6.3 Describing Chemical Bonding

.C/(E"&+(%-5(+5+U;&%#4(#%5;,B(&#9"(-3%"('&4#%3<&4>("37"(35+3T#%35+(&+&'73&,(#+2(&4&9%'5+&7#%3<3%3&,(
'&#9%B(#,(?5%"(#%%'#9%(%"&3'(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+,(,%'5+74>(#+2(+&3%"&'("#<&(#(%&+2&+9>(%5(45,&(%"&;B(%"&>(#'&(
43K&4>(%5(65';(?5+2,(?>(,"#'3+7(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+,('#%"&'(%"#+(?>(%'#+,6&''3+7(%"&;/(
(
.N/(D4&9%'5+(95+6371'#%35+(65'(+39K&4S((((((((((((b*'c(C2@N,@(
(((((((D4&9%'5+(95+6371'#%35+(65'(T3+9S(((((((((((((((b*'c(C25\N,@(((((
H5%39&(%"#%(-"&+(%"&(&4&9%'5+(95+6371'#%35+,(#'&(-'3%%&+(3+(5'2&'(56(3+9'&#,3+7(,1?4&<&4(,3T&B('#%"&'(%"#+(
3+9'&#,3+7(&+&'7>B(-&(,&&(%"#%(T3+9("#,(#(6344&2(C2(,1?4&<&4(-3%"(@(;5'&(&4&9%'5+,(3+(%"&(3++&'(C2(94512(
%"#+(+39K&4/(="&,&(@(#223%35+#4(&4&9%'5+,(3+9'&#,&(%"&(&66&9%3<&(,"3&423+7(56(T3+9L,(@(51%&'(&4&9%'5+,(#+2(
%"1,('&219&(%"&(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&(%"&>(6&&4(6'5;(%"&(+194&1,/(*,(#('&,14%B(T3+9(#%5;,(#'&(4#'7&'(%"#+(+39K&4(
#%5;,/(((
((
!4N"7$+:0(;(*T"1,$2(:&%"`)*.(*T"
"
<&02"=-">-4"N55A(
./(*+(#%5;L,(51%&';5,%(&4&9%'5+,(%"#%(%#K&($#'%(3+(9"&;39#4(?5+23+7(#'&(K+5-+(#,(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+,/(
@/(D4&9%'5+&7#%3<3%>(3,(2&63+&2(#,(%"&('&4#%3<&(#?343%>(56(#(?5+2&2(#%5;(%5(#%%'#9%(,"#'&2(&4&9%'5+,(%5(
3%,&46/(
C/(Q#R(D4&;&+%,(%"#%(%&+2(%5(45,&(51%&'(&4&9%'5+,(;5,%(&#,34>(21'3+7(9"&;39#4(9"#+7&,(#'&(459#%&2(3+(%"&(
45-&'(4&6%('&735+(56(%"&($&'35239(-"&'&/(
(((((Q?R(D4&;&+%,(%"#%(%&+2(%5(7#3+(51%&'(&4&9%'5+,(;5,%(&#,34>(21'3+7(9"&;39#4(9"#+7&,(#'&(459#%&2(3+(%"&(
1$$&'('37"%('&735+(56(%"&($&'35239(%#?4&/(
BC(:D"1,$:D">-4"N5MA"
./(E"&+(;&%#4(#%5;,('&#9%(-3%"(+5+U;&%#4(#%5;,B(;&%#4(#%5;,(%&+2(%5(45,&(5+&(5'(;5'&(<#4&+9&(
&4&9%'5+,(%5(+5+U;&%#4(#%5;,(65';3+7(;&%#4(9#%35+,(#+2(+5+U;&%#4(#+35+,/(
@/(="'&&(%>$&,(56(9"&;39#4(?5+2,(?#,&2(5+(%"&(2366&'&+%(&4&;&+%,(3+<54<&2S(
W')2+"R*8)%8$."(*"1,$2(:&%"`)*."
((((((((((((((;&%#4(?5+2&2(%5(+5+U;&%#4(
((((((((((((((+5+U;&%#4(?5+2&2(%5(+5+U;&%#4(
((((((((((((((;&%#4(?5+2&2(%5(;&%#4(
63-$")9"1,$2(:&%"`)*."
