FEATURES
Einstein - from Ulm
to Princeton
FrankSteiner,
DepartmentofTheoreticalPhysics, UniversityofUlm,
Albert-Einstein-Allee11,D-89069Ulm,Germany
L ast year, the University of Ulm, the City of Ulm, and the Ger­
man Physical Society celebrated the 125th birthday of Albert
Einstein, who was born in Ulm on 14 Marchl879. Being fully
aware of the multitude of events expected to happen at many
places during the "WorldYear of Physics 2005", it was felt appro­
priate to commemorate Einstein at his birthplace alreadyin 2004.
This followed along traditionin Ulm, where previouslyEinstein's
70th and 100th birthday had been celebrated in 1949 and 1979,
respectively.
The celebration in Ulm consisted of a large number of events
during a period of nine months. To bring Einstein's work, ideas
and life to a broad audience, a series of a dozen of public lectures
[1] were given by physicists and historians that met with great
response. An "Albert-Einstein-Schülerwettbewerb" (competition
for students at secondary schools) was organized, and a new
"Einstein Opera" commissioned by the City of Ulm was per­
formed at the Ulm Theatre. Furthermore, an "Einstein Exhibition"
was installed which saw many visitors over several months.
On Einstein's birthday, 14 March 2004, the Mayor of the City of
Ulm held a "Festakt" in Ulm's Einstein Hall in the presence of the
President of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Prime Min­
ister of Baden-Württemberg. In the evening of the same day, the
opening ceremony of the Spring Meeting ("Frühjahrstagung") of
the German Physical Society took place at the University of Ulm.
The scientific and cultural highlights were the magnificent "Ein­
stein Lecture" delivered by the Nobel Laureate, Chen Ning Yang
[2], and the sensitive interpretation of the Eminor Mozart Sonata
(K304) by violinist and Einstein's great-grandson Paul Einstein.
Let us cite from Yang's talk [2] : "Einstein was the greatest physi­
cist of the 20th century, and with Newton the two greatest
physicists of all times. His work is characterized by depth, scope,
imagination, persistence and independence. Of the three great
conceptual revolutions in fundamental physics in the 20th centu­
ry, he was responsible for two, and had decisively shaped the
third." The three revolutions referredto byYang are of course spe­
cial relativity (1905), general relativity (1915), and quantum
theory (1900-1925).
Genius isn't always immediately recognized [3]
Albert Einstein's ancestors were of Jewish origin and had lived in
southern Germany for centuries. His father Hermann served a
merchant's apprenticeship in Stuttgart and arrived in the late
1860s in Ulm where several of his relatives had already settled. In
1870 he joined the feather-bedding firm of Israel and Levi. In 1876
Hermann Einstein married Pauline Koch.
Albert Einstein's younger sister Maria Winteler-Einstein (1881­
1951), called Maja, wrote in 1924 about her brother [4]: "At his
birth his mother was shocked at the sight of the back of his head,
which was extremely large and angular, and she feared she had
given birth to a deformed child. But the doctor reassured her, and
after a few weeks the shape of the skull was normal... Otherwise,
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Fig. 1: Albert Einstein with his sister Maja, ca. 1885.
he developed slowly in childhood, and he had such difficulty
with language that those around him fearedhe would never learn
to speak... His early thoroughness in thinking was also reflected
in a characteristic, if strange, habit. Every sentence he uttered, no
matter how routine, he repeated to himself softly, moving his
lips. This odd habit persisted until his seventh year."
In June 1880, the Einstein family moved to Munich. "Had Her­
mann remained in Ulm," wrote Maja [4], "his son Albert would
also have been granted a more carefree youth." This remark does
not allude to the fact that legend has it that Einstein was a "poor
pupil", but rather refers to the economical situation of the family
in Munich. After some success with an electrical firm which pro­
duced large-scale dynamos, arc lamps and telephone systems, the
firm liquidated and the family moved without their son Albert to
Milan in 1884 and a year later to Pavia.
Although later, Einstein commented only very negatively on
his school days in Munich ("The teachers at primary school
appeared to me as sergeants and the teachers at the Gymnasium
as second lieutenants" [5]), he actually had been a good student.
