THE HISTORY OF NATIVE PLANT PROPAGATION
W’D RE-INTRODUCTION IN
HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK
BY
DAVID K. NORRIS, PARK RANGER
HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK
NOVEMBER 12, 1967
THE HISTORY OF NATIVE PLANT PROPAGATION AND RE-INTRODUCTION
IN HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK
I n a d d i t i o n t o its p r i n c i p a l a t t r a c t i o n of p e r i o d i c a l l y a c t i v e volcanoes, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park presents some very i n t e r e s t i n g
n a t u r a l e x h i b i t s i n i t s f o r e s t s . For example, it is an unobservant
v i s i t o r who walks over t h e Bird Park nature t r a i l and f a i l s t o n o t i c e ,
and perhaps a p p r e c i a t e , t h e n a t i v e Hawaiian vegetation. I t is q u i t e
u n l i k e l y t h a t c e r t a i n of t h e s e s p e c i e s could be observed elsewhere.
Many of t h e r e a d i l y seen examples owe t h e i r e x i s t e n c e i n t h e park t o
p a s t propagation e f f o r t s by t h e park s t a f f . I t is not r e a l i s t i c a l l y
possible t o q u a n t i t a t i v e l y measure the success o r f a i l u r e of former
programs; however, l i t t l e e f f o r t is required t o a p p r e c i a t e the s i g n i f i cance of maintaining remnant examples of t h e s e n a t i v e trees.
This report has been divided i n t o two s e c t i o n s . The f i r s t p a r t summar i z e s circumstances leading up t o t h e establishment of a park nursery
program and chronologically describes p a s t propagation a c t i v i t y . The
second s e c t i o n is a list of trees and shrubs t h a t have been s u b j e c t
t o p a s t propagation e f f o r t s , with a l l a v a i l a b l e recorded p l a n t i n g s f o r
each s p e c i e s . Included here a r e a few s p e c i e s t h a t e v i d e n t l y have not
been worked with i n t h e p a s t , but due t o p r e s e n t s t a t u s o r l i m i t e d
hebktat,may f i n d t h e i r way i n t o f u t u r e programs. I have b r i e f l y desc r i b e d t h e n a t u r a l h a b i t a t f o r each species mentioned. This has been
done with the purpose of guiding f u t u r e a c t i v i t y . A primary point t h a t
I wish t o emphasize is t h a t t h i s work is not something t h a t can be
accomplished and then ignored. We m u s t remain aware of the s t a t u s of
each endangered n a t i v e form in t h e park.
A bibliography of reference material used is included a t the end of
t h i s r e p o r t . However, the majority of information about t h e park
program was gleaned from t h e park f i l e s and d i s c u s s i o n s with individuals f a m i l i a r w i t h p a s t work. The Superintendent @s monthly narrative
r e p o r t provided an e x c e l l e n t source i n c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y t y i n g d a t e s and
events t o g e t her
.
PRIOR TO 1916
The speed with which a n a t i v e f o r e s t d i e s o u t a s a r e s u l t of browsing
and grazing animals was noted a s e a r l y as 1856 by an anonymous writer.
In Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, we i n s t a n t l y t h i n k p r i n c i p a l l y of
t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of goats about 1790; however, c a t t l e were brought t o
t h e i s l a n d s as e a r l y as 1793. With r e s p e c t t o t h e park, it is only on
t h e lower s l o p e s of Mauna Loa t h a t c a t t l e have had a pronounced e f f e c t
upon t h e park f l o r a . In the p a s t , some c a t t l e have s t r a y e d from
exclosures a t lower e l e v a t i o n s , but t h e introduced goats were, and
continue t o be, the p r i n c i p a l decimating f a c t o r there.
I t was a l s o i n 1856 t h a t eminent i s l a n d b o t a n i s t Dr. William Hillebrand
d e l i v e r e d a resounding a d d r e s s on the n e c e s s i t y of f o r e s t conservation.
According t o John Hanson, Hawaii S t a t e F o r e s t Ranger, Hillebrand pract i c e d what he preached by d i s t r i b u t i n g s e e d s of native Hawaiian trees
over t h e i s l a n d of Hawaii. Over t h e y e a r s t h e r e have been many i n d i v i d u a l s d e s c r i b i n g t h e d e p l o r a b l e s t a t e of Hawaii "s n a t i v e f o r e s t s . Like
D r . Hillebrand, t h e r e have undoubtedly been o t h e r unrecorded e f f o r t s
i n re- introducing n a t i v e vegetation.
ACTIVITY BETWEEN 1920 Ah?) 1928
Park f i l e s show that t h e f i r s t recorded p l a n t i n g s in H a w a i i Volcanoes
National Park were made on ::ugust 23, 1924. These p l a n t i n g s were t h e
result of a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of a t t e n t i o n being focused on Kipuka
Puaulu. This is t h e Hawaiian name for an area of about 90 a c r e s , comp l e t e l y surrounded by more r e c e n t lava flows, which c o n t a i n s a r i c h
assemblage of n a t i v e tree s p e c i e s . Dr. Joseph Rock i n 1913 e s t i m a t e d
t h a t over 40 species of n a t i v e trees grew w i t h i n t h i s Jskipuka," c o m o n l y
c a l l e d Bird Park. Kipuka Puaulu had been grazed by c a t t l e as e a r l y as
1885, w i t h n o t a b l y d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t s on t h e n a t i v e vegetation.
Charles J. Kraebel, A s s i s t a n t Superintendent of F o r e s t r y f o r t h e Territ o r y , i n a memorandum t o Superintendent Thomas Boles d a t e d October 10,
1923, s t a t e s :
I
"The s i t u a t i o n i n t h e Bird F o r e s t is p e c u l i a r . From t h e
accompanying photographs (see photos Nos. 1 and 2) i t may be
seen t h a t a n important item in t h e charm of t h e f o r e s t is
t h e p l e a s i n g park- like e f f e c t of t h e spaces of r o l l i n g g r a s s land between groups of t r e e s . The g r a s s is kept close cropped
by g r a z i n g c a t t l e and horses from a neighboring ranch.
lgAt t h e same t i m e t h e r e must be balanced a g a i n s t t h e s e
obvious advantages t h e harm that is done i n o t h e r ways by
g r a z i n g in t h e kipukas. Most s e r i o u s is t h e f a c t t h a t while
o l d trees are g r a d u a l l y dying and c r e a t i n g new open spaces
i n t h e f o r e s t , no new s e e d l i n g trees a r e coming on t o perpetuate t h e i r kind. I n t e r p r e t e d from t h e viewpoint of f o r e s t r y ,
t h i s means that u l t i m a t e l y c e r t a i n species of t r e e s w i l l be
a l t o g e t h e r l a c k i n g i n t h i s area."
In August of 1924, a n arboretum was l a i d o u t i n Kipuka Puaulu by
L. W. Bryan and C. S. Judd, Superintendent of F o r e s t r y f o r t h e T e r r i T h e i r i d e a was t o g e t t o g e t h e r and propagate f o r f u t u r e s t u d y
They
wished t o make Bird Park a % i t y of refuge" f o r t h e f a s t d i s a p p e a r i n g
trees of t h e i s l a n d s . In a l e t t e r t o Superintendent Thomas Boles
d a t e d September 13, 1924, J u d d summarizes his e f f o r t s of t h e previous
month.
tory.
as many of t h e rare and unusual Hawaiian trees as p o s s i b l e .
2
"After roughly l a y i n g out t h e arboretum, Mr. Bryan f o r t u n a t e l y accompanied m e on a n o f f i c i a l v i s i t t o t h e land of
Puuwaawaa i n North KOM and t h e r e w e were a b l e t o c o l l e c t
seed of many r a t h e r r a r e trees as w e l l a s seed of Hawaiian
trees t h a t do n o t n a t u r a l l y occur i n Kipuka Puaulu. These
we placed i n t h e arboretum a t once a f t e r i t was l a i d o u t
with a transit.g'
Unfortunately, only 3 of t h e 14 tree s p e c i e s c o l l e c t e d a n d m t - l QXI
t
n
t i oned August 23 date were n a t i v e t o t h e XLpuka.
Judd planned t o germinate additionA1 ' s e e d l i n g s i n t h e Territorial
n u r s e r y i n Hilo t o add t o t h e arboretum i n B i r d Park. The only o t h e r
r e f e r e n c e found i n d i c a t i n g a d d i t i o n a l p l a n t i n g s was brought t o l i g h t
i n a memorandum by Superintendent Boles t o National Park S e r v i c e Direct o r Stephen T. blather d a t e d December 30, 1924. I n t h i s memorandum Boles
b r i e f l y mentions t h a t 150 new s e e d l i n g s were p l a n t e d t h e previous week.
He a l s o comments t h a t A s s i s t a n t F o r e s t e r aryan f e e l s that the d r y
weather would probably k i l l them. Bryan e v i d e n t l y had earlier informed
Boles t h a t less t h a n 5% of t h e previous p l a n t i n g s (August 23) had surv i v e d t h e d r y winter. There always remains t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t addit i o n a l p l a n t i n g s were made, and we are simply not i n possession of t h e
records.
In t h e same l e t t e r of September 13 are JuddOs f e e l i n g s on t h e continued
use of t h e kipuka by c a t t l e .
"The old f o r e s t i n t h i s kipuka, g e n e r a l l y speaking, has
been so m a l t r e a t e d and upset by overgrazing that t h e only
hope f o r its c o n t i n u a t i o n l i e s i n t h e n a t u r a l reproduction
of t h e trees and t h i s is not p o s s i b l e as long as g r a z i n g
goes
on.
. ..
'OI would s u g g e s t , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s be
r e s t o r e d a t Bird Park j u s t a s soon as p o s s i b l e by t h e exclus i o n of g r a z i n g s t o c k . This means t h a t t h e park boundaries
i n t h i s r e g i o n must be fenced, and i f I understand t h e
s i t u a t i o n c o r r e c t l y t h e r e is a v a i l a b l e the means f o r having
t h e proper f e n c e s built.'*
Evidently Judd was not a b l e t o immediately impress t h e necessary
a u t h o r i t i e s with t h e expediency of t h e s i t u a t i o n . In a memorandum
t o NPS D i r e c t o r Ellather dated December 2 2 , 1924, Superintendent Boles
seemed unconvinced t h a t any c r i t i c a l problem exists. He summarized
a r a t h e r lengthy and d e t a i l e d account as follows:
#'TO sum i t up, I do n o t f i n d t h a t any tree has been
damaged by t h e few c a t t l e s t r a y i n g i n t o Bird Park and
3
I do not t h i n k i t worth t h e expense of paying even half
t h e c o s t of a f e n c e on t h e park boundary, f o r i t is my
opinion t h a t t h e c r i t i c i s m s on c o n d i t i o n s i n Bird Park
have been g r e a t l y exaggerated."
I t was BolesP f e e l i n g t h a t fencing t h e area would cause a c o n s i d e r a b l e
growth of g r a s s and underbrush and p r e s e n t a dangerous f i r e hazard.
There was enough widespread criticism of BolesD opinions t h a t when
A s s o c i a t e D i r e c t o r Arno B. Canrmerer v i s i t e d t h e park i n January and
February of 1926 he s p e n t c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t loolcing i n t o t h e problem.
He was convinced of t h e need f o r a fence around t h e area and made t h e
necessary recommendations.
I t w a s n g t , however, u n t i l May 7, 1928, t h a t
a s u i t a b l e stock- proof fence was completed around t h e kipuka. A f t e r
much s t e a d i l y a p p l i e d p r e s s u r e , Mr. A. $1. "'Buster' Brown of Keauhou
Ranch completed t h e necessary fencing. Hew seedlings of koa (Acacia
koa) mamani (Sophora chrysophylla) , and h o l e i (Ochrosia sandwicensis)
were e v i d e n t almost immediately. The park s t a f f continued t o look
f a v o r a b l y upon t h e u s e by c a t t l e of t h e 1,800 a c r e s i n t h e park above
t h e Bird Park a r e a . C a t t l e d i d s p o r a d i c a l l y g e t through t h e fence
surrounding t h e kipuka, but f r e q u e n t checks kept t h e t r e s p a s s i n g t o a
minimum. A before and a f t e r p i c t u r e sequence d e s c r i b e s b e t t e r t h a n
words t h e e f f e c t t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of c a t t l e had upon t h e n a t i v e veget a t i o n (see photos Nos. 2 and 3).
