hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ k'l:tsf
8ANo" 8ANo" Pk\m ljZjs} ;a}eGbf cg'ejL / 7"nf] :jtGq ;+/If0fd'vL ;+:yf xf] . sl/a krf;
nfv ;xof]uL / ljZjJofkL ;~hfn;lxt of] ;oeGbf a9L d'n'sx?df lqmofzLn 5 .
8ANo" 8ANo" Pk\msf] nIo k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf eO/x]sf] x|f;nfO{ /f]sL Pp6f o:tf]
eljiosf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf], hxf“ tn lbOPsf s'/fx?4f/f dflg; / k|s[ltsf aLr ;fd~o:o sfod
/fVg ;lsof];\ M
ˆ ljZjsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f u/]/ .
ˆ k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf k|of]unfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]/ .
ˆ k|b'if0f / v]/ hfg] lsl;dsf] pkef]u 36fpg s'/fnfO{ k|j4{g u/]/ .
8ANo" 8ANo" Pk\m g]kfn
kf]= a= g+= &^^), afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f},+ g]kfn .
6]lnkmf]g M $$#$*@),
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Od]n M [email protected]
j]j;fO{6 M www.wwfnepal.org
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pRr lxdfnL If]q y]Djfª\u, c?0ffrnsf cflbjfl; dlxnfx? .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
ISBN No: 978-9937-8154-0-6
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k|sfzsdf lglxt ;jf{lwsf/ clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 .
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;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ k'l:tsfÆ
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tf/fk|;fb 1jfnL÷8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfn
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno, n]n]k
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8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] ljleGg txsf ;fe]mbf/x¿ tyf gful/s ;dfh;+u ;xsfo{
u/L ;+/If0f sfo{sf] dfWodåf/f :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf lbuf] ;'wf/sf
;fy;fy} k|sl[ t tyf dfgjhGo hf]lvdx¿sf] c;/ jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L
;+/If0f sfo{df pgLx¿sf] ;lqmo tyf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf a9fpg] nIo /fV5 . o;sf
nflu lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg tf}/tl/sf, ;fwgx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf ;+/If0fsfo{sf]
ljleGg kIfx¿ M of]hgfsf] klxrfg, th'd
{ f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg cflb
sfo{df pkof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o; 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] ;g\
@))% df hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg ljlwx¿nfO{ ;+/If0fsfo{df d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ Pp6f
/0fgLlts b:tfj]h tof/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . h;df 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] ;+/If0f
sfo{sf d"ne"t nIox¿nfO{ dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf lnO{ lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL lgDg
pknlAwx¿ Kf|fKt ug{] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
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pGGft tyf pTkfbgd"ns kz'k“IfLkfng cflbaf6 3/]n' vfBfGg ;'/Iff .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]uåf/f cfocfh{gdf j[l4 .
hf]lvd jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 .
:yfgLo /f]huf/sf cj;/df j[l4 .
;fdflhs tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tdf j[l4 .
:j:ytf tyf ;/;kmfOsf] :t/df ;'wf/ .
hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿df sdL .
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lglZrttf .
c;n zf;g kåltsf] lglZrttf .
lzIff tyf ;~rf/sf ;|f]tdflysf] ;dfg kx'“rdf j[l4 .
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kljq lxdfno e"kl/lw sfo{qmd cGtu{t kg]{ s~rghª\3f
;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgf g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ k"jL{ lhNnf tfKn]h'ªsf]
pQ/L rf/j6f uflj;x¿df ;g\ !((* dfr{ @@ tfl/vb]lv
;~rfngdf cfO/x]sf] 5 . kljq lxdfno e"kl/lw cGtu{t
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt ljleGg
kl/of]hgfx¿dWo]sf] of] ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts, ko{6sLo, h}ljs
tyf ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljljwtf tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cWoog cg';Gwfgsf lx;fan] clt dxŒjk"0f{ If]q xf] . ;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf]
o; ;+/If0f If]qdf b'n{e tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hLj lxdlrt'jf tyf /ftf] kfG8fsf] d'Vo
a;f]af; If]q xf], h;sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\n]
o; kl/of]hgfdfkm{t 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf ljleGg
;+/If0f, ;'zf;g tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf ultljlwx¿ sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
k|:t't hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ljlwsf] k|of]un] jt{dfg ;+/If0fsf k|of;x¿af6
:yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿, ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;sf] nfef+zdflysf] kx'r
“ af6 kfvf kfl/Psfx¿ /
k|sl[ thGo, hLjhGt'x¿af6, :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf kg{ hfg] hf]lvd
