Media Theory
Berthold Brecht’s radio theory (1920‐ies, a la Hans Magnus Enzensberger 1970‐ies)
Technological Architectures,
Infrastructural Innovations and
Industrialization of Media: The Case
of Mobile Internet
•
Emancipatory
•
– D
Decentralized control of li d
l f
programming
– Each receiver a potential sender
se
de
– Mobilization of the masses
– Interaction among g
participants, feedback
– Political learning process
Ole Hanseth
– Collective production
ll
d
– Societal control through self‐
organizing
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
1
Thursday, November 04, 2010
• Economic aspects:
•
•
•
•
– Rate and speed of innovations
p
• Political aspects:
– Democracy
D
– Demobilization of isolated individuals
– Passive consumer attitude
– Depolitization process
– Production by/through specialists
– Control through owners or bureaucrats
Department of Informatics
2
From emancipatory to repressive media
Newspapers: 1835‐1850
Radio: 1920‐1930
Economies of scale:
Economies of scale:
– Mutual reinforcements of technological architectures, regulation/legislation organizational structures
regulation/legislation, organizational structures
<= Public sphere
<= Media
<= Technological architectures and innovations
•
Department of Informatics
– C
Centrally controlled ll
ll d
programming
– One sender, many receivers
Industrialization of media
Industrialization of media
The role of technological architectures?
The role of technological architectures?
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Repressive
3
Telecom: national monopolies 1870 – 1890
Telecom: national monopolies, 1870 Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
4
Internet
Mobile Internet?
Mobile Internet?
• Industrialization?
• Embryos: i‐mode, 3G services, ..
• Always industrialized
Always industrialized
• De‐industrialized? Does it matter?
– Increasing role played by private companies in g
p y
yp
p
general and big business in particular
– => Network neutrality?? (
=> Network neutrality?? (”Quality
Quality of service
of service”))
– Internet governance and the globalization of the Internet: The role of UN and repressive regimes
Internet: The role of UN and repressive regimes
– Security threats and other challenges
– How?
• Spam, illegal file sharing, hacking, …
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
5
Cyberlaw
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
6
Jonathan Zittrain: The Generative Internet
Jonathan Zittrain: The Generative Internet
• Generativity =
G
i i
• ”H
”How to regulate the Internet without destroying it?
l
h I
ih
d
i i?
• ”Embryo theories of technological architectures for emancipatory media”
i
di ”
– ”.. A technology’s overall capacity to produce unprompted change driven by large, varied, and uncoordinated audiences.”
– Enable innovations/innovations = constrain possibilities for individual organizations to monopolize critical resources
individual organizations to monopolize critical resources
• Lessig: end‐2‐end architecture
• Benkler: end‐2‐end + programmability
• Zittrain: Generativity
•
•
•
•
Capacity for leverage
Adaptability
Ease of mastery
Ease of mastery
Accessibility
– Computers
– PC & Internet
– Opposite: Appliances
• Telecom: intelligent network + appliances
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
7
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
8
Mobile Internet Embryos
Mobile Internet Embryos
Industrialization of the Internet revisited
• Important: You pay for content!!!
• 1st generation: content published by operators under own brand
• 2nd gen.: i
2nd gen : i‐mode
mode
• Needs for regulation: spam, child pornography, illegal file sharing (political content)
illegal file sharing (political content)
• Solutions: IPR legislation, DRM filters, trusted computing
p
g
–
–
–
–
• Ex: Trusted computing and “The Fritz Chip”
p
g
p
–
–
–
–
• 3rd gen (??): CPA
certification of software
Recalling features
certifying certifiers??
=> computers become appliances?
– “Open”
– Developed in Norway, transferred to Malaysia, Thailand, Ukraine, e e oped
o ay, t a s e ed to a ays a, a a d, U a e,
Hungary, Bangladesh, .. • 4th gen: 3G ???
4th gen: 3G ???
• =>> Internet becomes repressive media??
Internet becomes repressive media??
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
Content delivered by independent content providers
Special i‐mode phone
i
i‐mode subscription
d
b i ti
Content and content providers selected by DoCoMo
9
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
10
What is CPA?
What is CPA?
