Water Use Efficiency Program
4
INTRODUCTION
The City of Richland (City) recognizes that water is a valuable and essential natural resource that
needs to be used wisely. The Water Use Efficiency (WUE) Program provided an approach to
increase Water Use Efficiency (WUE) within the City.
WATER USE EFFICIENCY RULE
In September 2003, the Washington State Legislature passed the Municipal Water Supply –
Efficiency Requirements Act, also known as the Municipal Water Law. The Municipal Water Law
required the State to implement the WUE Program. The intent of this program is to help reduce
the demand that growing communities, agriculture and industry have placed on Washington State’s
water resources and better manage these resources to benefit fish and other wildlife. The WUE
Program became effective on January 22, 2007. Municipal water suppliers are obligated under the
WUE Program to enhance the efficient use of water by the system and/or its consumers. The
requirements of the WUE Program are set forth in Chapter 246-290 WAC, Part 8.
DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT WUE PROGRAM
The WUE Program was set up with the intention of creating a high level of stewardship among all
municipal water users. The WUE program that follows includes a statement of its goals and
objectives, the evaluation and selection of alternative efficiency measures, the WUE Program
schedule and budget, and the method of program monitoring. If the efficiency program is
implemented successfully, the benefits enjoyed by the City would include reduction of pumping
and water system infrastructure costs and more availability of water for other uses. Water
conservation is of upmost importance, and the City of Richland has made an effort to meet or
exceed State requirements wherever possible.
CONSERVATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Per WAC 246-290-830, WUE goals must be set through a public process and shall be evaluated
and reestablished a minimum of every six years. In December 2007, the City adopted three goals
to meet the requirements of the WUE Rule.
GOAL 1 – DISTRIBUTION LEAKAGE STANDARD
Maintain unaccounted for water at 10 percent or less of treated water.
• Maintain accurate customer meters.
• Meter all retail customer services.
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•
•
•
Maintain accurate water supply meters.
Enhance programs to meter and/or accurately estimate non-revenue water
uses.
Publish an annual water use efficiency report satisfactory for compliance with
State regulations.
GOAL 2 – PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAMS ON WATER CONSERVATION
Assist customers’ water conservation efforts through publication of water industry
guidance and region-specific techniques and data.
• Maintain a current web-site targeted at water conservation behaviors,
techniques, and data.
• Implement a voluntary large customer water use efficiency audit program to
assist large water users.
• Use various media such as the City’s cable television channel, school classroom
visits, City Fair, etc. to provide water conservation information to customers.
GOAL 3 – EVALUATE WATER RATE STRUCTURE
During the City’s next rate study, evaluate alternative rate structures for their impact on
water use efficiency.
Later in 2009, the City was directed by the Washington State Department of Health to amend its
goals to include a demand side goal. The City adopted the following goal in June of 2009 as
follows:
GOAL 2 – RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION (DEMAND SIDE)
Maintain average residential water usage at 534 gallons per day per equivalent
residential unit (ERU) through 2013.
The City also has goals associated with the Quad City requirements. Refer to the RWFCP for
these additional regional goals.
EVALUATION OF MEASURES FOR COST-EFFECTIVENESS
Within the City, there are 16,274 total connections and approximately 90 percent are residential.
As a result of the number of connections, nine WUE measures must be evaluated or implemented.
The City needs to be in compliance with the minimum requirement, and the cost-effectiveness of
these measures will be evaluated.
Mandatory Measures
Leak Detection and Repair – In 2007, the City completed a water main replacement program to
replace the City’s original water distribution system that was installed by the federal government in
the 1940s and 1950s. The old system, which was not intended to be in service for more than 10
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years, was experiencing a high percentage of water loss. Because of this replacement, the City has
experienced a significant decrease in water loss. The City’s current leak detection program is
responsible for prioritizing main replacement projects.
Source Meter Testing and Repair – The City meters all sources with the exception of the pump
station on the Yakima River that serves the Shelterbelt Park. This pump station is currently
scheduled to be rebuilt and a meter will be installed as part of the capital improvement. The City
has tested and replaced the production meters at the North Richland SSFF as part of the Water
Treatment Plant upgrades in 2006. A schedule to test and repair the City’s other source meters is
being developed with implementation in 2010.
