GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
Topography
India has a area of 3.29 Mio.km²
and is the 7th biggest country in the
world.
R
REGENT PARK
Indus
Jhelum
Srinagar
Life forms from unicellular to
multicellular and microscopic to gigantic sizes by the forests, deserts,
mountains, other land, air und water
provide shelter, food, medicine, fodder, fuel, clothing for our daily needs PAKISTAN
and raw material for industry.
DESHBANDU PARK
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
Shimla
CHINA
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
NEW DELHIGanga
HIMALAYA
NEPAL
Sarda
UTTAR
PRADESH
Yamuna
Chambal
BIHAR Kosi
Kali Sindh
GUJARAT
JHARKHANDDamodar
MADHYA PRADESH
Gandhinagar
Mahi
Bhopal
Rihand
Narmada
Ranc hi
Bhadar
CHHATTISGARH
WEST
BENGAL
Kasai
Hughli
Daman & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Raipur
Wardha
Silvasaa
Penganga
MAHARASHTRA
Godavari
Manjra
Imphal
MIZORAM
TRIPURA
BIRMANI
ORISSA
1800 m
12.0 m
1350 m
11.5 m
1000 m
Bhubaneshwar
Indravati
Bay of Bengal
Hyderabad
Krihna
ANDHRA
PRADESH
Krishna
LADIES PARK
BURIAL
PARK
NATURE STUDY PARK
900 m
600 m
Pondicherry (Yanam)
LAKE GARDEN
LION SAFARI PARK
RABINDRA SAROVAR
m
ARABLE10.5
LAND
LAKE GARDEN
LION SAFARI PARK
RABINDRA SAROVAR
JODHPUR PARK
ARABLE LAND
TOLLYGUNGE
REGENT PARK
NIBEDITA PARK
TOLLYGUNGE
9.5 m
150 m
9.2 m
REGENT PARK
ARABLE LAND
ARABLE LAND
KARNATAKA
ARABLE LAND
Estern Ghats
Palar
Bangalore
TAMILKaveri
Periyar
KERALA
NADU
MILLENIUM PARK
DESHPARA SHITALA MAATH
NATURE STUDY PARK
9.0 m
RIPON SQUARE
CHILDREN PARK
-40 m
BIRLA PARK
Ponnaiyar
Beypore Bhavani
Pondicherry (Karaikal)
Vaigai
PARK
600 m
300 m
150 m
LAIDEIS PARK
PLANTS IN WESTBENGAL_KOLKATA
GURUDAS PARK
100 m
75 m
Tamiraparani
QU
NI
HA
HAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE
AUCKLAND PARK
3000 m
1800 m
900 m
BA
QUEEN VICTORIA PARK
TRAFALGAR SQUARE
Chennai
Pondicherry (Puducherry)
TO
BAGMARI PARK
CURZON PARK
ARABLE LAND
Bhadra
Westbangal
D
TOLLYGUNGE
WOODBURN PARK
- 20 m
TA
JA
TALA PARK
JATINDRA MOHAN PARK
JPDHPUR PARK
Tunga
Pennar
B
BURIAL GROUND
AUCLAND PARK
Tunabbgadra
PA
PARC CIRCUS
NIBEDITA PARK
10.0 m
300 m
E
EDEN GARDENS
DESHB ANDU PARK
11.0 m
Sunderbans
Mangroves
Godavari
Kavarati
12.5 m
ARABLE LAND
JODHPUR PARK
Bhima
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
Islands
3000 m
KOLKATA
Sabari
Panaji
NATURE PARK
NIBEDITA PARK
Dekkan Plateau
GOA
13.0 m
Z
ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN
40 m
Thiruvananthapuram
MI
GEOGRAPHY OF KOLKATA _Sandrine Grossenbacher
Mumbai
4500 m
Mahanadi Baitarani
Vamsadhara
Prannita
Agartala
13.5 m
Kohima
Aizwal
Brahmani
Wainganga
Diu
6000 m
NAGALAND
MANIPUR
BANGLADESH
Subarnarekha
Shetrunjaya
Shillong
Barak
MEGHALAYA
Son
Sabarmati
ASSAM
Guwahati
Patna
Parbati
CHILDREN PRAK
CHILDREN PRAK
LADIES PARK
S
SUBHAS SAROVAR
SUBHAS SAROVAR
HAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE
MAIDAN
HAZI MOHAMMED MOHSIN SQUARE
MAIDAN
BO
R
GURUDAS PARK
GROUND
BURIAL GROUND
PARK
PARC CIRCUS
NATURE STUDY PARK
AUCLAND PARK
PARC CIRCUS
WOODBURN PARK
AUCLAND PARK
BIRLA PARK
WOODBURN PARK
QUEEN VIVTORIA PARK
BIRLA PARK
ZOOLOGICAL
GARDEN
QUEEN
VIVTORIA
