plants
The unavailability analysis (UA-analysis) is a supplementary and continuing analysis with the
70
purpose to find out and evaluate reasons and producers of unavailabilities. It gives information on operational and constructive weaknesses and enables to take measures which especially reduce the unplanned unavailability and thereby increase the availability above all in
case of a request.
These principles as well as the existing guideline dictate the rules for the data determination
and the data flow and show possibilities of evaluation in the unavailability analysis. The correlation between principles, determination and evaluation of data as well as between the unavailability analysis and the availability determination is shown in Figure 20.
With regard to the expenditure and the benefit, the UA-analysis is a significant step between
the unavailability determination of an unit and a complete and large-scale statistics of damages.
The systematic of the unavailability analysis is shown in Figure 12 with the example of fossilfueled unit plant. Starting from the availability determination [3], the unavailability is divided
according to the criteria
♦ effect on the plant, time limits (chapter 19.5)
♦ Type of event (chapter 19.2) and
♦ Producer (KKS-function) [4].
71
principles
data recording
VGB
analysis of unavailability
availability
guidelines
Figure 20:
„available of
thermal power
plants“
key
power plant/operator
design
operation
definitions/
determination rules
master plan
- name
- nominal capacity
- fuel
- type of construction
- commissioning
eventcharacteristickey systems
(EMS)
power plant
classification
system (KKS)
„analysis of
unavailability
of thermal
power plants“
time limits,
type of event, capa-city
restriction/
shut down
functional key
determination rules
Information flow for determination and revision of data
reporting
availability
unit-related
- planned UA
- unplanned UA
• postponable
• not postponable
- operating hours
- generation
evaluation
VGB
revision
results
report
„availability of
thermal power
plants“
data
- collection
- control
- revision
- archiving
special determinations
e.g. for
- operator
- VGB committees
repoting
unavailability analysis
event-related
- priod
- unavailable energy
- KKS
- EMS
report
„analysis of
unavailablility of thermal power
plants“
72
energy unavailability
Ar beits-Nichtver
fügbar keit (NV)
time
Zeitrahmen
limits
Ereignisar
type of t
Hauptgruppe
main
nicht
not
postponable
disponibel
subUntergruppe
Gruppe
group
group
group
unplanned
unavailability
ungeplante NV
disponibel
postponable
producer
Ver
ursacher
event
damage
Schaden
sonstige
other
other
übrige
H steam
H Dampfgenerator
erzeugung
MA DampfMA steam
turbinenturbine
plant
anlage
MK
MAGeneratorgenerator
anlage
plant
other
MAMA
übrige
MAB
MAB
MAA
MAA
Arbeitsausnutzung
Energy utilization
ArbeitsEnergy
availability
verfügbarkeit
ArbeitsEnergy
Nichtverfügunavailability
barkeit
übrigeLL
other
Revision
revision
nicht
M turbo
Turbosatz
M
set
HA DruckHA
pressure
system
HHDampfsteam
erzeugung
Energy not
erzeugte
generated
system
other
HA
übrige HA
HAC
HAC
HAJ
HAJ
HAH
HAHHAD
HAD
generator
Arbeit
Inspektion
inspection
Vorbeugende
preventive repair
Instandsetzung
geplante NV
planned UA
reconstruction,
expansion
Umbau,
Erweiterung
sonstige
Availability
Ver fügbarkeitsdetermination
er mittlung
other
Other MA
übrige MA
MAB:
MP turbine
MAB : MD-Turbine
MAA:
HP turbine
MAA : HD-Turbine
Other HA
HAC :
HAC:
HAJ :
HAJ:
HAH :
HAH:
HAD :
HAD:
übrige HA
ECO ECO
Zwischenüberhitzer
reheater
HD-Überhitzer
HP reheater
Verdampfer
evaporator
Availability
Nichtver
fügbaranalysis
keits-Analyse
Bild2: Beispiel zur möglichen Untersuchungstiefe der Nichtver fügbar keits-Analyse
Figure 21:
17.3
Example for a possible examination depth of the unavailability analysis
Range of determination
Within the unavailability analysis, only those events have to be recorded, which lead to
full and partial unavailabilities of a unit.
For carrying out it is necessary to collect the unavailabilities so as it corresponds to the
rules which are valid in this connection, in accordance with the definitions of this guide.
Only this way it is possible to receive excessive and comparable values within the requirements.
Over and above that, it is important that the relevant definitions of power plants are
observed (chapter 3). For unit plants they take place, from the side of the grid, with the
high-voltage terminals of the machine transformer, from the side of the fuel, with the
transfer point to the power plant.
Unavailabilities are such events which limit the ability of the plant or of the plant part to
convert energy or meet their corresponding function because of plant-technical dam-
73
ages, defects or measures. Also capacity restrictions due to outside influences according to chapter 11 have to be recorded additionally for questions of operational planning.
The data, which are required for the external unavailability analysis, are already available in parts both to the operator and to the VGB. To enable a clear classification of
power plant units to the different evaluation modes, following design and operating data
must be indicated in connection with the unavailable events (see data sheet “Reporting
to VGB”):
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
company
name of power plant
unit designation
nominal capacity (gross, net)
reported year.
Following information is necessary to describe the event:
♦ period of unavailability (beginning and end)
♦ unavailable energy or unavailable capacity (gross or net),
♦ plant designation of the unavailable producer according to the KKS [4];
depth of classification is the three-digit function key,
♦ designation of characteristics of the events according to the key types 1 and 4
of the EMS (Chapter 19.2 and 19.5),
♦ brief description.
With the key resp. designation systems (EMS/KKS) the correspondingly valid version
must be applied.
If there is a recording of the unit availability in parallel to the recording of the unavailability via single events, it must be guaranteed that the results of availability and unavailability are the same according to both ways of procedure.
Attention must also be paid to that the evaluation and classification of unavailabilities
into
♦ a planned UA,
♦ a postponable unplanned UA,
♦ a not postponable unplanned UA.
do not diverge against other recordings.
The data transfer for the unavailability analysis to the VGB is to be made once a year.
74
The electronic data transmission should be preferred and coordinated with the VGB.
75
Table 4:
Unavailable analysis of thermal power plants
Data sheet for reporting
to VGB
VGB
1/2000
UNAVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Company:
power plant:
unit no.:
nominal capacity (MW
gross values
net values
year under report:
UNAVAILABILITY EVENTS (full and partial failures of the unit)
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
9
event characteristics
brief description
serial.
event
period of unavailability
beginning
end
unavailable energy/
plant system
time
type of
shutdow n/
(supplement to the encoding w ith
unavailable capacity
(KKS function)
limits
event
capacity
an abbreviated description of the
no.
restriction
day-month-time
day-month-time
MWh/MW
F1
F2
F3
EMS 4/1
EMS 1
EMS 4/2
event procedure and denomination
of the concerned plant part)
76
Table 5:
Unavailable analysis of thermal power plants (example)
Data sheet for reporting
to VGB
VGB
1/2000
UNAVAILABILITY ANLYSIS OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Company
power plant:
unit no.:
nominal capacity (MW
gross values
net values
year under report:
UNAVAILABILITY EVENTS (full- and partial failures of the unit)
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
9
8
event characteristics
brief description
serial.
event
period of unavailability
beginning
end
unavailable energy/
plant system
time
type of
shutdow n/
(supplement to the ecording w ith
unavaiable capacity
(KKS function)
limits
event
capacity
an abbreviated description of the
no.
restriciton
event procedure and demonstration
of the concerned plant part)
day-month-time
day-month-time
MWh/MW
F1
F2
F3
EMS 4/1
EMS 1
EMS 4/2
1.
12.1.1900 13:24
12.1.1900 20:00
2.112
H
A
C
A
A1
4
Disturbance: With load admission occurred fire from
"difference amount feed water about Eco " ( loss by frost
effect)
2.