When at the age of 15, he abruptlyleft the Gymnasiumin Munich
without asking his parents and went to Milan, he got a certificate
from a Gymnasium teacher, praising his "mathematical knowl­
edge and abilities." (CPI, p.lxiv) Naturally, the parents were
alarmed by his high-handed behaviour but he most adamantly
declared that he would not return to Munich. However, he told
his parents he would prepare himself for the entrance examination
Article available at http://www.europhvsicsnews.org or http://dx.doi.Org/10.1051/epn:2005404
FEATURES
to the Polytechnikum in Zurich. And in fact, in October 1895 he
received an exceptional permission to take the examination even
though he was two years under the regular admission age of
eighteen. The examination consisted of two parts: one testing gen­
eral knowledge, the other testing specialized scientific knowledge
(arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physics and chemistry) (CPI,
p.10). Although he passed the examination with the best outcome
in the second part, he failed in the first, and therefore he was
advised to attend the final year at a Swiss secondary school. Thus
he entered in October 1895 the Cantonal School in Aarau.
In October 1896 he received in Aarau the Matura (graduation
certificate) as the best of his class which enabled him to enter the
Mathematical Section of the Polytechnikum at the age of 17 1/2.
Here he met his first wife Mileva Mariç (1875-1948) who was the
only female student in his section. She was born in Titel, a Serbian
village near Novi Sad.
In his eighth semester, he wrote a Diploma Thesis on heat
conduction and obtained in July 1900 at the age of 21 his Federal
Diploma for Specialist Teachers of Mathematics and Physics.
However, his hopes to get a position as an assistant at a university
in Switzerland, Germany, Holland or Italy were not fulfilled, and
thus he worked temporarily as a supply teacher in a private school.
After his move to Bern in February 1902, he even put an adver­
tisement in a local newspaper offering private lessons in
mathematics and physics - first lesson free of charge! At last, in
June 1902 he got a position as Ill.Class Technical Expert at the
Swiss Patent Office in Bern and was promoted there in 1906 to
become a Il.Class Expert - after he had already published his rev­
olutionary papers of 1905.
It was a big surprise, when in 1986 the love letters of Albert Ein­
stein and Mileva Mariç written during the years 1897-1903 were
discovered [6], The letters show us the young man fallen in love
and his relation to his first wife. They give us deep insight into his
intellectual development during the years shortly before he pub­
lished his epochal scientific papers that made him world-famous.
Already in these letters we recognize a characteristic feature which
he kept through all his life: absolute independence in scientific and
political issues, be it with respect to people or institutions, the
"suspicion against every kind of authority" [7]. Until the discovery
of the love letters, the world did not know that in January 1902
Mileva had given birth, out of wedlock, to their first child, a
daughter named Lieserl. The mystery surrounding Lieserl remains
unsolved; probably she was put up for adoption. In January 1903,
Einstein married Mileva who gave birth to two sons: Hans Albert
(1904-1973) and Eduard (1910-1965).
humour, Einstein wrote: "So, what are you up to, you frozen
whale, you smoked, dried, canned piece of soul, or whatever else I
would like to hurl at your head, filled as I am with 70%anger and
30% pity! You have only the latter 30% to thank for my not hav­
ing sent you a can full of minced onions and garlic after you so
cravenly did not show up on Easter. But why have you still not
sent me your dissertation? Don't you know that I am one of the 1
1/2 fellows who would read it with interest and pleasure, you
wretched man? I promise you four papers in return, the first of
which I might send you soon, since I will soon get the comple­
mentary reprints. The paper deals with radiation and the energy
properties of fight and is very revolutionary, as you will see if you
send me your work first. The second paper is a determination of
the true sizes of atoms from the diffusion and the viscosity of
dilute solutions of neutral substances. The third proves that, on
the assumption of the molecular theory of heat, bodies on the
order of magnitude 1/1000 mm, suspended in liquids, must
already perform an observable random motion that is produced
by thermal motion; in fact, physiologists have observed <unexplained> motions of suspended small, inanimate, bodies, which
motions they designate as 'Brownian molecular motion'. The
fourth paper is only a rough draft at this point, and is an electro­
dynamics of moving bodies which employs a modification of the
theory of space and time; the purely kinematic part of this paper
will surely interest you." (CP(c)5, p.20)
It is remarkable that Einstein calls only his first paper, in which
he explains the photoelectric effect, "revolutionary", and not the
two papers on relativity. How revolutionary this paper really was,
can be seen from an interesting document. It shows that even Max
Planck, who had introduced the notion of quantum in 1900, crit­
icized Einstein's fight quantum hypothesis even still in 1913.