PARK
NATURE PARK
ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN
Itanagar
Brahmanputra
Baghmati
Gomati
SAROVAR
EDENSUBHAS
GARDENS
RIPON SQUARE
GURUDAS PARK
ARABLE LAND
BOUTHAN
Gandak
Lucknow
EDEN GARDENS
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
RIPON SQUARE
BOTANICAL GARDEN
ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
Gangtok
Ghaghra
Betwa
Shipra
SIKKIM
CURZON PARK
CURZON PARK
Darjeeling
Kaangchenjunga
(3th biggest mountain in the world)
L
L
R
BOTANICAL GARDEN
Robert Kyd
BAGMARI PARK
TRAFALGAR SQUARE
MILENIUM PARK
Delhi
Banas
DESHPARA SHITALA MAATH
GAURI BARI KIT PARK
TRAFALGAR SQUARE
MILENIUM PARK
Dehradun
UTTARANCHAL
HARYANA
Luni
Assam
Teagathering women
T
TOLLYHUNGE
LAKE GARDEN
LION SAFARI PARK
RABINDRA SAROVAR
DESHBANDU PARK
BAGMARI PARK
Sutlej
Jaipur
JATINDRA MOHAN PARK
DESHPARA SHITALA MAATH
GAURI BARI KIT PARK
Ravi
PUNJAB
The Indo-Gangetic Plain occupies
most of northern, central, and eastern India, while the Deccan Plateau
occupies most of southern India. To
the west of the country is the Thar
Desert, which consists of a mix of
rocky and sandy desert. India’s east
and northeastern border consists
of
RAJASTHAN
the high Himalayan range.
JATINDRA MOHAN PARK
Darjeeling
Tea Plantage
Chenab
Beas
HOOGHYL RIVER
TALA PARK
HOOGHYL RIVER
TALA PARK
Sharing borders with India are BanAFGHANISTAN
gladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China,
JAMMU & KASHMIR
Nepal und Pakistan.
Arabian Sea
M
Fo
MAIDAN
Fort William
JP
CU
TR
DE
AU
NA
WO
RIP
CH
BIR
AU
PA
LA
GU
35 m
30 m
Western Ghats
300 m
25 m
Kolkata
600 m
15 m
10 m
0-5 m
Rivers
The major rivers of India are the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra.
The Indus, with his 3200 km is the longest river in India. It arises from Tibet,
flowing through the western Himalaya, Kashmir and finally into the Arabian
Sea.
The Ganges River, the important flow from northindia, evolves from the
7817m high Nanda Devi in the western Himalya from two frontal flow. After
44
a 2700 km course, the Ganges comes together with the Brahmaputra into
the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra comes from the Tibetan Tsangpo, the
most important flow of East India.
The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a continuous flow
throughout the year. Other networks are dependent on the monsoons
and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. In India, permanent natural
freshwater lakes are located mainly in the Himalayan belt and are motstly
tectonic or glacial in origin.
Lotus Plant, Nelumbo nucifera:
It is the National Flower of
India. It symbolizes divinity,
fertility, wealth and knowledge.
It is grown in the damp soil.
It requires Sunlight atleast six
hours a day. The Lotus plant
should be fertilized regularly
for one year.
Jamine Plant, Jasminum
sambac:
Jasmine plant is found in
almost all the parts of India.
Jasmine is a evergreen semi
shrub. Winterblüte(Dec).
Bamboo (Bansh)
a woody perennial evergreen
plant. Bamboo belongs to the
true grass family, Poaceae.
Coconutpalm
is bleeding the hole year and
fruchtet das ganze jahr über
und bildet jährlcih 10-14
steinfrüchte.
