IB Number: 1094-084
International Baccalaureate
Extended Essay-History
The Stoutsenberger Farmstead Throughout
American History
“What unique historical value does the Stoutsenberger farmstead of
Taylorstown have in reference to the American story?”
Author: Jordan Schmuckler
IB Number: 1094-084
Word Count: 3442
1
IB Number: 1094-084
Abstract
This extended essay covers the local history of an American farmstead in Lovettsville, Virginia.
The goal is to illuminate the story behind this farmstead through answering the research question
“What unique historical value does the Stoutsenberger farmstead of Taylorstown have in reference to
the American story?”
A great number of angles must be examined in detail, giving this question a wide scope for a
narrow question. The two men being examined are John Stoutsenberger and George Ritchie. Each of
these men has a story that is told through this farmstead. The known history of the German people
similar to John Stoutsenberger will be provided and examined to determine his background. A look at
the structure of the house gives an additional look into the history in regards to both architecture of the
time, as well as the money and labor that the owner was able to put into it. Records including census
reports and war records give a look into the business dealings of both of these men. Finally, a
documentation of politics and events of the time period, primarily in the Loudoun, Virginia area give an
important look at the influences affecting these men. These influences help in the understanding of the
decisions they made throughout their lives, and why these decisions are important in the writing of the
American story.
This paper concludes by surmising the value that this farmstead holds in connecting the present
time with the past. The Stoutsenberger farmstead connects to two American wars, changes in the roles
of society, as well as the story of the rise of the common man in America. These are just a few of the
topics the farmstead is connected to. The Stoutsenberger farmstead creates a tie to history that should
not be cut.
Words: 295
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Table of Contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5-6
Background of the German Settlers of Loudoun………………………………………………………6-7
The Stoutsenberger House………………………………………………………………………………………7-8
The Assimilation of the Stoutsenberger’s into Society…………………………………………….9-10
John Stoutsenberger and the Rise of the Common Man…………………………………………11-12
John Stoutsenberger’s Ownership of Slaves……………………………………………………………12-13
Background on Loudoun County and the Civil War and The Loudoun Rangers………13-14
George Ritchie and the Civil War. ………………………………………………………………………….14-15
The Burning Raids…………………………………………………………………………………………………..15-16
Conclusion……….…………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Appendix 1: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Appendix 2: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
Appendix 3: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
Appendix 4: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
Appendix 5: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………22
Appendix 6: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24-25
3
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Acknowledgments:
I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor, Eirik Harteis, for his assistance throughout this paper.
His guidance through the research process opened doors of history to me that I never would have been
able to enter otherwise.
4
IB Number: 1094-084
Introduction
The Stoutsenberger farmstead was estimated to have been built in the 1770’s. 1 The house, the
barn, the people, and the stories behind them are an important reflection upon American history of the
time. 2 3 This paper will answer the research question “What unique historical value does the
Stoutsenberger farmstead of Taylorstown have in reference to the American story?”
The Stoutsenberger house reflects many different levels and time periods of American history as
will be shown throughout this paper. The first aspect being addressed has shaped all aspects of
American history because it makes up who Americans are. The history of people immigrating and
assimilating into American culture is a collection of countless stories forming our country. This is one of
them.
The next story that this house holds the key to is an American Revolution veteran. John
Stoutsenberger rose through society from being the simple son of a German immigrant to a
Revolutionary War drum major. Later in life he was the Postmaster of his town, showing us the classic
American history of the rise of the common man through society.
George Ritchie, a later owner of the house, ties it to the history of a second and sad American
War. Ritchie represents a side of the American Civil War from the view of a secessionist living in a
German settlement. Ritchie’s life is a developing story of a man working to rise through society as a
businessman of the 19th century.
1
Diane, e-mail message to Grady, May 8, 2001.
Appendix 4
3
Appendix 5
2
5
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Without this house tying us back to this part of history, the majority of the once thriving
Taylorstown, Hoysville, and the stories of the German settlement would be all but lost. The remainder of
this paper will explain the stories that this farmstead holds and why they are important to remember as
a part of American history.