Large Meter Testing and Repair – In 2005, 56 large meters were tested and all met the 95
percent accuracy criteria. Due to this success, meters were not tested in 2006. In 2007, the City
developed a program for ongoing large meter testing that began implementation in 2008. The 1
½-inch and 2-inch meters will be tested on a 4-year test cycle, while the 3-inch and above meters
will be tested on a 2-year cycle. Depending on the age of the large meters, any meters not meeting
industry standards will be either replaced or rebuilt and then retested to meet industry standards.
Residential Meter Testing, Repair and Replacement – The City of Richland began a
residential water replacement program in 1998 to replace older residential water meters. The City
has replaced all original, disc-type meters installed between 1957 and 1990. In 2008, Richland staff
began evaluating the meters installed in 1998 and will determine if a new meter replacement
program will need to be developed.
Current Rate Structure – On the surface, the City has a declining block rate structure if calculated
based upon the residential rate of $24.60 per month providing a base allotment of $4.92 per 100
cubic feet for the first 500 cubic feet. Excess is charged at a rate of $1.12 per 100 cubic feet.
When evaluating what goes into the base rate, it is opined that most of the base rate covers general
availability of supply, billing and account administration services, insurance and debt service. The
delivery of the first 500 cubic feet is considered to be on par with the excess rate making the rate
structure much more similar to a uniform rate.
Inclining block rates would be difficult to implement due to the significant number of large water
users and industrial users whose economics are based upon inexpensive water and power. If
implemented across all customer classes, the consumption rate for small users would actually
become a disincentive to conservation as revenue burden would be shifted from smaller users to
large corporate and industrial users. Socially, the City is not prepared to make a shift in structure
without a detailed study of the potential impacts. The next rate study has been committed to be
done by the City in 2011 and will look at inclined block rates in more detail.
Reclaimed Water – The City has some opportunities to use reclaimed water due to the proximity
of golf courses and parks to the Wastewater Treatment Plant. In evaluating this option, the City
compared the cost of treating and re-using secondary waste in this manner to the cost of existing
irrigation practices. Because the City has existing irrigation rights from the Columbia River
through a separate non-potable system, using reclaimed water is not cost-effective in comparison.
The non-potable systems are in place and have very low relative costs. Infrastructure would have
to be designed and constructed to utilize the existing effluent stream, which would be more
expensive than simply operating and maintaining the existing non-treated systems.
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Water Use Efficiency Program and Measures
Residential Retrofit Measures – The City began distributing residential water conservation items
such as low flow showerheads and kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators in 1991 at no direct cost
to City residents. In 2007 alone, the City distributed over 300 low flow showerheads and over 600
faucet aerators.
Industrial/Commercial Retrofit Measures – The City also began distributing industrial and
commercial water conservation items such as low flow showerheads and kitchen and bathroom
faucet aerators in 1991 at no direct cost to City industrial and commercial water users.
Water Audit for Large Water Users – The City developed an audit program for large water users,
which will begin auditing City facilities first and then audit commercial and industrial users. This is
part of an overall plan for customer leak detection education.
Water Audit for Landscape Uses – The City developed an audit program for water users who
use City water for landscape irrigation. The City began auditing City facilities first and then audit
residential, commercial and industrial users.
Water Bills Consumption History – The City provides a graph of water use consumption on all
water bills that shows the water use consumption history for one year.
Water Curtailment Plan – This element is intended to assist the City with supply management in
the event of a loss of source, lack of delivery capacity over a defined period of time, or condition,
including an emergency event, extreme weather conditions, or catastrophe, that would limit the
City’s ability to meet ongoing demand. The City’s water curtailment program is codified in
Chapter 18.16 of the Richland Municipal Code.
Public and School Outreach Program – The City currently provides an environmental
education school outreach program free of charge. Programs are available relating to municipal
operations and the environment, such as landfill issues, recycling, composting, proper disposal of
chemical products, wastewater and storm water awareness, and energy and water conservation.
Handouts, brochures, activities and video tapes are also available to enhance the City’s teaching
program. The Water Conservation Program helps students learn about water quality and
conservation. A hand-held model of groundwater is used and student volunteers add the gravel,
sand, dirt, household hazardous waste and rain. Students see what happens when it rains and relate
it to the proper disposal of household hazardous waste. The City’s Environmental Education
Coordinator also teams up with the Benton-Franklin Health Department to provide various
activities, including building a water filter and cleaning dirty water, discussions using a table top
groundwater model, tap water tour and Water Olympics.