-,
TERRITORIAL FORESTATION INFLUERCE
R e g r e t t a b l y , t h e r e w a s a much more determined e f f o r t t o introduce and
d i s t r i b u t e shrubs and trees noted more f o r t h e i r p r e s e n t p o t e n t i a l
t h a n t h e i r geographic o r i g i n . The idea t h a t n a t i v e trees were simply
t o o d i f f i c u l t t o u s e i n r e f o r e s t a t i o n developed e a r l y . A b r i e f statement of r e f o r e s t a t i o n problems of t h e T e r r i t o r y is found i n t h e followi n g q u o t a t i o n from t h e pamphlet "Ten Years i n Hawaiian Forestry,:' by
D r . H. L. Lyon, r e p r i n t e d from t h e January 1929 i s s u e of "The Hawaiian
Planters Recordag:
sThe f i r s t a t t e m p t s a t r e f o r e s t a t i o n i n Hawaii were very
n a t u r a l l y made w i t h n a t i v e trees. Repeated trials demonstrated, however, t h a t t h e o h i a tree, which is t h e main
c o n s t i t u e n t of a l l Hawaiian f o r e s t s , would n o t lend i t s e l f
t o a r t i f i c i a l propagation, and i n f a c t could n o t be used
s u c c e s s f u l l y i n r e f o r e s t a t i o n . The koa t r e e could be grown
on l i m i t e d a r e a s only, but experience soon demonstrated
t h a t p l a n t e d koa trees were as a r u l e s h o r t l i v e d . The
f o r e s t e r s were e v e n t u a l l y f o r c e d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e
only means of r e f e r e s t i n g our watersheds would be t o employ
e x o t i c s . The marvelous s u c c e s s o b t a i n e d w i t h such trees as
Eucalyptus, Ironwood, Wattles Monterey Cypress, and S i lver
Oak proved c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t t h e r e were f o r e i g n t r e e s which
,
4
would grow and produce a f o r e s t cover i n t h e v e r y s o i l s
where t h e n a t i v e t r e e s f a i l e d t o f l o u r i ~ h . ~ ’
The Hawaiian P l a n t e r s * Record, 3 r d q u a r t e r , 1932, s t a t e s t h a t n e a r l y
a m i l l i o n trees had been p l a n t e d t o d a t e . Nearly 500 s p e c i e s had
been experimented w i t h , t h e o b j e c t i v e being t o introduce s p e c i e s that
would spread and provide watershed, with f u e l , lumber, and f r u i t
p o t e n t i a l a s secondary f a c t o r s .
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park p a r t i c i p a t e d i n the sanctioned introduct i o n of e x o t i c s . The October 1922 monthly n a r r a t i v e mentions the
p l a n t i n g of nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus) and f u c h s i a s (Fuchsia
magellanica) by t h e park s t a f f . I t might be added here t h a t o n l y
8 y e a r s l a t e r i n 1930 Tom Vint, Chief Landscape A r c h i t e c t from t h e
San F r a n c i s c o O f f i c e , emphasized t h e need f o r t h e removal of t h e s e
two e x o t i c s , p l u s any o t h e r introduced forms.
ACTIVITY BETWEEN 1935 TO 1941
I n March of 1935, Paul 13. Baldwin and Gunnar 0. Fagerlund i n i t i a t e d
s t u d i e s t o determine whether c a t t l e o r some o t h e r agent was t h e cont r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n t h e n o t a b l e l a c k of n a t u r a l koa reproduction i n t h e
park. Four e x c l o s u r e s were c o n s t r u c t e d around n a t u r e koa s t a n d s .
Thriving sucker growth w i t h i n t h e exclosures w a s noted almost immed i a t e l y , making i t q u i t e apparent t h a t c a t t l e was t h e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r .
A before and a f t e r p i c t u r e sequence a g a i n e f f e c t i v e l y d e s c r i b e s t h e
s i t u a t i o n (see photos Nos. 4 and 5 ) . P a r t s of t h e s e f e n c e s can s t i l l
be s e e n around some of t h e f i n e r s t a n d s of koa a d j a c e n t t o t h e Mauna
Loa S t r i p Road.
An ambitious phase of t h e park c o n s e r v a t i o n work began w i t h t h e establishment of t h e CCC program i n t h e park i n e a r l y 1934. I n t h e ensuing
y e a r s t h e boys s p e n t thousands of man days e r a d i c a t i n g introduced
p l a n t s , w i t h a n enormous amount of t h i s e f f o r t being d i r e c t e d toward
Kipuka Puaulu. The e x c l u s i o n of c a t t l e here i n 1928 had g i v e n equal
o p p o r t u n i t y t o introduced s p e c i e s as w e l l a s t h e n a t i v e forms. Evid e n t l y , b l a c k b e r r i e s were a s much a problem t h e n as t h e y are a t p r e s e n t .
Reports i n t h e e a r l y 1930°s mention e x o t i c morning g l o r y a s a p a r t i c u l a r l y noisome e x o t i c . P i c t u r e s taken in t h e e a r l y 1930’s show that i n
many p l a c e s the n a t i v e t r e e s were almost e n t i r e l y covered w i t h a dense
matting of morning g l o r y (Ipomoea c o n j e s t a ) . A 1956 photo shows a
similar m a n i f e s t a t i o n (see photo No. 6 ) . ( C l i f t o n Davis mentions i n
May of 1946 t h a t , though t h i s v i n e is n a t i v e , i t needs to be c o n t r o l l e d
i n Kipuka Puaulu i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t t h e n a t i v e trees.) The CCC boys
also s p e n t hundreds of man days t r a n s p l a n t i n g common n a t i v e s h r u b s
and t r e e s t o p l a n t out road scars and o t h e r d i s t u r b e d areas. During
t h e f i r s t y e a r of t h e program, one crew r e b u i l t t h e d e t e r i o r a t e d fence
surrounding Kipuka Puaulu. Late i n 1939 t h e crews removed most of t h e
5
g r a s s e s and turned up t h e s o i l i n t h e B i r d Park area t o promote f o r e s t
growth, supplemented by t r e e s germinated i n t h e park nursery.
The nursery program per se began i n Hawaii Volcanoes National Park i n
l a t e 1937 with t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s m a l l nursery near park headquart e r s . Though I have been unable t o pinpoint t h e date that t h e a c t u a l
c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s done, i t was done by CCC personnel. The nursery was
f i r s t placed i n o p e r a t i o n i n December 1937 w i t h t h e r e c e i p t of seeds
g e m i n a t e d i n t h e T e r r i t o r i a l nursery i n Hilo. I cannot f i n d any
evidence p o i n t i n g t o a s i n g l e dominating f a c t o r that could be stressed
as r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e program being i n i t i a t e d when i t was. However,
t h e v i s i t i n e a r l y 1937 and follow-up r e p o r t s of J. D. Coffman, Chief
F o r e s t e r of t h e National Park S e r v i c e , may have a c t e d as t h e necessary
c a t a l y s t . I n h i s 'OReport on Emergency Conservation Work i n t h e Territ o r y of HawaiiF1d a t e d June 1937, Coffman mentions i n d e t a i l t h e methods
used by t h e v a r i o u s T e r r i t o r i a l n u r s e r i e s . H e a l s o e x p r e s s e s the need
f o r maintaining t h e National Park f o r e s t s i n a s n a t u r a l a c o n d i t i o n as
p o s s i b l e i n view of t h e TerritoryOs emphasis on r e f o r e s t a t i o n w i t h
introduced forms. Support may a l s o have o r i g i n a t e d w i t h i n t h e park
i t s e l f . Superintendent Edward Wingate i n August 1937 d e s c r i b e s cond i t i o n s observed on a t r i p from H i l i n a P a l i t o Pepeiau:
'@Upwardsof 2,000 g o a t s were s e e n and c l o s e o b s e r v a t i o n
f a i l e d t o r e v e a l a s i n g l e t r e e of any s p e c i e s less t h a n 15
t o 20 y e a r s old.89
Being t h a t t h e d i s t a n c e from d i l i n a P a l i t o Pepeiau is only a l i t t l e
over 4 miles, i t c a n be r e a d i l y s e e n t h a t n a t u r a l r e p r o d u c t i o n would
be d i f f i c u l t
.
There seems t o have been some c o n f l i c t over t h e o b j e c t i v e s which t h e
park nursery would endeavor t o c a r r y out. There were t h o s e who wanted
t o spend t h e m a j o r i t y of time working with l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of t h e more
common n a t i v e shrubs and t r e e s , g e n e r a l l y with a landscaping purpose
i n mind. Others wanted t o c o n c e n t r a t e on l i m i t e d propagation of rare
t r e e s i n o r d e r t o r e s t o r e some examples t o t h e i r former h a b i t a t . Over
t h e y e a r s t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e nursery continued t o v a c i l l a t e between
t h e s e t w o i n t e n t i o n s . Regardless of t h e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t , the beginnings were slow and sporadic. The f i r s t s e e d l i n g s o b t a i n e d from Hilo
consisted of koa, hau (Hibiscus t i l i a c e u s ) , and mmani, but due t o
heavy r a i n s , l i t t l e s u c c e s s was experienced.
Gunder Olson is t h e firstof'severalindividuals t o demonstrate a sust a i n e d i n t e r e s t i n t h e park nursery program. He served a s a Park
Ranger i n t h e park during t h e i n i t i a l phases of t h e program and m u s t
be g i v e n much of t h e c r e d i t f o r propagation work done during t h e f i r s t
few years.
6
Beginning i n March 1939 t h e r e was a p e r i o d during which each ranger
and park warden wrote a b r i e f summary of t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e end
of each month. T h i s provides a p a r t i c u l a r l y d e t a i l e d account of t h e
s t a t u s of t h e v a r i o u s p r o j e c t s . Apparently during 1938 and 1939 t h e r e
was only very meager a c t i v i t y , g e n e r a l l y aimed a t propagating a few
common t r e e s f o r landscaping purposes. The previous r e f e r e n c e t o t h e
u s e of greenhouse t r e e s i n Kipuka Puaulu is t h e o n l y evidence found
i n d i c a t i n g p l a n t i n g s f o r reasons o t h e r t h a n landscaping. I t remains
a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e r e was simply no mention of n u r s e r y work accomp l i s h e d , but t h i s seems doubtful i n view of the many r e p o r t s a v a i l a b l e .
The y e a r 1940 is t h e f i r s t i n which t h e r e a r e r e c o r d s of vigorous
nursery a c t i v i t y . I n January of t h a t y e a r t h e f i r s t mamani s e e d l i n g s
were moved t o Kipuka Nene and I i i l i n a P a l i i n hopes of making a s t a r t
toward r e s t o r i n g some of t h e a r e a e x t e n s i v e l y damaged by t h e f e r a l
goats. Ranger Olson spent a l l a v a i l a b l e t i m e working on t h e project
during t h e y e a r , while Park Warden Antone Medeiros w a s a b l e t o d e v o t e
a few days each month a s s i s t i n g i n t h e c a r e of t h e p l a n t e d t r e e s .
Olson mentions a t l e a s t 20 n a t i v e shrubs and trees which were experimented with, though c e r t a i n of these n e v e r progressed beyond the conf i n e s of t h e nursery. The m a j o r i t y of t h e t r e e s t h a t reached t h e f i e l d
c o n s i s t e d of koa and mamani, w i t h Hflina P a l i , Kipuka Nene, Kipuka
Puauluo Namakani P a i o , and Uwekahuna a l l s e r v i n g as p l a n t i n g sites.
Other koa and mamani were used f o r landscaping around t h e Volcano
House and Park Headquarters.
Ranger Olson continued t o spend a g r e a t d e a l of t i m e doing n u r s e r y
work during t h e y e a r 1941. Eugene Horner, of Volcano, Hawaii, was
i n s t r u m e n t a l i n o b t a i n i n g previously u n a v a i l a b l e s e e d l i n g s of alaa
(Sideroxylon a u h a i e n s i s ) and kokio (Kokio r o c k i i ) from the Puuwaawad
area of H F w a i i . Other tree species i n t h e park were a l s o s u c c e s s f u l l y
r a i s e d and planted in t h e f i e l d f o r t h e f i r s t time i n 1941. Notable
(Erythrina sandwicensis) , W ( A 1 p h i t o n i a
among t h e s e were
onderosa),
(Pisonia i n e r m i s ) , n a i o (Myoporum sandwicensis)
:nd manele (Sapindus s a p o n a r i a ) . During X s s f 1941, s c r e e n s were
c o n s t m e d around many of t h e s e e d l i n g s p l a n t e d a t H i l i n a P a l i t o
p r o t e c t them from t h e depredations of t h e g o a t s . Though he was not
t h e f i r s t t o re- introduce coconuts along t h e c o a s t a l a r e a s of t h e
park, Olson p l a n t e d over 175 coconuts alom t h e c o a s t i n e a r l y 1941.