35+39(?5+2(
95<#4&+%(?5+2(
;&%#4439(?5+2(
(
C/(A5+39(?5+2(65';#%35+(3,(%>$39#44>(#,,593#%&2(-3%"(;&%#4,(6'5;(7'51$,(.(#+2(@('&#9%3+7(-3%"(+5+U;&%#4,(
6'5;(7'51$,(.)(#+2(.O(56(%"&($&'35239(%#?4&/((
!"#$%&'()(*+,-&',(
(
I(
/0&:'(:$"/0);%$2+"]"R)*(:"1)2-)C*.+">-4"N5QA"
./(Q#R(W#W'@((((((((((((((((((((((Q?R(W&F((((((((((((((((((((((Q9R(0'CH@((((((((((((((((((((((Q2R(J7!4@((((((((((((((((((((((Q&R(a'a(
(
@/((
Q#R((Y?a(
*,(kDH(l(C/@(?5+2(3,(35+39(
(
Q?R((Y#!4@(
*,(kDH(l(@/.(?5+2(3,(35+39(
(
Q9R((dW'(
*,(kDH(l(@/^(?5+2(3,(35+39(
Q2R((H#@F(
*,(kDH(l(@/)(?5+2(3,(35+39(
(
C/(Q#R(H#CH((((kDH(l(@/.(
((((Q?R(0'W'@((((kDH(l(./I(
((((Q9R(i3!4(((((((((((kDH(l(@/^(
((((Q2R(!,a(((((((kDH(l(C/C(
((((Q&R(Y?@F((((kDH(l(@/O(
((((!5;$51+2,(3+(5'2&'(56(3+9'&#,3+7(35+39(?5+2(9"#'#9%&'S(0'W'@(m((i3!4((m((H#CH((m((Y?@F((m((!,a(
/0&:'(:$"/0);%$2+"]"1)2-&0(*T"63-$+")9"1,$2(:&%"`)*.+a"-4"N5E"
./(Q#R(*(95;$51+2(-3%"(#+(35+39(?5+2S((((((((((((((((((((((((H#!4((QkDH(l(@/.R(
((((Q?R(*(95;$51+2(-3%"(#($54#'(95<#4&+%(?5+2S((((((((((*4H(((QkDH(l(./PR(
((((Q9R(*(95;$51+2(-3%"(#(+5+U$54#'(95<#4&+%(?5+2(((H!4C((QkDH(l(^R(
@/(Q#R(([@F(((kDH(l((./N(
(((((Q?R((Z!4C(((kDH(l((^/\(
(((((Q9R((!AN(((((kDH(l((^(
(((((Q2R((03F@((kDH(l((./O(
(((((Q&R((*4H(((kDH(l((./P(
!5;$51+2,(3+(5'2&'(56(;5,%(&_1#4(%5(;5,%(1+&_1#4(&4&9%'5+(,"#'3+7S(!AN(((Z!4C((([@F(((*4H(((03F@(
C/((
F%$2$*'+"/0$+$*'"
!(#+2(0(
W(#+2(!4(
*4(#+2(F(
H(#+2(A(
!#(#+2(a(
S)02C%&"
bFG"c&%C$"
1H?"
`1%N"
W%?ON"
GRN"
1&S?"
\"
54\"
?4\"
\4Q"
N4\"
G&'C0$")9"`)*.+"
"
:)8&%$*'"
-)%&0":)8&%$*'"
()*(:"
-)%&0":)8&%$*'"
()*(:"
W')2"/)++$++(*T"I0$&'$0"
F%$:'0)*"7$*+('3"
*$(',$0"
:,%)0(*$"
)d3T$*"
*('0)T$*"
9%C)0(*$"
(
!4N"W:'(8('3">-4"N?5A(
#$+C%'+"&*."7(+:C++()*"
./(05;&(;&%#4`+5+U;&%#4(95;?3+#%35+,('&,14%(3+($54#'(95<#4&+%(?5+2,/(
DM#;$4&,(3+9412&S((
*4!4C(QkDH(l(./PR(
X#W'C(QkDH(l(./NR(
(
!"#$%&'()(*+,-&',(
(
\(
05;&(5%"&'(&M#;$4&,(#'&S((
W&W'@(((QkDH(l(./CR(
J70(((((QkDH(l(./CR((
!#CZ@(((QkDH(l(./.R(
"
!4N"#$8($U"BC$+'()*+">-4"N??A(
./(Q#R(="&(&+&'7>(#,,593#%&2(-3%"(%"&(?5+2&2(#%5;,(;1,%(?&(4&,,(%"#+(-"&+(%"&(#%5;,(#'&(#$#'%/((
Q?R(="3,(%&44,(1,(%"#%(%"&(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&,(&M3,%3+7(?&%-&&+(%"&(?5+2&2(#%5;,(&M9&&2(%"&('&$14,3<&(
65'9&,/(
@/(*+(35+39(9'>,%#4(4#%%39&(3,(%"&(%"'&&U23;&+,35+#4(,>;;&%'39#4(#''#+7&;&+%(56(9#%35+,(#+2(#+35+,(3+(#(
,5432(35+39(9'>,%#4/(="&(<#,%(+1;?&'(56(3+%&'35+39(65'9&,($'&,&+%(3+(,19"(#(9'>,%#4(;1,%(?&(5<&'95;&(%5(
;&4%(#+(35+39(95;$51+2(#+2(%"3,(&M$4#3+,(%"&("37"(;&4%3+7($53+%,(56(,19"(95;$51+2,/(