Displays at Fairs and Events – The City provides similar outreach programs to the public as are
provided to the schools at the County Fair and other community events.
Joint Plan with Irrigation Districts to Address Urban Area Irrigation Needs – the City relies
on the Columbia River and a network of five groundwater wells to supply drinking water and
irrigation water to its customers. In addition, the City also operates two stand alone water systems
that deliver irrigation water to customers. Irrigation is also provided to City customers by
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Kennewick Irrigation District, Badger Mountain Irrigation District and Columbia Irrigation
District. Lastly, a small percentage of acres within the City’s UGA are supplied by private
irrigation systems (HDR/EES 2006). The City has developed a joint plan with the irrigation
districts whose service areas overlap theirs to address landscape irrigation supply and response
during water shortage periods.
Xeriscaping – The City has started to landscape many of their facilities with native plants and
vegetation that requires little or no supplemental irrigation from the City systems.
Incentives and Other Measures – Many additional conservation measures have been proven
equally effective at reducing water waste and encouraging the wise use of water. For example, the
City of Richland has completed approximately two-thirds of the installation of a $120,000
centralized irrigation computer system that communicates via radio signal. Features of the system
include:
o Automatic shut down of lateral lines that surpass programmed expected flows;
o Automatic shut down of a complete system if programmed flows are surpassed;
o Alarm reporting of unexpected flows and electrical malfunctions;
o Program control via phone lines from any location with a laptop and modem;
o Automatic program adjustment of run times and system shutdown depending on weather
conditions, with installation of a weather station and rain sensors;
o Recording of system performance due to the installation of flow meters at the point of
connection; and
o The ability to program and operate field controllers from a hand-held radio on-site.
Projected Water Savings
Implementation of these water saving measures in combination with a major line replacement
effort has reduced the annual DSL to under 10 percent. 2007 calculations were:
DSL = [(TP – AC)/(TP)] x 100
4.4% = [(7,212.273 – 6,897.736)/7,212.273] x 100
The City has already achieved commendable water savings through the implementation of these
measures over the years, and while each measure has not been tracked as to cost or savings, the
cumulative impact has been huge. These efforts have significantly reduced the amount of water
used by the City, which will lead to a longer life for the distribution system and a smaller impact on
the environment as less water is pumped from the Columbia River.
Public Education
One of the easiest ways to promote WUE and decrease water use within a water system is to
increase awareness among all water users. The City wrote a memorandum of understanding
(MOU) with the Benton-Franklin Health District, who conducts water quality education within
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Benton and Franklin Counties. This MOU is essential for the implementation of the water
conservation public education and outreach program. The City administered the MOU, the term
of which is five years. The importance of conservation will be promoted annually through the
regional water conservation media campaign. Examples of easy ways to conserve will also be
included in the media campaign. Implementation of the media campaign will be during irrigation
season since the focus is on water wise irrigation. The types of media include TV, radio, web and
print, in the form of a website, brochure and school outreach. Also, customer water bills will
display water consumption history when applicable. Additionally, the City has an environmental
education program free of charge where students learn about water quality and conservation.
There are various activities such as building a water filter and cleaning dirty water.
WATER USE EFFICIENCY PROGRAM EVALUATION
One means of evaluating of the program’s effectiveness is through a regional water balance, which
measure net consumption use. This net consumption use is the volume of water that is not
returned to the supply sources. The value of the net consumption use is found from the difference
in production volumes and return flow volumes. Comparing the total area consumption would
not be practical whereas many factors, such as population and economic growth, as well as the mix
of irrigation system providers vary significantly throughout the service area. Therefore, success will
be measured by the reduction of demands from the residential class to a target level. In the past,
efforts to determine the effectiveness of this program have been successful.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LEAKAGE AND CONTROL PLAN
The City’s original water distribution system installed by the federal government in the 1940’s and
1950’s included approximately 82 miles of thin-walled spiraled-welded steel pipe that was intended
to be in service no longer that ten years. Faced with a high percentage of water loss, in 1995, the
Richland City Council approved the Water Main Replacement Program and allocated a $1.5 million
annual budget for water main replacement. This budget increase allowed an average of 2.1 miles of
water main to be replaced each year from 1995 through 1998. Even with this increase, it was
projected that it would take until 2018 to completely replace the remaining steel water pipe, 11
years beyond the optimum replacement timeline. A more aggressive strategy was developed in
1999 to bring the date of total replacement closer to 2007.