12.1.1900 20:00
14.1.1900 8:08
11.403
E
T
A
D
A2
4
During the shutdown failure of the trough chains claimant's ETA
20 because of winding-damaging of the impulse engine on
account of a strain. Engine was exchanged.
3.
1.2.1900 23:40
2.2.1900 15:35
716
H
F
C
C
A2
2
Max. 275 MW because plant operated with four mills. Mill 3 in
repair, mill 6 unusual by "short circuit release" (engine was
changed afterwards)
4.
25.2.1900 18:31
26.2.1900 12:25
5.579
H
A
D
C
A2
4
Pipe scribing in the evaporator, + 27.0 m of corner mill 2, by
tearing off a cam of the membrane wall guidance as a result
of stretch impediment. By repair welds removes.
5.
26.2.1900 12:25
26.2.1900 20:23
2.389
M
A
J
D
A2
4
Disturbance at the starting-up operation: Damaged magnet
valves of the Elmopumpen-aerial emitters led to aerial
burglary and thereby to unenough vacuum.
6.
2.8.1900 0:00
12.8.1900 0:00
1.898
C
D2
2
Outside impact: Cooling water temperature to high
7.
20.12.1900 16:20
22.12.190015:00
8.074
X
A
A
C
A2
2
Damage at the driving turbine TKSP, regulation beam
twisted
8.
23.12.1900 21:45
24.12.1900 5:30
552
P
A
C
C
A2
2
Repairing of the central cooling water pump
77
Table 6:
Unavailable analysis of thermal power plants (example)
for nuclear power plants
VGB
Data sheet for reporting
to VGB
UNAVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF THERMAL POWER PLATS
Company:
power plant:
unit no.:
nominal capacity (MW
gross values
net values
year under report:
UNAVAILABLE EVENTS (full and partial failures of the unit)
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
9
8
event characteristics
brief description
serial.
event
period of unavailability
beginning
end
unavailable energy/
plant system
time
type of
shutdow n/
(supplement to the encording w ith
unavailable capacity
(KKS function)
limits
event
capacity
an abbreviatiated description of the
restriciton
event precedure and denomination of the concerned plant part
no.
9.
day-month-time
day-month-time
MWh/MW
F1
F2
F3
EMS 4/1
EMS 1
EMS 4/2
12.1.1900 13:24
12.1.1900 20:00
2.112
J
D
A
J
Z0
2
Steuerstabfahrfolgewechsel oder
Steuerstabmusterwechsel
10.
12.1.1900 20:00
14.1.1900 8:08
11.403
M
11.
7.5.1900 12:00
1.6.1900 23:00
752.424
J
12.
10.3.1900 10:14
13.3.1900 15:45
103
L
C
13.
9.4.1900 3:00
9.4.1900 5:45
107
M
A
14.
2.10.1900 3:50
2.10.1900 5:00
500
J
R
15.
27.5.1900 0:00
28.5.1900 5:00
1.800
P
771
L
16.
22.12.1900 22:30 22.12.1900 23:45
A
B
J
B1
2
Scramtest, time measurement of closing of the fresh steam
isolation valves, turbine check, test run food water pump C
and removal of a poetry leakage in the locking steam rule
valve 35V6301B.
K
B7
4
Refuelling and revisions
Y
C
A2
2
Disturbance in the main condensate-expiry rule valve
W
H
A2
2
Removal of a steam leakage in an armature in the
locking steam system
A
A1
2
Adaptation of the reactor limitations following the nuclear
power density gradient in the reactor kernel
C
B7
4
Repair of condenser leak
H
A2
2
Repairs on the armature RF24S103
Y
78
Data sheet “Reporting to VGB”
Reporting to VGB
VGB event-characteristic-key-system for the unavailable event recording
VGB 1/2000
(only relevant EMS codes)
EMS 4/1 time limits *
A
automatic load shedding/emergency trip
B
manual load shedding/emergency trip
C
arranged shutdown within 12 hours
D
restart resp. re-commissioning not possible (as far
as not point E, K, L). Due to technical failures the
start-up activity cannot be initialized.
E
exceeding of the planned event time according to
point J or K because of unplanned measures
(damages, disturbances...)
F
Start-up delay. An initialized start-up activity cannot
be led to the grid switching in the dictated time.
G
start-up extension. After the grid switching, an increase
of capacity is not possible corresponding to the start-up
curve/the operating manual.
H
can be postponed more than 12 hours
J
fixed more than 4 weeks before
K
annual shutdown program
L
exceeding the planned event time according to point J
or K by extension of the planned period
EMS 1 type of event *
A1 disturbance without damage
A2 damage
B1 control/test of condition
B2 lubrication
B3 maintenance
B4 inspection
B5 preventive repair
B6 keeping clean
B7 revision
B8 fuel element change
C0 reconstruction/extension
D2 outside influence without damage
E0 tests/functional trials/functional test
F0 official test/measure
G0 lack of reactivity
Z0 other type of event
A-G:
unplanned not postponable
H:
unplanned postponable
J, K, L: planned
Comment:
EMS 1 corresponds to the old SMS 2. Therefore it always has to
be used together with EMS 4, that a smooth transition from SMS
to EMS becomes possible. The point “faulty operation” of the
SMS 2 is a reason and was therefore not included in EMS 1.
EMS 4/1 corresponds to the old SMS 1.
* valid for capacity restriction and shutdown of the plant
EMS 4/2 main effect
2
capacity restriction
3
shutdown
79
17.4
Recording of event data
Within the scope of external availability determination with the VGB, the essential design and operating data of the participated power plant units are already at hand.
Therefore only the unavailable events of the power plant units are to be recorded for
the unavailability analysis.
Valid in general is:
♦ The evaluation of an event as an unavailable event depends on the principles
and rules according to this guide.
♦ Only events, which result in a full and partial unavailability of an unit, are to be
recorded. Events with the consequence of an island operation and without a
capacity restriction are not to be recorded for external purposes.
♦ For every unit unavailability only one report each must normally be produced.
This is also valid for planned unvailabilities (e.g. revision).
♦ To describe an event, one has to make the requested entry in all fields of the
data sheet.
♦ For the recording of advanced planned measures (e.g. revision) see chapter
14.5.
Further information regarding recording as well as recording examples:
♦ Rules for the recording of event data (Table 7)
Encoding of event data (Table 8) with an example (Figure 22)
♦ Recording examples “Single Event”
Examples “Temporarily Overlapping Events” (Figure 22 – Figure 24)
Recording examples “Temporarily Overlapping Events” (Table 9)
80
Table 7:
Rules for the recording of event data
serial.
no.
Rule
1
Beginning and end of an unavailability
An unavailability during the operation starts when the capacity of the unit had
to be reduced or was reduced automatically. The unavailability ends when
the required capacity has been reached, see chapter 5 and Figure 12.
When an unavailability is detected during an inoperational time the moment
of the unavailability starts with the determination of the partial or full failure of
the available capacity. The unavailability ends with the moment when the unit
can be operated again.
2
Unavailability over several capacity levels
When the unavailability extends over several capacity levels, this event has
to be established with a report, as far as the encoding of KKS and EMS is the
same in all capacity levels and all capacity levels connect with each other
unbrokenly.
When, however, a partial unavailability goes over into a full failure with the
same cause (KKS), two events have to be recorded (Figure 23).
The unavailable energy/average unavailable capacity must be entered.
3
Temporarily overlapping unavailabilities
When in addition to a partial unavailability (e.g. failure of a draft fan) there is
another event with a different producer (e.g. generator damage), it has to be
observed that the unavailable energy for the unit is not recorded twice during
the temporarily overlapping of events.