At the beginning of the year 1913 Fritz Haber had proposed
that Einstein be brought to Berlin as a member of the KaiserWil­
helm Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry. Bylate
spring, Max Planck and Walther Nernst had modified Haber's
The annus mirabilis 1905
In 1905, Einstein's annus mirabilis or wonder year, the 26-year old
patent clerk submitted five fundamental papers to the "Annalen
der Physik" during the incredibly short period between 17 March
and 27 September. For the first of these papers, and not for the
Theory of Relativity, the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1921 was
awarded to Einstein in 1922. In this paper, he developed a com­
pletely novel theory of light by introducing a new elementary
particle, the fight quantum or photon (c.f. Friedman’s article, this
issue). With the second and third paper, he became one of the
most important advocates of the then still heavily disputed
hypothesis on the existence of atoms. The fourth paper contains
the foundation of the Theory of Special Relativity, and finally in
the fifth and last paper of the annus mirabilis he derives his leg­
endary formula E=mc2.
In a letter to his friend Conrad Habicht (written on 18 or 25
May 1905), which is a typical example of his strong sense of
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Fig. 2: Albert Einstein at the Patent Office in 1906.
125
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proposal, combining the idea of
Einstein's membership in the
Prussian Academy of Sciences
with the prospect of his direc­
torship of a Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute of Physics. (CP5, p.29)
On 12 June 1913 Max Planck
read aloud to the physicalmathematical class of the
Academy a proposal for Ein­
stein's membership in the
Prussian Academy of Sciences
which was signed by him,
Nernst, Heinrich Rubens, and
Emil Warburg. We read in this
proposal: "In sum, it can be said
that among the important prob­
lems, which are so abundant in
modern physics, there is hardly
one in which Einstein did not
take a position in a remarkable
manner. That he might some­
times have overshot the target in
his speculations, as for example
in his light quantum hypothesis,
should not be counted against
him too much. Because without
taking a risk from time to time it
is impossible, even in the most
exact natural science, to intro­
duce real innovations. At the
moment he works intensively
on a new theory of gravitation;
with what success, only the
future will tell." (CP(c)5, p.337)
After all an extraordinary
academic career
In 1907 Einstein published
another seminal paper, this time
on the specific heat of solids. He
was the first to apply the quan­
tum concept not only to light
(as in his 1905 paper), but also
to normal matter. He recog­
nized the universal character of
the quantum theory and postu­
lated that the energy of all
vibrational phenomena, be they
the oscillations of light or of the
atoms in material bodies, has to
be quantized. With this paper he
established the quantum theory
of solids with its far-reaching
practical applications later on.
Einstein worked at the
Patent Office until May 1909
when he accepted his first acadFig. 3: Albert Einstein in
Princeton with Chen Yang's
son Franklin Yang.
126
ernie position as Associate Professor at the University of Zurich.
Two months later, at the age of thirty, he was granted together
with Marie Curie and others his first honorary doctorate in the
physical sciences by the University of Geneva on the occasion of
the University's 350th anniversary celebration. In 1910 Einstein
moved to Prague where he accepted a Full Professorship at the
German University. There he occasionally visited the salon of
Bertha Fanta where he met Max Brod and Franz Kafka. In 1911 he
was invited to attend the first Solvay Conference in Brussels and
was given the honour of being the final speaker. The title of his
talk was: "The Current Status of the Specific Heat Problem." At
Brussels he met the leading physicists of the time, among them
Marie Curie, Paul Langevin, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Henri
Poincaré, Ernest Rutherford and the Berlin physicists, Max Planck
and Walther Nernst. At Prague he obtained offers from the Uni­
versity of Utrecht and the ETH Zurich, and in 1912 he returned to
Zurich to become a Full Professor at the ETH where he had stud­
ied several years before.