Coconut p l a n t i n g s a r e c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y l i s t e d i n s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s
report.
The events of December 7 , 1941, s p e l l e d an a b r u p t end t o t h i s phase
of t h e park nursery program. Due t o lack of a v a i l a b l e time f o r t r e e
s e e d l i n g c a r e , one might s a y t h a t much of Gunder OlsonsQ work was
undone i n t h e months t h a t followed. Through no f a u l t of his own,
Olson may not have l e f t much v i s i b l e evidence of h i s e f f o r t s ; however,
t h e importance of h i s achievements must not be overlooked. By b r i n g i n g
7
11 d i f f e r e n t n a t i v e s p e c i e s t o t h e t r a n s p l a n t s t a g e , Gunder Olson
provided i r r e f u t a b l e evidence t h a t n a t i v e types could be s u c c e s s f u l l y
propagated by n u r s e r y methods. R e c a l l t h a t t h i s was i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n
t o t h e widespread b e l i e f in t h e T e r r i t o r y t h a t n a t i v e trees were too
hard t o handle t o warrant t h e i r propagation. There is no evidence of
any nursery work during t h e war y e a r s of 1942 and 1943, and I f e e l i t
l e g i t i m a t e t o assume t h a t t h e r e wasnqt any. E a r l y i n 1942 c a t t l e were
a g a i n permitted t o g r a z e park lands a d j a c e n t t o Kipuka Puaulu and Kipuka
K i . The CCC-built f e n c e s around t h e s e a r e a s d i d not remain i n v i o l a t e
t o c a t t l e , though every attempt was made t o chase t r e s p a s s e r s o u t as
quickly a s p o s s i b l e . Superintendent Wingate mentions i n J u l y 1943
t h a t t h e goat population is b u i l d i n g very f a s t and t h a t over 80 of t h e
coconuts p l a n t e d along t h e c o a s t have been destroyed.
ACTIVITY BETWEEN 1944 TO 1948
No one can s t u d y n a t i v e Hawaiian t r e e s with even a c u r s o r y i n t e r e s t
without coming a c r o s s t h e name of Dt. Joseph Rock, world renowned
b o t a n i s t , l i n g u i s t , and e x p l o r e r . He f i r s t studiedKipuka Puaulu i n
1910. H i s book, Indigenous Trees of Hawaii (19131, is a classic publication. During v i s i t s i n 1940 and 1944, he urged t h a t t h e Hational
Park t a k e a c t i o n toward preserving c e r t a i n r a r e n a t i v e f o r e s t trees.
He suggested that a c e r t a i n area w i t h i n the park boundaries be s e t
a s i d e ' a s a b o t a n i c a l reserve. A problem e x i s t e d i n t h a t c e r t a i n of
t h e endangered n a t i v e t r e e s d i d not e x i s t n a t u r a l l y i n e i t h e r t h e
Haleakala o r Kilauea s e c t i o n s of t h e park. I t was Chief Park Ranger
Gunnar 0. Fagerlund who suggested a n a c c e p t a b l e s o l u t i o n . I n a memorandum t o Superintendent Wingate dated November 11, 1944, FagerLund
d e s c r i b e s h i s f e e l i n g s regarding t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of Hawaiian f l o r a :
"The kind of n a t u r e we a r e f i r s t o b l i g a t e d t o p r e s e r v e
does not c o n s i s t so much of i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s as i t does
of t h e n a t u r a l complex assemblage of s p e c i e s , environment a l c o n d i t i o n s and undisturbed processes.
I think the
park should n o t be used f o r preserving rare trees, except
s p e c i e s n a t i v e t o t h e park, i f doing so might impair t h e
p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e n a t u r a l b i o t i c complex.
qgTheurgency of doing something t o save rare Hawaiian
t r e e s from e x t i n c t i o n is n o t questioned. But we have
done very l i t t l e about p e r p e t u a t i n g r a r e t r e e s t h a t a r e
n a t i v e t o t h e park. We should f u l f i l l our r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
before undertaking a f u n c t i o n t h a t is of q u e s t i o n a b l e
policy.
8
I n a second memorandum t o t h e Superintendent, Fagerlund o f f e r s some
p o s i t i v e suggestions which c l e a r l y l a y o u t t h e p a t h t h e nursery is t o
f o l l o w f o r many years. This memorandum is d a t e d November 25, 1944 and
states :
"The method would r e q u i r e propagating t h e rare trees i n
n u r s e r i e s , probably a park nursery and t h e Board of Agricult u r e and F o r e s t r y Nursery i n Hilo. When t h e nursery produced
s t o c k reached t h e proper s i z e they would be p l a n t e d o u t on
various p r i v a t e properties.
The o b j e c t would be t o
i n t e r e s t owners of land property, l a r g e and small, i n a c c e p t i n g
t r e e s f o r p l a n t i n g i n t h e i r gardens, lawns, orchards, groves,
etc.
. .
v'Only w i t h i n t h e park c a n we expect t o p r e s e r v e o r r e - e s t a b l i s h
n a t i v e p l a n t communities. But species c a n be preserved, I
b e l i e v e by t h e method I have b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d herein. T h i s
method would not impose on park policy. Only t r e e s t h a t are
growing, o r once grew i n t h e park, s h o u l d be p l a n t e d on park
land. i)9
I n January 1945, Superintendent Wingate assi gned Z'Rgerlund t h e j o b of
propagating r a r e f l o r a . Much of t h e a c t u a l work was, i n t u r n , passed
down t o Park Ranger C l i f t o n h v i s and Assignee A r t h u r L. M i t c h e l l .
Davis and M i t c h e l l s p e n t much of February making necessary r e p a i r s t o
t h e n u r s e r y which were completed by month@send. March 22 t o 28 was
s p e n t by Davis and M i t c h e l l c o l l e c t i n g p l a n t m a t e r i a l s from the
Puuwaawaa area. D r . Rock had considered t h i s t o be t h e r i c h e s t botani c a l a r e a in t h e i s l a n d s . A. L. M i t c h e l l i n 1945 lists 76 d i f f e r e n t
s p e c i e s of t r e e s occurring i n t h i s a r e a , though some were r e p r e s e n t e d
by only a few examples. Over t h e next 2 y e a r s , Davis was a b l e t o direct
a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of t i m e and e f f o r t toward t h e propagation program,
and a g a i n demonstrated t h a t n a t i v e trees could be germinated and grown
under nursery c o n d i t i o n s . H e found a mixture of 50% white s e a sand
and 50% compost m a t e r i a l as t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y mixture f o r t h e germination of seeds. K i p u h Puaulu and H i l i n a P a l i were t h e sites f o r
t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e t r e e s s e t out. Over 40 w i l i w i l i t r e e s were s e t
o u t a t H i l i n a Pa11 a l o n e , with s u i t a b l e goat- proof e x c l o s u r e s c o n s t r u c t e d
around them. D e t a i l s of p l a n t i n g l o c a t i o n s and s p e c i e s are l i s t e d i n
s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s r e p o r t .
There w a s a good d e a l of e f f o r t expended i n c a r r y i n g out t h e idea of
i n t e r e s t i n g p r i v a t e landowners a s set down by Fagerlund i n t h e previously quoted memorandum. In h i s monthly summary, a a v i s f r e q u e n t l y
makes comments regarding t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of s e e d l i n g s r a i s e d i n t h e
park n u r s e r y t o t h e Board of A g r i c u l t u r e and F o r e s t r y Nursery i n Hilo
and o c c a s i o n a l l y t o o t h e r i s l a n d landowners. The nursery was also t h e
9
s i t e of a t t e m p t s t o germinate rare t r e e s from Nolokai and Naui i n
hopes of e s t a b l i s h i n g them in t h e i r n a t i v e h a b i t a t . This d i d not
r e p r e s e n t an i n t e n t t o use t h e National P a r k as a s a n c t u a r y f o r trees
not n a t i v e t o its boundaries.
C l i f f DavisQ simultaneous a f f i l i a t i o n with i n s e c t s t u d i e s r e s u l t e d i n
improved techniques i n t h e nursery operation. The consequent applicat i o n of i n s e c t i c i d e s r e s u l t e d i n a higher s u r v i v a l rate of p l a n t e d
trees t h a n had been previously achieved.
With t h e t r a n s f e r of Gunnar Fagerlund t o Olympic National Park i n Play
1947, C l i f t o n Davis assumed t h e p o s i t i o n of Acting Chief Ranger. There
seems t o be a n o t a b l e d e c l i n e i n t h e nursery program during t h e following y e a r , due probably t o a lack of a v a i l a b l e manpower.
An event of continuing s i g n i f i c a n c e t h a t took p l a c e between June 1 t o
10, 1948, might be mentioned here. Between t h e s e d a t e s t h e removal of
290 heads of Kapapala Ranch c a t t l e marked t h e end of a u t h o r i z e d g r a z i n g
i n t h e park. Cattle s t i l l o c c a s i o n a l l y wander through h o l e s i n t h e
e x i s t i n g fence; however, t h e neighboring ranches have been most cooperative i n removing t r e s p a s s e r s .
Before h i s s e p a r a t i o n from t h e National Park S e r v i c e , e f f e c t i v e
September 1, 1948, Davis wrote a d e t a i l e d r e p o r t concerning the d e c l i n e
and disappearance of n a t i v e tree species. This r e p o r t and its recommendations were t r a n s m i t t e d t o National Park S e r v i c e B i o l o g i s t Lowell
Sumner. I n a memorandum t o Regional C i r e c t o r 0 . A. Tomlinson dated
December 3, 1948, w i t h c o p i e s b e i r g s e n t t o Park Superintendent
Oberhansley and Net i o n a l Park S e r v i c e C i r e c t o r Newton Drury, Sumner
makes i t q u i t e p l a i n t h a t t h e recommendations made by Davis should
not be ignored.
!'In mainland parks w e s e c u r e many thousands of d o l l a r s f o r
p r o t e c t i o n of important tree s p e c i e s when t h e y are reduced
or threatened with l o c a l e x t i n c t i o n by d i s e a s e ; i n Hawaii
where some a b s o l u t e l y unique t r e e s p e c i e s a l r e a d y have disappeared and o t h e r s have reached t h e vanishing p o i n t , can w e
sit bywhen recommendations are a t hand and r e l a t i v e l y small
amounts of money promise t o rescue t h e disappearing t r e e s ?
. .
''It is u r g e n t l y recommended that t h e Natural History Division
and t h e F o r e s t r y D i v i s i o n i n t h e D i r e c t o r ' s O f f i c e immediately
d e v i s e a rescue program f o r t h e vanishing f o r e s t s p e c i e s and
s e c u r e funds f o r c a r r y i n g o u t t h e programs.'8
Much of the impetus observed during the ensuing 10 p l u s y e a r s must
r e f l e c t back on t h i s r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t a problem d e f i n i t e l y existed and
t h a t remedies were a v a i l a b l e .
10
ACTlVITY BETWEEN 1949 TO 1952
The b r i e f period of quiescence a t t h e nursery came t o a n end when
Ranger Ross Bender took over t h e o p e r a t i o n of the nursery just p r i o r
t o t h e d e p a r t u r e of Davis i n 1948. I previously mentioned t h a t t h e
f u n c t i o n of t h e n u r s e r y wavered through t h e years between t h e mass
production of t h e common forms and c o n c e n t r a t i n g on t h e r a r e r s p e c i e s .
Bender's e a r l y work tended t o emphasize t h e mass production of t h e
common trees, p a r t i c u l a r l y koa and mamani. Large numbers of lcoa and
mamani were p l a n t e d around t h e Volcano House, Park Headquarters ,
Kilauea M i l i t a r y Camp, and t h e park r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n . Other tree6
were planted i n d i s t u r b e d a r e a s i n order t o r e t u r n t h e s i t e t o a more
natural condition.
A l a r g e s c a l e koa r e f o r e s t a t i o n p r o j e c t was i n i t i a t e d during December
1949. The major o b j e c t i v e was t o hasten t h e recovery of t h e koa i n
a r e a s which had previously been s u b j e c t e d t o heavy grazing pressure.