4
Producer of an unavailability
It has to be indicated the KKS function of the producer, who is responsible for
the period of the full or partial failure, and if possible in a three-digit way. The
KKS indication can be dropped, when the activities respectively measures
refer to the complete unit (e.g. revision).
5
Effect on the plant – time limits
Selection EMS 4/1
e.g. code H = can be postponed more than 12 hours
6
Type of event of the unavailability
Selection EMS 1
e.g. code A2 =damage
7
Effect on the plant – main effect
Selection EMS 4/2
e.g. code 4 = unit shutdown necessary.
With events in combined/gas-and-steam plants only “4” is used, when gas
and steam turbine area, with KWK plants power and heat delivery are
isochronous and completely unavailable.
81
Table 8:
Encoding of event data (see serial event, Table 9)
Question regarding
the encoding
When did the unavailability start?
When was the unavailability finished?
Entry
Information
Shift book:
Capacity reduction after the
evening peak at 18:31.
Unit shutdown from the mains
19:02.
Shift book: Generator was synchronized again after the end of
repair at 12:00. Load dispatcher
requirement achieved at 12:25.
(1) 25.2., 18:31
Rule to be
checked
1
3
(2) 25.2, 19:02
(3) 26.2., 12:00
(4) 26.2., 12:25
Which energy was
not available because of this unavailability?
unavailable energy [2] chapter 6
4.358,33 MWh
2
3
Which plant system
resp. which KKS
function was the
main producer?
evaporator
HAD
4
How urgent was the
elimination of the
damage?
(effect on the plant –
time limits, EMS 4/1)
Leakiness was discovered at
11:30 by the shift worker, but
the unit could continue running
until the evening peak.
C
5
What was the reason for the unavailability?
(type of event, EMS
1)
Incipient crack at the evaporator
pipe by extension obstruction,
repair necessary.
A2
6
Has the event
caused a full or partial failure of the
unit?
(effect on the
plant/main effect,
EMS 4/2)
Unit had to be shut down completely for repair.
4
7
82
1
1
P
4
Incipient crack at
the evaporator pipe
by extension
obstruction
WB
4
WB
W nv un
2
25.02.
18:31
25.02.
19:02
Figure 22:
3
26.02.
12:25
26.02.
12:00
date
Unavailable event “incipient crack at evaporator pipe”
time
83
Table 9:
Example for Input “Temporarily Overlapping Events”
Data sheet for
reporting to VGB
Company:
VGB
01/2007
UNAVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Power plant:
Unit no.:
Nominal capacity (MW):
250
Gross values
Net values
Year under report:
UNAVAILABLE EVENTS (full and partial failures of the unit)
1
Figure 23
Figure 23
Figure 23
Serial.
event
no.
2
3
4
5
6
Unavailable energy/
unavailable capacity
Plant systems
(KKS function)
MWh/MW
F1
F2
25.02.2007 18:31 26.02.2007 20:23
4.358
H
06.05.2007 13:12 06.05.2007 23:48
1.250
H
Period of unavailability
Start
End
Day-MonthTime
Day-MonthTime
7
8
Event characteristics
9
Brief description
(supplement to the encording with an abbreviated
description of the event procedure and demonstration of the concerned plant part)
Time
limits
Type
of
event
Shutdown/
capacity restriction
F3
EMS
4/1
EMS
1
EMS 4/2
A
D
C
A2
4
Tube leakage boiler + 27 meter corner meal 2
L
D
C
A2
2
Reset because of density of the economizer
06.05.2007 23:48 07.05.2007 07:51
1.750
H
L
D
C
A2
4
Units shutdown, economizer sheet metals detached from mounting support, repair of mounting
supports and renewal of destructed sheet metals;
unit at full load
16.05.2007 19:30 17.05.2007 13:12
2.138
H
L
B
C
A2
2
Failure of draft fan
17.05.2007 13:12 18.05.2007 17:51
6.900
M
K
Y
A
A1
4
Disturbance in the excitation of the generator;
voltage failure of the excitation supply; error detection cause cannot be detected.
84
Temporarily overlapping events
capacity
available capacity
MW
250
event 1
KKS
= HLD
EMS 4/1 = C
EMS 1 = A2
EMS 4/2 = 2
event 2
KKS
= HLD
EMS 4/1 = C
EMS 1 = A2
EMS 4/2 = 4
125
Figure 23:
06.05.
06.05.
07.05.
date
13:12
23:48
07:51
time
Unavailability over several capacity levels
(also see data sheet determination examples “Temporarily Overlapping Events”, Figure
12)
capacity
available capacity
MW
250
event 1
KKS
= HLB
EMS 4/1 = C
EMS 1 = A2
EMS 4/2 = 2
125
event 2
KKS
= MKY
EMS 4/1 = A
EMS 1 = A1
EMS 4/2 = 4
Figure 24:
16.05.
17.05.
18.05.
date
19:30
13:12
17:51
time
Failure of a draft fan and of the generator during capacity operation
(also see data sheet determination examples “Temporarily Overlapping Events”,
Table 9)
85
17.5
Evaluation
The evaluations of unavailabilities are made once a year. The results are compiled and
published in the VGB Report “Analysis of Unavailability of Thermal Power Plants” [9].
The “unavailability analysis” is a supplementary and continuing examination of unit unavailabilities which are described in the VGB Reports “Availability of Thermal Power
Plants” [3]. In addition to the analysis of e.g. the reasons for the planned parts of the
unit unavailability above all for the postponable and not postponable unplanned unavailability it supplies information on the producers.
The analysis is made in different detail levels:
♦ the summary of producers under the first digit of the KKS function,
♦ the differentiating of producers, each after the first three digits of the KKS function,
separated for the fuel-related and the fuel-independent areas of power plants.
In this connection, the plants included in the analysis are combined according to primary energies, capacity sizes, process characteristics (e.g. combined plants). Furthermore, the analysis of the unplanned unavailability happens according to the EMS keys:
♦ effect on the plant – time limits and main effect
♦ type of event.
Figure 25 shows how the unavailable data can be evaluated according to the criteria of
data groups “design data”, “time aspect” and “event data”.
For the VGB unavailability analysis, some of these possibilities have been selected for
the regular report [9]. They are to enable an entering into the unavailability analysis to
the user. In addition to that, further possibilities of evaluation can be used through the
VGB on request.
86
Figure 25:
Possibilities of evaluation
Inbetriebnahme
commissioning
Inbetriebnahme
HerstellerHersteller
producer
Bauart
Type Bauart
of construction
fuel
BrennstoffBrennstoff
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87
III. EMS Event characteristic
key system
- Application and key part -
88
C ELECTRONIC AQUISITION AND PROCESSING OF DATA BY
THE VGB DATA BANK AND STATISTICS OF PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS.
18
Power plants database KISSY
Operating figures are very important for operators. Therefore the electrical gathering of
operating data and the determination of performance indicators are strategic tools for
all VGB members, in order to optimize the productivity of a power plant in competition
as well as the complete benchmarking of one power plant fleet with the same technology. With its modern online Power Plant Information System (KISSY) VGB is able to
collect, to gather and to process a big amount of operating data.
KISSY is based on a relational data base installed on an Oracle-platform. This data
base has currently contained the availability figures, performance indicators as well as
events causing unavailability (NV-Events) from international power plants since 1970.
Online with the internet interface, each ordinary member is able to feed in data for its
own plant or fleet into the data bank, to interrogate the performances for its group as
well as to establish some graphics.
18.1
KISSY access and data collection
All members from VGB who decide to feed in performance data and events have an
access to the KISSY data bank. For that the supplier receives a secure identification
login and password, which permit the access to the internet KISSY website (through a
SSL connection). All data coming from its own power plant fleet could be accessible for
reading, writing, and revising.