tyf To;sf] c;/sf] k|efj Go"g ug{ / pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df s] slt ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/Lsf] ;xefuLd"ns tl/sfn] ;ª\sng tyf
;fdfGo ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ub{5' . o;} qmddf ljut jif{df o;
If]qsf] a[xt\ ;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/jt{g;DaGwL d"Nofª\sg tyf cfwf/e"t ;j]I{ f0f klg
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . To;} cWoogsf] lgisif{ tyf To;n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf cfwf/e"t
;"rsx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; tyf ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu
Pp6f ;/n efiffdf cg'udg ug]{ lgb]l{ zsfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psfn] k|:t't
k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . t;y{, k|:t't cg'udg k'l:tsfn] pko{'Qm cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f
ug{ dfu{bz{g ug]5
{ eGg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . k|:t't k'l:tsf s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f
If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\, ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿, Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿,
cfof]hgfsf] k|aGws tyf cGo ;DalGwt sd{rf/L tyf ;+/If0f;]jLx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;/n tyf :yfgLo efiffdf ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f,
k|ltj]bg n]vg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ eGg] nIo lnO{ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
k|:t't k'l:tsf tTsfnsf] 8]:s sfo{ tyf cfjZostfdf dfq} cfwfl/t geO{ ljutb]lv
g} o; If]qdf ul/Psf ljleGg hLljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL cGt/lqmofx¿, ;fdflhs–cfly{s
;j]{If0fsf glthfx¿, :ynut 5nkmn tyf cfdf ;d"xx¿sf] uf]i7L clg ljleGg
cWoog k|ltj]bgn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf lgisif{, kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿l;tsf 5nkmnsf
lgrf]8x¿, o; sfo{qmdnfO{ Joj:yfkg tyf k/fdz{ lbg] 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] 5nkmnsf] lgrf]8sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psfn] o;n] h}ljs
ljljwtfnufot hLljsf]kfh{gsf clwsf+z kIfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]6\g] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't k'l:tsfn] :yfgLo :t/sf] IfdtfnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L ;fwf/0f tyf
;/n ;"rsx¿, To;sf] 5gf]6 tyf ;ª\sng ljlwnfO{ klg ;xh agfpg] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, o; k'l:tsfsf] k|of]u hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ultljlw
Pp6f bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltsf ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df :yflkt x'g]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5',
h;n] o; If]qsf] efjL of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xh agfpg]5 .
cGTodf k|:t't k'l:tsf tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljleGg txdf ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ d wGojfb lbg
rfxG5' . o; s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg'x'g] ;fem]bf/x¿, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ljefu, bft[;+:yfx¿
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= o"=s]=, 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= o"=P;\=, dsf{y/ kmfpG8];g, kmf]8{ kmfpG8];g,
o"P;PcfO{8L g]kfn, sfb'/L kmfpG8];g, 8flj{g Olgl;ol6e, s]o/ g]kfn -;u'g
sfo{qmd_, >L hLd c6\j], cf]s kmfpG8];g tyf tfKn]h'ªl:yt gful/s tyf kqsf/
;dfhsf k|ltlglw ;+:yfx¿nfO{ pxf+x¿sf] ;b\efj / ;xof]usf nflu xflb{s wGojfb
6So||fp“5' . o; k'l:tsfsf] pkof]uaf6 e"–kl/lw:t/Lo hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg
k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf ;fy} o; If]qsf] :yfgLo tj/df ul/g] of]hgf
th'{df sfo{df k[i7e"ld tof/ ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;fljt x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' .
cGttM of] k'l:tsfnfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0f lg/Gt/ k|fKt x'g] cfzf ub{5' .
wGojfb .
clgn dfgGw/
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nflu / o;sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} rf;f] b]vfpg], dnfO{ o;
;DaGwdf af/Daf/ emSemSofpg] cfb/0fLo cu|h tyf o;
;+:yfsf k"j{ /fli6«o k|ltlglw :juL{o 8f= rGb|k;
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hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;"rsx¿ Tfyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf
;"rsx¿nfO{ ;+u;+u} cg'udg ul/g'k5{, k|To]s ;+/If0fsf
;"rs;+u hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsf ;"rsnfO{ klg /fv]/
cg'udg ul/g'k5{ eg]/ nuk|m]d of]hgfdf ;d]t Pp6} :t/df ;"rsx¿ ;dflxt ug{
hf]8 lbO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{ 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= o"=s]=, Pl;of tyf k]l;lkms sfo{qmd x]g{]
;+of]hs :juL{o >L h]lgkm/ x]8nL, kj{tLo If]qsf] hghLljsfsf] ;jfndf vf;u/L
h8La'6L, oxf“sf] ;+:s[ltk|lt ljz]if rf;f] /fVg] cu|h :j= P;L nfdf tyf o; If]qsf]
lrGtg ug]{ kl/ifb\sf k"j{cWoIf bfjfl5/L z]kf{Ho"x¿k|lt d ;+:yf tyf JolQmut ¿kdf
xflb{s >4f~hln 6So|fp“5' .