In 1999, the City applied for and obtained a 1% Washington State Public Works Trust Fund
(PWTF) loan for $7 million to accelerate the replacement program. In 2007 the water main
replacement program was complete at a cost of $27,060,542 to replace 76.6 miles of pipe.
Since the program began there has been a dramatic reduction in main leak repairs from a high of
171 main leak repairs in 1996 to only 5 main leak repairs in 2007.
SOURCE OF SUPPLY ANALYSIS
The City depends on the Columbia River and five ground wells or well fields to supply drinking
water to its customers. The City also has stand alone water systems that supply water for irrigation,
industrial uses and other governmental proprietary purposes to its customers without treatment.
Irrigation customers can also receive their irrigation water from Kennewick Irrigation District,
Badger Mountain Irrigation District or Columbia Irrigation District, and a small percent are
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supplied by private irrigation systems. The City also wheels water through its treated water system
to the City of West Richland as West Richland’s means to access its portion of the Quad City
water.
Additional information is provided in the supplementary report 2008 Regional Water Forecast and
Conservation Plan.
WATER RIGHTS
A water right is a legal authorization to use a specified amount of public water for specific
beneficial purposes. The water right amount is expressed in terms of instantaneous withdrawal
rate and annual withdrawal volume. Washington State law requires users of public water to receive
approval from the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) prior to the actual use of
the water. This approval is granted in the form of a water right permit or certificate.
The process for obtaining a water right involves obtaining a water right permit first and then a
water right certificate. A water right permit provides permission to develop a water right by
constructing, developing and testing the water source. A water right permit remains in effect until
a water right certificate is issued (if all terms of the permit are met) or the permit has been
canceled. A water right certificate is issued by Ecology following a review process and
determination that the amount of water put to beneficial use is consistent with the amount and
conditions indicated on the water right permit.
A water right permit is issued by Ecology only if the proposed use meets the following
requirements.
•
Water will be put to beneficial use.
•
There is no impairment to existing or senior rights.
•
Water is available for appropriation.
•
Issuance of the requested water right will not be detrimental to the public’s interest.
The water right decision process is increasingly becoming more complex and time consuming due
to the many competing interests for water, environmental issues and regulatory requirements.
Existing Water Rights
The water rights of the City’s water system are shown in Table 4-2. The instantaneous water right
is the amount of water that may be withdrawn from the ground or the Columbia River at any given
time and is shown in units of gallons per minute (gpm) or cubic feet per second (cfs) and totalized
in cfs. The annual water right is the amount of water that may be withdrawn from the ground in a
given year and is shown in units of acre-feet (af). The Water Rights Self Evaluation Form can also
be found in Appendix I.
WATER SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
The City of Richland’s Water Systems receive water from 15 groundwater wells, two of which are
well fields. The City also receives water from the Columbia River in four different locations. The
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15 wells and multiple pump stations on the Columbia River combine for a total production
capacity of 155.21 cfs. Water storage is provided in a combination of reservoirs that have a total
capacity of 25,140,000 gallons.
Potable Supplies
The six potable supply wells or well fields, the two surface water supplies and treatment are
described in detail in Chapter 3. Seven of the potable water rights are non-additive with respect to
their annual quantities. Total annual quantities of these water rights are limited to 33,128 acre-feet.
Six additional water right certificates, permits and a claim are additive rights for a total additional
annual quantity of 9,806.6 acre-feet.
Other Non-Potable Municipal Supplies
Nine additional wells and one surface water supply provide other governmental proprietary
supplies to the City, primarily for irrigation and industrial purposes. Wells that have historically
been used for potable supplies (Columbia Point Marina Park, ORV No. 1, Richland landfill and
Duke well field) are included in these supplies due to water quality issues or other operational
considerations. While many of these supplies could be used in an emergency by blending the
supplies with other potable sources, the City is in a position operationally where it does not need to
do this. The City has an operational policy to use each surface and groundwater source at least
periodically within each five-year period.
The groundwater and surface water sources are listed as follows.
Surface
•
Shelterbelt Intake
•
Columbia Point and Marina Park
•
Horn Rapids
Ground
•
Columbia Point Marina Park
•
Richland Landfill
•
Leslie Groves Park
•
Columbia Playfield Nos. 1 and 2
•
Duke Well field
•
ORV Nos. 1 and 2
•
Horn Rapids Triangle
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APPROVED WATER RIGHT CHANGES
Since the previous comprehensive plan was adopted in 2002, Ecology has approved changes to
several of the City’s water rights. These changes are identified below.