VGB furnishes the access authorisation to the KISSY data bank on inquiry.
The availability data are fed in KISSY depending on type of power plant
(Figure 26 and Figure 27):
•
at least annually for fossil fired plants,
•
monthly for nuclear power plants.
89
Only for nuclear power plants
For all types of plants
Only for fossil fired power plants
Figure 26: Screen with the data type per plant/unit
Figure 27:
Example of an unavailability event
The user can feed in every event characteristics into the data bank with the help of a
data mask (Figure 28).
90
Figure 28:
Example of monthly data for a nuclear power plant
With big data volume the data input can be done by an import function.
18.2
Evaluations and reports
VGB makes all data input into KISSY anonymous and classifies and categorises them
for benchmarking reasons. In these classifications and categories, you can find all the
data concerning the same technology or the same characteristics. So it is possible to
compare anonymous the performance of one power plant with other.
The essential groups of standard evaluations are:
•
Fossil fired units,
•
Nuclear power plants,
•
CCGT plants,
•
Gas turbines.
Ordered by:
•
unit power,
•
fuel,
91
•
furnace type,
•
mono-/duo-unit,
•
under-/supercritical installations.
The evaluation can be done for:
•
time avalability,
•
time utilization,
•
energy availability,
•
energy unavailability,
•
capability factor.
All companies which feed in data into KISSY receive every year standardised reports
presenting the availability by groups and analysing the unavailability of power plant
components in a cycle of ten years, for free.
Updates can be downloaded on the VGB website for all members inside a closer user’s
group, for free too. Non members may buy all reports from VGB.
Special studies or reports may also be ordered from VGB for individual fees. Moreover
the standardised evaluations can be realised online by the tools of the website.
92
D
EMS EVENT-CHARACTERISTIC-KEY-SYSTEM
– Application and Coding List -
Introduction
In the past different indication- and coding-systems for registering operational events
were used in Germany by operators, producers and institutions with the aim of characterisation of events:
•
VGB-SMS (VGB damage-characterisation-code) for registering of non-availabilityevents in power plants,
•
GRS-coding for reports of significant events in nuclear power plants,
•
GRS-coding for calculation of reliability indicators in nuclear power plants,
•
IAEA-keys for registering of total and partial outages in nuclear power plants,
•
VDEW-indicator-register for registering grid failures and damages,
•
producer codes,
•
key systems for probabilistic security analysis,
•
key systems for implementation processes of integrated management systems
and others.
The present EMS was introduced in 2003 and has the claim to replace all former event
describing key systems in Germany. With EMS double and multiple registering of an
event and therefore different assessments are avoided and a definite coding for analysis is guaranteed. In addition EMS can be used as a basis for an international key system.
93
19
Structure of event characteristic key system EMS and overview
The EMS describes different aspects of an event with 12 key. Each key contains one or
more groups. In some cases the groups are hierarchical structured. Event attributes are
related to each group.
A long description and a code are existing for each key, each group, or each attribute.
The code consists of one or more letters, or numbers, or a combination of both.
It is necessary for a definite and complete description of an event to specify each key
and all groups with defined attributes.
Presented below is the structure of coding an attribute:
Key
No.
Group
No.
Attribute of event
Code
The following Table 10 shows the 12 keys and their groups.
94
Table 10:
Key overview
No. of key
Name
Group
Name
Code
01
Type of event
1
Type of event
ANN
02
Operational status before beginning of event
1
Operational status before
beginning of event
AN
03
Operational status after beginning of event
1
Operational status after
beginning of event
AN
04
Impact on unit
1
2
3
time frame
Main effect
Effect to NPP
A
N
A
05
Outage impact on
system/component
1
Outage impact onsystem/component
AN
Cause
1
2
3
06
Origin
Influence/activity
Failure/Impact on unit
AN
AA
NN
07
Failure mechanism
1
2
Type of failure
stress
AN
ANN
08
Failure
1
Failure
AN
09
Recognition of Outage
1
2
occasion of recognition
expression of outage
AN
ANN/
AAN/AA
10
Maintenance method
1
Maintenance method
A
11
Measures against recurrence
1
Measures against recurrence
ANN
Urgency of beginning of
repair
Personal-engagement
A
N
1
12
Urgency of measures
2
Alphanumeric: A
Numeric: N
One digit code: A or N
Two digit code: AA, AN or NN
Three digit code: AAN or ANN
95
19.1
•
Application recommendations
EMS should be combined with the reference design system of power plants (KKS)
to relate the event to a function, aggregate or equipment.
•
The EMS is an extensive key system from which keys, groups or single attributes
can be choosen according to the requirements.
Example: VGB uses only the relevant codes for registering the non-availability
events of all units. Group 1, and 2 are omitted within the codes A0, B0, D0, and
D1, and in key 4.
•
The hierarchy within a group is presented by indentation of text.
•
Also a coarser classification is possible with the hierarchical structured groups
within the keys. In those cases where a deeper structure is omitted (shown by simple or double shift) the last respectively the both last digits can be omitted.
Example: For internal reasons it can be committed to use the key 11 only with 2
digits (middle deeps of classification) or even 1 digit. In the first case all twice
shifted, in the second case also the simple shifted attributes would be omitted.
•
If you use in a hierarchical structured group the second or third depth of the structure, only the attributes of this level are to be used. The additionally use of attributes of a higher level is not allowed because the front digits of the code contain this
information automatically.
Example: Key 1, group 1, attribute B4 „inspection“: in this case the information of
B0 ”maintenance“ is omitted (compare chapter 19.2)
•
In some groups of EMS it is possible to register simultaneously several attributes in
one group (multiple nominations) for each event. If multiple nominations are allowed it is necessary to define rules for registering and analysing and for interpretation to consider the widened statement.
Remark: There are more fields for registering necessary.
- The number of hits will be enlarged while searching for events with identical attributes.
- In these cases it is necessary to give a remark if the results are referred to
somebody else.
96
•
The structure for registration in forms or templates is in principle identically for all
keys of EMS.
•
The code is to be filled in always left hand to avoid mistakes and allow analyses. In
some keys the codes of group 3 do not exist. Therefore the fields on the right
and/or the middle remain free.
•
If it is allowed to choose multiple attributes in one group or a complete key, then
there are n-times code fields to be filled in.
97
19.2
Event characteristic key 1 „Type of event“
Key
01
Group
Code
Type of event
1
A0
A1
A2
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
Outage
Failure without damage
damage
Maintenance
inspection/check of status
lubrication
servicing
inspection
preventive maintenance
cleaning
planned maintenance
change of fuel element
C0
modification/extension
D0
non operating
D1
D2
D21
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
Advice:
Text
stand-by
external influence (without damage)
fuel
preservation of unit
climate
grid restrictions
lack of personell
others
E0
tests/ functioning tests/ functioning check
F0
official testing/measure
G0
leak of reactivity
K0
commercial fueling
Z0
Other keys of events
An apportion of ”external influence“ (D2) can be achieved by combination with key 6, group 3.
98
19.3
Event characteristic key 2 „Operating status before event“
Key
02
Group
Code
1
operating status
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
Advice:
Text
change of operating status
start up
shut-down
change of power
change of operational mode
stationary operation
zero power
minimum load
partial load
full load
over load
by-pass operation
isolated operation
phase shifting
pumping in pump storage power stations
Shut down
maintenance/change of fuel elements
cold shut down
hot-stand-by
reserve
The attributes in keys 2 and 3 are identically. Key 2 describes in difference to key 3 the operational status before beginning of the event.
99
19.4
Event characteristic key 3 „Operating status after event“
Key
03
Group
Code
1
operating status
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
Advice:
Text
change of operating status
start up
shut-down
change of power
change of operational mode
stationary operation
zero power
minimum load
partial load
full load
over load
by-pass operation
isolated operation
phase shifting
pumping in pump storage power stations
Shut down
maintenance/change of fuel elements
cold shut down
hot-stand-by
reserve
The attributes in keys 2 and 3 are identically. Key 3 describes in difference to key 2 the operational status after beginning of the event.