Background of the German Settlers of Loudoun
In the 18th century a large influx of German settlers came into Loudoun County, Virginia. Most
of them were farmers from the Palatinate of Germany and were either part of the German Reformed
Church or Lutherans. They came for many reasons including shelter from the 30 Years War invading
their previous homes and economic opportunity. 4
The people of Palatinate had traveled to many places around the world in search of a home.
They had come and gone from England without much success in establishing a new identity there. 5
While many settled and remained in the Pennsylvania area, many others found this area too heavily
settled already for their farming purposes. Those that didn’t settle in Pennsylvania traveled south,
through Maryland. Unfortunately, upon entering this area it was also found to be fairly densely settled.
6
It wasn’t until 1731 (this date is disputed and therefore approximate) that the first of the German
settlers reached the area of Loudoun in which the large German Settlement which this paper will be
focusing on was formed. 7 8 This land was largely unsettled but not without an owner. William Fairfax
4
"Loudoun's 18th Century German Settlers" (unpublished essay, Home of
Richard Gillespie).
5
"Loudoun's 18th Century.
6
Eugene Scheel, "Ample Land Drew German Settlers to Loudoun County," The
History of Loudoun County, Virginia, accessed January 6, 2012,
http://www.loudounhistory.org/history/loudoun-german-settlers.htm.
7
8
"Loudoun's 18th Century.
Eugene Scheel, "Ample Land”
6
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had the unsettled land surveyed and claimed 47,000 acres of it in 1736. The two manors he created
were called Shannondale and Piedmont. Despite his claim, most German settlers continued to move
onto the land without Fairfax’s consent. Some of this land would end up being the German Settlement. 9
The Stoutsenberger House
The house on the Stoutsenberger farmstead in its original state strongly reflected the German
immigrant population influx to the Loudoun area. The architecture of the house reveals much about
both the area during the time period, as well as the knowledge of architecture that the German
immigrants had brought with them. Examination of the house reveals a sturdy stone foundation most
likely constructed using stones found in the area, as it would have been impractical to transport all of
them in from very far away.
10
The original house was 1 and ½ stories high when it was built by John
Stoutsenberger within the time period of the mid 1780’s to the late 1790’s. It was later expanded as will
be addressed later in this work. 11
The structure of the basement of the house is made of Chestnut trees; a tree which is by now
nearly extinct but likely was commonly found in the area when the house was built 12. This gives the
house more historical value as houses could no longer be built using this wood as of the turn of the 20th
century. Even more can be learned about the structure of the house by looking at many of the nails
which hold it together. In the original areas and foundation of the house, nails that have square heads
were used as opposed to ones with round heads. 13 This once again gives an idea of the time period as
9
Eugene Scheel, "Ample Land”
10
"Loudoun's 18th Century
John G. Lewis, "Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Survey Form,"
1955, 53-45L, Loudoun.
12
Appendix 1
13
Appendix 2
11
7
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well as a look at the resources that were available. The square nails are hand crafted, letting us see
much of the handicraft that was put into this house instead of any type of machine labor being used to
help.
The historical value of the house regarding German immigration to the area can be most clearly
seen not only by the architecture of the house itself, but also by its location. These German settlers
were focused on the idea of farming to support life, and were not very concerned with showing off their
homes or belongings. They often were more concerned with the practical and profitable side of things
rather than the aesthetic value. 14 Due to this consistent need for practicality, the Stoutsenberger house
was built directly adjacent to an easily accessible water source. Little of the creek remains today, but
the water was likely sufficiently cleaner and stronger during the time of Stoutsenberger. The house was
not built on a high prominent spot, although the farmstead includes land that would accommodate this.
Instead it was built below the sightline from most angles, down nearly as far as it could be. This location
gives a large amount of shelter from the weather. This is important in an area that can have harsh
snowfall and rainstorms. The orientation of the house is also built so that as much sunlight as possible
shines in throughout the year. The sunlight is important due to both the expense that could be saved
both in attempting to light the house, and working to heat the house. 15 How intentional the
inconspicuousness of the location of the house was cannot be known for sure, but it proved to be useful
many years later, long past the life of John Stoutsenberger.