C/(*(9'>,%#4(4#%%39&(,"5-,(1,(%"#%(+5(+&1%'#4(3+2&$&+2&+%(;54&914&,(&M3,%(3+(35+39(95;$51+2,/(="&(
65';14#,(%"#%(-&(-'3%&(,3;$4>('&$'&,&+%(%"&(,;#44&,%(-"54&(+1;?&'('#%35,(56(9#%35+,(%5(#+35+,(%"#%(&M3,%(
3+(35+39(95;$51+2,/((
N/(Q#R(="&(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&,(#,,593#%&2(-3%"(A5+39(?5+2,(#'&(%"&(&4&9%'5,%#%39(65'9&,(?&%-&&+($5,3%3<&4>(
9"#'7&2(9#%35+,(#+2(+&7#%3<&4>(9"#'7&2(#+35+,/(
((((Q?R(="&(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&,(#,,593#%&2(-3%"(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(#'&(%"&(&4&9%'5,%#%39(65'9&,(?&%-&&+(
+&7#%3<&4>(9"#'7&2(&4&9%'5+,(#+2(#2n#9&+%($5,3%3<&4>(9"#'7&2(+194&3/((
P/(Q#R(03;34#'3%3&,(?&%-&&+(35+39(#+2(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(3+9412&S(
• W5%"(3+<54<&(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+(94512,/(
• W5%"(3+<54<&(&4&9%'5,%#%39(#%%'#9%35+,(?&%-&&+(5$$5,3%&4>(9"#'7&2(,$&93&,/(
• ="&(65';#%35+(56(?5%"(?5+2,(?&73+,(-3%"(%"&(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+,(56(%-5(#%5;,(&M$&'3&+93+7(%"&(
#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&(56(#2n#9&+%($5,3%3<&(+194&3/(
• A5+39(#+2(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(9#+(?5%"(?&(,%'5+7(((((((
(
Q?R(o366&'&+9&,(?&%-&&+(35+39(#+2(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(3+9412&S(
• A5+39(?5+2,(3+<54<&(%"&(%'#+,6&'(56(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+,(65';3+7(35+,(-"&'&#,(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(3+<54<&(%"&(
,"#'3+7(56(<#4&+9&(&4&9%'5+,(-3%"(+5(35+(65';#%35+/((
• A5+39(?5+2,(65';(5+4>(?&%-&&+(;&%#4,(#+2(+5+U;&%#4,(-"&'&#,(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(1,1#44>(Q?1%(+5%(
#4-#>,R(65';(?&%-&&+(%-5(+5+U;&%#4,/((
• A5+39(?5+23+7(25&,(+5%('&,14%(3+(;54&914&(65';#%35+(-"&'&#,(95<#4&+%(?5+23+7(1,1#44>(25&,/(
• ="&(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&,(#,,593#%&2(-3%"(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(#'&(%"&(&4&9%'5,%#%39(65'9&,(?&%-&&+(+&7#%3<&4>(
9"#'7&2(&4&9%'5+,(#+2(#2n#9&+%($5,3%3<&4>(9"#'7&2(+194&3/((
• ="&(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&,(#,,593#%&2(-3%"(A5+39(?5+2,(#'&(%"&(&4&9%'5,%#%39(65'9&,(?&%-&&+($5,3%3<&4>(
9"#'7&2(9#%35+,(#+2(+&7#%3<&4>(9"#'7&2(#+35+,/(
!"#$%&'()(*+,-&',(
(
.^(
)/((
F%$2$*'+"
Q#R(('1?3231;(#+2(5M>7&+(
Q?R(,%'5+%31;(#+2(?'5;3+&(
Q9R(9#'?5+(#+2(,14$"1'((
Q2R(,34395+(#+2(9"45'3+&(
1)2-)C*."S)02C%&"
bFG"c&%C$"
G&'C0$")9"`)*.+"/0$+$*'"
#;?O"
H0`0?"
1H?"
H(1%M"
?4P"
54@"
\"
54?"