A hoped f o r secondary e f f e c t was r e l a t e d t o t h e idea t h a t f i r e suscept i b l e g r a s s e s would be reduced with t h e establishment of n a t i v e koa
s t a n d s . L i t e r a l l y thousands of koa seeds were c o l l e c t e d , germinated,
and d i s t r i b u t e d on t h e lower s l o p e s of Mauna Loa a d j a c e n t t o t h e Plauna
Loa S t r i p Road. Bender d i d not work e x c l u s i v e l y with koa and mamanf,
but e v i d e n t l y experienced more success w i t h them. H e notes i n February
1950 t h a t t h e propagation of r a r e , n a t i v e trees continues a t a v e r y
slow rate due t o poor seed response.
Ross Bender's t r a n s f e r from t h e P r o t e c t i o n D i v i s i o n t o t h e N a t u r a l i s t
D i v i s i o n i n November 1950 brought t h e nursery work under t h e a u s p i c e s
of the N a t u r a l i s t Division f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . During t h e 30 months
t h a t the nursery p r o j e c t was handled by t h e I n t e r p r e t i v e Division,
t h e r e continued t o be profuse numbers of koa and mamani d i s t r i b u t e d t o
t h e f i e l d , although a d e f i n i t e t r e n d toward g i v i n g t h e r a r e r forms more
a t t e n t i o n is evident. The program was given a s h o t i n t h e am i n
December 1952 when $500 was a l l o c a t e d f o r t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e
n u r s e r y f a c i l i t y . Bark done c o n s i s t e d of extending t h e e x i s t i n g building and r e p a i r i n g t h e o l d one, with t h e funds being expended s o l e l y
f o r material and r a n g e r s and naturalists supplying t h e labor.
ACTIVITY BETWEEN 1953 TO 1959
The Ranger D i v i s i o n a g a i n assumed t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e propagation
program w i t h N a t u r a l i s t Bender@stransfer t o Mount R a i n i e r National Park
e f f e c t i v e Way 1953. Supervisory Park Ranger Elroy Bohlin was delegated
Inasmuch as Bohlin had
t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of contfnuing t h e program.
previously worked i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h Bender, t h e r e was no d e c l i n e
during t h e turnover. Bohlin brought f r e s h ideas and enthusiasm t o t h e
p r o j e c t . In a memorandum t o Chief Ranger Ernest F i e l d dated May 6,
1953, Bohlin d e s c r i b e s some of his i d e a s . A f t e r suggesting minor
11
maintenance needs, he s t a t e s t h e following regarding t h e o p e r a t i o n of
t h e nursery:
vDInt h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e nursery g e n e r a l e f f o r t s w i l l be
made t o propagate r a r e and endangered s p e c i e s a s w e l l as t o
keep a r o t a t i n g s t o c k of t h e more common t r e e s p e c i e s t o be
used i n p l a n t i n g o u t scars,
*'Complete records w i l l be maintained of a l l s t o c k t o show
o r i g i n , d a t e of p l a n t i n g i n nursery, s p e c i e s , method of seed
p r e p a r a t i o n , and where and when t h e s t o c k was t r a n s p l a n t e d
i n the field.
'vAppropriate e f f o r t s w i l l be made t o s e c u r e s e e d s and cuttings
from w i t h i n t h e park.
"Plantings w i l l be done i n t h e f i e l d i n a s y s t e m a t i c and
planned manner w i t h t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n
being the prime consideration.@p
The o r i g i n a l r e c o r d s of nursery work done subsequent t o t h i s memorandum
are maintained i n t h e park l i b r a r y . P e r t i n e n t information from t h e s e
notes is incorporated i n s e c t i o n 2 of t h i s r e p o r t .
The f l u c t u a t i o n s in t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e park nursery decreased s h a r p l y
i n January 1954, I n h i s monthly r e p o r t t o t h e Superintendent, Chief
Ranger F i e l d s t a t e d :
" Future nursery work w i l l be more concerned w i t h t h e propag a t i o n of rare and endangered s p e c i e s r a t h e r t h a n mass prod u c t i o n of koa,ss
In h i s March n a r r a t i v e t o t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , F i e l d reiterates this
s t a b i l i z a t i o n of purpose.
''During t h e month 233 koa seeds were p l a n t e d o u t ; 78 a t Tree
Molds, 22 a t o l d c r u s h e r a r e a , and 133 a t old CCC Camp. This
g e n e r a l l y concludes t h e koa p l a n t i n g program and f u t u r e e f f o r t s
w i l l be d i r e c t e d t o t h e propagation of r a r e and endangered
specf es
.
An i n t e r e s t i n g s i d e l i g h t that w e l l i l l u s t r a t e s one of t h e problems
involved occurred i n February 1954 when the g o a t e x c l o s u r e s c o n s t r u c t e d
by N i t c h e l l and Davis a t H i l i n a P a l i i n 1946 and 1957 were removed i n
o r d e r t o enhance t h e view. O r i g i n a l l y placed t o p r o t e c t t h e young
trees from t h e g o a t s , i t was thought a t t h e t i m e t h a t t h e g o a t populat i o n was s u f f i c i e n t l y reduced t o j u s t i f y t h e removal of t h e screens.
With less p r e s s u r e , t h e g o a t s q u i c k l y demonstrated t h e i r r e p r o d u c t i v e
12
prowess.
planted.
Today only 3 w i l i w i l i trees remain of t h e more t h a n 40
Bohlin's afore-mentioned memorandum of Flay 6 , 1953, comments t h a t e f f o r t s
would be made t o secure the needed p l a n t i n g m a t e r i a l s from w i t h i n t h e
park. Being t h a t c e r t a i n trees t h a t formerly existed i n t h e p a r k could
no longer be found t h e r e , and o t h e r s d i d not b e a r seed o r were t o o
i s o l a t e d t o v i s i t f r e q u e n t l y , i t wasnet always p o s s i b l e t o s e c u r e seeds
and c u t t i n g s l o c a l l y . The Puuwaawaa a r e a once a g a i n provided a u s e f u l
source f o r some s p e c i e s ; however, the primary source w a s t h e T e r r i t o r i a l
Nursery i n Hilo. Associate F o r e s t e r L. W. Bryan, i n a l e t t e r of Superintendent John Wosky dated March 15, 1954, expresses h i s w i l l i n g n e s s
t o assist.
g'I r e c e n t l y discussed t h i s m a t t e r ( r a r e and e x t i n c t p l a n t s )
with Ranger Bohlin informally and t o l d him t h a t we had on
hand here i n our Hilo Nursery a number of s p e c i e s of r a r e
Hawaiian p l a n t s excess t o our immediate needs and t h a t i f
t h e park so d e s i r e d , I would be w i l l i n g t o p l a c e some of
them a t your d i s p o s a l f o r p l a n t i n g i n t h e Kipuka Puaulu o r
elsewhere i n t h e park boundaries. O9
A change of a t t i t u d e regarding t h e v a l u e of propagating rare n a t i v e
trees i n t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery is evident. A g r e a t many of t h e t r e e s
p l a n t e d i n t h e park subsequent t o 1953 were germinated i n t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery f o r which they have our l a s t i n g g r a t i t u d e .
Three days before h i s t r a n s f e r t o t h e mainland on January 14, 1955,
Bohlin states h i s views regarding t h e value of continuing t h e nursery
program. The f i r s t paragraph merely re-emphasizes t h e needs t h a t
exist i n t h e park; t h e second paragraph, however, a l l u d e s t o a temptat i o n which has o c c a s i o n a l l y presented d i f f i c u l t i e s . H i s l a s t sentence
states:
ggA few of t h e p l a n t s a r e only rare i n t h e area mentioned but
p l a n t s were p l e n t i f u l i n t h e a r e a previously. A few of these
are extremely r a r e and growing o u t s i d e Hawaii National Park.
If they can grow i n areas i n the park i t would be a means of
perpetuating t h e species.
I t is o f t e n d i f f i c u l t f o r a n i n d i v i d u a l not f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s
of t h e National P a r k S e r v i c e t o understand t h a t propagating rare p l a n t
forms not o r i g i n a l l y found i n t h e park is not c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e
S e r v i c e policy. The National Park S e r v i c e a t t e m p t s t o maintain, o r
where necessary and f e a s i b l e , r e s t o r e t h e p a r k environment i n a condit i o n as similar as p o s s i b l e t o t h a t f i r s t observed by f o r e i g n v i s i t o r s .
I n February 1957,Dr. Rock p e r s o n a l l y wrote o u t a list of 48 s p e c i e s
which he recommended f o r i n c l u s i o n i n a p l a n t i n g program. Some of
13
t h e s e , though c e r t a i n l y worthy of being c l a s s i f i e d as endangered,
simply could n o t be d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h i n t h e park and be regarded a s
p a r t of t h e n a t u r a l scene. There remains i n t h e park examples of
species t h a t i n a l l probability are not i n t h e i r natural habitat.
This makes i t even more imperative t h a t we have a fundamental unders t a n d i n g of t h e o r i g i n a l c o n s t i t u e n t s of t h e p l a n t i n g site.
Two i n d i v i d u a l s must be c r e d i t e d w i t h doing a high percentage of t h e
f i e l d work between 1953 and 1964. F o r e s t r y Technician Antone Medeiros
had helped Gunder Olson c a r e f o r p l a n t e d trees as e a r l y as 1940 and
took a n a c t i v e p a r t i n a l l succeeding programs u n t i l h i s r e t i r e m e n t
i n 1962. H i s s u c c e s s o r , John P. Hauanio, Jr., who had a s s i s t e d
Medeiros during t h e i n t e n s e l y a c t i v e nursery program of t h e middle
1 9 5 0 ' ~took
~
over t h e f i e l d work following MedeirosP retirement.
I n t e r e s t e d s u p e r v i s o r s , t o o numerous t o c r e d i t i n d i v i d u a l l y , scheduled
t h e t i m e necessary and p e r s o n a l l y supervised as much of t h e f i e l d work
as time permitted.
I n keeping w i t h B o h l i n D s p o l i c y , p r e c i s e r e c o r d s
were kept of a l l trees p l a n t e d i n t h e f i e l d ; i n a d d i t i o n , t o f a c i l i t a t e f i e l d care, a s t a k e w a s placed by each p l a n t e d t r e e w i t h t h e
d a t e and s p e c i e s number recorded. The prime s o u r c e of p l a n t i n g s t o c k
continued t o be t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery, w i t h e f f e c t i v e a s s i s t a n c e
from Associate F o r e s t e r L. W. Bryan. The p e r i o d of g r e a t e s t s u s t a i n e d
a c t i v i t y w a s between 1953 through e a r l y 1959. The m a j o r i t y of t h e
v i s i b l e evidence t h a t p r e s e n t l y remains of t h e p a s t propagation work
can be traced t o t h a t period. Monthly r e p o r t s r e v e a l t h a t c a r e f u l
f i e l d c a r e enabled a worthwhile percentage of t h e p l a n t e d trees t o
become e s t a b l i s h e d .
ACTIVITY FROM 1859 TO PRESENT
A d e c l i n e i n t h e nursery o p e r a t i o n is apparent between 1959 and 1961.
W e n t h e nursery program appears t o wane, t h e cause can u s u a l l y be
t r a c e d t o one of two f a c t o r s . The f i r s t of t h e s e involves t h e transf e r r i n g of key s u p e r v i s o r y personnel, w i t h t h e accompanying changes
i n viewpoint and a r e a s of work emphasis. The second r e a s o n i s t h e
v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n . The tremendous amount o f work a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a
p e r i o d of v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y n a t u r a l l y takes precedence over a l l existing programs. S i x s e p a r a t e e r u p t i o n s marked t h e 3 y e a r s of 1959, 1960,
and 1961, which can e a s i l y absorb t h e blame f o r t h e noted abatement of
o t h e r work programs.
A park V o r e s t r y P r o t e c t i o n and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Prospectus,qa d a t e d
February 1961, stressed t h e thought t h a t t h e r e remained a need f o r
a d d i t i o n a l propagation work. I t comments:
?lThe small n u r s e r y a t Park Headquarters wi 11 be r e - a c t i v a t e d
t o produce some of t h e more e a s i l y grown p l a n t s which w i l l
be used t o cover scars such a s abandoned roadsois
14
A r e t u r n t o emphasizing mass production of t h e more common forms is
e v i d e n t here. There was a l a r g e p l a n t i n g e f f o r t i n t h e s p r i n g of
1962; however, t h i s was l a r g e l y a landscaping program u t i l i z i n g common
trees and shrubs, which were t r a n s p l a n t e d r a t h e r t h a n n u r s e r y grown.