14
15
"Loudoun's 18th Century
John G. Lewis
8
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The Assimilation of the Stoutsenberger’s into Society
Despite the German heritage of John Stoutsenberger, his actions throughout his life illustrate
assimilation into the values of America. He is an archetype of an important American story. John
enlisted at the age of 16 in the Revolutionary War Army in the 4th regiment of the Pennsylvania
continental line in 1778 as a drummer. 16 Choosing to enlist shows a potential allegiance towards his
new home; however it is also likely that he simply needed the money the job would pay. John returned
from the war without any serious injuries that would have impacted his life.
John continued to work to assimilate and function inside of the American society in which he
lived. In 1824, an ad was placed for goods to be sold at the store of John Stoutsenberger. The ad was
printed in the weekly newspaper known as “The Genius of Liberty”, which was published in Leesburg
during 1817-1843. It was written by Jonas P. Schooley who was the postmaster of Taylorstown at the
time, as well as an associate of the family. 17 This ad shows us John using the American marketing
system to promote his livelihood. The ad being written by Schooley also suggests that Stoutsenberger
may not have been very good at writing in English at this point in his life. His mastery of the language
may have been below par. While this is a logical viewpoint to take, the possibility that other
irregularities were occurring and Stoutsenberger asked Schooley to place the ad in his name in the hope
of reaching a broader audience of customers is also plausible. We cannot be sure of the whole story
that unfolded.
16
Linda Norris, "Stoutsenbergers, e-mail message to Tracy Gillespie,
November 20, 2007.
17
Jonas P. Schooley, "Dry Goods," advertisement, The Genius of Liberty
(Leesburg), October 19, 1824.
9
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John Stoutsenberger died on March 31st 1837. The entire inscription of his tombstone is not
only in English, but also meter. It reads:
“Let sorrow for his early doom
No more in silence sigh
For hope that paints beyond the tomb
Bids every tear be dry” 18
The tombstone being in English meter, rather than German, suggests a strong likelihood that
John, or at least his family, felt that it would be the best language of choice to properly remember him
by. Language and culture were likely both aspects of the Stoutsenberger family that were changed by
America, giving the story of this family an inspiring aspect to others assimilating at this time.
Not everything about America was as easy to assimilate to as changing the language that the
Stoutsenberger’s spoke. There were legal issues that caused Maria, the wife of John Stoutsenberger,
problems after his death. The United States government owed a pension to John Stoutsenberger due to
his service in the Revolutionary War. After his death, this pension should have legally continued to be
paid to his wife. However, the United States government required proof of their marriage before it
would pay. Maria petitioned the government, sending the fraktur given to Maria and John when they
married as well as her own letters, and letters from neighbors. 19 20 21 22 23 This represents one of the
many troubles that their German origins gave them with assimilating into the American society.
18
Appendix 3
Appendix 6
20
Maria M. Stoutsenberger, No. 6204, slip op. at 244 (Key Widow, &c March
3, 1870).
21
Department of the Interior Pension Record of John Stoutsenberger,
6-1044, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives.
22
Treasury Department Letter, Treasury Department, National Archive.
23
Maria M Stoutsenberger to Pension Office, 1838, National Archives.
19
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John Stoutsenberger and the Rise of the Common Man
The life of John Stoutsenberger illustrates a changing America that allowed for the common man
to become more powerful in society. John Stoutsenberger started with humble beginnings, coming to
the area that is now Loudoun, under the more specific name in that time period of Hoysville, with
nothing of significant value that can be found on historical record. He erected a farmstead on the land
and began to work his way up in society. In the early 1820’s he opened a general store in Hoysville.
Hoysville was the name of an area named after the “Hoys” family who appeared in the area between
1827 and 1828, buying seven lots in Lovettsville. The area included a few noteworthy businesses
including the post office, a government distillery, as well as John Stoutsenberger’s store. 24 He sold
many things there, such as wheat, butter, and eggs. 25
In 1835 he took over from Jonas P. Schooley as the Postmaster of Hoysville. 26 This was a huge
deal in terms of the rise of the common man in America. As the postmaster he held a government
position, albeit a low one compared to policymakers. It is very unlikely that he would have gotten this
position many years earlier, due to the strong prominence of Jeffersonian Democracy in which positions
of importance usually stayed in the family, and therefore there was little or no opportunity of entering a
role unless born into it. Conversely, with the presidency of Andrew Jackson, a new idea of Jacksonian
24
Eugene M. Scheel, "Hoysville-Once A Populated Area," Loudoun
Times-Mirror, October 27, 1977.