()*(:"
()*(:"
:)8&%$*'"
-)%&0":)8&%$*'"
O/(kDH(65'(J70((l((./C((
(((((kDH(65'([@F(((l((./N(
E&(,&&(%"#%(%"&(?5+2,(3+(-#%&'(#9%1#44>($5,,&,,(,437"%4>(;5'&(35+39(9"#'#9%&'(%"#+(%"5,&(3+(;#7+&,31;(
,14$"32&(&<&+(%"517"(%"&(65';&'(95;$51+2(95+%#3+,(%-5(+5+U;&%#4,(#+2(%"&(4#%%&'(95;$51+2(95+%#3+,(
#(;&%#4(#+2(#(+5+U;&%#4/((
I/(="&(65';14#(65'(74195,&(#+2(5%"&'(;54&914#'(95;$51+2,(25&,(+5%('&$'&,&+%(#('#%35(#,(25(35+39(
65';14#,/(Y#%"&'B(%"&>('&$'&,&+%(%"&(#9%1#4(+1;?&'(56(#%5;,(56(&#9"(&4&;&+%(&M3,%3+7(3+(#+(3+23<321#4(
;54&914&(56(%"&(95;$51+2/(
\/(="&(;&4%3+7(56(;54&914#'(95<#4&+%(95;$51+2,(25&,(+5%(3+<54<&(%"&(?'&#K3+7(56(95<#4&+%(9"&;39#4(
?5+2,(-3%"3+(%"&(;54&914&,B(?1%('#%"&'(5<&'95;3+7(%"&('&4#%3<&4>(-&#K(#%%'#9%3<&(65'9&,(?&%-&&+(%"5,&(
;54&914&,(3+(%"&(,5432($"#,&/(
.^/(o3#;5+2(3,(#(%>$&(56(95<#4&+%(,1?,%#+9&(3,(K+5-+(#,(#(+&%-5'K(95<#4&+%(,5432/(Y#%"&'(%"#+(95+,3,%3+7(
56(3+23<321#4(;54&914&,(#,(;54&914#'(95<#4&+%(95;$51+2,(25B(%"&,&(,1?,%#+9&,(#'&("&42(%57&%"&'(?>(
95<#4&+%(?5+2,(%"#%(&M%&+2(%"'517"51%(%"&(&+%3'&(,#;$4&/(="3,(;&#+,(%"#%(%"&(8;54&914&:(3,(43%&'#44>(#,(
?37(#,(%"&(,#;$4&(3%,&46/(=5(;&4%(,19"(#(,1?,%#+9&B(#44(56(%"&(95<#4&+%(?5+2,(-3%"3+(%"3,(73#+%(;54&914&(
;1,%(?&(?'5K&+(#+2(%"3,(#9951+%,(65'(%"&(<&'>("37"(;&4%3+7($53+%/(
../(="&(?5+2(3+([!4(3,(#($54#'(95<#4&+%(?5+2(QkDH(l(^/\R(-"&'&#,(%"&(?5+2(3+(H@(;1,%(?&($1'&(95<#4&+%(
QkDH(l(^R/(="3,(;&#+,(%"#%(&4&9%'5+(2&+,3%>(3+(%"&([!4(;54&914&(3,(95+9&+%'#%&2(5+(%"&(9"45'3+&(,32&(56(
%"&(;54&914&(;#K3+7(%"#%(&+2(56(%"&(;54&914&(,5;&-"#%(+&7#%3<&(#+2(%"&(">2'57&+(&+2(56(%"&(
;54&914&(,5;&-"#%($5,3%3<&/(E&(;37"%(&M$&9%(%"&'&65'&B(%"#%([!4(;54&914&,(-5142(#%%'#9%(&#9"(5%"&'(
;5'&(,%'5+74>(%"#+(H@(;54&914&,(-"&'&(%"&(&4&9%'5+(2&+,3%>(3,(&<&+4>(23,%'3?1%&2(%"'517"51%(%"&(
;54&914&/(Q="&(;&4%3+7($53+%(56([!4(3,((`..N/@°!(#+2(%"&(;&4%3+7($53+%(56(H@(3,((`(@.^°!/R(((
(
(((
(
(
(
!"#$%&'()(*+,-&',(
(
..(
(
)
*
)
0
1
2
(
%
&
)
(
+
)
(
,
)
(
-
)
(
.
)
(
/
)
0
1
2
(
3
4
+
*
(
)
!
"
#
'
!
$
5
6
!
!
"
7
8
$
9
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
@
A
E
:
%
#
!
"
#
K
L
!
N
<
8
G
H
I
J
;
'
=
K
>
?
@
!
A
O
B
C
D
E
F
@
A
P
$
M
E
#
$
!"#$%&'()(*+,-&',(
(
./(
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
@
A
E
$