Lecture 1: Carbohydrates
Means: Carbon with Water
Simple formula ratio 1:C 2:H 1:O
Basic formula C6H12O6
3 Groups of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides single sugars
Disaccharides
double sugars
Polysaccharides many sugars
So saccharide means ?
Group 1 Monosaccharides
Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
All have the same empirical formula
C6H12O6
But different structural formulas
Highlight the changes between them. Question: Where are they different? Fructose
Question: How can we build long chains of sugars or long chains of any monomer?
Answer: Dehydration Synthesis: to make (a larger molecule) by removing water. Also known as condensation synthesis. Example:
Group 2 Disaccharides means dual sugar
Examples: Lactose, Sucrose, and Maltose All have the same empirical formula. Given what you know about the formula for monosaccharides and about Dehydration Synthesis Question: Can you predict the formula for a disaccharide? C12H22O11
Question: How many waters have to be removed to create one disaccharide? How about if you were going to link three sugars? Some Examples: Next
Maltose: glucose + glucose ­­­­> Maltose + water
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Lactose: glucose + galactose ­­­> Lactose + water
Question: Why is breast milk a dissacharide and not a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide? ________________________________________
Sucrose:
fructose + glucose ­­­> Sucrose + water
Polysaccharides: Many Sugars in a long chain
Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
Note: All have the same emphirical formula
(many C6H12O6 minus many water molecules)
Question: So if a polysaccharide was 86 sugars in length, how many water molecules would have to be removed and why? Hydrolysis: the reverse of dehydration synthesis. It means to break apart using water. Example: maltose + water ­­­­­> glucose and glucose
Example: pasta + many water molecules ­­­­­­­­> many simple sugars (monosaccharides) Question: why would a cross country coach want his team to eat pasta the night before a big meet? Question:Why would he/she want the athlete to drink water and not soda?