100
19.5
Event characteristic key 4 „Impact on unit“
Key
04
Group
Code
1
A
B
C
D
Text
time-frame
automatic load shedding/emergency tripping
manual load shedding/emergency tripping
controlled shut down within 12 hours
restart up or putting in operation not possible (unless point
E, K, L). The start up cannot be started because of technical failures.
E
exceeding of planned time according point J or K by unplanned measures (failures, damages, …)
F
start-up-delay. Once started it can not be finished within
ordered time with connecting to grid.
G
prolongation of start-up. the increase of power after connecting to the grid is not possible according start-upcurve/instruction manual.
more than 12 hours postponable
more than 4 weeks ante planned
annual revision
exceeding of planned time according point J or K by prolongation of planned durance
without effect (allowed only in combination with components)
H
J
K
L
M
2
1
2
3
4
main effect
without reduction in power (P2 = P1)
reduction in power (0 < P2 < P1)
isolated operation
shutdown (P2 = 0)
101
Key
04
Group
Code
3
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
Advice:
Text
impact on nuclear power plants
emergency power supply
partial load reduction (automatic)
actuation of main steam and relief valves
actuation of main steam safety valves
Actuation of primary safety relief valves (in relief
tank)
SCRAM automatic
SCRAM manual
main containement isolation
reactor building isolation
Ventilation isolation
reactor core emergency cooling
emergency feed water
impact on other units
in group 2 means P1 the power before and P2 the power after beginning
of the event.
102
19.6
Event characteristic key 5 „Outage impact on the system/components“
Key
05
Group
Code
Effect of failure
1
A0
B0
C0
D0
E0
F1
F2
G1
G2
H0
J0
X0
Y0
Z0
Advice:
Text
No effect to component
Longterm failure of component
Failure of component
Failure of components or measuring or control
Failure of functional units
Failure of part of line (operational)
Failure of part of line also on request of core protect
tion
Failure of whole line
Failure of whole line also on request of core protect
tion
Failure of function of system
Failure of several functions of system
Effect of failure not clear
Effect not analysed
Other effects of failure
The use of this key requires a clear separation between system and
component from the user. The reference design system of power plants
(KKS) should be used.
103
19.7
Event characteristic key 6 „Cause“
Key
06
Group
Code
1
Text
origin
A0
project/planning
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
B0
B1
B2
conceive
plan
design
construct
license
specification
specification from orderer
specification from contractor
C0
manufacture/fabrication
C1
C2
C3
C4
D0
D1
D2
manufacture/fabricate
assemble/disassemble/realisation
inspect/check
storage
construction/ installation
assemble/disassemble/realisation
inspect/check
E0
putting into operation
F0
operate
F1
F2
F3
F4
G0
G1
G2
G3
H0
operation
standstill without works at considered equipment
standstill with works at considered equipment
temporarily out of work
change
alteration
retrofit
replace
disassembly/ scrapping/ demolition
104
Key
06
Group
1
Code
J0
Text
transportation
shipping
transport
store
J1
J2
J3
Z0
cause not from considered equipment
effect/activity
2
TA
TB
TC
TD
TE
TF
TG
TH
TJ
TK
TL
TM
TN
TO
TP
TQ
TR
TS
TT
TX
TY
TZ
Drawing blue print
Selection of material
Dimensioning/calculation
(also define strategy of maintenance)
designing
operate
adjust/tune/calibrate
treat (mechanical, …)
assemble
test/check
welding
solder
lubricate
cleaning
communication
process observation
assessment of status
training
organisation and administration
programming
activity not clear
activity not analysed
other activities or no separation in addition to „origin“
105
Key
06
Group
2
Code
Text
EA
EJ
EX
EY
EZ
UA
dimension exceeding external impact
dimension exceeding internal impact
impact not clear
impact not analysed
other impacts
Interruption/restrictions by official order (license, order, …)
Technical interruption/restriction of waste disposal (waste, rubbish, waste water, …)
Technical interruption of product transmission
(electricity, heat, gypsum, …)
Technical interruption/restriction of supply
(electricity, fuel, water, …)
Other impact of civilization
interruption not clear
interruption not analysed
other interruption
error/impact to unit
error in performance/application
failed measure
wrong measure
use of wrong/unsuitable material
wrong/incorrect order
use of unsuitable tools, tester or measuring instruments
mix up
UE
UP
UV
UW
UX
UY
UZ
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
106
Key
06
Group
3
Code
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
31
32
33
34
Text
error in use of directions or instructions
non compliance with non unit specific directions
non compliance with internal directions
directions and instructions incorrect
not existing directions or instructions
insufficient attention to rules/guidelines
error in use of documents
use of wrong documents
use of incorrect documents
error in used documents
creation of incorrect documents
107
Key
06
Group
3
Code
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
97
98
99
Advice:
Text
impact
heat
fire
explosion
frost/coldness
freezing
mechanical force
foreign substances (also dirt, deposits)
pollutant/chemical impact
ice-drift
radioactive radiation
electromagnetic fields
overvoltage/overcurrent
precipitation (e.g. snow, rain, hail)
high water
low water
flood
mist/hoar-frost
soak
stroke of lightning
storm
earthquake/shock
landslip
animals
not to be clarified
not analysed
other impact
The best profit from this key will be achieved, if attributes of all 3 groups
are used, but the number of attributes is reduced in each group to the
reasonable necessary.
108
19.8
Event characteristic key 7 „Damage mechanism“
Key
07
Group
Code
1
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
E0
Text
type of failure
wear out
wear out by gliding
wear out by rolling
wear out by bouncing
wear out by vibrations
erosion (wear out by flushing/blasting)
cavitation
strokes of drops
tiredness/exhaustion
K0
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
L0
L1
L2
L3
L4
corrosion
erosive corrosion
corrosion by tension
corrosion induced by stretching
corrosion induced by vibrations
localised/pitting corrosion
Muldenkorrosion
surface corrosion
crevice corrosion
contact corrosion
ageing
ageing of material
ageing of equipment
creep
other changes of material characteristics
G0
G1
G2
G3
G4
violent useage
mechanical violent useage
thermal violent useage
electrical violent useage
chemical violent useage
109
Key
07
Group
1
Code
Text
S0
soiling
V0
V1
V2
W0
damaged before
shrinkhole/pore/inclusion
doubling
no damage
X0
damage not clear
Y0
damage not analysed
Z0
other kind of damage
2
stress
M00
M01
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M07
M08
M09
M10
M11
M12
M13
M14
M15
M16
M17
T00
T01
T02
T03
T04
T05
mechanical
push/impact
cavitation
roll
glide
adhäsion
abrasion
current transfer (spark erosion, elektrolytical decay)
abrasion by foreign particles
effect of foreign particles
deposits
blast
sticking together
lack of lubricant
adverse matching of materials
vibrations/weakness (low cycle)
vibrations/weakness (high cycle)
tension/bracing (statical)
thermal
superheat/warm up
undercool/cool down
alternating thermal stress
welded together
fusion/soldered off
110
Key
07
Group
2
Code
E00
E01
E02
E03
E04
E05
E06
E07
E08
E09
E10
C00
C01
C02
C03
C04
C05
C06
C07
C08
07
Advice:
2
Text
electrical
overvoltage/overcurrent
undervoltage/voltage collapse
increase of isolation resistance/contact resistance/interruption
worsening of isolation/short circuit/arc
deviation of frequency
faulty electrical or electronical part
drift
influence of magnetic fields
influence of electromagnetic fields
shut down by protection (only if primary trigger)
chemical
H00
H01
H02
H03
H04
H05
H06
H07
H08
H09
corrosive
chemical contamination
chemical reaction (direct prceeding)
resinous
dissolve/disintegration
unsuitable condition for chemical reactions
influence of smoke/steam/dust
explosion/detonation
hydraulic/pneumatic
loss of pressure
inclusion of gas
hit by water
inclusion of liquids
turbulence
hit by condensation
vibrations induced by flow
pressure impulse
pulsation
N00
normal operating loading
X00
leading not clear
Y00
other loadings not analysed
Z00
other loadings respectively not applicable
The best profit from this key will be achieved, if attributes of all 3 groups
are used, but the number of attributes are reduced in each group to the
reasonable necessary.