Kolkata, is the capital of the state of West Bengal and one of the nation’s
largest cities. It lies on the east bank of the Hooghly River, one of the
western branches of the Ganges. The climate is hot and humid. Annual
temperatures average about 26º C. Annual rainfall is about 168 cm. The
Topography of India is about 5 meter over sea. Up to the Hooghly River
it is about 14 meter high. To the Bay of Bengal it sinks to 5m above sea
level.
Banyan tree
It is one of the biggest
tree in the world and can
be found in the botanical
garden of Kolkata.
Orchid Plant, Oncidium sphacelatum
The bloom season begins in autumn
and ends in spring.
But some orchids have a sleeping
time in winter.
Districtwise the highest number of fauna is present in Kolkata (4256).
The fauna and flora of West Bengal possess the combined characteristics of the Himalayan and sub Himalayan Gangetic plain.
The botanical garden in Kolkata has about 1,500 species, 2500 varieties
including 750 trees and shrubs. Also the biggest tree “Banyan” of the
world is there with 1400 airroot.
45
DRAFT
© ETH Studio Basel
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
SS
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S S
S
S
Saline & Alkali
S
Desert
Alluvial
Flooding Zone
Equatorial converence
Zone
Northeast
Winter
Southwest
Summer
> 250 cm
August 1st
predominated
crop
150-250 cm
July 15th
Wheat
Grey Brown
100-150 cm
July 1st
Bajra (Millet)
Medium Black
60-100 cm
June 15th
Jowar (Sorghum)
40-50 cm
June 10th
Desert
20-40 cm
June 5th
Rice
Calcareous
< 20 cm
June 1st
Forest | Scrub
Caostel alluvium
1. Annual Rainfall_Flooding Zone
Monsoonal and other weather conditions in India are unstable. Major
droughts, floods, cyclones and other natural disasters are sporadic.
Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in
the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy, typically above 200cm per
year. Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this is adequate
for the maintenance of lush forests and other vegetation throughout the
remainder of the year. December to March are the driest months, when
days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the extremely biodiverse tropical wet forests of these regions .
2. Monsoon
The english word “monsoon” came from Portuguese “monção”, ultimately from Arabic mawsim “season”.
The big seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea
in the southwest, bringing heavy rainfall to the region (because of the
condensation of water vapor in the rising air). In the southwest the summer monsoon begins in June and ends in September. It is tropical: warm
and humid. In this time, 80-90% of the Indian areas have their annual
rainfall. In most areas of India it is for 8-9 months dry. The beginning of
the monsoon can be earlier or later. But for the farmers it depends very
much, because the right timing and how much it rains is important for a
good crop.
.
S
S
Red Loamy
S
Laterite
Mountain Meadow
5. Vegetation
India, the land of physical, cultural, social and linguistic diversity has a
enormous biological diversity which includes about 40 000 species of
flora and 89 000 species of fauna. The tropical forest cover of India is
about 6.4 sq km which represents about 19.27% of India’s total geographycal area. They are cultivating Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, Millet, Jute,
Tea, Cotton, Coconut an much more. It depense of the area and climatical zone how diffrent the nature is; tropical zone, desert, stony areas.
The fast multiplying population have led to the depletion of natural ressources, shrinking of vegetation blanket. Also the biological information
is lost. Clearing of forests in the tropics, conversion of grassland, forest
land to croplands for feeding population, constructions of highways or
urban centres, have reduces habitat of plants and animals.
.
S
S
Deep Black
Red sandy
S
Glaciers & Snow
6. Soil
The geological history of India started with the geological evolution
of rest of the Earth i.e. 4.57 billion years ago. India has a diverse geology. Different regions in India contain rocks of all types belonging
to different geologic periods. Some of the rocks are badly deformed
and transmuted while others are recently deposited alluvium that
are yet to undergo digenesis. It is believed that the Deccan Trap
was formed as result of sub-aerial volcanic activity associated with
the continental deviation in this part of the Earth during the Mesozoic (a time of tectonic, climatic and evolutionary activity) era. That
is why the rocks found in this region are generally igneous type.