25
Jonas P. Schooley
26
"Compilation from Records in U.S. Archives Building in Washington
1958-1959," Vertical File, Thomas Beleh Library.
11
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Democracy had been created. Jacksonian Democracy included the idea of patronage. This meant that
anybody who supported or could best fill the position could be appointed to a position.
27
Under this
new system John Stoutsenberger was able to hold the job of postmaster, which otherwise never would
have been given to the son of an immigrant.
In 1847 John successfully passed the position of postmaster in Hoysville on to his son, Jacob
Stoutsenberger. 28 The majority of people that lived in the German settlement with John worked as
farmers, as they always had. 29 John’s attainment and passing on of the position of postmaster raised
the status and importance of not only him, but of his entire family throughout the community.
John Stoutsenberger’s Ownership of Slaves
John Stoutsenberger was set apart from others in his community due to his slave ownership.
The majority of German settlers of this area owned farmsteads approximately 100-200 acres in size, and
farmed using large families and hard work instead of slave labor. 30 John Stoutsenberger broke this
trend. He consistently owned between 6 and 11 slaves from 1810 until his passing in the 1840’s.
27
Sellers 1991, Page 24
"Compilation from Records”
29
"Loudoun's 18th Century
30
"Loudoun's 18th Century
31
"1810 United States Federal Census record for Jno Stoutsaberger," 1810,
0181429, U.S. Census, National Archives, Washington D.C., AncestryLibrary.com,
accessed April 22, 2011, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgl-bin/
sse.dil?h=676853&db=1810usfedcenancestry&indiv=try.
32
"1820 United States Federal Census record for Jno Stoutsaberger," 1820,
U.S. Census, National Archives, Washington D.C., AncestryLibrary.com, accessed
April 22, 2011, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgl-bin/
sse.dll?h=1087345&db=1820usfedcenancestry&indiv=try.
33
"1830 United States Federal Census record for John Stoutsaberger,"
1830, U.S. Census, National Archives, Washington D.C., AncestryLibrary.com,
accessed April 22, 2011, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgl-bin/
sse.dll?h=861827&db=1830usfedcenancestry&indiv=try.
28
12
31323334
IB Number: 1094-084
The farmstead that John ran was by no means large. It also did not function as a productive
growing farm year round. For this reason it is possible that he occupied his slaves with other tasks. For
example, a barn was constructed on the farmstead in the time of John using his slaves as the source of
labor and the land as the source of materials. The slave labor was also a resource of the town and a
source of income to the Stoutsenberger family. Since most of the settlers around the Stoutsenbergers
did not own slaves, John most likely rented his out to do various projects for neighbors and within the
town. 35 The prominence of slavery on this specific farmstead will play a role much later when looking at
the views of the farmstead owner George Ritchie.
Background on Loudoun County and the Civil War and the Loudoun Rangers
Thoughts of Civil War started with John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. A secession
convention occurred two years later on February 13th, 1861. Loudoun sent two delegates, John Janney
and John A. Carter, to represent it at this convention. . The convention passed a vote for an Ordinance
of Secession with an 85 to 55 vote on April 17th. Both delegates from Loudoun voted against secession.
Loudoun was extremely split in its views on secession as shown when the county voted to ratify
secession and ended in favor of it by only 100 votes, with few more than 1000 votes cast total.
36
The Loudoun Rangers were not the only cavalry unit formed in Virginia to combat the large
numbers of confederates. That being said, they were one of the more successful groups. The Loudoun
34
"1840 United States Federal Census record for Margaret M
Stoutsenberger," 1840, U.S. Census, National Archives, Washington D.C.,
AncestryLibrary.com, accessed April 22, 2011, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/
cgl-bin/sse.dll?h=3514110&db=1840usfedcenancestry&indiv=try.