111
19.9
Event characteristic key 8 „Damage“
Key
08
Group
Code
1
Text
scene of failure
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
soil
loose deposit
moisten/soak/flood
mud-caked/slag/oversalt/agglomeration
freeze
clog
impurity
radioactive contamination
weakness of material
Surface milling
channel/notch
punctual removal of material
incipient crack/hairline crack
inclucion/shrinkhole/pore
lamination
porosity
deformation of material
extension/streching
compression/pinch
twist/buckle
torsion
Enlargement
bump out/in
being oval
change of position
losse
dissolve
squeeze/fit tightly
displace/disarrange
impermissible tolerance
112
Key
08
Group
1
Code
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
G0
G1
G2
G3
G4
H0
H1
H2
J0
J1
J2
J3
K0
K1
K2
S0
Text
change of material characteristics
textural canges
change of concentration
change of viscosity
anneal/burn/scorch
rot
dry up
embrittlement by neutrons
seperation of material
break/pull off
shear off
fissure/hole
smelt/anneal/cease glowing
electrical interruption
destruction
electrical change of material
short circuit
electrical interruption
contact resistance
electronic malfunction
fit tightly
fusion
sticking togehter
other deviation from setpoint
missing part
wrong part
faulty software
other change of material characteristics
dissociation
become muddy
no expression of failure
X0
failure not clear
Y0
failure not analysed
Z0
other expression of failure
113
19.10 Event characteristic key 9 „recognition of failure“
Key
09
Group
Code
1
Text
occasion of recognition
A0
request of system/component
B0
request to an functional check
C0
supervision in a control room
C1
C2
C3
observation of a parameter
fault indignation
response of protective device
D0
inspection/observation on the scene of action
E0
inspection
F0
recurrent check of status
G0
check caused by technical reflection/operational
experiences
H0
maintenance/restauration/functional test after work
J0
phase before operation
114
Key
09
Group
Code
2
Text
expression of failure
A00
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
A99
BB0
BB1
BB2
BB3
BB9
failure symptoms
noise
smell
fire/smoke
heat
discolouring
burn/scorch/char/burn out
pollution/clog/making muddy/contamination
freeze
leakage
moistening/soak/flood
vibration
loosen/dissolve of connection
repressive/blocking
displacement/dislocation/deformation
removal of material/weakness of material
breaking/snap/burst
electrical disconnection/interruption
arc
missing/wrong assembled part
wrong position of switches/armatures
other symptoms of failure
failure in function
outage of function on request
change of function during triggering
drift of functional parameters
other deficiencies of function
115
Key
Group
09
2
Code
CC
CD
CE
CF
CG
CK
CL
CM
CP
CQ
CR
CS
CT
CU
CV
CW
CX
CY
CZ
Z00
Advice:
Text
deviation of measured variables and variables of status
density
electrical variable
flow/flow rate (volume/mass flow)
distance/length/direction of rotation
time
level
humidity
pressure/difference of pressures
quality variables (analysis, material characteristics)
radiation variable
speed/revolutions/frequency (mechanical)/
acceleration
temperature
combined variable
viscosity
force of weight/mass
neutron flux
vibrations/stretching
other measured and status variables (also control,
regulation, protection)
other expressions of failure
consider the different types of coding (ANN/AAN/AA). the „expression of
failure“ (group 2) is the first recognition of deviation from the normal status
of operation; perceptible/noticeable by human sense organs or by measuring instruments.
116
19.11 Event characteristic key 10 „Maintenance form“
Key
10
Group
Code
1
Text
maintenance method
A
only switching (operation, control executed, no
other measures)
B
onlly inspection
C
cleaning, flushing, draining, ventilation, decontamination
D
supplement, fill up
E
change
F
adjust, readjust, calibrate, recalibrate
G
restaurating repair
H
exchanging repair
J
changing, modification
K
software works
Z
other maintenance method
117
19.12 Event characteristic key 11 „Measures against recurrence“
Key
11
Group
Code
1
Text
measures against recurrence
A00
no measures (only repaire of failure/damage)
A10
measures were started during a former
similar event
measurements in preperation
A20
B00
B10
B20
B30
B40
B50
B60
B70
C00
C10
C20
C30
C40
D00
change in production/construction
development
planning/construction
production
check/quality assurance departement
(change of check list)
transport/storage
assembling
commencement of operation
preventive maintenance
change of frequency and contents of
checks and inspections
change of maintenance
change of supervision
change of tranport and storage
check of similar equipment
118
Key
11
Group
1
Code
E00
E10
E11
E12
E13
E14
E20
E30
E40
E50
E51
E52
E53
E54
E55
E56
Text
change/modification of plant
change/modification – other types
component
equipment
aggregate
unit/system/plant
change/modification – other materials
change/modification – other construction
change/modification – other dimensioning
change of operation (not E10 to E40)
supervision
control
regulation
(also gradients/parameters)
protection
operation
auxiliary substances/lubricants/fuels
F00
change of organisation
F10
F20
F21
F22
F23
F30
F40
F41
F42
training of employees
continuation organisation
personell
responsibility
structure
documentation
implement quality management measures
inspection plans
quality managment system
Z00
other measures
119
19.13 Event characteristic key 12 „Urgency of measures“
Key
12
Group
Code
1
Text
urgency of starting activiities
A
start of activities at once
B
start of activities within 3 days
C
works with fixed date
D
works with free planable date
E
works must be done during next outage
F
works must be done during next revision
2
personal engagement
1
optimised personal engagement concerning
minimal duration of measures
2
personel activities during normal working
hours
Advice:
For using this key it is necessary to adjust the data’s with the input of registration systems of maintenance.
120
20
Examples of use
20.1
Example 1: „Unplanned not available laod reduction“
No. of event:
00000000142
Unit:
KW A, Block P
KKS designation:
P OCAA 20
Start of event:
30.07.2007 10:49
End of event:
30.07.2007 20:32
EMS:
Key
No.
Text
01 Type of event
Group
No.
Klartext
Characteristic
Code
Text
1
Type of event
A2 damage
1
Operating status
B4 Full load
1
Time frame
C
Ordered of shut down
2
Main effect
2
Load limitations
06 Cause
1
Origin
F1 In function
07 Failure mechanism
1
Type of damage
E
1
Mode of detection
C2 Malfunction information
2
Expression of outage
CF
02
04
Operational status before beginning of event
Impact on unit
09 Detection of outage
Not available electrical capacity:
Fatigue
Anomaly of performance.
180 MW
Description:
Failure of condensate pump, because declutch of spindle in condensate regulation
valve (protective interlocking).
121
20.2
Example 2: „Blackout“
No. of event:
00000000086
Unit:
KW B, Block A
KKS designation:
A 0BAT 01
Start of event:
02.06.2007 03:17
End of event:
02.06.2007 18:09
EMS:
Key
No.
Text
Group
No.
No.
Characteristic
Text
No.