Govind Sagar
Valley of Flowers
Naina Devi Naina Devi
Corbett
Sariska
Keoladeo Ghana
Dudhwa
Jaldapara
Ranthambor
Shivapuri
Little ran of Kutch
Marine Nal Savorar
Manas
Kaziranga
Hazaribagh
Palamau
Bandhavgarh
Dachigam
Velvadar
Gir
Kanha
Valley of Flowers
Naina Devi Naina Devi
Borivili
Taboba
Corbett
Sariska
Keoladeo Ghana
Dudhwa
Jaldapara
Ranthambor
Shivapuri
Winterwind
Summerwind
hotest in
Rajasthan up
to 50ºC
> 27.5ºC ºC
46
47-50 m/s
25.0-27.5 ºC
44-47 m/s
22.5-25.0 ºC
39-44 m/s
20.0-22.5 ºC
33-39 m/s
< 20.0 ºC
Coldest in Thar
down to 9ºC
< 33 m/s
3. Temperature
India stands under the influence of the tropical climate. The Himalayas
act as a barrier to the frigid wind from Central Asia and protects India
from cold weather influence from the north. In January and February it is
cool and dry. The day temperature are around 20-25ºC. But in the night
it can get to 10ºC (in northwest and north India). In April and May it is
very hot and try. The thermometer can get to 35ºC. Sandstorm in dry
areas are often. From June to September the monsoon (Southwest wind)
begins. The dry period in October and November are comfortable. From
December till February/March the Wintermonson starts with a northeast
wind.
Dandeli
Little ran of Kutch
Marine Nal Savorar
Velvadar
> 50 m/s
Sunderbans
Similipal
Govind Sagar
Bandhavgarh
Kanha
Gir
Taboba
Manas
Kaziranga
Hazaribagh
Palamau
Sunderbans
Similipal
Pulicat
Borivili
Dandeli
Nagarhole Vedanthangal
Bandiour
Wyland
Mudumaliai
Pont Calimere
Periyar
Pulicat
(suspected)
plate boundary
Plates moving
direction
Tropical
storms
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA _Sandrine Grossenbacher
Dachigam
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
Nagarhole Vedanthangal
Bandiour
Wyland
Mudumaliai
Pont Calimere
4. Wind
Tehre is a relashionship between the Rainfall, Monsoon and the resulted
Wind. Monsoons are strong, often violent winds that change direction
with the season. The strongest monsoon winds occur in India. Monsoon
- One Strong Global Wind-blows from cold to warm regions because
cold air takes up more space than warm air. This weather phenomenon
is created in winter when a high-pressure area forms far to the north,
over Siberia. Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter,
and from the sea toward land in the summer. Monsoon wind plays a
predominant role in the daily life of the people of South Asia. The use of
monsoon wind in the Indian Ocean was a boon to the sailing ships to
reach overseas countries.
7. Fauna_
Periyar Nationalparks_Animalprotections:
Since the 3rd Century B.C. animal protection was a concern of Buddhism. They admired the cow, elefant, monkey and peacock. The cow is
for the Indian people very holy, because their economic benefit is great
for agriculture and milk. Without the animals they would not be able to
survive. The “Corbett-Nationalpark” was the first park which developed
in 1936 from the English people. There are about 93 national parks and
almost 500 reserve. The parks takes about 4,7% of Indian area. Animals
like the Indian elefant, Bengal tiger, leopard, crocodiles, Snakes, live
there.
8. Earthquake
Due to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himalayas. The Himalayan orogeny has continued to the present day.
Tsunamis are rare but not totally absent. The tsunami is a Pacific
Ocean phenomenon and the tsunami of the 26 Deceber 2004 was one
of the largest interplate shallow-thrust earthquakes that occured at
the interface of the subducting Indian lithosphere and the overriding
Burma plate. Kolkata lies in Zone 3, implying that earthquakes of great
intensity have not hit the city as yet.
47
DRAFT
Ressources: Indien_C. Bourzat_Christian Verlag ; Plant diversity and conservation in India_H.J.Chowdhery ; Geological Survey of India_No.89_Sujit Dasgupta ; Indien_Allianz Reiseführer_Baedeker ;
www.prakritisamsad.org ; www.blog.suedasien.info ; www.commons.wikimedia.org ; www.eusoils.jrc ; www.mapsofindia.com www.calcuttaglobalchat.net http://.banglapedia.search.com ;
http://en.wikipedia.org ; http://ezinearticles.com
© ETH Studio Basel