R e g r e t t a b l y , some of t h e p l a n t i n g records of 1963 and 1964 have been
l o s t , but a l l a v a i l a b l e information i n d i c a t e s a small number of plantings. The l a s t recorded p l a n t i n g s from t h e n u r s e r y were made i n March
1964. The d i r e c t i n g of more t i m e and manpower toward t h e c o n t r o l of
t h e f e r a l goats c a n be s i n g l e d o u t as t h e predominant reason f o r t h i s
c u r t a i l m e n t of t h e nursery o p e r a t i o n during t h e l a s t 3% years.
E f f o r t s have been made during t h e l a s t 2 y e a r s t o e s t a b l i s h a few
b r e a d f r u i t t r e e s (Artocarpus communis) and coconut (Cocos n u c i f e r a )
groves along t h e c o a s t a l areas of t h e park. Of t h e seven b r e a d f r u i t
trees p l a n t e d , f o u r s t i l l s u r v i v e and appear t o be doing n i c e l y . A l l
are growing i n a r e a s of former human h a b i t a t i o n . Between 500 t o 600
coconuts were p l a n t e d i n 1965, 1966, and 1967 along t h i s c o a s t . The
m a j o r i t y of t h e s e were a l s o planted n e a r sites of former human habitat i o n . I t w a s through t h e i n i t i a t i v e of Supervisory Park Ranger
Theodore Picco, w i t h t h e h e l p of John Hauanio, Jr., t h a t most of
t h e s e trans p l a n t s were made.
Although p r e s e n t l y i n need of r e p a i r s , t h e park nursery s t i l l exists
in a u s a b l e condition. C e r t a i n f a c t o r s would seem t o i n d i c a t e a cont i n u i n g need f o r a small- scale program. The f i r s t and most obvious
f a c t o r is t h e p e r p e t u a l g o a t problem, w i t h c u r r e n t estimates s h o w i n g
between 5,000 and 10,000 s o a t s s t i l l roaming t h e park. A more i n s i d i o u s
f a c t o r is t h e dense cover of e x o t i c g r a s s e s and shrubs covering l a r g e
s e c t i o n s of t h e park. Seeds from t h e few remaining examples of some
tree s p e c i e s are not a b l e t o germinate and grow i n t h i s t h i c k matting.
Often t h e s e e d s a r e unable t o even reach t h e s o i l i n which they might
e s t a b l i s h themselves.
The Kalapana e x t e n s i o n road has provided easy a c c e s s t o p o r t i o n s of
t h e park formerly d i f f i c u l t t o reach. A number of t h e tree s p e c i e s
. i n m o s t c r i t i c a l need of a s s i s t a n c e occupy, or formerly occupied, h a b i t a t
a d j a c e n t t o t h i s road. As both g o a t s and introduced ground v e g e t a t i o n
a r e s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s below 2,500 f e e t , f u t u r e propagation e f f o r t s
should emphasize t h i s h a b i t a t . Much of t h e p a s t e f f o r t has been
d i r e c t e d toward Kipuka Puaulu. I n some cases, though c e r t a i n l y not
a l l , t r e e s p e c i e s have been r e - e s t a b l i s h e d i n numbers probably compar a b l e t o p r e - c a t t l e days. I t is c r u c i a l o however, t h a t we remain
cognizant of t h e c u r r e n t s t a t u s and n o t a b l e t r e n d s of each n a t i v e tree
species i n t h e park.
15
I t is on an o p t i m i s t i c note t h a t t h e nursery a c t i v i t y can be brought
up t o date. The r e t u r n of former Park N a t u r a l i s t G a r r e t t Smathers t o
t h e park as a Research Biologist adds tremendous p o t e n t i a l t o t h e
nursery program. SmathersO plans t o use t h e nursery both as a greenhouse and as a laboratory. He i s preparing t o c a r r y out s t u d i e s covering, among o t h e r t h i n g s , s o i l a n a l y s i s , seed d i s p e r s a l and germination,
and s e e d l i n g growth.
New knowledge thus gained, combined with p a s t
knowledge and experience, w i l l present new methods of insuring t h e
s u r v i v a l of each i n t e g r a l species i n t h e park.
SW R Y
The i n t r o d u c t i o n of goats and c a t t l e has s e r i o u s l y reduced many of t h e
unique t r e e forms t h a t have evolved i n t h e Hawaiian Islands. Some of
t h e s e have t o t a l l y disappeared from t h e i r former h a b i t a t while o t h e r s
are represented by only a few s c a t t e r e d examples. The introduced g o a t s
and c a t t l e have destroyed t h e seedlings t h a t are a b l e t o germinate.
Introduced g r a s s e s and shrubs add another f a c t o r l i m i t i n g n a t u r a l
reproduction. The s e e d s , providing t h a t they reach t h e ground end
germinate, are not able t o survive i n t h e dense underbrush. The park
nursery was set up i n order t o re- establish some of these types i n
t h e i r natfve h a b i t a t , thus perpetuating t h e species.
16
PLANTING SITES AND DATES
Pritchardia lanigera
loulu palm
The loulu palm is native to the wet rain forests of Hawaii up to about
2,000 feet. There are several growi% along Wright Road in the Olaa
Forest Tract. It grows in the park only as the result of plantings
done by the park staff. A few still can be seen in Kipuka Puaulu and
around the Old Volcano House.
Date
11/7/55
4/29/59
4/29/59
4/31/59
5/7/59
?
3
2
Number
2
3
12
2
3
37*
9+
5*
73+
-
Locat ion
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
Headquarters
Park utility area
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
Mamalahoa Highway
Kipuka Ki
Thurston Lava Tube
A March 1961 survey showed 5 in Kipuka Puaulu, 9 in Kipuka Kir 5 at
Thurston Lava Tube, 4 at the Old Volcano House, 9 in the park utility
area, and 37 along the Mamalahoa Highway. Except for those few still
existing in Kipuka Puaulu and around the Old Volcano House, these did
not survive.
Records show that those planted in 1955 came from the Territorial
Nursery in Hilo. Though not substantiated by official records, it
seems reasonable to assume the majority were from that source.
Dracaena hawaiiensis
ha lapepe
This unique tree occurs naturally in dry areas on the leeward s i d e s
of all the islands in the group. It is common in the Puuwaawaa area
of Hawaii. Only a very few endure in the park; two of these prow
along the top of Poliokeawe Pali.
L
17
Date
-
Number
Location
8/23/24
4/46
?
?
Kipuka Puaulu
Hilina Pali
9/4/46
2 124154
5/12/54
4
111 8 / 5 5
1111/57
5
4
2
2
2 5+
Hilina P a l i
H i l i n a Pali
Ainahou Boundary
Fence
!iilina P a l i
Uilina Pali
H i l i n a Pali
Hilina P a l i
1213 /58
12/4/58
2
6
-
Did n o t s u r v i v e winter.
Planted because of known
resistance t o insects.
The m a j o r i t y of t h o s e p l a n t e d between 1854 and 1858 were obtained from
,
t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
I t has been noted t h a t , though e a s i l y propagated by r o o t c u t t i l l g s , t h e
tree is d i f f i c u l t t o b r i n g t o m a t u r i t y . This is evidenced by t h e f a c t
that t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e of t h o s e p l a n t e d i n t h e park is zero.
Urera sandwicens is
opuhe
V a r i e t i e s of t h i s tree c a n be found on a l l t h e i s l a n d s , though occas i o n a l l y i n forms c l o s e l y resembling shrubs. I t f a v o r s areas where
moderate t o heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n occurs. The tree c a n e a s i l y be l o c a t e d
i n IZipuka Puaulu. The Bioecological A t l a s s t a t e s t h a t i t can a l s o be
found around Malcaopuhi C r a t e r and Kane Nui o Hamo, though i t must be
considered r a r e i n t h e s e areas.
DPte
-
Number
7/41
23
4/29/58
24
1
A r t ocarpus i nc i sa
Locat i o n
Comments
?
Probably Kipuka Puaulu,
no r e c o r d found.
A male tree.
Kipuka Puaulu
ulu
breadfruit t r e e
Like t h e coconut, t h e u l u tree was carried by t h e Polynesians i n t h e i r
t r a v e l s and was p l a n t e d by them wherever they stopped. I n t h e park
t h e r e a r e a f e w mature trees near t h e lower end of Maulu F o r e s t and
a n o t h e r t h r e e o r f o u r growing along t h e base of Holei P a l i . Young
trees have r e c e n t l y been p l a n t e d a t Wahaula Heiau and Ramoamoa C a p ground.
Date
Spring/66
Summer/ 66
Summer 166
Sp r i ng /6 7
Spr ingl67
Number
1
2
1
2
1
-
Locat i o n
Comments
Wahaula
Wahau l a
ICamoamoa
Wahaula
Kamoamoa
Thriving i n summer 1967.
Did not s u r v i v e summer.
Died immediately.
A l i v e , f a l l 1967.
A l i v e , f a l l 1967.
7
None of t h e s e tees were grown i n t h e park nursery.
and p l a n t e d by T. L. Picco.
Santalum e l l i p t i c u m v a r . p a n i c u l a t m
They were obtained
sandlewood
There has been disagreement i n t h e p a s t regarding t h e s p e c i e s name of
t h e saldlewood growing i n t h e Kilauea area. The above name is t h a t
used by t h e Atlas. The t r e e is b o t a n i c a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g because of its
p a r t i a l dependance upon o t h e r t r e e s f o r nourishment. Some of t h e r o o t s
grow i n t o and become a t t a c h e d t o t h e r o o t s of t h e h o s t trees, a f a c t
t h a t must be remembered i n t r a n s p l a n t i n g . I t is found n a t u r a l l y i n
both moderately w e t and dry f o r e s t s as low as 2,000 f e e t and as high
as 6,700 f e e t i n t h e park.
Date
8/23/24
9/40
1/49
7/52
2/13/62
6/21/63
Number
?
7
100
37
2
5
1519
-
Locat i o n
Comments
Ki puka Puau l u
D i d not s u r v i v e w i n t e r .
?
A l l over Kilauea
area
Kipuka Puaulu
Old Uwekahuna Road
Headquarters lawn
and Thurston Lava
Tube/cutof f road
j unc t i on.
P l a n t e d by Boy Scouts.
Because e x a c t l o c a t i o n s of o l d p l a n t i n g sites remain unknown, it is
n o t p o s s i b l e t o a c c u r a t e l y e s t i m a t e s u r v i v a l r a t e s . Some s t i l l do
s u r v i v e i n Kipuka Puaulu and around t h e Headquarters a r e a .
Charpentiera obovata
papala
The s p e c i e s obovata is found on a l l t h e i s l a n d s of t h e group. I t
reaches its b e s t development i n dry f o r e s t s but can also be found i n
wetter zones. The only examples i n t h e park a r e found i n Kipuka
Puaulu.
19
Date
1947
1948
9/53
5/4/54
3/19/58
4/29/58
11113158
11/17/58
4130159
3/3/64
Number
?
24+
Comments
Locat ion
Kipuka
Kipuka
X i pulca
Kipuka
Kipuka
Kipuka
K i puka
Xipuka
Kipuka
Kipulta
Puaulu
Puaulu
Puau l u
Puaulu
Puaulu
Puaulu
Puau l u
Puaulu
Puaulu
Puaulu
I n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , t h o s e planted between 1953 and 1959 were a l l
obtained from t h e Hilo Nursery.
Recent o b s e r v a t i o n shows e i g h t g r o w i w n e a r t h e s e l f - g u i d i n g n a t u r e
trail.
P i s o n i a inermis
papa la-kepau
Tree is n a t i v e t o t h e i s l a n d , f a v o r i n g semi- arid a r e a o b u t a l s o occurring i n moist h a b i t a t . I t is n a t i v e t o Kipuka Puaulu arid has been
introduced t o Kipuka K i . These a r e t h e only p l a c e s i n t h e park from
which i t has been reported.
CI
Date
11141
11/7/55
2/ia/57
4120 157
8120157
8/22/57
11/23/57
1/23 158
1/27/58
11/7/58
3/3/64
Number
25
5
2
25
4
6
24
5
3
2
9
110
-
Loc a t i o n
Comments
?
Probably Kipuka Puaulu.
Kipuka Puaulu
K i puka Ilene
Kipulca K i
Mamakani Pa i o
Namakani Paio
Xipuka K i
Kipuka l<i
Old Volcano House
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
One s t i l l t h e r e biarch 1961.
Four sti 11 t h e r e Piarch 1961.
Ln the March 1961 s u r v e y , 33 p l a n t e d trees were counted, probably a
minimal figure- 23 of t h e s e were counted i n Kipuka 1Ci. The t r e e is
w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a t both Kipuka K i and Xipuka Puaulu and reproducing
n a t u r a l l y . Additional a t t e m p t s t o propagate t h i s s p e c i e s would not
seem j u s t i f i e d a t t h e present.