jf:tjdf ;+/If0fsfo{af6 hLljsf]kfh{gdf x'g] kl/jt{g tyf hLljsf]kfh{g ultljlwaf6
;+/If0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] s:tf] c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 / o;sf pknlAwx¿sf] dfkg s;/L
ug]{ egL lg/Gt/ emSemSofpg] clg of] k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf lglDt k'l:tsfsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ lg/Gt/ dx;'; u/fpg] >L clgn dfgGw/, /fli6«o k|ltlglw
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnnfO{ o; lhDd]jf/Lsf nflu d wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o;}u/L
cGo ;xof]uLx¿ Tfyf ;'emfj lbg]x¿df >L ;Gtf]ifdl0f g]kfn– ;+of]hs gLlt tyf
ljz]if sfo{qmd, 8f= l/~hg >]i7– sGhe{];g jfof]nf]lh:6, OGb'ljsn ;fksf]6f–
sfo{qmd k|aGws, kljq lxdfno sfo{qmd, 8f= ;ljtf yfkf– k|aGws, sf]if j[l4, ;'hLt
>]i7– kl/of]hgf k|aGws, s] Sofk, ?b|LIff k/fh'nL– jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t, e]if/fh
cf]nL– k"j{kl/of]hgf k|aGws s]Sofk, ljhg u'?ª– cg'udg clws[t, ;+lha rf}+w/L
;+rf/ clws[t, /la k|tfk l;+x ;+rfng k|aGws, l/t]if >]i7– 8f6fj]; ;xfos, dfof
u'?ª– k|lzIfs, ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;d"x tfKn]h'ª, s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q
Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx¿, ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿ tyf hLljsf]kfh{g
kl/jt{g cg'udg uf]i7L dfr{ @))( sf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿, kqsf/ ;dfh,
tfKn]h'ªnufot ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a}nfO{ oxf+x¿sf] ;xof]usf nflu wGojfb tyf cfef/
k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . o; sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg, ;~rfngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;fem]bf/
tyf bft[lgsfox¿ ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
o;}u/L o; If]qsf] hghLljsfsf af/]df lj:t[t 1fg tyf rf;f] /fVg] ;fy} dnfO{ of]
sfo{ ug{ lg/Gt/ dfu{bz{g tyf pmhf{ k|bfg u/fpg] >L 8f= 3gZofd u'?ª, ;+/If0f
sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfn Pjd\ >L cfªkm'/L z]kf{, /fli6«o ;+of]hs,
;LO{kLPkm\, g]kfnnfO{ pxf“x¿sf] k|fljlws ;'emfj tyf dfu{bz{gsf nflu ljz]if wGojfb
tyf s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' .
k|:t't hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsfn] :yfgLo ;+/If0f Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf To;sf] cg'udg;DaGwL wf/0ffdf clej[l4 u/L
cg'udg sfo{ tyf ljZn]if0f tyf 5nkmnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfjZos dfu{bz{g
u/fpg]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . To;}u/L o; cEof;åf/f s~rghª\3f If]qdf ul/g]
sfo{qmd th'{dfsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpg]5 eGg] ljZjf;
lnPsf] 5' . cGTodf o; k'l:tsfnfO{ cem :t/Lo, pkof]uL tyf k7gLo agfpgsf
nflu kf7sx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj, l;h{gfTds / ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fLx¿ k7fO{
;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' .
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Od]n M [email protected]
7
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s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifbn] cfÏgf dftxtsf lgsfo tyf ;fem]bf/x?
dfkm{t ul//x]sf hLljsf]kfh{gd"lv ;+/If0fsf ultljlwx?af6 o; If]qsf afl;Gbf tyf
>f]tx?df, ;fdflhs cfly{s cfwf/e't ;e]{If0f -@))&_sf] t'ngfdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g
eO{/x]sf] 5 / plgx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] u'0ffTds kIfdf k|efj kfg{] ljleGg hnjfo'
kl/jt{ghGo tyf cGo ;fdflhs, k|fs[lts hf]lvdx?sf] c;/ Go"lgs/0fdf s] s:tf]
6]jf k'lu/x]sf] 5 eGg] yfxfkfpg' /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cGo p2]Zox?df M
s o; If]qsf afl;Gbf tyf >f]tx?df ePsf] u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf] dfkg ug]{
v o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx?sf] pknJw >f]t tyf cj;/x? dflysf] kx+'r tyf
pkef]udf ePsf] kl/jt{g af/] hfgsf/L /fVg'
u hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf ;fdflhs / cGo k|fs[ltshGo hf]lvd axg ug]{ Ifdtfdf
ePsf] kl/jt{g af/] hfgsf/L /fVg'
3 o; If]qsf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsfo{df k|ToIf ;xefuL
u/fO{ cg'udg k|ls|ofsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
;+/If0f / hLljsf]kfh{gaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ 8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\=
g]kfnn] s;/L JofVof u/]sf] 5 <
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:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;jfnx¿, k|fyldstfx¿ tyf pgLx¿sf] hf]lvd
jxg ug]{ IfdtfHf:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgdf s] s:tf]
u'0ffTds tyf ;ª\VofTds kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eGg] k|dfl0fs ¿kdf pbfx/0f;lxt
b]vfpg ;lsb}g clg o; sfo{df ;+nUg ljleGg ;fem]bf/x¿ / bft[;+:yfx¿nfO{
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] kl/jt{g b]lvg] u/L / dx;'; ul/g] u/L :yfgLo lgoldt of]hgf
th'{df tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿, k|:tfjgfx¿df pNn]v ug{ / k|:t't ug{ ;lsb}g, ta;Dd
vf; s] s] s'/fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] xf], s;sf] k|of;n] kl/jt{g ePsf] xf], kl/jt{gsf]
b"/ufdL k|efj s] x'G5 / To:tf] kl/jt{g ug]{ nIo lsg ul/Psf] xf] < cflb k|Zgsf]
oyfy{ pQ/ kfpg ;ls“b}g . t;y{, o;} cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L oxf+sf] kl/ifb\ tyf
;ldltx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} hLjgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ afgL
a;fNg / To:tf] sfdnfO{ ;+/If0fsfo{sf] c¿ ultljlwh:t} :yflkt ug{sf nflu o;}
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qaf6 yfngL ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . lsgeg], hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf]
kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ tyf :yfgLo:t/df ljZn]if0f u/L To;sf
kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;+/If0fsf cGo ultljlwx¿sf] Pp6f kf6f]sf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/b}+g,