35
"Loudoun's 18th Century
36
Eugene Scheel, "Loudoun County and the Civil War 1861- 1865 - A County
Divided," The History of Loudoun County, Virginia, accessed January 6, 2012,
http://www.loudounhistory.org/history/loudoun-cw-chronology.htm.
13
IB Number: 1094-084
Rangers consisted of mostly Quaker and German farmers who feared the impact that the confederates
of the area were having and wanted to lash back. The commander of the Loudoun Rangers was Captain
Samuel C. Means, a Quaker and the owner of a mill in Waterford. When his business came under siege
by confederates he took refuge in Maryland and was then summoned to Washington where he received
the commission to create a cavalry of other Virginian refugees like himself. 37 These rangers actively
attacked areas of Virginia throughout the Civil War affecting both confederates and unionists of the
areas, including taking part in “The Burning Raids” 38
George Ritchie and the Civil War
George Ritchie is the second large historically relevant chapter relating to this house. He came
to own the house, became successful for his time, and built an addition onto the house. This addition
changed the appearance of the stone and timber house into a neo-gothic style home with a full two
stories. 39 George Ritchie’s ability to make this relatively large expansion on his home suggests that he
was having a prosperous time. It can certainly be seen from his confidence to put so much time effort
and money into the expansion, that George Ritchie was not a man who had to fear about whether or
not there would be enough food to eat every night. Most of the original Germanic architecture was
covered from sight at this point, but it still remained as the fundamental structure of the house.
37
Eugene Scheel, "The Loudoun Rangers," The History of Loudoun County,
Virginia, accessed January 6, 2012, http://www.loudounhistory.org/history/
loudoun-cw-rangers.htm.
38 Taylor M. Chamberlin and John M. Souders, Between Reb and Yank: A Civil
War History of Northern Loudoun County, Virginia (n.p.: McFarland , 2011),
page 296
39
John G.
40
John G.
14
40
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George Ritchie was not necessarily a man that was liked by all those around him, although many
of the others in the German settlement shared his political views. He was a slave owner who owned
one slave, and it reflected in his politics. 41 Ritchie lived during the time of the Civil War and was a strong
secessionist. A Unionist foraging party heard about him through neighbors who identified him as a
“rank and cruel traitor”. 42 They said he had kicked to death several wounded Union soldiers following
The Battle of Ball’s Bluff on October 21st, 1861. 43 They took three of his horses and put him in jail, where
he resided for at least the next week before being released. 44
The Burning Raids
During the Civil War an order was given by General Grant to burn the barns in the south and
remove and destroy anything that could be helpful to the secessionist movement. This undertaking
came to be known as the “Burning Raids”. General Thomas C. Devin carried out this order all around
Loudoun, burning barns, taking and destroying crops, and ruining entire livelihoods. The only times
barns were spared were on occasions when lighting the barn would burn the home of those the barn
belonged to, but in many of these cases the barns and the houses were all burned anyways. Devin and
his brigade moved towards Taylorstown destroying hundreds of barns.
45
This brigade or one similar to it came upon Taylorstown and began burning barns. They made it
as far as a barn belonging to the owners of the Skye House Farmstead. This is a house that is extremely
41
"1860 U.S. Federal Census-Slave Schedules record for Geo Ritche," 1860,
U.S. Census, National Archives, Washington D.C., AncestryLibrary.com, accessed
June 24, 2011, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgl-bin/
sse.dll?h=2447733&db=1860slaveschedules&indiv=try.
42
Taylor 95.
43
Eugene Scheel, "Loudoun County and the Civil War 1861- 1865 - A County
Divided," The History of Loudoun County, Virginia, accessed January 6, 2012,
http://www.loudounhistory.org/history/loudoun-cw-chronology.htm.
44
Taylor 95.
45
Taylor 296-309.
15
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close to the Stoutsenberger house (now belonging to George Ritchie). The Skye house belonged to the
Fawleys family. The Fawleys were Unionists and had been working to continue their lives as farmers
despite the war. 46 This seemed to have worked until the Burning Raids entered the area. Despite their
support for the Unionist position, it was still the barn of the Fawleys that was burned while the
farmstead of George Ritchie remained unscathed. This essentially destroyed the Fawley’s livelihoods
and set them back for many years.