20
Pittosporum hosmeri var. s a i n t - i o h n i i
Pittosporum hosmeri var. longifolium
hoawa
There are over 70 s p e c i e s of t h i s genus occurring i n t h e Hawaiian
I s l a n d s , 6 of which have been r e p o r t e d from t h e park ( A t l a s ) . P. hosmeri
var. s a i n t - j o h n i i is t h e v a r i e t y t $ a t occurs i n t h e park as a result of
nursery p l a n t i n g s , although P. hosmeri var. longifolium is a l s o found
i n Kipuka Puaulu and records show t h a t p l a n t i n g s of t h i s v a r i e t y have
been made.
Date
8/23/24
3/45
5/46
5/4/54
11/7/55
3/25/56
8/57
8/2/62
Number
Loca t i on
Comments
L i s t e d as var. longifolium
From Puuwaawaa; d i e d , most
l i k e l y s i t e was Kipuka
Puaulu.
Transplanted from Great
Crack.
?
Kipuka Puaulu
5
?
several
?
6
13
5
4
7
40+
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
Ptamakani Pal o
Namakani Paio
Kipuka K i
Though not completely a u t h e n t i c a t e d , i t is reasonable t o assume t h a t
most t r e e s p l a n t e d subsequent t o May 4, 1954,came from t h e T e r r i t o r i a l
Nursery.
Nursery n o t e s show t h a t t h e s e e d s were extremely d i f f i c u l t t o germinate.
March 1961 survey i n d i c a t e s a t o t a l of 15 s u r v i v i n g t r e e s of t h e 409
planted- 11 i n Kipuka Puaulu and 4 i n Mamakani Paio.
Acacia koa
lcoa
Koa is t h e dominant f o r e s t type on Nauna h a between 4,000 and 7,000
f e e t . I t a l s o is found, but much less f r e q u e n t l y , i n t h e middle f o r e s t
zones a t lower e l e v a t i o n . During t h e p a s t 25 y e a r s , thousands of s e e d s
and c u t t i n g s have been d i s t r i b u t e d both on &una Loa and i n t h e Xilauea
region. The following c a n only be considered a s the most a c c u r a t e
approximation t h a t c o u l d be compiled.
21
Date
-
Number
Location
8/40
3/41
1949
182
3
3,000
1950
100,000
3/51
9/51
7/52
9/52
3/53
100
85
240
300
233
Kipuka Puaulu
Headquarters
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
Kilauea area
10/12/53
10/22/53
12/53
2/15/54
3/ 16/54
1956
11/57
11/57
3/9/58
10/59
128
Old CCC Camp
Tree Molds
O l d Volcano House
Tree Molds
Tree Molds
Namakani Paio
Hilina P a l i
Old Volcano House
Kipuka Nene
Mama Loa S t r i p Road
.
166
50
17
73
51
45
?
?
80
104,753+
Kipuka Puaulu
?
Many places
Mauna Loa
Transplanted from e x i s t i n g
groves.
These were seeds t h a t were
c o l l e c t e d and processed
and put o u t on Nauna
Loa s s lopes
Areas l i s t e d i n f i r s t
s e c t ion.
Seed germination s u c c e s s w a s recorded as high as 95% i n 1949, w i t h no
a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e d e t e c t e d with d i f f e r e n t s o i l mixtures. The
s o i l mixture most commonly used c o n s i s t e d of 5/8 Nauna Loa s o i l , 2 / 8
Glenwood, and 1/8 sand and manure. Many of t h e seeds were found t o
germinate f a s t e r i f soaked i n H2S04 f o r 4 minutes, but s u r v i v a l r a t e
w a s not notably higher.
E r y t h r i n a monosperma
wil i w i l i
Tree is a f e a t u r e of the d r y , h o t a r e a s from sea l e v e l t o about 1,500
f e e t on a l l t h e i s l a n d s . A few remain i n t h e park along Poliokeawe
and Puueo P a l i s and q u i t e a number i n t h e PUM corner of t h e park.
Ifllina P a l l is probably above optimum h a b i t a t .
22
Date
-
Number
8/23/24
1/41
7/41
8/45
10145
12/45
1950
3/51
5111154
5/11/54
5/12/54
8
20
5
115
27
3
12
2/17/55
55
2/18/55
12
289+
?
16
6
10
Locat i o n
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
Hilina P a l i
Hilina Pali
Hilina Pali
Hilina P a l i
3ilina Pali
Hilina Pali
Hilina P a l i
Hilina Pali
Kipuka Nene
J e e p road t o
Ainahou from
Kipuka Nene
Along H i l i n a
P a l i Road
500 yards e a s t ,
1 m i l e from
Ainahou f e n c e
Seed from Punaluu a r e a .
Seed from Punaluu a r e a .
As of August 1967, t h e r e were t h r e e trees s t i l l s u r v i v i n g a t iji1iM
P a l i . This is the sum t o t a l of t h e s u r v i v i n g t r e e s i n t h e park t h a t
r e s u l t e d from a r t i f i c i a l p l a n t i n g s .
Seed s o u r c e s , i n a d d i t i o n t o Punaluu mentioned above, also included
Puuwaawaa and t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
Grinding through t h e p e r i c a r p w a s found t o g i v e t h e h i g h e s t germinat i o n success. T r e a t i n g s e e d s w i t h H2SO4 f o r 4 minutes a l s o used w i t h
success. A s o i l mixture of 518 Mauna Loa s o i l , 2 1 8 Glenwood s o i l ,
and 118 sand and manure was used s u c c e s s f u l l y i n 1954.
Sophora chrysophylla
mamani
With t h e exception of Oahu and Molokai, t h e mamani t r e e is n a t i v e t o
a l l t h e islands. I t is found i n s u i t a b l e h a b i t a t from s e a level t o
10,000 f e e t , reaching i t s b e s t development i n t h e Kilauea region of
t h e park. Like koa, this t r e e h a s b e e n p r o p a g a t e d i n profuse numbers
f o r a v a r i e t y of purposes. The following must be regarded only as a
compilation of a v a i l a b l e r e c o r d s and may be only p a r t i a l l y complete.
23
-
Date
-
Rumber
Xi puka Puau l u
?
8/23/24
1/40
several
5
4
3
25
10
3
30
15
4
6
8/40
8/40
9140
1/41
1/41
4/41
6/41
7 141
11/41
5/45
250
25
1,500
1/49
9/51
1950
64
25
49
18
23
11130153
5/54
5/54
5/54
6 124154
8/20/57
10/24/57
8
7
1
17
1
2,093.t
11/57
11/1/57
3/26 158
Comments
Location
Kipuka Nene,
Hilina P a l i
Namakani Paio
Uwekahuna
?
Hilina P a l i
Seacoast
Hilina P a l i
Exact s i t e not mentioned.
?
Probably Hilina P a l i
Hilina Pali
?
Super intendent Os
residence
Kilauea area
Headquarters
Ki lauea
Processed (seeds) i n
nursery and s e t out where
n a t u r a l reproduction not
occurring. Some seeds
processed in Hilo.
Rilauea area
Residential area
O l d Volcano House
Uweka huna
Old Volcano !louse
Plamakani Paio
Lipuka K i
Hilina P a l i
f?Tamakani Pa i o
Bilina P a l i
As w i t h koa, impossible t o a s c e r t a i n s u r v i v a l percentages.
There a r e
presently t r e e s around t h e Hilina P a l i s h e l t e r t h a t were planted t h e r e ,
likewise i n the r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n and Headquarters area.
I n 1953, 57% germination success was noted by soaking seeds i n H2S04
f o r 4 minutes. The s o i l mixture used was t h e same a s t h a t used w i t h
Eryt h r ina
.
Mezoneuron kauainsis
uhiuhi
Though native t o a l l t h e islands, t h e t r e e is not extremely rare. Dr.
Rock s t a t e s t h a t t h e only place t h e t r e e is found on Hawaii is i n t h e
24
Korth Kona area, where he observed its b e s t development (1913).
p l a n t e d i n t h e park, none c u r r e n t l y exist t h e r e .
Date
Number
Location
Comments
8/23 / 24
11/45
-
Kipuka Puaulu
11/13/57
11/22/57
11/30/57
4/3/58
4/13/58
4/3/58
7
Hilina P a l i
Namakani Paio
Old Volcano House
Hilina Pali
Hilina Pali
Kipuka Nene
?
1
1
3
3
3
-
Though
-
Grown i n park nursery; s e n t
t o T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
189
Of t h e 18 p l a n t e d , s u r v i v a l percentage is zero.
Kipuka Nene i n March 1961 but is not t h e r e now.
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. gemfnicarpum
Fagara
One s t i l l e x i s t e d in
ae
Three s p e c i e s of t h e Genus Zanthoxylum (Xanthoxylum i n Rock, 1913) have
been r e p o r t e d from Kipuka Puaulu but o n l y t h e above was found by
Lamoureux i n 1963. Dr. Howard Powers has l o c a t e d 2 seeding a d u l t s i n
Kipuka Puaulu w i t h a t least 10 s e e d l i n g s around them. There is a l s o
one f i n e old t r e e a d j a c e n t t o t h e n a t u r e t r a i l n e a r t h e "giant koa"
turn- off. The p l a n t i n g records from t h e 40°s s p e c i f y t h e s p e c i e s
dipetalum.
Date
Number
10146
1948
3/3/64
Location
Comments
8
3
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
?
?
11+
Probably Kipuka Puaulu.
Davis remarked i n 1945 t h a t it took 74 days f o r u n t r e a t e d s e e d s t o
germinate
.
A l e u r i t e s moluccana
kukuf nut
Occurs i n both dry and w e t f o r e s t s on both leeward and windward s i d e s .
I t is common on a l l t h e i s l a n d s from sea l e v e l t o 2,000 f e e t .
25
Date
Number
7/41
5/4/54
5/ 13/54
4
2
1 2 115/54
1/6/55
2/55
3/58
3
2
1
3
24
9
-
Loca t i o n
Comments
Hilina P a l i
K i puka Puau l u
K i puka Nene
Seed source w a s lone tree
on pali below Kipuka Nene.
Kipuka Puaulu
i<ipulca Nene
K i puka Nene
Kipulta Puaulu
Warch 1961 count showed seven s u r v i v i n g t r e e s - s i x i n Kipuka Puaulu and
one i n Kipuka Nene.
S o i l mixture used s u c c e s s f u l l y i n 1954 w a s same as t h a t used f o r
E r y t h r i n a w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of 2 t o 3 inches of wood shavings on t o p .
Antidesma pulvinatum
hame
Hame is found i n s u i t a b l e dry f o r e s t zones, o c c a s i o n a l l y wandering i n t o
w e t t e r f o r e s t s , on a l l t h e i s l a n d s . I t reaches i t s b e s t development
between 1,500 and 2,000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n . Naulu F o r e s t is t h e o n l y l o c a l i t y from w h i c h i t h a s been r e p o r t e d from t h e park. P o s s i b l y a few planti n g s s t i l l s u r v i v e i n Kipuka Puaulu but I e v e been unable t o l o c a t e any.
Date
8/20/57
8/22/57
8/27/57
9/19/57
2/18/58
2/18/58
3/3/58
3/10/58
Number
6
4
a
3
6
1
1
33
4
Location
Comments
Namakani Paio
Namakani Paio
K i puka Puau l u
Hilina P a l i
Kipuka Nene
Hilina P a l i
liilina P a l i
Kipuka Nene
Two s t i l l t h e r e March 1961.
The Narch 1961 survey i n d i c a t e d s i x growing a t t h a t time i n Kipuka
Puaulu.
Sapindus s a p o n a r i a
mane l e
soapberry
A t r e e of t h e middle f o r e s t zone, reaching its b e s t developmefit a t about
4,000 f e e t on t h e slopes of biauna Loa and a t a s l i g h t l y lower e l e v a t i o n
i n Puuwaawaa a r e a of North Kona. I t is n a t i v e t o both Kipuka Puaulu
and Kipuka Ki and is a very conspicuous component of t h e v e g e t a t i o n i n
t h e s e kipukas.
26
Date
-
Number
9/41
1/50
10/12/53
3/24/56
3/21/56
8120157
10123157
1111/57
11/4/57
11/10/57
11/13/57
11/22/57
11130 157
2/18/58
6/21/63
6/21/63
60
8
7
5
15
?
3
1
20
2
?
9
3
5
?
1
13%-
Loc a t i on
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
Namakani Paio
Namakani Paio
Kipuka Mene
Comments
Near g a t e t o s t r i p road.