ta;Dd h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{ lbuf] tyf kmnbfoL x'“b}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ uxg
dx;'; ul/Psf] 5
1
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
;f/f+zdf eGbf dx;'; ul/Psf log} cg'ej Pjd\ l;lsPsf kf7 tyf ljutsf :ynut
cg'ejx¿af6 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] ;+/If0f sfo{qmdsf ljleGg kfOnfx¿df lbuf]
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\=, g]kfnsf] cfkm\gf] sfof{g'ej klg o:tf] /x]sf] 5, æha;Dd :yfgLo
afl;Gbfx¿, pkef]Qmfx¿sf hLjLsf]kfh{gsf Go"gtd cfjZostfx¿ k"/f x'b}gg\, ;fy}
pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf ;Gtltx¿sf] eljio, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts tyf
jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf ;'/lIft /x]sf] dx;'; u/L ;+/If0f sfo{df h'6\b}gg\, ta;Dd lbuf]
;+/If0fsf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;ls“b}g .Æ jf:tjdf oxL g} xfd|f] Jofjxfl/s l;sfO
/x]sf] 5 . -hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿ M cWoog k|ltj]bg, @))&, 8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\=
g]kfn_
2
o:tf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ s;/L dx;'; ug]{, s;/L ;j{;fwf/0fx¿aLr o; s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg], pgLx¿s} ;dfhdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+/If0f ul/Psf ;|f]tx¿df
s:tf] c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5, pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdfly s] s:tf] k|efj kfl//x]sf]]
5 < h;df vf; u/L u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/, r/0f Joj:yfkg, ko{6g Joj;fo,
cfocfh{g, ;]jf tyf ;|f]tx¿dflysf] kx'“r, Jojl:yt kz'kfng, k|fs[lts tyf
;fdflhshGo hf]lvdx¿nufot cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]thGo pTkfbgx¿df s]–s:tf]
kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5, pgLx¿sf] hf]lvd axg ug]{ Ifdtfdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 ls
5}g eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ g} of] hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udg k4ltdf ;dfj]z ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
t;y{, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cfocfh{g ultljlwsf] 3]/fdf dfq ;Lldt
gu/L ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] cGo kIfx¿df cfjZos Wofg
k'¥ofpg'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg sfo{sf ljleGg r/0fx¿df ;dfj]z ug]{
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljljw kIfx¿ Efg] k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg tyf
;+/If0f sfo{;“u ;DalGwt x'g' ;fGble{s 5, h;df hLljsf]kfh{gsf] u'0ffTds kIfx¿sf]
cg'udg eg] d"t{¿kdf gb]lvg] s'/fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug}{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . lsgeg],
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ;+/If0f tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf]
Ps bzs k'lu;s]sf] 5 -@@ dfr{, !((*_ / o;aLrdf ljleGg lsl;dsf of]hgfx¿
Tfh'{df u/L sfof{Gjog;d]t ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ljleGg cWoog, zf]w, ljZn]if0f klg
ul/;lsPsf] 5 eg] xfn;fn} dfq o; If]qsf] lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/e"t
;j]{If0f -;fdflhs–cfly{s a];nfOg ;j]{If0f, @))&_ / o;sf] ljutsf] ;fdflhs–
cfly{s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . pQm cWoog ;j{]If0f k|ltj]bgaf6 o; If]qdf
s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf sfo{qmdaf6 s'g ju{n] slt
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
k|ltkmn k|fKt u¥of], s;n] u'dfof] eGg]
s'/fsf] ;lrq j0f{g pbfx/0f tyf
tYox¿;lxt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg
k4ltsf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf;af6 o;
;+/If0f If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿sf]
;DkGgtfdf clej[l4 x'g] ck]Iff
/flvPsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ ;+/If0f sfo{df
kj{tLo If]qdf 3/ jgfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf sf7, v/,
pgLx¿sf] :j:km"t{ tyf :j}lR5s
dfln¨f] cflb h"g hLljsf]kfh{gsf klg Go"gtd cfwf/ x'g\
;xeflutf Pjd\ Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkg sfo{ clej[l4 cflb
kl/0ffdx¿n] k|hflt, :jR5 hn;Dkbf, jg cflbsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
c;/ jxg ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4, ;Ld;f/ If]qsf] j'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u x'g uO{ cGttM ;+/If0f
tyf ;Da4{g sfo{df ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf a9\5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] lnPsf] ;+/If0fsf] d'Vo nIo k"/f x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\=, g]kfnn] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf lsg
tof/ ug{' k/]sf] xf] <
o; kljq lxdfno e"–kl/lw sfo{qmd cGtu{t kg]{ s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] cfly{s–k|fljlws ;xof]udf /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf
jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu;“u ldnLh'nLsg :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿Dffkm{t ;+/If0f ug{ yfn]sf]
sl/a Ps bzs k'lu;s]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] yfngL ubf{ jf:tjdf lbuf]
hLljsf]kfh{g ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 o;sf] kl/jt{gsf] cg'udg ul/g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf s'g}
7f]; cjwf/0ff cfO;s]sf] lyPg . oBlk, :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿, kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿ / kl/of]hgf ;xof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf
ultljlwx¿sf] q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s, jflif{s k|ult ljj/0fx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf tof/ ug]{,
sf7df8f} l:yt kl/of]hgfsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lgoldt ¿kdf k7fpg] ul/GYof], h;sf
cfwf/df gof“ ultljlwx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf sfo{of]hgf klg ;+u;+u} ul/GYof] . oL
ultljlwx¿ Vff;u/L k|s[ltsf lx;fan] a9L nIosf] cfwf/df k|ult ljj/0fsf ¿kdf
tof/L ul/GYof] . o;/L @))# sf] ;dodf cg'udgsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf Pp6f 5'§} lgsfo ljsf;, cg';Gwfg tyf cg'udg eg]/ v8f ul/of] .