We have already cited from the proposal for Einstein's mem­
bership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In July 1913, Nernst
and Planck visited Einstein in Zurich and offered him a well-paid
position as a member of the Berlin Academy and director of the
planned Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics. Einstein accepted
and moved in April 1914 to Berlin. He was now 34 years old and
had an extraordinary position. In a letter to his first coworker
Jakob Johann Laub he wrote: "On Easter I leave for Berlin as an
Academy-man without any obligations, like a living mummy in a
way. I am very happy about such a difficult career!" (CP(c)5,
p.344)
From Einstein's correspondence we know now that he was
attracted to Berlin not only by the famous physicists there and
the excellent position, but also by his cousin Elsa Löwenthal-Einstein (1876-1936). Already from Prague he had written to her: "I
can't even begin to tell you how fond I have become of you dur­
ing these few days.” (CP(c)5, p.291) And in July 1913 he wrote: "I
rejoice at the thought that I will soon be coming to you. (...) See­
ing you regularly will be the nicest thing that awaits me there!"
(CP(c)5, p.343). Shortly after Mileva hadjoined Einstein in Berlin,
it became clear that their marriage was ruined and Mileva
returned with the two sons to Zurich. They got divorced in 1919,
and a few months later Einstein married Elsa.
General relativity
Already in 1907, when most physicists still struggled with special
relativity, Einstein sought a generalization. "So far we have applied
the principle of relativity, i.e., the assumption that the physical
laws are independent of the state of motion of the reference sys­
tem, only to nonaccelerated systems. Is it conceivable that the
principle of relativity also applies to systems that are accelerated
relative to each other?” [8]
Between 1907 and 1915, Einstein wrote numerous papers
attempting to generalize special relativity. For this purpose, he had
first to find out that the required mathematics is Riemannian
geometry and the absolute differential calculus developed
between 1896 and 1900 by Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Gregorio
Ricci, and Tullio Levi-Civita. Already in Prague he had realized
that gravitational fields are equivalent to a curvature of space-time
which can be described by a Riemannian metric. This idea led him
in 1911 to the prediction that light waves should be bent near a
heavy body like the sun.
In November 1915, which can be called "Einstein's wonder
month", he gave four talks at the weekly plenary meetings of the
Prussian Academy in Berlin. It is only at the last session on 25
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November that he could present the complete gravitational field
equations which form the basis of general relativity. "General rel­
ativity was a singularly profound creation of Einstein's. In
originality and boldness I believe it has no equal in the history of
physics." (C.N.Yang, [2]).
In Einstein's General Theory of Relativity space and time are no
more rigid but rather become dynamical entities which are deter­
mined by matter. Already on November 15, when he did not yet
have the correct equations, Einstein presented a crucial test of his
new theory. "In the present work I find an important confirma­
tion of this most radical relativity theory, showing that it explains
qualitatively and quantitatively the secular rotation of the orbit of
Mercury (...), which was discovered by Le Verrier and which
amounts to 45 sec of arc per century. Furthermore, I show that the
theory has as a consequence a curvature of light rays due to grav­
itational fields twice as strong as was indicated in my earlier
investigation." [9] In al letter to his friend Paul Ehrenfest he wrote:
"Imagine my delight at realizing that general covariance was fea­
sible and at finding out that the equations yield Mercury's
perihelion motion correctly. I was beside myself with joy and
excitement for days." (CP(c)8, pp.177) "This discovery was, I
believe, by far the strongest emotional experience in Einstein's sci­
entific life, perhaps in all his fife. Nature had spoken to him. He
had to be right." (A.Pais, [10])
A few months later, Karl Schwarzschild found the exact solu­
tions to Einstein's field equations for a spherically symmetric mass
distribution. His by now famous solution provides the funda­
mental model of a black hole. Recently, it could be demonstrated
using modern methods of infrared astronomy that there exists a
massive black hole at the center of our Milky Way (e.g., H.Genzel
in [l]).
In 1916 Einstein derived another fundamental prediction of his
theory: the existence of gravitational waves. When more than 60
years later Russel A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor discovered a new
type of pulsar, they used it for an indirect confirmation of the
existence of gravitational waves. (For this work they received the
Nobel Prize 1993).