?
O l d Volcano House
Hilina P a l i
Namakani P a i o
Namakani Paio
Milina P a l i
Mamaltani Paio
Old Volcano House
Kipuka Nene
J unc t i onBeadquarters/
Lava Tube
Kipuka Puaulu
March 1961 count i n d i c a t e d s i x i n Nanakani Paio and two a t Kipuka Nene.
This does not include t h o s e planted i n 1941 o r 1950.
kau i la
Alphitonia ponderosa
There are t w o genera of trees t h a t a r e commonly c a l l e d k a u i l a . The only
one found i n t h e park is Alphitonia and can be l o c a t e d i n f r e q u e n t l y i n
t h e dry middle f o r e s t . The b e s t population grows i n the Naulu F o r e s t .
The o t h e r genus, Colubrina, has been introduced i n t h e p a r k b u t f a i l e d
to establish itself.
Date
-
Number
8/23/24
11141
4/51
2 1 11153
2 1 16/53
5/12/54
11/8/55
11/10157
10123157
.
?
8
35
5
3
6
3
2
2
64+
-
Loc a t i on
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
L i s t e d as Colubrina.
?
Hilina P a l i
Kipuka Nene
Kipuka Puaulu
Between Kipuka Nene
and Ainahou Ranch
Hilina Pali
Kipuka Mene
Xipuka Nene
Placed i n goat exclosure.
From Terri t o r i a1 Nursery.
One of t h o s e p l a n t e d s t i l l exists i n Kipuka Nene and one i n Kipuka
Puau1u
27
COCOS n u c i f e r a
coconut
The t r e e t h r i v e s i n s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n s on o r n e a r t h e c o a s t i n t r o p i c a l
and semi- tropical c o u n t r i e s a l l over t h e world. In Hawaii t h e r e has
been debate regarding t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of i t s e s t a b l i s h i n g i t s e l f without human a s s i s t a n c e . There is no doubt that e a r l y Polynesians brought
i t with them when t h e y s e t t l e d i n Hawaii. Human hands have been responsible f o r t h e o r i g i n a l establishment of many of t h e groves seen i n
t h e islands.
I t was through t h e i n i t i a t i v e and a s s i s t a n c e of T e r r i t o r i a l F o r e s t e r
W. Bryan i n 1925 t h a t a coconut grove w a s s t a r t e d a t Halape, t h e
o r i g i n a l idea being t o provide l i q u i d f o r t h i r s t y t r a v e l e r s . Present
Super intendent Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., c o l l e c t e d and summarized p e r t i n e n t
d a t a connected with Halape p l a n t i n g s up t o the d a t e of t h e r e p o r t ,
December 16, 1952. P a r t of t h a t d a t a is included below.
L.
Date
-
1 2 116127
1932
4/39
1/41
2/41
Number
Loc a t i on
Comments
70
?
54
From T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
100
Halape
Halape
Halape
Seacoast
75
Seacoast
.
Mentions kpua, Kealakomo
and Kahue
Xent ions Apua , Keala komo
and %hue,
7/12/51
1 2 111/52
6/11/53
12/15/53
80
40
110
60
Halape
Halape
Apua and Kahue
Kahue
11/27/64
500.4-
Xamoamoa a r e a
Fa11164
2/28/65
95*-
9/65
4
18+
13
Spring/66
Spri ng/67
5/27/67
8
12
1,339+
I& i 1i i 1i
Kalapana c a b i n
From Kalapana groves.
Goat exclosures c o n s t r u c t e d
a t site.
August 1967 count, may
include natural reproduct i o n . iiost from e a s t s i d e
of old ranger cabin.
August 1967 count
Old ranger cabin; t a k e n from
east side of cabin.
.
Wahaula
Xaena
From Kalapana area.
Between Wahaula
and Ka 1apana
cabin.
Coastal s i d e of
Oloua fishermenos
cave
28
,
E s t a b l i s h e d groves r e s u l t i n g from t h e s e p l a n t i n g s i n c l u d e over 50
p r e s e n t l y e x i s t i n g a t Halape, 46 a t Kahue, and 18 at Kaena.
Hibiscadelphus g i f f a r d i a n u s
hau-kua h i wi
The name of t h i s unique tree appears i n every park p l a n t i n g record.
Though some disagreement remains a s t o t h e e x a c t geographic l o c a t i o n
of t h e t r e e from which t h e p r e s e n t trees were derived, t h e m a j o r i t y
of w r i t e r s place it near t h e southwest c o r n e r i f Kipuka Puaulu.
S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e discovery of t h e tree, around 1921, W. Pi. C i f f o r d
c o l l e c t e d seeds and p l a n t e d them around h i s home i n 29 Miles. One
t r e e grew from t h e s e s e e d s , from which c u t t i n g s were taken and s t a r t e d
on t h e Keauhou Ranch. Azain, only one t r e e e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f and f o r
many y e a r s was thought t o be t h e only t r e e of its kind i n e x i s t e n c e .
In A p r i l 1951, a c u t t i n g t a k e n from t h i s tree i n 1950 and s u c c e s s f u l l y
nurtured i n t h e park nursery was p l a n t e d i n Kipuka Puaulu n e a r t h e
s i t e of t h e o r i g i n a l t r e e . This t r e e d e c l i n e d and was consequently
r e l o c a t e d ' i n Kipuka Puaulu where it died. Later p l a n t i n g s were much
more s u c c e s s f u l .
Date
4/51
7/52
9/53
10/1/57
1958
2
8/7/61
5/62
3 /3 / 6 4
Number
1
1
2
2
16
5
5
25
3
60
Locat i o n
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
K i puka Puau l u
Kipuka K i
K i puka Puau l u
Kipuka K i
Kipuka Puaulu
Road scar,
bypass road
Kipuka Puaulu
Died
A l l died; from T e r r i t o r i a l
.
Nurser y
From T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
March 1961 survey showed 1 2 growing i n Kipuka Puaulu and 7 i n Kipuka
K i . Due t o r a r i t y and l i m i t e d h a b i t a t , tree needs c l o s e a t t e n t i o n .
Hibiscadelphus h u a l a l a i e n s i s
Native h a b i t a t is r e s t r i c t e d t o Nualalai dry f o r e s t i n North ICona. I n
March of 1945, C l i f f Davis brought 37 of them from Puuwaawaa and grew
them i n t h e park nursery. Records show t h a t some of t h e s e were s e n t
t o t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery i n January 1946. There is no i n d i c a t i o n
t h a t any of t h e s e were set o u t i n t h e park.
29
Date
7/51-7152
1012 153
12/11/53
12/53
2/16/55
3/24/56
3/ 24 / 5 6
Number
35
3
5
3
1
6
4
Locat i o n
Comments
?
Probably Kipuka Puaulu.
Namakani Paio
Kipuka Puaulu
Xi puka Puaulu
Ki puka Puau l u
Namakani Paio
Headquarters
57
Though n o t s u b s t a n t i a t e d , i t is l i k e l y t h a t a l l t r e e s came from t h e
T e r r i t o r i a 1 Nursery.
Five trees were counted i n Kipuka Puaulu i n March 1961; t h e s e a r e s t i l l
there
Grown s u c c e s s f u l l y i n 1953 i n same soil mixture as t h a t l i s t e d f o r
Erythrina. Also grown i n 1956 i n mixture c o n s i s t i n g s o l e l y of Mauna
Loa s o i l from t h e powder cache i n Kipuka Ki.
Kokio r o c k i i
koki o
Another unique Hawaiian tree o r i g i n a l l y found i n t h e dry r e g i o n s Qf
North Kona. I t is now extremely r a r e i n its n a t i v e h a b i t a t .
Tree was f i r s t introduced t o t h e park i n 1924 i n Kipuka Puaulu.
Date
-
Number
8/23/24
9/41
1950
1952
1/6/54
1
1
1
48
5/12/54
5/13/54
11
3
2/14/55
2/17/55
11/8/55
3/24/56
9/19/57
31 10158
2/25/58
33
29
4
5
4
3
1
3
l46+
?
?
-
Location
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
?
Kipuka Puaulu
K i putca Puau l u
Hilina P a l i ,
Kipuka Nene
Hilina Pali
Jeep t r a i l t o
Ainahou
Kipuka Puaulu
ICi puka Nene
Hilina P a l i
Kipuka Puaulu
H i l i n a Pali
Kipuka Nene
Kipulca Puaulu
Ki puka Puau l u
30
Planted by Eugene Horner.
March 1961 count showed 1 2 i n park; however, a count i n 1967 showed 19
d i s t r i b u t e d a s follows: 6 i n kipuka Puaulug 9 i n Kipuka Nene, 3 i n
Kipuka X i , and 1 a t H i l i n a P a l i .
S o i l mixtures t h e same as w i t h Erythrina.
The b e s t g e m i n a t i o n r e s u l t s obtained by soaking s e e d s f o r 8 t o 10
minutes i n s o l u t i o n of H2SO4,
Thespesia populnea
milo
The milo is a r e s i d e n t of the moist c o a s t a l s e c t i o n of a l l t h e i s l a n d s .
I n t h e park it is found along t h e c o a s t near t h e Iblapana boundary.
Date
1
6/12/67
Number
5
400.b-
Loc a t i on
Comments
K i pulta Nene
Coast
Did not s u r v i v e .
Untreated seeds s c a t t e r e d
between Lae Apuki and
Ka lapana
405+-
Xylosma hawaiiensis var. h i l l e b r a n d i i
maua
Tree is n a t i v e t o d r y areas on t h e leeward s i d e s of Lanai, Molokai
Hawaii, and Maui, I t is found i n t h e f o r e s t s of Kau and North KOM on
Hawaii. I n t h e park, it is f r e q u e n t i n Naulu Forest. One o r two s t i l l
grow i n Kipuka Puaulu,
-
-
11/55
11/55
2
4
Date
Number
2
Loc a t i on
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
Park Headquarters
There i n Piarch 1961.
Metrosideros c o l l i n a v a r . polymorpha
ohia
The ohia is t h e most p r e v a l e n t tree i n t h e park between 1,000 and
8,000 f e e t .
I t was s u c c e s s f u l l y r a i s e d under nursery c o n d i t i o n s by Olson i n 1940.
He p l a n t e d a number of them i n t h e park during September of that year,
but records do not show l o c a t i o n o r s u r v i v a l .
Over t h e years, hundreds of t h e s e trees have been p l a n t e d i n an attempt
tocoverman-made s c a r s . Most of t h e s e were merely t r a n s p l a n t e d from
o t h e r park s i t e s so were not a c t u a l l y a product of t h e park nursery.
31
Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis
ohe
Reynoldsia sandwicensis
Both genera belong t o t h e A r a l i a c e a e family and a r e commonly c a l l e d
ohe. Both are q u i t e r a r e in t h e park and probably not producing
naturally.
I know of t h r e e Reynoldsia growing along t h e t o p of Holei
P a l i and one on H i l i n a P a l i . There a r e a few T e t r a p l a s a n d r a growing
i n Naulu Forest.
Davis remarked i n November 1944 t h a t Reynoldsia needed a s s i s t a n c e and
that he planned t o c o l l e c t seeds. There is no i n d i c a t i o n that he
succeeded o r t h a t any work has been done w i t h e i t h e r of t h e s e trees.
Both a r e i n need of a t t e n t i o n .
Osmanthus sandwicensis
olopua
The olopua is one of t h e more common Hawaiian t r e e s being found on a l l
t h e i s l a n d s of t h e group. I t f a v o r s t h e leeward sides between t h e
600 and 4,000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n . I t is a conspicuous p a r t of t h e veget a t i o n i n Kipuka Puaulu and Kipuka Ki. Some r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e its
occurrence i n t h e mixed f o r e s t zone of t h e park.
Date
8/23/24
8/20/57
8/20/57
8/27/57
9/19/57
10/24/57
Comments
Number
Locat ion
-
K i puka Puau l u
h’amakani Paio
Ki puka Puau l u
Mamakani Paio
H i l i n a Pa11
Kipuka K i
?
2
3
3
2
10+
?
Narch 1961 survey i n d i c a t e d four s t i l l growing i n Namakani Paio a r e a o
but f a i l e d t o mention those obviously growing i n Kipuka Ki.
Ochrosia sandwicensis
holei
The s p e c i e s is endemic t o t h e i s l a n d s , formerly o c c u r r i n g i n d r y and
mixed f o r e s t on t h e leeward s i d e s . Rock noted several t r e e s i n Kipuka
Puaulu i n 1911. These e v i d e n t l y d i e d o u t , and f o r many y e a r s t h e
tree was n o t r e p o r t e d from t h e park.
I t was re- introduced i n Kipuka Puaulu i n Kay 1954 when s i x s e e d l i n g s
from t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery were placed t h e r e .
32
Date
-
Number
!5/4/54
6
11/7 / 5 5
11/7/55
11/8/55
5
5
4
2+
?
229
Loca t i on
Comments
Ripuka Puaulu
Ilea dq uar t ers
Kipuka Puaulu
K i puka Tuaulu
Kipuka Xi
Two d i e d almost immediately.
Died immediately.
Twelve t r e e s were counted i n March 1961, of which 10 were i n Kipuka
Puaulu and 2 i n Kipuka K i .
A l l 22+ t r e e s p l a n t e d i n t h e park came from t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery
i n Hilo.
Rauwolfia sandwicens is
hao
The n a t u r a l h a b i t a t is t h e dry regions of t h e leeward s i d e s of a l l
the i s l a n d s . The optimum e l e v a t i o n is about 2,000 feet. I t is v e r y
rare i n t h e park. Two trees can be s e e n growing not f a r from t h e
road along t h e base of t h e p a l i j u s t mauka from t h e Puu Loa parking
l o t . There is a l s o one s t i l l growing i n Kipuka Puaulu.
Date
11/7/55
8120/ 5 7
8/22/57
9/19/57
Number
3
3
6
27
39
-
Locat i on
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
Namakani Paio
Namakani Paio
Hilina Pali
i n March 96 and I in
There were 1 2 s t i l , s u r v i v i n g a t H i l i n a Pz
Kipuka Puaulu. The o n l y r e m a i n i w s u r v i v o r i n 1967 is the one i n
Xipuka Puaulu; i t is s t u n t e d .
A l l s e e d l i n g s o b t a i n e d from t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
Cordia subcordata
kou
Tree is indigenous t o t h e islands.
I t is now v e r y s c a r c e , w i t h a few
t r e e s d i s t r i b u t e d along t h e c o a s t a l areas n e a r s i t e s of human habitation.
There is no r e c o r d of i t s n a t i v e occurrence i n t h e park.
One a d u l t tree is growing a t Halape, though i t appears t o have been
blown over and is almost h o r i z o n t a l with t h e ground. It is setting
33
s e e d and is surrounded by a t least 15 seedlings, undoubtedly p a r t i a l l y
a r e s u l t of s u c k e r growth from p a r e n t t r e e .
Date
Number
11/41
6
1/8/53
50
200+2 56c
6 / 12/67
Location
Comments
?
S e e d l i n g s grown
nursery.
Untreated s e e d s
Untreated s e e d s
Lae Apuki and
boundary
Halape
Coast
.
i n park
scattered.
scattered,
Kalapana
There is no way of t e l l i n g j u s t when t h e tree a t Halape may have been
p l a n t e d o r even i f i t w a s planted.
Nothocestrum brevifolium
Mothocestrum longifolium
aiea
The genus is endemic t o t h e i s l a n d s , where i t normally i n h a b i t s t h e
rain forest.
The s p e c i e s brevifolium has been r e p o r t e d i n t h e park along t h e Napau
t r a i l and i n both Kipuka Puaulu and Kipuka K i .
I t was n o t , however,
found i n e i t h e r kipuka i n 1963 o r 1865. Nursery records show t h a t
a l l of t h e a i e a p l a n t e d i n t h e park were N. brevifolium.
The s p e c i e s longifolium has a l s o been r e p o r t e d from Kipuka Puaulu b u t ,
l i k e w i s e , could not be found i n 1963 o r 1965. There is no r e c o r d
i n d i c a t i n g a r t i f i c i a l propagation of t h i s s p e c i e s .
Date
5/4/54
11/7/55
1959
Number
10
1
3
14
-
Comments
Location
R i puka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
Xi puka Puau l u
A l l of t h e s e e d l i n g s p l a n t e d came from t..e T e r r i t o r i a l
ursery.
Records show a high m o r t a l i t y r a t e of s e e d l i n g s in t h e park nursery.
Myoporum sandwicensis
naio
The species is endemic t o t h e i s l a n d s . I t p r e f e r s t h e dr!er regions
from near s e a l e v e l t o 10,000 f e e t . The tree is common i n Kipuka
Puaulu and is widely d i s t r i b u t e d around Naulu F o r e s t
.
34
Date
8/23/24
3/24/56
Number
?
25
259
Loca t i on
Comments
K i puka Puaulu
Park Headquarters
O l d Volcano House
Psychotria hawaiiensis var. h i l l e b r a n d i i
Tree is endemic t o t h e islands.
Date
-
11/41
5/45
Number
62
1
Very common i n Kipuka Puaulu.
Loca t i on
Comments
?
Kipuka Puaulu most l i k e l y
site.
Residence 17
43
lkeJl
A'
Argyroxiphium sandwicensis
'
kopiko
A
J%versword
Silverswords a r e probably t h e b e s t known and most unique p l a n t s i n t h e
park. There has been some controversy regarding the d i f f e r e n c e between
Mauna Loa silverswords and those growing on Haleakala. S u f f i c e t o say
t h a t a l l t h e silverswords planted in t h e park have been imported from
Maul. There a r e one o r two i s o l a t e d communities on t h e &XahukuRanchof Mauna Loa silverswords, so t h e argument may continue.
As e a r l y as 1927, Degener brought seeds from Naui and set them out on
Byron Ledge.
Date
1927
1952
Number
2
6
11/29/53
11/30/53
11
11
12/30/53
3
12130153
12/30/53
15
12
1 2130153
8
12130153
7
12 129154
18
-
Loca t i on
Comments
Byron Ledge
Kilauea M i l i t a r y
cm p
Red H i l l
L a m a Loa T r a i l ,
8,500 f e e t
S t r i p Road,
5,500 f e e t
End of S t r i p Road
By g a t e a t end of
S t r i p Road
Corral area, end
of S t r i p Road
100 yards down
from end of
S t r i p Road
End of S t r i p Road
91+
35
Two there November 1954.
Five t h e r e May 1955.
One t h e r e May 1955.
Seven t h e r e Nay 1955.
Six t h e r e May 1955.
Five there 1955.
Five there May 1955.
Fourteen t h e r e May 1955.
Three p l a n t s were s t i l l a l i v e in 1966 growing j u s t above the c o r r a l
a t t h e end of t h e s t r i p road. They were s t u n t e d , and it is v e r y
d o u b t f u l i f they w i l l e s t a b l i s h themselves. There are t w o h e a l t h y
p l a n t s growing above t h e c a b i n a t Red H i l l and 5 t o 4 growing along
t h e t r a i l a t about 8,500 f e e t . About 30 were r e c e n t l y discovered a t
about 9,000 f e e t growing a l i t t l e o f f t h e t r a i l . The remainder of
t h o s e p l a n t e d d i d not survive.
Sideroxylon auahensis
alaa
Tree is n a t i v e t o t h e dry d i s t r i c t s on t h e leeward sides of Maui and
Hawaii. Rock mentions t h a t they a r e found i n the Puuwaawaa a r e a of
North Kona, but he does not d e s c r i b e i t from elsewhere i n Hawaii.
As t h e Bioecological A t l a s does not include i t , I have placed i t
las t
.
Date
8/23124
6/41
10153
2/16/55
11/7/55
11/7/55
8120157
8/22/57
10/24/57
9/24/57
3/3/64
Number
?
4
?
1
1
1
8
6
8
9
2
40
-
Loc a t i on
Comments
Kipuka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
Ki puka Puaulu
Kipuka Puaulu
K i guka Pua w 1u
Headquarters
Namakani Pai o
Namakani Paio
Kipuka K i
Kipuka K i
K i puka Puau l u
From Puuwaawaa.
March 1961 survey showed 18 s t i l l growing i n park-16 in Kipuka X i ,
1 i n Kipuka Puaulu, and 1 i n Namakani Paio. There a r e s t i l l a few
i n Kipuka Ki
.
Those p l a n t e d between 1955 and 1957 came from t h e T e r r i t o r i a l Nursery.
S o i l used i n 1955 was from around powder cache i n Kipuka Ki.
36
LITERATURE CITED
Bryan, L. W. 1932. The Hilo f o r e s t preserve.
Hawai i a n P l a n t e r s Record 36: 281-282.
Reprinted from t h e
Fagerlund, G. 0 . 1947. The e x o t i c p l a n t s of Hawaii E a t i o n a l Park.
Natural History B u l l . KO. 10: 62 pp.
FFgerlund, G. 0. and Arthur L. Mitchell. 1944. A c h e c k l i s t of t h e
p l a n t s Hawai i Nati onal Park, Ki lauea-Nauna Loa S e c t i on ,
with a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e v e g e t a t i o n . Natural H i s t o r y Bull.
No. 9, Hawai i National ?ark: 75 pp.
Hillebrand, ld. F. 1888. F l o r a of t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s .
Vestermann. 673 pp., i l l u s . , map.
New York,
Lamb, Samuel H. 1936. The t r e e s of t h e Kilauea-Nauna h a S e c t i o n ,
Hawaii National Park. Natural H i s t o r y 3 u l l . P!o. 2.
Lamb, S. H. 1938. W i l d l i f e problems i n ilawaii National Park.
Third North American W i l d l i f e Conference: 597-602.
Meinecke, E. P. 1932. Plant l i f e in Hawaii National Park.
paper i n Hawaii National Park f i l e s . )
Meal, Marie C. 1965. I n Gardens of Hawaii.
Ntaseum. P u b l i c a t i o n 50. 924 pp.
Trans.
(Typed
Bernice P. Bishop
Pope, Willis T. 1929. Manual of wayside p l a n t s of Hawaii.
A d v e r t i s e r P u b l i c a t i o n Co.
#OROlUlU
Rock, Joseph F. 1913. The indigenous trees of t h e Hawaiian Islands.
Honolulu. 518 pp. (Book published under patronage.)
37
-
__
-
- -
-
- -
1. Photograph of Kipuka Puaulu taken December 14, 1921 by
Charles Kraebel prior to the removal of c a t t l e .
2. Photo by Ranger Lowrey, 1933, taken along Kipuka Puaulu
fence showing reproduction i n fenced area. Cattle graze the
land to the right of the fence.
3.
Kip+
Puaulu as i t looks today (1967).
1. Photograph of Kipuka Puaulu taken December 14, 1921 by
Charles Kraebel prior t o the removal of c a t t l e .
I
2. Photo by Ranger Lowrey, 1933, taken along Kipuka Puaulu
fence showing reproduction i n fenced area. Cattle graze the
land t o the r i g h t of the fence.
Key to map symbols:
Acacia koa
. . . . . kk-,.
.............
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . km
Alphitonia ponderosa .&&<$-.
.....
Antidesma pulvinatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fin
Charpentiera obovata .e&$$&\$&=r
.......... c
Erythrina monosperma . . .
......... E
Nibiscadelphus giffardianus
.- . .L. .A. . . . . . .
. . . . . . Hh
Hib f scade1phus hual a laiensis
Kokio rockii . . . . . . . .L4%4
......... K
Nothocestrum brevifolium . h.
. . . .. . . . . . M
Myoporurn sandwicensis . . .z&W
... . . . . . . . .
Ochrosia sandwicensis . . . M-,?..
.........
Aleurites moluccana
J
hJ&+.
@k”
Rg
&Y:-’?&-?
14
0
................
Pisonia inermis . . . . . .~i+k.
~ E Y ’ . . . . . . . Pi
Pittosporum hosmeri . . .*.....
...... P
.-Pritchardia 1kkEera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pr
Rnuwolfia sandwicensis .AM. . . . . . . . . . . . R
Sepindus saponaria . . .p--&.
..........
Sideroxylon auahensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sophora chrysophylla .
. . . . . . . . . sc
s
Urera sandwicensls . . ef.
. . . . . . . . . . . Ur
Osmanthus sandwicensis
0s
&+/At5’
”’
9
Sa
v
%
4
.
R
0
0
0
Y2m
l-
/
'
0
6
c
h
0
22
//
L
K
i
p
u
k
a Puaulu
Wauna Loa S t r i p Road
50-
Kipuka Ki
Mauna Loa S t r i p Road
m-.. .
/
.
I
c
P
Mamakani Paio Campground
K
,
x
Ki puka Nene 2/10 mi le
1
F:
E
C'
H
A
l
\
\
\
.
._-/
-
_ --
,
-
----
I
I
I4
\
\
.
4
1
iIilina Pali Overlook