3#
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
4
o;kl5 cg'udg ultljlwnfO{ Pp6f 5'§} ljifout cfjZostfsf] ¿kdf lnO{ o;;+u
cfjZos tYofª\sx¿ klg ;ª\sng ug{ yflnof] . o;af6 k|To]s kl/of]hgf :t/df cf–
cfkm\gf tYofª\sx¿sf] cfwf/ klg agfpg yflnof] t/ olt x'bfx'+b} klg hLljsf]kfh{g
cg'udg eg] Pp6f ;ª\VofTds tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng sfo{ dfq}df ;Lldt /xg k'Uof],
h;sf] ;/f]sf/ kl/of]hgfsf] lkmN8 sfof{nonfO{ / s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ dfq} xf] eGg]
b]lvof] . t/, /fd|f] kIf eg]sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kIfdf eg] cg'udg /fd|f];+u g} :yflkt
ul/Psf] b]lvG5, h:t} lxdlrt'jfsf] cg'udg, u}/sfi7 kbfy{sf] cg'udg tyf ;fdflhs
kIfdf 5fqfj[lQsf] cg'udgh:tf pNn]vgLo pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . t/, oL ;a} kl/of]hgfsf]]
cu|;/tfdf ul/GYof] eg] o;sf] kl/0ffd :yfgLoeGbf kl/of]hgf txdf a9L ul/GYof],
h;n] :yfgLo kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf s:tf] kl/jt{g
eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L sd} x'GYof] . o;/L ;ª\slnt ljleGg tYofª\sx¿nfO{
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] kIfaf6 ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ / To;sf] cGt/;DaGwsf] JofVof ug]{ sfo{
k/fdz{ bft[sf] zf]w tyf cg';Gwfgdf ;Lldt /xg k'Uof] .
oxL kl/of]hgf tx tyf s]Gb|Lo txdf ;Lldt /xg k'u]sf] sfo{nfO{ kl/ifb\ tyf To;
dftxtsf ;ldltx¿sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;+:yfut ub}{ / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg sfo{sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qaf6
yflng vf]lhPsf] xf] . lsgeg], o;af6 jf:tljs ¿kdf oxf“sf :yfgLo /}yfg]
afl;Gbfx¿, ljkGg ju{ tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf jl~rt u/fOPsf ju{x¿sf] ;DkGgtfdf
s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, oxf“ pknAw hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ Vff;u/L
k|fs[lts ;|f]tnufot ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}lts tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tx¿df s] s:tf]
kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, pgLx¿sf] :yfgLo ;'zf;gsf] ;+/rgfdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5,
pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf] k|zf]wg KnfG6,
Pp6f cfocfh{g tyf cNk/f]huf/sf] ;fwg ePsf] 5 .
a9\bf] h¨nL kz'x?sf] ;ªVofn] :yflgo afl;Gbfsf]
jfnLgfnL vfg] u/]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f åGå j9\bf] 5 .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
pkl:ylt tyf d'Vo e"ldsfdf k|ltlglwTj s] s:tf] 5 < pgLx¿n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿,
kl/of]hgfdf s] s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;ls/x]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf] egfOnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy
lnOPsf] 5 jf 5}g, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf pgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ slt 5,
To;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;lqmo ;xeflutf tyf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 jf
5}g < pkef]Qmfx¿sf] b}lgs hLljsf]kfh{gsf Jojxf/x¿n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly gsf/fTds
jf ;sf/fTds s] s:tf] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 < pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿df
h:t} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] pTkfbg, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, jftfj/0fdf ePsf] k|efj, gLltut
;jfnx¿, /f]uJofwL, rf]/L l;sf/L tyf To;sf] /f]syfd ultljlw, cTolws h8La'6Lsf]
;ª\sng cflb sfo{x¿df Go"g ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] cflb tYox¿sf pknlAwx¿nfO{
cfjlws ¿kdf x]g]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ / pgLx¿s} cfufdL of]hgfx¿df To;sf] oyf]lrt
dfqfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5÷5}g eGg] cEof;x¿sf] cg'udg sfo{nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{
d"ne"t nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L o; cg'udg sfo{k4ltsf] ;+:yfut ug]{ nIon] o; If]qdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf
ultljlwx¿nfO{ Pp6f r'gf}tL tyf cj;/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5, h;af6 :yfgLo
pkef]Qmfx¿, pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿ tyf Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ a]n}df
o;tkm{ rf;f] b]vfO{ To;sf] ;xh Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g5
] g\ eGg] nIo lnOPsf]
5 . t;y{, ;du|df o; ;+/If0f If]qdf ePsf], u/]sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{
lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ljlw ckgfP/ ul/g] pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udg sfo{sf] ultljlwn]
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{]tkm{ xfd|f ultljlw pGd'v 5÷5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] pbfx/0f tyf k|dfl0fs ;"rsx¿ pknAw u/fpg]5 .