At a solar eclipse in May 1919, two British expeditions con­
firmed Einstein's prediction of the bending of fight. The results
were presented in a memorable joint meeting of the Royal Soci­
ety and the Royal Astronomical Society in London on 6
November 1919. The president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph
John Thomson, said in his summary: "This is the most important
result obtained in connection with the theory of gravitation since
Newton's day, and it is fitting that it should be announced at a
meeting of the Society so closely connected to him." [11] The
next day an article appeared in "The Times" (London) with the
headlines "Revolution in science. New theory of the universe.
Newtonian ideas overthrown." This was the birth of the Einstein
legend (e.g., [10], pp. 306). Einstein himself accepted to write a
guest article in "The Times" of November 28. "After the lamenta­
ble breach in the former international relations existing among
men of science, it is with joy and gratefulness that I accept this
opportunity of communication with English astronomers and
physicists. It was in accordance with the high and proud tradition
of English science that English scientific men should have given
their time and labour (...) to test a theory that had been com­
pleted and published in the country of their enemies in the midst
of the war." (CP(c)7,213).
Cosmology and Einstein's "biggest blunder"
In February 1917, Einstein presented another epochal paper in
which he applied his theory of gravitation to the Universe at large
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2005
[12]. He introduced what we call today the Cosmological Princi­
ple that assumes that the large-scale structure of the Universe is
homogeneous and isotropic, on average. With this paper he
founded modern cosmology by constructing a model of the Uni­
verse fully compatible with observations at that time. He wrote to
his friend Ehrenfest: "I have (...) again perpetrated something
about gravitation theory which somehow exposes me to the dan­
ger of being confined in a madhouse." (CP(c)8A, 390).
The Einstein universe is closed. In describing the beings in it,
Einstein wrote in his popular book: "The great charm resulting
from this consideration lies in recognition of the fact that the
universe of these beings isfinite and yet has no limits. "[13] For rea­
sons which were also metaphysical, Einstein wanted a static,
eternal universe, i.e., without a Big Bang to use the modern term.
He encountered, however, a problem because his field equations
did not allow solutions unchangeable in time. As a way-out, he
therefore modified his equations by adding an additional term
containing a new fundamental constant, the so-called cosmolog­
ical constant (in full agreement with general covariance). The
Einstein universe possesses positive curvature, and its spatial
shape is that of a three-dimensional hypersphere. Assuming that
the universe is filled only with "dust" having constant density and
zero pressure, he was able to calculate the "radius of the universe"
which turned out be completely given in terms of the cosmologi­
cal constant. When the observations by Vesto Melvin Slipher and
Edwin Hubble clearly showed that the Universe is expanding, Ein­
stein rejected the cosmological constant and remarked that its
introduction "was the biggest blunder he ever made in his fife".
[14]
That Einstein did not realize that his field equations are not
compatible with a static universe (with or without a cosmological
constant), is one of his greatest "missed opportunities". Never­
theless, it may turn out in the future that his "biggest blunder" is
actually one of his greatest achievements. Since a few years, it has
been known that the Universe is filled with a mysterious,
unknown energy, called dark energy, with negative pressure which
is responsible for an accelerated expansion of the Universe at the
present epoch. It turns out that all existing data are consistent with
the assumption that the dark energy is identical with Einstein's
cosmological constant!
During his Berlin time, Einstein made two important contri­
butions to quantum theory. In 1917 he formulated a statistical
theory for the interaction between photons and atoms which 40
years later was applied in the maser. In 1925 he predicted the
Bose-Einstein condensation which 70 years later was achieved in
dilute gases of alkali atoms by E.A.Cornell, W.Ketterle and
C.E.Wiemann (Nobel Prize in 2001).
At Princeton,and the "obsession" with unified field theory
In 1932, Einstein received an offer to work at the newly founded
Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton. At that time, he did not
intend to leave Germany for good, but agreed to spend half of his
time in Berlin and half in Princeton. In December 1932 he visited
CALTECH. In January 1933, Hitler came to power, and on March
10 Einstein declared publicly his decision not to return to Ger­
many. On March 28, he resigned from the Prussian Academy.
After a stay in Belgium and England, Einstein arrivedwith his wife
Elsa in New York on October 17. For his remaining 22 years he
never went back to Europe again.
Einstein's work in Princeton is often considered as unimpor­
tant with the exception of his Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen
paper [15] that in recent years has been recognized as a stimulat­
ing source of ideas. This is particularly so since "EPR-states", and,
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in general, "entangled states" can now be realised experimentally.