01
Type of event
1
Type of event
A2
Damage
02
Operational status before beginning of event
1
Operating status
B4
Full load
1
Time frame
A
Automatic scram
2
Main effect
4
Shutdown
04
Inpact on unit
06
Cause
1
Origin
D1
Montage
07
Failure mechanism
1
Type of damage
V
Prematured deterioration
09
Detection of outage
1
Mode of detection
C3
Protection activatied
2
Expression of outage
CE
Electrical anomaly
Not available electrical capacity:
840 MW
Description:
failure in insulation bushing of generator transformer.
122
20.3
Example 3: „Unplanned not available block unavailability“
No. of event:
00000000820
Unit:
KW C, Block C, Dampfkessel 2
KKS designation:
C 2HAH
Start of event:
07.09.2007 06:14
End of event:
08.09.2007 15:00
EMS:
Key
No.
Text
Group
No.
No.
Characteristic
Text
No.
01
Type of event
1
Type of event
A2
Damage
02
Operational status before beginning of event
1
Operating status
B4
Full load
1
Time frame
C
Manual shutdown
2
Main effect
4
Shutdown
04
Inpact on unit
06
Cause
1
Origin
D1
Assembling
07
Failure mechanism
1
Type of damage
V
Prematured deterioration
09
Detection of outage
1
Mode of detection
D0
Inspection
2
Expression of outage
A01 Noise
Not available electrical capacity:
250 MW
Description:
damage of boiler, high pressure overheater 2-outlet, welded seam-pore.
123
20.4
Example 4: „Blackout after faulty operation“
No. of event:
00000000321
Unit:
KW C, Block A, Dampfkessel 2
KKS designation:
A 2H
Start of event:
06.04.2007 10:52
End of event:
06.04.2007 11:18
EMS:
Key
No.
Text
Group
No.
No.
Characteristic
Text
No.
01
Type of event
1
Type of event
A1
Malfunction without
damage
02
Operational status before beginning of event
1
Operating status
B4
Full load
1
Time frame
A
Autom. Scram
2
Main effect
4
Shutdown
04
Inpact on unit
06
Cause
1
Origin
F0
Operation
07
Failure mechanism
1
Type of damage
W
No damage
09
Detection of outage
1
Mode of detection
D0
Observation
2
Expression of outage
CE
Electrical anomaly
Not available electrical capacity:
250 MW
Description:
failure in operating because of mixing miniature circuit breakers while switching off of a
control voltage.
124
E
MISCELLANEOUS
List of figures
Figure 1:
Performance indicators for power plant operators and dispatchers ........ 12
Figure 2:
Operating diagram and performance indicators ...................................... 13
Figure 3:
Classification of unavailability.................................................................. 15
Figure 4:
Hierarchy of definitions (survey) .............................................................. 29
Figure 5:
Diagram of time-related terms ................................................................. 31
Figure 6:
Example for the determination of the nominal capacity due to the
correlation between operating capacity and cooling water inlet temperature ............. 38
Figure 7:
Diagram of energy-related definitions...................................................... 39
Figure 8:
Factual delimitation of power plant systems............................................ 44
Figure 9:
Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous
presence of a planned (e.g. repeated testing) and an unplanned partial unavailability
(e.g. leakage) ................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 10:
Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous
presence of a planned unavailability (e.g. revision) and an unplanned event (e.g.
turbine emergency trip) ................................................................................................. 46
Figure 11:
Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous
presence of an unplanned unavailability (e.g. turbine emergency trip) and an external
influence (e.g. stretch-out-operation with nuclear power plants)................................... 47
Figure 12:
Example for the determination of the unavailability with the simultaneous
presence of an unplanned partial unavailability (e.g. feed water pump failure), an
external influence (e.g. cooling water temperature beyond design) and a stand-by (e.g.
lack of load) ................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 13:
Extension of a planned unavailability due to a damage .......................... 50
Figure 14:
Co-Generation plant (CHP) with an extraction condensing turbine, case a
................................................................................................................. 53
Figure 15:
Co-generation plant (CHP) with an extraction condensing turbine, case b .
................................................................................................................. 53
Figure 16:
Co-generation plant (CHP) with an extraction condensing turbine, case c .
................................................................................................................. 54
Figure 17:
Advancing of a planned unavailability on the occasion of a damage ...... 58
Figure 18:
Example of frequency distribution ........................................................... 68
Figure 19:
Example of a pareto chart ....................................................................... 69
125
Figure 20:
Information flow for determination and revision of data........................... 71
Figure 21:
Example for a possible examination depth of the unavailability analysis 72
Figure 22:
Unavailable event “incipient crack at evaporator pipe”............................ 82
Figure 23:
Unavailability over several capacity levels .............................................. 84
Figure 24:
Failure of a draft fan and of the generator during capacity operation...... 84
Figure 25:
Possibilities of evaluation ........................................................................ 86
Figure 26:
Screen with the data type per plant/unit .................................................. 89
Figure 27:
Example of an unavailability event .......................................................... 89
Figure 28:
Example of monthly data for a nuclear power plant ................................ 90
126
List of tabels
Table 1:
Data sheet for reporting to VGB (example)................................................. 60
Table 2:
Continuance date sheet for reporting to VGB (example) ............................ 61
Table 3:
Continuance date sheet for reporting to VGB (example) ............................ 62
Table 4:
Unavailable analysis of thermal power plants ............................................. 75
Table 5:
Unavailable analysis of thermal power plants (example) ............................ 76
Table 6:
Unavailable analysis of thermal power plants (example) ............................ 77
Table 7:
Rules for the recording of event data .......................................................... 80
Table 8:
Encoding of event data (see serial event, Table 9)..................................... 81
Table 9:
Example for Input “Temporarily Overlapping Events” ................................. 83
Table 10: Key overview............................................................................................... 94
127
Literature
[1]
VGB: Availability of Thermal Power Plants – Definitions and Determination Methods.
Translation of the 4th German edition 1987 (VGB-R 808 e). June 1991, VGB PowerTech
Service GmbH, Essen.
[2]
VDEW: Begriffe der Versorgungswirtschaft. Teil B, Heft 1: Elektrizitätswirtschaftliche
Grundbegriffe. 7. Ausgabe 1999, VWEW, Frankfurt am Main.
[3]
VGB-Bericht: Verfügbarkeit von Wärmekraftwerken. VGB Technisch-wissenschaftliche
Berichte „Wärmekraftwerke“, (VGB-TW 103), Jahresberichte seit 1970.
and
VGB Report: Availability of Thermal Power Plants. VGB Technical Scientific Reports
„Thermal Power Plants“, (VGB-TW 103 e), annual reports since 1970, English issues
since 1991, VGB PowerTech Service GmbH, Essen.
[4]
KKS: Kraftwerk-Kennzeichensystem – Richtlinie zur Anwendung und Schlüsselteil (VGBB 105). 4. Ausgabe 1991 (Stand 1997).
und
KKS: Power Plant Classification System – Guidelines for Application and Key Part (VGBB 105 e). 4th Edition 1991, VGB PowerTech Service GmbH, Essen.
[5]
World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO): Detailed Descriptions of International
Nuclear Power Plant Performance Indicators. August 1989, London.
[6]
Union Internationale des Producteurs et Distributeurs d´Energie Electrique (UNIPEDE):
Detailed Descriptions of International Performance Indicators for Fossil-Fired Power
Plants. December 1991, Paris.
[7]
Union Internationale des Producteurs et Distributeurs d’Energie Electrique (UNIPEDE):
Statistical Terminology Employed in the Electricity Supply Industry. 4th Edition, June
1991, Paris.
[8]
VGB-Bericht: Analyse der Nichtverfügbarkeit von Wärmekraftwerken. VGB Technischwissenschaftliche Berichte „Wärmekraftwerke“, (VGB-TW 103A), Jahresberichte seit
1988.
and
VGB Report: Analysis of Unavailability of Thermal Power Plants. VGB Technical Scientific
Reports „Thermal Power Plants“, (VGB-TW 103A e), annual report since 1988, English
issues since 1991, VGB PowerTech Service GmbH, Essen.