cfkm\gf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfk;df
5nkmn ub}{ cfdf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿
cfjZos k"jf{wf/x?sf] cefjsf sf/0f pRr lxdfnLIf]qdf
a;f]af; ug]{x?sf] hLjg si6s/ / hf]lvdo'Qm jg]sf] 5
5
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udg kl/jt{gsf] k|:t't 9f“rfn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf
ljleGg kIfx¿df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] cg'udg ug]{ tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy;fy}
o; 9f“rfnfO{ tyf pknlAwx¿nfO{ s;/L ;/n, a'lemg] tyf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] efiffdf
kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 / ;+/If0f If]qsf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;xh ¿kdf k|of]udf
s;/L Nofpg ;S5g\ eGg] Pp6f k|Zg v8f x'G5, o;sf nflu cjZo klg oxf+sf rf;f]
/fVg] ;ldlt, ;d"xx¿ tyf kl/ifb\n] eP÷u/]sf clxn];Ddsf cEof;, Ifdtf /
;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog÷ljZn]if0f ul/g' cToGt cfjZos 5 . lsgeg], o;}sf cfwf/df of]
sfdnfO{ alnof] ¿kdf ;+:yfut ug{ of]hgf tyf cfjZos k|fljlws dfu{bz{g u/fpg
;lsG5 .
xfn;Dd ul/Psf cg'udgsf cEof;x¿ s] s:tf 5g\ <
6
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m= g]kfnn] s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf cfly{s–k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu
lkmN8 sfof{no :yfkgf u/]sf] 5, h;n] vf;u/L lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] cg'udgsf
tYofª\sx¿nfO{ q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s ¿kdf ;ª\sng ug]{, k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{
tyf To;sf cfwf/df k|ult ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L ul/g] ultljlwdf
vf;u/L ;ª\VofTds ljj/0fx¿, ultljlwx¿ ;DkGg eP÷gePsf lx;fan] k|:t't
ul/G5, h;n] o; If]qdf s] slt / s:tf ultljlwx¿ ;DkGg ul/P eGg] s'/fsf]
jf:tljstf b]vfp“5 . hals o;n] o; If]qdf a;]sf afl;Gbf tyf oxf“sf] h}ljs
ljljwtfdf u'0ffTds jf ;ª\VofTds k|ult s] eof] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fp“b}g .
t/, o; kl/of]hgfsf] tyf ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf] cfx\jfgdf / bft[;+:yfsf]
k|fyldstfdf ljleGg ;dodf cfjlws d"Nofª\sg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] pkof]u
vf;u/L :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eGbf klg bft[ ;+:yfsf] rfxgf tyf
To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf efjL kl/of]hgfsf] /0fgLlt to ug{sf nflu s]Gb|df /
kl/of]hgfsf pRr kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf] xfnsf] cEof; /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]
pbfx/0fsf nflu ut jif{ ul/Psf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s d"Nofª\sg tyf cfwf/e"t
;fdflhs cfly{s ;j]{If0f– @))& cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;j]{If0fsf] pkof]u :yfgLo
Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] lgoldt
cg'udg sfo{ pgLx¿ cfkm+}n] u?g\ eGg] p2]Zon] of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsf
pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udgsf] cEof;sf] k|of; yflnPsf] xf] . xfn o; sfo{df ;xof]u
ug{sf nflu 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m=, g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}“l:yt sfof{nodf cg'udg PsfO;d]t
/x]sf] 5, h;n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
:ynut cg'udg M o; kl/of]hgf;+u ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx¿, of]hgf k|aGws,
clws[tx¿ Tfyf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf cf–cfkm\gf sfo{If]q tyf
ljifo cg';f/ ultljlw ;DkGg eP÷gePsf], s'/fsf] k|ult cg'udg ul//x]sf 5g\,
h;n] q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg agfpg ;xh agfp“5 / xfn;Ddsf]
cEof;sf] pbfx/0f klg oxL g} xf] . o;/L ul/g] ;ª\sng tyf k|ult ljj/0fdf tfhf
tyf k|f/lDes tYofª\sx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'gfn] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} slt sfd
;DkGg eof], slt af“sL 5 / slt ;|f]t–;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{, To;sf] oyfy{ lrq0f
cfp“5 . t/, o;n] u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf af/]df s]xL eGg ;Qm}g ;fy} oL ultljlw a9L
¿kdf k|fljlws cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu ul/Psfn] :yfgLo ;ldlt, kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿ klg k"0f{¿kdf ;+nUg /xg] cj;/ sd /xG5 .