Some “CPA
Some CPA services
services”
• Platform, …
• Enables premium SMS services
Telenor
Subscriber
SMSC
NetCom
1
2
SMSC
CPA
3
Content provider
2 and 6
CPA
6
4
7
Billing system
5
Billing system
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
11
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
12
The CPA Standard
The CPA Standard
Brief on the historical context of the CPA
f
h h
l
f h
• Teletorg
• Standardized package (ref. Fujimura):
– The idea of information based value adding services (
(VAS)
)
– Sorting out the issues
– New formal and informal institutions
– Business model (‘Open Garden’)
( p
)
– Functionality, architecture, service levels
– Short numbers
Short numbers
– Interface for service acquisition
– Revenue sharing model
– Regulatory regime
g
y g
• MobilInfo and SMSInfo
– The idea of information based VAS for mobile phones
p
– A “walled garden” approach
• Differentiation
• Churn
– The experiences: Opportunities, challenges and failure
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
13
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
CPA: Roles and value network
CPA: Roles and value network
The brief history of the CPA
The brief history of the CPA
Content producer
Roles:
• A
An extension (, and devolution) of previous t i ( d d l ti ) f
i
approaches
Content producer
Network operator
– Learning and de‐learning from previous platforms
– Drawing upon the installed base, very simple
– New strategy –
New strategy – or rather lack of strategy
or rather lack of strategy
– Small‐scale, bottom‐up, flexible, external i
inputs
t
– New actors, roles and responsibilities
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
14
Content p
production
Service innovation
Branding
Advertising
Pricing
Billing
Transportation
Content provider
Aggregator
Application house
Integrator
Subscriber
Media window
Network operator
Network
N
t
k operator
t
MobilInfo/SMSinfo
CPA
Subscriber
Media windows
TONO/NCB
Composers
Consumers
Content providers
Network operator
15
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
16
Actors
•
•
•
•
The Process (The Standardization)
The Process (The Standardization)
5 Aggregators (large)
6 Media windows
6 Media windows
14 Application houses and integrators
153 Content providers
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
• Telenor didn’t want to make investments
• People in Telenor had been working in other People in Telenor had been working in other
companies – knew what they wanted any why
• Small community: everybody knew each other
S ll
i
b d k
h h
• Informal institutions: “Content network”
17
Thursday, November 04, 2010
What made CPA a success?
What made CPA a success?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Department of Informatics
18
End 2 end
End‐2‐end
Openness
Completeness
Simplicity
Informality
Flexibility
Building on the installed base
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
• 1st gen: NO! Everything inside the network!
• ii‐mode
mode and CPA:
and CPA:
– More or less
– Billing system inside the network!!
Billi
i id h
k!!
19
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
20
Generativity
Programmability of terminals
Programmability of terminals
• 1st gen.: NO!
1st gen.: NO!
• i‐mode: • ..unprompted change driven by large, varied, and uncoordinated audiences…
– Servers: yes!
Servers: yes!
– Handsets: NO
– Capacity for leverage, Adaptability, Ease of master, Accessibility
• CPA:
– Servers: YES! (Billing was enhanced by adding y
)
functionality at the server side)
– Handsets:
• 1st gen: NO!
• i‐mode: partly. DoCoMo controls
i‐mode: partly DoCoMo controls
• CPA: Yes. No actor controls, content accessible for mobile phone subscribers
mobile phone subscribers
• Yes – depending on the handset!
• But: Programmability substantially constrained by manufacturers and operators
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
21
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Mobile Internet = Internet?
Mobile Internet Internet?
•
•
•
MobilInfo, CPA, i‐mode, ..
Services?
Innovation platform/pattern? 3G phones general computers connected to the Internet?
p
•
NO!
Offer powerful tools for control (China + dev. Countries: 4 phones pr. PC)
•
Will Microsoft, Apple and Google make a difference?
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
22
Smartphones
•
•
•
•
– Not
Not end‐2‐end, restricted programmability (technological, end 2 end restricted programmability (technological
economical, institutional, ..)
– Operators and manufacturers in control
•
Department of Informatics
iPhone: Fritz chip light!
Widows phones: more open
Widows phones: more open
Android: ??
Symbian: ??
• Chris Anderson (Wired): ”The Web is dead!”
23
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
24
Theory of emancipatory/innovation‐
Theory
of emancipatory/innovation
enabling media infrastructure?
• End‐2‐end + programmability important
• Billing systems increases Generativity (capacity for leverage), but breaks the e‐2‐e principle
Generativity goes beyond e‐2‐e
2 e + progr.
progr.
• Generativity goes beyond e
– Includes policy/strategy, economic issues, etc.
• Potent embryo design theory for info. infra. (or framework) framework)
Thursday, November 04, 2010
Department of Informatics
25