CS4-SWC9005@1 –This is a water right for the City’s Columbia River source and it consists of
two points of withdrawal (Nos. 1 and 2). This change was approved in 2007. At points 1 and 2,
the maximum instantaneous quantity (Qi) is 24,350 gpm (54.25 cfs).
CG4-28515C – This is a water right for the City’s Duke Well Field. It authorizes the withdrawal of
1,400 gpm and 1,228 acre-feet per year of water. The change removed U.S. Department of Energy
wells (in the 400 area) that were not being used and added existing wells in the Horn Rapids area
and SMART park to the water right. When approved in 2006, Ecology modified the decision of
the Benton County Water Conservancy Board and included references to a table in the City’s draft
2002 Water System Plan. This table identified existing surface and groundwater right claims,
permits and/or certificates, as well as pending new water right applications. This information is
updated in Table 4-2.
CG4-28516C – This is a water right for the City’s Wellsian Way Well Field. This water right
authorizes the withdrawal of 2,125 gpm and 3,422 acre-feet per year from three wells in the E ½ E
½ of Section 15, T. 09 N., R. 28., E.W.M. In 1994, the City requested approval to add a point of
withdrawal located within the SE ¼, SE ¼ of Section 10, T. 9 N., R. 28 E. W. M. This change was
prompted by contamination in the groundwater supply at the original location and a temporary
approval was issued by Ecology that remains in effect until a final decision is made.
G4-29925P – This application was pending in the 2002 plan but was issued by Ecology for 1,100
gpm and 520 acre-feet per year for commercial, industrial and irrigation use on 130 acres from two
wells. This source does not supply potable water for domestic use.
OTHER PENDING CHANGE APPLICATIONS
The City has submitted application for other changes in water rights to reflect development trends
and long-term needs.
CS4-29941 – This application is to change the season of use for industrial and irrigation to yearround use at the Horn Rapids Pump Station.
CG4-28463 – This application is to change the Harrison well from seasonal irrigation to yearround municipal supply.
Pending the outcome of Lummi Indian Nation et al v. State of Washington, the City intends to make
additional change applications over time to convert or conform these water rights to municipal
supplies in the next six-year planning period.
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OTHER PENDING WATER RIGHT APPLICATIONS
The City has had three water rights pending in Richland south of the Yakima River. In a
coordinated effort with Ecology, the City made a fourth application to clarify the intent of the
three applications submitted in 1991. The City has identified five potential sites in that vicinity that
could be develop up to 1,500 gpm with a minimum annual volume of 2,172 af. The intent is to
establish the location(s) best suited from both a hydrogeologic and source protection perspective.
The City believes that developing another reliable source in this area is important because of an
increasing vulnerability of an exposed Yakima River main transmission pipeline crossing, the
ongoing tritium contaminant risk of the North Richland Treatment Facility, and the transition of
the nitrates contaminating the Duke Well Field facility so it is only suitable for non-potable uses.
These factors have begun to erode the security of the potable water supplies to all City residents
and particularly those south of the Yakima River. The City believes that development of additional
supplies south of the Yakima River can partially mitigate those losses in source security, provide
long-term potable water source reliability, and help preserve the public health and safety of the
City’s water customers.
Ecology has indicated that the new fourth application can be processed under the provisions of
Chapter 173-152 WAC given the potential threat to public health and safety. When this
application is processed, the City will withdraw the three applications made in 1991.
The four applications are as follows:
1. G4-30890A;
2. G4-30981A;
3. G4-30991A; and
4. G4-35244A.
INTERTIES
Water system interties are physical connections between two adjacent water systems. A closed
isolation valve or control valve is part of the intertie that normally provides the separation of the
two water systems. Emergency supply interties provide water from one system to another during
emergency situations only. An emergency situation may occur when a water system loses its main
source of supply or transmission main and is unable to provide a sufficient quantity of water for
drinking or fire flow purposes. Normal supply interties provide water from one system to another
during non-emergency situations and are typically supplying water at all times.
