 Both Byzantine and Sasanian Empires had been weakened. The Arabs who invaded
were not a tribal horde, but an organized force. The use of camel transport gave
them an advantage over long distance, and the prospect of land and wealth created
a coalition of interests among them – and the fervor of conviction gave some of
them a different kind of strength.
 Perhaps, however, another kind of explanation can be given for the acceptance of
Arab rule by most of the population of the conquered countries. To most of them it
did not matter whether they were ruled by Iranians, Greeks, or Arabs. Government
impinged for the most part on the life of cities and their immediate hinderland.
Apart from officials and classes whose interests were linked with theirs, and apart
from the hierarchies of some religious communities, city-dwellers might not care
much who ruled them, provided they were secure, at peace and reasonably taxed.
The people of the countryside and steppes lived under their own chiefs and in
accordance with their own customs, and it made little difference to them who ruled
from the cities. Albert Hourani (History of the Arab Peoples, page 22. 1991)
 As the Muslims expanded their sphere of impact during the Umayyad
and Abbasid Dynasties (651-1258 CE), they inherited much from
Greece, Rome, and India and adopted much from the people they
conquered. Because of their tolerance of other cultures, they were
able to advance scholarship in several areas to the highest level at that
time. As a result, Muslim achievements stand out and have a lasting
impact on world cultures.
 We will watch part of a PBS, Empire of Faith production. Make a list
of cultural contributions as you watch.
 What three cities played a key part for cultural, administrative, and
economic power?
 Describe a typical city.
 Describe the social structures of a typical Islamic city.
 What were the roles of women? What happened to treatment of women
over time?
 Define astrolabe.
 Define Arabesques.
 Muslims had practical reasons for supporting the advancement of science. Rulers
wanted qualified physicians treating their ills. The faithful ... relied on
mathematicians and astronomers to calculate the times of prayer and the
direction of Mecca.... Their attitude reflected a deep-seated curiosity about the
world and a quest for truth that reached back to ... Mohammed himself. After the
fall of Rome in A.D. 476, Europe entered a period of upheaval and chaos, an era in
which scholarship suffered.... In the early 800's ... the House of Wisdom opened
in Baghdad. There, scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked ... translating
texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere into Arabic.
Question: What were the most important Islamic achievements?
 Besides the university library, Arab statisticians assure us the city
boasted 37 libraries, numberless bookstores, 800 public schools ...
and a total population of 300,000. Its people enjoyed a high standard
of living and refinement and walked on paved streets ... all this at a
time when hardly a town in Europe, Constantinople excepted,
counted more than a few thousand inhabitants. Parisians and
Londoners were still trudging on muddy, dark alleys.
What were the most important Islamic achievements? (Why were the Muslims able to make
such great contributions and how did these contributions impact the world?)
What were the most important Islamic achievements? (Why were the Muslims able to
make such great contributions and how did these contributions impact the world?)
Figure A:
Figure B:
What were the most important Islamic achievements? (Why were the Muslims able to make
such great contributions and how did these contributions impact the world?)
 First should be mentioned the textile products imported from Islamic
countries: muslin ... damask ... gauze, cotton, satin.
 Natural products, which by their name indicate they were imported from
Islamic countries - fruits, like orange, lemon, and apricot; vegetables, like
spinach, artichokes, and saffron.... Finally our commercial vocabulary itself has
preserved ... proofs that there was a time when Islamic trade and trade customs
exercised a deep influence on the commercial development of Christian
countries-such words as "traffic" [derived from Arabic tafriq], which means
distribution.
What were the most important Islamic achievements? (Why were the Muslims able to make
such great contributions and how did these contributions impact the world?)
 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/orna/hd_orna.htm
 http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoalgebra.html