s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 ul/g] cg'udg M o;}u/L ;do;dodf ljifout clws[tx¿ tyf
d]gh
] /x¿ / ;fem]bf/sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 klg ultljlwsf] cg'udg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
vf;u/L ljifout h:t} hLljsf]kfh{g, h}ljs ljljwtf, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|zf;g
;~rfng, cfly{s ultljlw cflbsf] k|ult tyf o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ / :ynut ¿kdf g} o;sf] k[i7kf]if0f ug{df o; ultljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cg'udgsf] cEof;n] Psflt/ lkmN8df /x]sf kl/of]hgf ;Da4
kbflwsf/Lx¿, kl/ifb\ tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿aLr cGt/lqmof ug]{ cj;/
ldNg'sf ;fy} tTsfn} cg'udgstf{n] dx;'; u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lkmN8df x'g] / tL
s'/fx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df cfOk'uk] l5 :jod\n] cGo JolQmx¿;+u 5nkmn÷ljZn]if0f u/L pkof]u
ug]{ ul/Psfn] o;sf] pkof]usf] dxŒj cem uxg b]lvG5 . t/, o;df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLdf
ljs6, w]/} lbg nfUg] / s]Gb|af6 6f9f /x]sf lkmN8 ;fO6x¿ vf;u/L kj{tLo If]qdf x'gfn]
o;sf] lgoldttf tyf ;'rf?kgdf eg] s]xL cGt/ ePsf] kfOG5 . tyflk, xfn;Ddsf]
cEof;df of] k4ltnfO{ k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] 5 eg] s]Gb|af6 klg o; sfo{sf nflu k|fT] ;fxg
lbOPsf] 5 .
afx\o k/fdz{ bft[ ;]jfaf6 ul/g] d"Nofª\sg M o;sf cltl/Qm 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m=,
g]kfnn] a]nfavtdf afx\o k/fdz{ bft[ ;+:yfx¿af6 ;]jf lng] klg u/]sf] 5, h;n]
a]nfa]nfdf vf;u/L cfjlws ¿kdf kl/of]hgfsf] jf s'g} ljlzi7 ljifodf uxg
cWoog÷ljZn]if0f u/L l;kmfl/;x¿ lbg] u5{, h;nfO{ s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf /0fgLlt kq,
gLlt tof/ ug]{, bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tyf k|:tfjgf tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] of]hgfsf]
vfsfx¿ tof/ ug{nfO{ pkof]u ul/G5 . 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m= g]kfnn] xfn;Dd o:tf vfnsf
7
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
;fd'bflos jgleq nufOPsf] cn}+rL+ v]tL, h'g
cfosf] Ps dfWod ag]sf] 5 .
8
;+/If0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] jgfPsf] jf6f] ;fd'lxs,
;xeflutfsf] k|ltkmn
cWoog÷cg';Gwfg w]/} g} u/fPsf] / u/fO/x]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] k'gMpkof]usf] tx slt /
sxf+;Dd 5 < ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfsf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ o; ;DaGwdf s] hfgsf/L 5 <
s] pgLx¿ To:tf d"Nofª\sg sfo{sf] l;kmfl/;x¿n] lbPsf kl/0ffdk|lt ;hu tyf ;r]t
5g\ < s] pgLx¿nfO{ o;af/]df hfgsf/L 5 < eGg] k|Zgx¿sf pQ/x¿n] g} oL
cWoog÷cg';Gwfgsf kl/0ffdx¿ ;xof]uL / pkof]uL eP eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 u5{ . ut
;fn ul/Psf] s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg Pp6f
pbfx/0f xf] .
k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf afws tÏjx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 xfn;Ddsf] pknlAw tyf cEof;x¿nfO{
x]bf{ w]/}h;f] k|ultx¿ tyf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ uxg ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
tL tYofª\sx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljifout kIfaf6 5'6\ofP/ x]l/Psf] 5}g, To;n] ubf{ slt
tyf s] ultljlw ;DkGg eof] eGg] k|ultaf/] hfgsf/L eO/x]sf] 5 t/ o;af6 vf; s]
pknlAw xfl;n u/L /flvPsf] 5 < tL k|ultx¿ lbuf] x'g]tkm{ pGd'v 5g\ jf 5}gg\
eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L eg] 5}g cyf{t\ xfnsf] cEof;af6 of] s'/f 5'6\ofpg sl7g
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kl/of]hgf If]qleqsf ljleGg ;d"x, ljleGg ljifodf cyf{t\ If]qdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] uxgtfdf slt km/s k/]sf] 5, tL tYox¿sf] ;x;DaGw tyf
tfnd]ndf klg cGt/ b]lvPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd cg'ej ul/Psf cEof;x¿nfO{
lgDglnlvt ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L cnu–cnu vfnsf ;"rgfx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg / lkmN8df To:tf tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L g/flvPsfn] klg o;df
;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L tL tYofª\sx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw / o;sf] ;+/If0f;+usf]
cGt/;DaGw b]vfpg] sfddf klg cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L oL ultljlwx¿af6
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
hLljsf]kfh{gdf s] s:tf] k|efj tyf kl/jt{g k/]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg klg sl7g
b]lvPsf] 5 .
xfn;Dd b]lvPsf sl7gfOx¿
„
„
„
„
o;af6 ;+/If0f tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf
k/]sf] k|efjsf] dfkg .