The Stoutsenberger house and barn cannot be seen from the vantage point of the Skye house or
barn, though they are very close, separated only by a hill. As mentioned earlier, the Stoutsenberger
house was built low down by the water. 47 This may have been a large contributing feature that saved
their barn, as the brigade may not have known the house, barn, or any of the farmstead was there.
They could have walked on a little further, found the barn and burned it quickly, but they chose not to
do so. It is likely that darkness was setting in and the brigade decided against heading forward into the
unknown where there could be some type of resistance waiting for them. Why should they continue
forward into the unknown, risking their lives further? Whatever the reason, the Stoutsenberger house
and barn belonging to the secessionist were both spared, and the Skye barn belonging to the Unionist
was burned without regard or care.
After the war the entire situation worked out quite well for George Ritchie. Many of his
neighbors’ barns had been burned. Ritchie’s crops grew in value because he was still able to support his
entire farm as he still had a barn. He became more influential in his immediate area as many of his
peers in the area were secessionists in the war, and even after the war they looked up to others who
supported their views.
46
47
"Welcome to Skye House" (unpublished essay, Home of Richard Gillespie).
"Loudoun's 18th Century.
16
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Conclusion
The Stoutsenberger farmstead holds many unique aspects which unlock new and less explored
angles of the American story. This paper describes the story of John Stoutsenberger. His story of
humble beginnings, immigrating, and starting a farmstead and home with his family is one that
Americans often enjoy as a story of America bringing hope and a home to others in the world that are in
need, in this case the Germans of Palatinate. John’s story as a war veteran, government official, and a
postmaster illustrates the rise of the common and most unlikely of men through American history. He is
a prime example of Jacksonian democracy taking root in our country and allowing for a country run by
the people.
Through this house we also see a less told story of the Civil War. George Ritchie survived the
war and his barn survived the Burning Raids throughout Loudoun, despite his being a secessionist and
therefore one of the very people being attacked. His story gives a look at the typical feelings the people
of the German settlement had towards the war, as well as a look at some of the economic effects of the
Burning Raids, despite their intentions to hurt only the secessionist cause. Time is both the destroyer
and creator of history. The majority of the area that was once Taylorstown is now developed and the
memories of these past time periods are almost gone. Out of the once populated area of Hoysville, all
that remains today is a road. 48 The Stoutsenberger farmstead reveals all of these aspects of history and
is an excellent resource and tie to the past.
48
"Virginia 668," map, maps.google.com, accessed May 23, 2011,
http://maps.google.com/
maps?hl=en&q=Virginia+668+Catoctin,+VA+20180&gs_upl=2152l11435l0l11825l31l30l0l3l
17
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Appendix 1:
This is the Chesnutt bottom structure of the house.
3l0l327l5397l0.12.14.1l30l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1280&bih=648&wrapid=tlif13
1703736593210&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x89b61f7374f7a285:0xd49b8990854b4409,Virgi
nia+668,+Catoctin,+VA+20180&gl=us&ei=QWWATtzuGe7D0AHXiawU&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&
ct=image&resnum=1&ved=0CBsQ8gEwAA.
18
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Appendix 2:
This is an image of one of the square nails holding the Stoutsenberger House Together
19
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Appendix 3:
Tombstone inscription for John Stoutsenberger
SACRED
to
the memory of
JOHN STOUTSENBERGER
Born April 2d 1762
Died March 31st 1837
Aged 74 years 11 months &
29 days
-----Let sorrow for his early doom
No more in silence sigh
For hope that paints beyond the tomb
Bids every tear be dry.
20
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Appendix 4:
This is an image of the Stoutsenberger House today.
21
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Appendix 5:
This is an image of the Stoutsenberger Barn today.
22
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Appendix 6:
This is the marriage fraktur of John Stoutsenberger and Maria Stoutsenberger.
23
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sse.dil?h=676853&db=1810usfedcenancestry&indiv=try.
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