General Certificate of Secondary Education
June 2014
History
(Specification B)
90451
Unit 1: International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the 20th Century
Friday 16 May 2014
9.00 am to 10.45 am
For this paper you must have:
• an AQA 12-page answer booklet.
Time allowed
• 1 hour 45 minutes
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Write the information required on the front of your answer booklet. The Examining
Body for this paper is AQA. The paper reference is 90451.
• Choose three topics.
• Answer all questions on the three topics you have chosen.
• Do all rough work in your answer booklet. Cross through any work you do not want to
be marked.
Information
• The topics are on the following pages:
Topic 1
Topic 2
Topic 3
Topic 4
Topic 5
Topic 6
•
•
•
•
The Origins of the First World War
Peacemaking, 1918–1919 and the League of Nations
Hitler’s foreign policy and the origins of the Second World War
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1955
Crises of the Cold War, 1955–1970
Failure of Détente and the collapse of communism, 1970–1991
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 60.
The sources in this question paper have been simplified to make them easier to
understand.
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.
All questions should be answered in continuous prose. Quality of Written
Communication will be assessed in all answers.
Advice
• You are advised to spend about 35 minutes on each topic.
IB/M/Jun14/E3
90451
2
Choose three topics.
Answer all questions on the three topics you have chosen.
Topic 1: The Origins of the First World War
Answer questions
0
1
0
1
0
2
and
0
3 .
In August 1914 Germany declared war on Russia.
Describe the Schlieffen Plan which Germany used at the start of the First World War.
[4 marks]
0
2
Source A
Study Source A.
A British cartoon about the Entente Cordiale published in 1904.
Let Germany be careful now
Source A gives the impression that the Entente Cordiale was directed against
Germany.
Do you agree that this was the main reason why Britain and France made the Entente
Cordiale?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its
content and your knowledge.
[6 marks]
0
3
Which of the following reasons was more responsible for the outbreak of the First
World War in 1914:
•
•
Kaiser Wilhelm’s foreign policy
the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
You must refer to both reasons when explaining your answer.
IB/M/Jun14/90451
[10 marks]
3
Topic 2: Peacemaking, 1918–1919 and the League of Nations
Answer questions
0
4
0
4
0
5
and
0
6 .
Clemenceau represented France at the Paris Peace Conference which led to the
Treaty of Versailles.
Describe his main aims at this conference.
0
5
Source B
[4 marks]
Study Source B.
Part of a speech about the Paris Peace Conference made during the 1918
General Election by the British politician Sir Eric Geddes.
Germany is going to pay. We will get everything you can squeeze out of a
lemon and a bit more. They are going to be squeezed until you can hear the
pips squeak. The Germans should hand over everything they have.
Source B suggests that Britain intended to punish Germany harshly at the Paris
Peace Conference.
Do you agree that this was Britain’s main aim?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its
content and your knowledge.
[6 marks]
0
6
Which of the following reasons was more responsible for the failure of the League of
Nations:
•
•
the organisation of the League
the League’s response to the Manchurian Crisis?
You must refer to both reasons when explaining your answer.
[10 marks]
Turn over ►
IB/M/Jun14/90451
4
Topic 3: Hitler’s foreign policy and the origins of the Second World War
Answer questions
0
7
0
7
0
8
and
0
9 .
Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
Describe what Hitler did in his foreign policy before Germany remilitarised the
Rhineland in 1936.
[4 marks]
0
8
Source C
Study Source C.
A photograph published in a German newspaper on 15 March 1938.
The Führer’s welcome into Vienna
Source C suggests that the Anschluss of 1938 was supported by the Austrian
people.
Do you agree that this was the main reason for the success of the Anschluss?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its
content and your knowledge.
[6 marks]
0
9
Which of the following was more important as a reason for the Second World War:
•
•
Appeasement
Hitler’s occupation of Czechoslovakia, March 1939?
You must refer to both reasons when explaining your answer.
IB/M/Jun14/90451
[10 marks]
5
Topic 4: The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1955
Answer questions
1
0
1
0
1
1
and
1
2 .
In 1945 the USA dropped the first atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan.
Describe the effects of the dropping of this bomb.
1
1
Source D
[4 marks]
Study Source D.
From Stalin’s reply to Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, 1946.
The German invasion of the USSR cost the lives of seven million Soviet
people – many times more than Britain and the USA combined. This
invasion came through Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Is it so
surprising that for her protection the Soviet Union wants to see friendly
governments in these countries?
Source D suggests that Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe was to protect their
own borders.
Do you agree that this was the main reason for Soviet expansion in Eastern
Europe, 1945–1948?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its
content and your knowledge.
[6 marks]
1
2
Which was the more important cause of the development of the Cold War after
1945:
•
•
the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948–1949
the formation of NATO (1949) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)?
You must refer to both causes when explaining your answer.
[10 marks]
Turn over ►
IB/M/Jun14/90451
6
Topic 5: Crises of the Cold War, 1955–1970
Answer questions
1
3
1
3
1
4
and
1
5 .
During the Cold War the Americans used U2 aircraft to spy on the Soviet Union.
Describe what happened when the U2 aircraft, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot
down in 1960.
[4 marks]
1 4
Source E
Study Source E.
A British cartoon published on 28 October 1961.
‘I was only looking – I’m Charlie.’
Source E suggests that the building of the Berlin Wall caused a lot of tension
between the USSR and the USA.
Do you agree that the building of the Berlin Wall was a danger to peace between the
superpowers in 1961?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its
content and your knowledge.
[6 marks]
1
5
Which leader did more to prevent the Cuban Missile Crisis from developing into
nuclear war:
•
•
President Kennedy of the USA
General Secretary Khrushchev of the Soviet Union?
You must refer to both leaders when explaining your answer.
IB/M/Jun14/90451
[10 marks]
7
Topic 6: Failure of Détente and the collapse of communism, 1970–1991
Answer questions
1
6
1
6
1
7
and
1
8 .
In January 1981 Ronald Reagan became President of the USA.
Describe how he developed America’s weapons in the years 1981 to 1985.
1
7
[4 marks]
Study Source F.
Source F From a speech by President Brezhnev at a meeting of leading Soviet politicians in
June 1980.
We were asked by our neighbour Afghanistan to help them against bandits who
were supported by foreigners. The bandits were trying to prevent the people
living free lives.
Source F suggests that the USSR invaded Afghanistan to make sure that the people
remained free.
Do you agree that this was the main reason for the Soviet invasion?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its
content and your knowledge.
[6 marks]
1
8
Which was the more important reason for the collapse of Communism in Eastern
Europe:
•
•
the success of Solidarity in Poland
the collapse of East Germany and the end of the Berlin Wall?
You must refer to both reasons when explaining your answer.
[10 marks]
END OF QUESTIONS
Turn over ►
IB/M/Jun14/90451
8
There are no questions printed on this page
Acknowledgement of copyright-holders and publishers
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be
happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.
Source C
Source E
© Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1985-083-10
© Daily Mail/British Cartoon Archive
Copyright © 2014 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
IB/M/Jun14/90451