Furthermore, it is well known that the EPR-paper led Schrödinger
to his famous paper on the "Schrödinger cat" [16].
In Princeton Einstein continued his work on a unified field the­
ory which he had already started in Berlin. His efforts in this
direction were not successful. His search for the basic principles of
physics became an "obsession". "Assessing today Einstein's insis­
tence on unified field theory, I would say, yes, it was an obsession.
But what a grand obsession! It gave direction to later theoretical
research, and its influence on fundamental physics will extend well
into the 21st century." (C.N.Yang, [2])
During his whole life Einstein had two hobbies: sailing and
music, but music had a particular emotional importance to him.
He had played the violin since his sixth year. His preferred com­
posers were Vivaldi, Bach, and Mozart. Paul Einstein wrote
recently: 'It's a fine line with Mozart between sensitivity and
aggression, between line and colour. Besides, Mozart was a bit
like Albert Einstein, a sharp-tongued intellectual, with powerful,
outspoken ideas." (Letter to the author.)
On 18 April 1955 Einstein died of an aneurysm of the aorta at
Princeton Hospital. ■
About the authors:
Frank Steiner is Professor of Physics and Head of the Depart­
ment of Theoretical Physics at the University of Ulm. He was
Professor of Physics at Hamburg from 1973 to 1995. His pre­
sent work is on cosmology and quantum chaos. He is the
author of the "Handbook of Feynman Path Integrals" (with
C.Grosche; Springer, 1998).
References
[1] F.Steiner (Hrsg.), Albert Einstein - Genie, Visionär und Legende
(Springer, Berlin, 2005, to be published).
[2] C.N.Yang, Einstein's Impact on Theoretical Physics in the 21“
Century, Lecture delivered on 14.3.2004 at the University of Ulm;
Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies Bulletin 15 (2005) 4.
[3] S.Hawking, Albert Einstein, in: On the Shoulders of Giants. The
Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (Running Press, Philadelphia/London 2002), p.1161.
[4] M.Winteler-Einstein, Albert Einstein - Biographical Sket ch
CP(c)l, pp.xv-xxiii. - Here and in the following CP(c) denotes the
companion volumes, vol.1-8, Princeton UniversityPress 1987-2002
(containing the English translation of the original German docu­
ments), to "The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein",vol.1-9,
Princeton University Press 1987-2004; the latter will be denoted by
[5] A.Einstein, in: P.Frank, Einstein: sein Leben und seine Zeit (Vieweg,
Braunschweig 1979), p.24.
[6] A.Einstein/M.Mariç, The Love Letters (Princeton University Press,
1992). - Their later correspondence covering the period until April
1920, has been published in CP5,8A,8B and 9.
[7] AEinstein, Autobiographical Notes, in: P.A.Schilpp (ed.), Albert
Einstein: Philosopher Scientist (Evanston, 1949), 5.
[8] AEinstein, Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik 4 (1907)
411. Transi, in CP(c)2, pp.252.
[9] A.Einstein, Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der all­
gemeinen Relativitäts-theorie, Kgl.Preuß.Akad.d.Wissenschaften
(Berlin) Sitzungsberichte (1915),831-839. Transi, in CP(c)6,112116.
[10] A.Pais, "Subtle is the Lord...". The Science and the Life ofAlbert
Einstein, Oxford University Press 1982, p.253.
[11] J.J.Thomson; Proc.Roy.Soc.96 A (1919)311.
[12] A.Einstein, Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur Allgemeinen Relativ­
itätstheorie, Sitzungs-berichte Preuß.Akad.d.Wiss.(1917), 142.
[13] AEinstein, Relativity. The Special and the General Theory (Lon­
don, The Folio Society, 2004) (authorized translation by
R.W.Lawson).
[14] AEinstein, cited in: G.Gamow, My World Line (NewYorkl970),
p.150.
A Fig. 4: Paul Einstein in Ulm on 14 March 2004 in front of a
picture of his great grandfather (showing Albert Einstein in
Berlin ini 921).
128
[15] A.Einstein, B.Podolsky, and N.Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical
desription be considered complete?, Phys.Rev. 47 (1935)777.
[16] E.Schrödinger, Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quanten­
mechanik, Naturwiss. 23 (1935), 807; ibid.823 and 844.
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