The City’s existing interties are used only for emergency water supply and do not supply water on a
regular basis. All interties comply with the RCW 90.03.383 and are metered. The City has
emergency ties with the City of Kennewick (2), Tri-Cities Estates, and the Kennewick Irrigation
District. Only the City of Kennewick could provide water to Richland in the event of an
emergency. The City also has two supply interties with the City of West Richland with which the
City provides the City of West Richland with water for their Quad Cities rights. The location and
meter descriptions of the interties are listed in Table 4-1.
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Table 4-1
Interties
Location
Tapteal & Columbia Center Blvd
Steptoe & Gage
Ogden & Hazelwood Ave
Keen & Kennedy
Lorayna Blvd & Lesa Marie Ln
System
Kennewick
Kennewick
Tri City Estates
West Richland
KID
Description
8" Badger Turbo meter
6" Rockwell meter with 8" bypass
Rockwell meter
6" Badger meter
6" Water Specialty meter
WATER RIGHTS
Table 4-2
Existing Water Right(s) Status
Permit Certificate or
Claim #
Name of Rightholder or
Claimant
Priority Date
Source
Number
Primary or
Supplemental
Existing Water Rights
Maximum
Maximum Annual
Instantaneous Flow
Volume
Rate
(Qa)
(Qi)
Permits/ Certificates
1
CS4-9005@1
City of Richland
1/30/1962
2
G4-25960C
City of Richland
8/21/1978
3
S4-26404C
City of Richland
9/20/1979
4
S4-27121C
City of Richland
6/24/1980
5
G4-28515C
City of Richland
8/8/1984
6
G4-28516C
City of Richland
8/8/1984
7
G4-28517C
City of Richland
8/8/1984
Subtotal:
Columbia
River
Ground
Water
Columbia
River
Columbia
River
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Primary
54.25 CFS
32,430 AF
Supplemental
1,000 GPM
1,606 AF
Supplemental
17 CFS
12,257 AF
Supplemental
6 CFS
4,336 AF
Supplemental
1,400 GPM
1,228 AF
Supplemental
2,125 GPM
3,422 AF
Supplemental
556 GPM
890 AF
88.57 CFS
33,128 AF
Primary
6.70 CFS
4,851 AF
Primary
0.67 CFS
748 AF
Primary
2 CFS
760 AF
Primary
100 GPM
37.8 AF
Primary
187 CFS/ 2.5
CFS
96,619 AF/ 1,810
AF
12.09 CFS
8,206.8 AF
1,600 AF
Potable Non-Additive
Permits/ Certificates
8
S4-16464
City of Richland
11/18/1960
9
*S4-16726C
City of Richland
6/15/1961
10
*S4-19192C
City of Richland
8/11/1965
11
G4-29214P
City of Richland
2/26/1987
12
S4-30976P
Quad Cities
9/23/1991
Subtotal:
McNary Pool
Columbia
River
Columbia
River
Ground
Water
Surface
Potable Additive
Claims
1
G4-063205
Subtotal:
TOTAL
11/1/1943
Ground
Water
Primary
1,000 GPM
2.23 CFS
1,600 AF
******
******
**********
102.89 CFS
42,934.8 AF
Potable Claims
*********
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1
G4-23944C
City of Richland
4/22/1975
2
G4-24262C
City of Richland
4/15/1976
3
G4-24264C
City of Richland
4/15/1976
4
G4-24265C
City of Richland
4/15/1976
5
S4-29941P
City of Richland
6/24/1980
6
G4-28463P
City of Richland
5/7/1984
7
G4-28554C
City of Richland
10/26/1984
8
G4-28642C
City of Richland
3/18/1985
9
G4-29527P
City of Richland
11/30/1987
10
G4-29925P
City of Richland
2/9/1989
Total:
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Columbia
River
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Ground
Water
Columbia
River
Ground
Water
Other Sources
CITY OF RICHLAND COMPREHENSIVE WATER SYSTEM PLAN
4-12
Primary
100 GPM
80 AF
Primary
180 GPM
54 AF
Primary
200 GPM
93 AF
Primary
200 GPM
93 AF
Interruptible
45 CFS
12,000 AF
Primary
910 GPM
364 AF
Primary
310 GPM
124.4 AF
Primary
275 GPM
113 AF
Primary
250 GPM
36 AF
Primary
1,100 GPM
520 AF
53 CFS
13,477.4 AF
J:\Data\RIC\208-049\Plan\Report\Final Revisions\Chapter 4.doc