NAME: ________________________________________
STUDY GUIDE: TEST 2:
50 pts. Due Test Day
1. What is the Gilded Age?
The time period where there were massive amounts of immigrants, urbanization and machine politics
2. Ways that the U.S. experienced growth during industrialization…
Natural resources, government support, urbanization, new inventions
3. Inventions of Edwin Drake, Henry Bessemer, Thomas Edison, Christopher Sholes, and Alexander
Graham Bell & Thomas Watson
Edwin Drake – created steam engine to drill for oil
Henry Bessemer – process that created steel
Thomas Edison – light bulb & system for electricity
Christopher Sholes – typewriter
Alexander Graham Bell & Thomas Watson - telephone
4. Why did the U.S. adopt C.F. Dowd’s time zones?
Because time was important for railroads keeping schedules for routes
5. Pullman Towns
The belief that by changing the social environment in which the worker lived they could induce habits of
respectability, uplift worker’s character and change social attitudes
6. Ways that farmers were affected by railroad corruption:
Railroads sold government land to businesses not settlers
Fixed prices kept farmers in debt
Charged different customers different rates
7. Interstate Commerce Act
Passed by Congress to reclaim supervision of the railroads
8. Know about these immigrants (directly from notes given on Promethean board): Chinese & Japanese,
European, Mexican, West Indies
Chinese & Japanese Immigrants – helped build railroads; jobs in farming & mining
European Immigrants – escaped religious persecution & rising populations
Mexican Immigrants – in search of work, fleeing political unrest
West Indies Immigrants – from Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico
9. Reasons immigrants come to the U.S.
A mass rush of immigrants came to America seeking refuge from famine & shortages, seeking quick
profits before returning home (Birds of Passage), and seeking the American Dream
10. Countries of old immigrants & new immigrants
Old Immigrants: Great Britain, Germany and Ireland
New Immigrants: Mexico, Russia and China
11. Push Factors vs. Pull Factors
Push Factors: pushed people to leave their home country because of religious persecution, political
instability, famines & diseases
Pull Factors: pulled people to immigrate to a country because of job opportunities, land and freedom
12. Difference between Ellis Island & Angel Island
Ellis Island: New York City – East Coast – European Immigrants
Angel Island: San Francisco – West Coast – Asian Immigrants
13. What was typical of immigration stations?
Most people were detained at least one day, everyone had to pass a medical inspection to be admitted
into the U.S., everyone had to have at least $25 to be admitted in the U.S., and everyone had to pass a
government exam to be admitted into the U.S.
14. Define: Social Gospel Movement, Urbanization, Immigration, Gentlemen’s Agreement, Chinese
Exclusion Act, Settlement House, Americanization Movement and Tenement Houses.
Social Gospel Movement: salvation through service to the poor
Urbanization: growth of a city
Immigration: when someone moves from one country to another
Gentlemen’s Agreement: limited Japanese immigration into the U.S.
Chinese Exclusion Act: decreased the number of Chinese that were allowed in the U.S.
Settlement House: designed to provide educational opportunities for the poor
Americanization Movement: program to teach American culture to the immigrants
Tenement House: two or more families living in a single family home
15. Reasons for rapid urbanization
Most immigrants went to the cities for convenience & jobs
Many farmers whose jobs were taken by technology went to the cities for jobs
16. Six problems of urbanization
Housing, Transportation, Sanitation, Water, Crime and Fire
17. Forms of transportation introduced in Boston & San Francisco
Boston: Subway
San Francisco: Streetcar
18. What is a monopoly?
Having complete control over an industry
19. Purpose of Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
To oppose monopolistic business practices
20. Define Social Darwinism
The best adapted survive
21. Captain of Industry vs. Robber Baron
Captain of Industry: the industrialists that were productive people whose businesses helped the economy
Robber Baron: the industrialists that were cut throat people who only cared about personal wealth
22. Andrew Carnegie’s new business practices
Accounting systems to track expenses, vertical integration, horizontal integration, and attracting quality
people by offering them stock and benefits
23. Horizontal Integration vs. Vertical Integration
Horizontal Integration – to buy out suppliers in order to control materials, manufacturing and
transportation
Vertical Integration – to buy companies that produce a similar product
24. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company
In ten years it went from controlling 2% of U.S. oil to 90% of U.S. oil
25. What are labor unions & why were they formed?
A group of workers (laborers) all in the same industry (jobs) who organize their efforts to create better
working conditions
Formed because of unsafe working conditions, low wages and long hours with no benefits
26. Difference between craftsman unions and industrial unions
Craftsman Unions: skilled laborers only
Industrial Unions: skilled & unskilled laborers
27. Violent strikes
Pullman Strike, Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike
28. Define: collective bargaining, arbitration, labor strike, scab and political city boss
Collective Bargaining: Negotiation between representatives of labor & management
Arbitration: Method of settling disputes where both sides submit their differences to a mutually
approved judge
Labor Strike: When workers refuse to work until conditions improve
Political City Boss: person who controlled the activities of the political party
Scab: Replacement workers
29. Know which labor union is associated with William Sylvis, Eugene Debs, & Samuel Gompers
William Sylvis: National Labor Union
Eugene Debs: Railway Union
Samuel Gompers: American Federation of Labor
30. What were political machines?
Organized groups that controlled all the activities of political parties in cities & swapped favors in
exchange for votes and political supports
31. Define: spoils system, stalwart, reformist, graft and Pendleton Act
Spoils System: Giving government jobs to those who get you elected
Stalwarts: Those who supported the spoils system
Reformist: Those who oppose the spoils system
Graft: Illegally using influence for personal gain (like taking bribes)
Pendleton Act: civil service commission which decided who gets government jobs; jobs should be based
on the merit system
32. Know these two presidents: the Republican President who appointed all independents to his cabinet to
avoid spoils system & reform Republican elected in 1880
Hayes: Republican president who appointed all independents to his cabinet to avoid spoils system
Garfield: reform Republican elected in 1880
33. Who was William Tweed?
A corrupt political boss who dominated the New York City Democratic Party politics for a time
34. W.E.B. Dubois & Booker T. Washington’s viewpoints
Segregation is a moral evil and should not be tolerated
African Americans should do all they can to better their situation and end racism
African Americans need to pursue occupations to advance
35. Patronage
The giving of government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected
36. Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public accommodations was legal: Separate but Equal
37. Jim Crow Laws
Denied voting rights to African Americans & aided in segregation
Literacy Tests: African Americans had to pass a literacy test in order to vote (sometimes given in
a foreign language
Poll Tax: created so poor whites and African Americans couldn’t vote
Grandfather Clause: If your grandfather could vote, then you could vote ( African Americans
couldn’t)
**Know that Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute