AP European History / GPHS / Frye
Test 5 – Study Guide [The 19th Century]
Industrial Society
Adam Smith & Wealth of Nations
division of labor
Main ideas of Capitalism
What is capital?
Law of Supply & Demand
Law of Competition [and efficiency]
Self Interest, the Invisible Hand
Entrepreneur
laissez faire
David Ricardo [“Iron Law of Wages”]
Isms
Romanticism
[APE 3.6 Ia, b] Romanticism placed more emphasis on intuition, emotion, nature,
individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and nationalism.
Gothic Revival
I. Kant
William Wordsworth
George F.W. Hegel
dialectic
alienation
statism
Goethe
Classical Liberalism
[APE 3.3 Ia] As a response to industrial and political revolutions, liberals emphasized
popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but were skeptical
about letting the masses vote.
Auguste Comte [sociology, positivism]
Jeremy Bentham & Utilitarianism
Nationalism
[APE 3.3 If] Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation via reform, political
unification, some racism (and occasional anti-Semitism), justifying war and colonies in
the latter 19th century.
Anticlericalism / Disestablishment / growth of secularism
Conservatism
[APE 3.3 Ic] Conservatives supported traditional political and religious authorities and
values, based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible.
Reactionaries
[APE 3.3 Id] Socialists called for a redistribution of property, and evolved from a
utopian view to a Marxist ‘scientific” critique of capitalism.
Republicans[utopian] socialists [pre-Marx]
incl. Robert Owen
Class – working [proletariat], bourgeois
[APE 3.2 I a-c ] Industrialization promoted the development of new classes, such as the
proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The Industrial revolution created divisions of labor
though in southern and Eastern Europe, aristocratic landowning elites and peasant
classes persisted into the 20th century. Class identity was reinforced through
participation in community, political, and social associations among the middle classes,
and in mutual aid societies and trade unions among the working classes.
Marx
Communist Manifesto (Marx & Engels)
alienation of labor
Capital [Das Kapital],
doctrine of surplus value [or “labor theory of value”]
dictatorship of the proletariat
Edouard Bernstein & Democratic Socialism
1st International
2d International
Anarchism
[APE 3.3 Ie] Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were
unnecessary, and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary
cooperation.
Unions
Leo XIII
19th Century Politics and Society
[APE 2.4 IV a,b,c ] Industrial cities offered economic opportunities, which attracted
migration from rural areas (urbanization) The Agricultural Revolution produced more
food, increasing population while using fewer workers; as a result, excess people
migrated to the cities. The growth of cities eroded traditional communal values, and
city governments strained to provide a healthy environment. The concentration of the
poor in cities led to a greater awareness of poverty, crime, and prostitution.
[APE 3.2II a,b / III a-d] 19th century Europe experienced rapid population growth and
urbanization, leading to social dislocations. In the LATTER 19th century, better
agriculture, and improved urban conditions promoted population growth, longer life
expectancy, and lowered infant mortality. Still, cities experienced overcrowding, while
rural areas suffered declines in available labor. Over time, the Industrial Revolution
altered family structure; Bourgeois families became focused on the nuclear family and
the “cult of domesticity,” with distinct gender roles for men and women. By the end of
the century, wages and the quality of life for the working class improved because of
laws restricting the labor of children and women, social welfare programs, and
improved diet… The notion of marriage for love began to be adopted …there was more
leisure for all classes.
BRITAIN ‘evolves”
Religious reformers [Evangelicals]
Clapham Sect
William Wilberforce
Robert Peel
Lord Ashley
[secular reformers] Classical Liberals
J.S. Mill
The Anti-Corn Law
Abolition
“Peterloo” 1819
Reform Bill 1832
Factory Act of 1833
[APE 3.3 Ib] Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal
male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership;
some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
Chartist movement
Anti-Corn Law League
situation in 19c Ireland including famine of 1840s
Repeal of Corn Laws [Peel]
After 1850…Whigs to Liberals / Tories to Conservative party
Unions, Fabians and the Labour Party [1890s]
FRANCE
white terror after 1815
The July Revolution in France 1830
Louis Phillippe
NATIONALISTS
Metternich and the Reactionaries (Concert of Europe)
Carlsbad Decrees
Pan-Germanism
Burschenschaft (students)
Pan-Slavic movement
Risorgimiento {Mazzini] in Italy
other nations
Egyptian rebellion 1805
The Decembrists [Russia 1825]
Greek independence 1830
Polish rising 1830-1831
Belgian independence 1830
1848 Revolution
[APE 3.4 I d] The revolution of 1848 challenged the old order and led to the
breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
Louis Blanc & Bloody June Days
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
GER - the Frankfurt Assembly, 1848
Prussias Frederick Wiliam IV grants Prussai a constitution
…and crushes the Frankfurt Assembly
AUSTRIA & ITALY
Metternich flees Vienna riots
Italian revolts / Garibaldi seizes Rome
Slavs and Hungarians revolt
Emperor Franz Josef takes over and crushes revolts
Russia helps crush Hungary
France protects Pope
THE BIG “SO WHAT’S” of ‘48
Bourgeois gets some liberty; radicals and
Late 19c Isms
[APE 3.6 IIa-d] After 1848, Europe turned toward a realist and (philosophical)
materialist worldview. Positivism [the philosophy that science alone provides
knowledge] emphasized rational analysis of human affairs. Charles Darwin provided a
philosophically materialist metanarrative based on biological change and the
development of human beings as a species, and inadvertently a justification for Social
Darwinism. Marx’s “scientific” socialism provided a critique of capitalism and a
deterministic analysis of society. Realist and materialist themes and attitudes influenced
art and literature as painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew
attention to social problems.
THREE
WESTERN
WORLDVIEWS
Judeo-Christian
Theism
Key
Bible, Augustine,
Books/Thinke Aquinas, many
rs…19th
others…
Modernism
Romanticism…Nietzsche
Descartes, (various)
Enlightenment….Darwin,
Rousseau… Hegel, Kant,
Century
Thinkers
Kierkegaard,
Chesterton
What is
prime
reality?
God matters
Matter matters
(philosophical
materialism)
Human
nature?
Truth
Body & soul; good &
evil
Absolute - Reason;
intuition;
revelation
Align with moral
order [authored by
God]
Merely matter
Ethics
Nietzsche
Spencer, Freud, B. Russell,
Comte, Mill, W. James,
Bentham
What I will or
experience to be true
(“No such thing as
facts”)
Whatever I say it is
Absolute - Reason alone
Relative - What you
will / feel / intuit
What is practical, what
works; might makes right;
greatest material prosperity
for greatest number
No good or evil; Might
makes right
Darwin
Inspirations and theories…and implications
Origin of Species 1859
Descent of Man 1871
Spencer & Social Darwinism
Effects of Darwinism on social and political thought
As justification for capitalism, imperialism, racism
Eugenics [Galton]
Ernst Haeckl
Freud
[APE 3.6 IIIa,b] By the 1890s, a new relativism in values and the loss of confidence in
the objectivity of knowledge affected culture. Philosophy largely moved from
rationalism to an emphasis on irrationality and impulse. Freudian psychology
emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and
subconscious.
Nietzsche
nihilism [“nothing matters”]
truth = will [power]
ubermensch
The Second Industrial Era
[1850-1945]
[APE 3.1 III a, b, c] During the Second Industrial Revolution, more areas of Europe
experienced industrialization and widespread urbanization, and technology increased
in impact and complexity. Factories dominated production by 1914 and new
transportation technologies led to truly national economies and more intensified
globalization. Business cycles [ups and downs] led to attempts by governments to
manage markets by monopolies, national banks and coordinated currency, and tariffs.
[APE 3.2 IV a, b] The Second Industrial era led to more consumerism, new consumer
goods, expanded leisure, and a better urban quality of life y 1914.
[APE 3.3 IIa, b] By 1900, liberalism changed from laissez faire to active government
intervention in the economy, more bureaucracy, more social programs for the poor,
including reforms in public health, criminology and law, and urban infrastructure.
Public education appeared to promote nationalism and an educated workforce.
[APE 3.3 II a-c] Governments responded to the Industrial Revolution problems by
expanding their functions and creating modern bureaucratic states. Liberalism shifted
from laissez-faire policies to economic aid for poor based on a rational approach to
reform. Government reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by
modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and
establishing modern police forces. Governments promoted compulsory public
education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
BUILDING MATERIAL
ENERGY
DOMINANT NATION(s)
MACHINES
TRAVEL
CITIES
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Iron
Coal, Steam
England
In factories
Trains & Canals
Few technological benefits
COMMUNICATION
ORGANIZATION
Telegraph
Single owner factories
2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION [after 1850]
Steel
Oil & Gas, Electricity
USA, Germany, France, Britain, Japan
On farms and in homes
Planes & Automobiles
Technological infrastructure [subways, wiring,
sewage]
Telephone & Radio
Global Corporations
[“trusts” or “cartels”]
how was it technologically different?
how did living conditions and class roles change?
…for these people what was/were their major invention or discovery ?
Alexander Bell
Guillermo Marconi
Gottlieb Daimler
Count von Zeppelin & the Wright Brothers
Joseph Lister
Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch
[as a group] Michael Faraday, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison
Louis Daguerre
19c Art/Lit
[APE 3.6 IIId] Modern art moved from representing reality to abstract art, often
provoking audiences and challenging the idea that art should promote truth, goodness,
patriotism, and a shared vision of the “good.”
Romantic
Realism
Impressionism
Post Impressionism
Expressionism
Cubism
Decadent movement