[9]
VGB-Bericht: Verfügbarkeit von Wärmekraftwerken. VGB Technisch-wissenschaftliche
Berichte „Wärmekraftwerke“, (VGB-TW 103), Jahresberichte seit 1970.
and
VGB Report: Availability of Thermal Power Plants. VGB Technical Scientific Reports
„Thermal Power Plants“, (VGB-TW 103 e), annual reports since 1970, English issues
since 1991, VGB PowerTech Service GmbH, Essen.
128
Index
Water and Air .................................. 48
:
Capacity generated ................................ 36
:Special arrangements
Flue Gas Cleaning.............................. 57
Capacity: ................................................. 37
Capacity-related terms ............................. 33
CHP indicator (combined heat and
A
power).................................................. 26
Analysis of the Unavailability ................... 69
Availability .......................................... 11, 29
Classification and comparison of units
............................................................. 68
Energy................................................. 17
available capacity not in operation........... 30
Available energy .................................... 40
available energy not generated ............... 30
Classification of unavailability .................. 14
Classification of unavailability .................. 15
Combined Heat and Power Generating . see
PP
available not dispatchable capacity ......... 30
available not dispatchable time................ 30
available time ........................................... 30
D
Data recording........................................ 32
Available time
Begin ................................................... 32
Peak-time ............................................ 32
Available time......................................... 32
available time not in operation ................. 30
End....................................................... 32
Data Recording....................................... 58
Definitions
available unproducible energy ................. 30
Utilization ............................................ 23
Dispatchability .......................................... 29
B
Basic parameters, Overview................. 27
Dispatching (energy) failure rate.......... 25
E
C
Calculation of Mean Values .................. 63
capacity
available............................................... 30
capacity
Available unproducible capacity .......... 37
Capacity
Available ............................................. 36
Available unproducible capacity...... 37
equivalent electrical ............................. 54
Nominal capacity .see Nominal capcity
Capacity Fluctuations
Different Temperatures of Cooling
energy
available ............................................... 30
Energy
Available during Peak-times ............. 40
Available not generatoed .................. 40
Available unproducible...................... 40
Dispatchable ....................................... 40
Equivalent electrical .......................... 55
Planned unavailable............................. 41
Unavailable ......................................... 41
Unplanned not postponable UA ....... 41
Unplanned postponable UA .............. 41
Unplanned UA .................................... 41
129
unplanned unavailable......................... 30
Energy availability .................................... 55
I
Indicators
Energy failure rate ................................. 25
Availability indicators ........................ 16
Energy reliability .................................... 19
Determination ....................................... 43
Energy UA............................................... 18
Failure rate .......................................... 25
Energy utilization ............................. 24, 55
Energy:.................................................... 39
K
Energy-related terms ............................... 39
KISSY.............see Power plants database
Event characteristic key system EMS
N
Application ........................................... 95
Event characteristic key system EMS
Overview .............................................. 93
Event characteristic key system EMS
Examples ........................................... 120
Nominal capacity.............................. 30, 34
Nominal energy .................................. 30, 39
Nominal period ....................................... 30
not dispatchable time
Available.............................................. 33
Excess Energy ....................................... 48
external influence..................................... 45
not postponable unplanned unavailable
energy .................................................. 30
Other matters ....................................... 52
External influence
not postponable unplanned unavailable
time....................................................... 30
Fuel-related reducing energy............... 51
external influence capacity ..... see capacity,
available not dispatchable capacity
external influence energy.......... see energy,
available unproducible energy
external influence time...... see available not
dispatchable time available
O
operating capacity .................................... 30
operating energy ...................................... 30
operating time .......................................... 30
Operating time........................................ 32
Operation.................................................. 29
stretch-out/ stretch-in ........................... 51
F
Failure rate.............................................. 25
P
G
Pareto-Diagram........................................ 68
generated capacity
Gross capacity ................................... 36
Net capacity........................................ 36
Generated energy .................................. 40
Greenhouse-gas indicator ................... 26
performance indicators............................. 13
Perzentile-Diagram .................................. 68
planned unavailable energy ..................... 30
planned unavailable time ......................... 30
Plant (unit) delimitation............................. 43
Power capacity
H
hierarchy of events ................................ 45
Auxiliary power capacity....................... 36
Power Plants ............................................ 52
Power plants database .......................... 88
Data collection.................................... 88
130
Available............................................... 32
Evaluation........................................... 90
Time reliability ........................................ 19
R
Time UA................................................... 17
Reference period.................................... 32
Peak-times .......................................... 32
Time utilization ....................................... 23
time-related terms .................................... 31
Reliability ................................................ 19
Retrofit ............ see Retrofitting Measures
U
Retrofitting Measures............................... 50
UA-time
Not unplanned postponable.............. 33
S
Planned ............................................... 33
Schedule
Unplanned........................................... 33
Schedule capacity.............................. 36
Schedule energy ................................ 40
Unplanned postponable .................... 33
Uavailability
Special arrangements
Missing Operating Permit ................. 57
Uplanned Not postponable................... 15
Unavailabilities
Nuclear Power Plants .......................... 57
Special Regulations............................... 56
Exceeding and Falling Below............ 49
unavailability
stand-by ................................................... 45
lanned................................................... 15
Stand-by................................................... 29
stand-by capacity ..................................... 30
Unplanned Postponable....................... 15
Unavailability .......................................... 29
Stand-by capacity .................................. 37
Advancing of Planned ....................... 58
stand-by energy ....................................... 30
Classification ...................................... 14
Stand-by energy..................................... 40
Evaluation ........................................... 85
stand-by time ........................................... 30
Extension ............................................ 49
Stand-by time ......................................... 33
Start-up and Shutdown ......................... 47
Start-up reliability .................................. 19
Successful start-up rate........................ 56
supply reliability
Recording...................................... 72, 79
unavailable energy ................................... 30
unavailable time ....................................... 30
Unavailable time..................................... 33
unplanned postponable unavailability time
Market assessed ................................ 48
............................................................. 30
unplanned postponable unavailable energy
T
............................................................. 30
Terms
Relation of definitions ....................... 30
Time
unplanned unavailable time ..................... 30
utilization
Market-assessed ................................ 23
Reference periodsee Reference period
Time availability ..................................... 16
during peak times .............................. 16
Time failure rate ..................................... 25
time not in operation
Utilization ................................................ 23
V
VGB Guideline 140 .................................. 69
131
Overview of folders
The following folders are included:
Terms of Utility Industry
Part B, Booklet 3:
Basics and systematic of investigation
of the availability of thermal power
plants
7th Edition 2008
Part A, Booklet 1:
Business Planning
3rd Edition 1994
Part A, Booklet 2:
Materials
1st Edition 1998
Part B, Booklet 1:
Electricity Economic Foundations
7th Edition 1999
Part B, Booklet 2:
District economy
6th Edition 1997
Part C, Booklet 1:
Gas supply contracts
2nd Edition 1994
Part D, Booklet 1:
Energy Economic Foundations
1st Edition 1997
Definitions in the energy sector
Part 3:
Hydropower 6
6th Edition 1992
Part 8:
Definitions of Accountancy
3rd Edition 1991
Part 4:
Definition of Elektrizitätsübertragung
und -verteilung
6th Edition 1990
Part 9:
Definitions of Balance- and Success
and Comparative
2nd Edition 1988
Part 7:
Electricity Contracts
2nd Edition 1992
Index: Index of all definitions of folders „Terms of utility industry“ and „Definitions in
the Energy Sector“, 6th edition 1999
Status March 2008