;ª\slnt ;"rgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
tyf of]hgfdf To;sf] k'gMpkof]u .
;fem]bf/x¿sf] xfnsf] Ifdtf, ;Lk
tyf ;|f]tx¿ .
nlIft pkef]Qmfx¿sf] klxrfg tyf
pknlAwx¿ .
n]n]kl:yt kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnocufl8 jflif{s ;efdf 5nkmn
ug{ ;xefuL ePsf kl/ifb\ tyf cfa4 ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿
hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] o:tf]
cg'udgsf] xfn;Ddsf] cEof; x]g{] xf]
eg] s]Gb|Lo txdf dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L s'g} ljifodf, If]qdf, nlIft u/L
s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eGg] lx;fan] ljlEfGg ljifo s]lGb|t cWoog, ;kmntfsf]
syf cflbsf ¿kdf cg'udg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5, h'g s]Gb|Lo:t/df dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf]
5 . of] :t/df ul/g] pknlAwx¿sf] pkof]u cfufdL jif{sf] of]hgfdf klg ul/g]5 . ;fy},
o:tf lsl;dsf tYofª\sx¿nfO{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, n]v tyf ljifout n]vx¿
Nf]Vg] clg k|:tfjgfsf] cf}lrTo b]vfpg] sfo{df klg pkof]u ul/G5 . t/, tL ;"rgf tyf
kl/0ffdx¿ oxf+sf ;ldlt tyf kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] kl5 k|ltj]bg cfPkl5 dfq
yfxf kfpg] ePsfn] o;n] pgLx¿sf nflu geP/ ;+:yf :jod\sf nflu ul/Psf] cEof;
xf] eGg] dx;'; u/fp“5 .
Vff]l/of v]tLsf nfuL ul/g] cfunfuL h'g slxn]sf+xL
hf]lvdo'Qm klg jGg] u5{ .
rf}+/L ufO{M pRr lxdfnL afl;Gbfx?sf] d'Vo cfo>f]t xf]
9
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf tof/ ug's
{ f] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ tyf o; cGtu{tsf ;+/If0f If]q
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg;DaGwL ;Lk tyf
IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 u/L o; sfo{nfO{ ;+/If0f sfo{sf] lgoldt kf6f]sf ¿kdf :yflkt
u/fO{ ;++/If0fsf] d"ne"t nIo xfl;n ug'{ xf] .
10
vf;u/L o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg cEof;af6 lglb{i6 ultljlwx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogn] Psftkm{ :yfgLo nlIft ;d'bfox¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/
NofPsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L cfjlws ¿kdf x'g]5 eg] ;fy;fy} pgLx¿sf] hf]lvd jxg
ug]{ Ifdtf, ;'zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog, Gofok"0f{ ;|f]tx¿sf] af“8kmf“6 tyf gLltut / sfo{qmd
lgdf{0f txdf kfvf kfl/Psf ju{x¿sf] k|ltlglwTjdf s] s:tf] k|ult x'g uO{ bL3{sfnLg
;+/If0fsf p2]Zo k|flKt ug{ pGd'v 5÷5}g eGg] hfgsf/L lg/Gt/ k|fKt x'g]5 eGg] nIo
lnPsf] 5 .
o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf tof/ ug's
{ f] ljlzi7 p2]Zo s]
xf] <
„
„
„
„
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg tyf k4ltsf] ljsf;
ug{ ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ u/L
sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
;+/If0f If]q tyf o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ pkl:yt kl/of]hgf;+u k|ToIf sfo{ ug]{
;fdflhs kl/rfns, kl/of]hgf sd{rf/L, kl/ifb\ tyf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg;DaGwL a'emfO / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{' .
lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g d"n k|jfxLs/0f /0fgLlt @))% n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf /0fgLltx¿,
hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf @))& n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjog
tyf s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0fn] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf ;"rsx¿sf] t'ngfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ ;dotflnsf cg';f/ cg'udg
ug]{ tyf To;sf pknlAwx¿nfO{ k|ltj]bg tyf k|:tfjgfx¿df / cfufdL
of]hgfx¿df k|ltljlDat ug'{ .
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf hLljsf]kfh{g;+u ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] pknlAw cg'udg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} sfo{qmdsf]
k|efjsfl/tf / c;/sf] cg'udg ug{] ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg' .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
of] k'l:tsf s;/L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] <
of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf ljutsf ultljlwx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg,
ljleGg cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f, ;j]{If0f sfo{sf] l;kmfl/; / ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/e"t
;j]{If0f @))& sf]] cWoogsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ /
;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& df pNn]v ul/Psf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{
;"rsx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg / ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg sfo{
:yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/;lsPsf] -@))^, ;]K6]Da/_ kl/l:yltdf
8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\= g]kfnsf] cfufdL jif{x¿df ef}lts pkl:ylt Go"g u/L :yfgLo kl/ifb\
tyf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem dxŒjk"0f{, lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ / cy{k"0f{
agfpgsf nflu cfjZos Ps /0fgLlts ;fwgsf ¿kdf 5nkmn, cWoog, k'g/fjnf]sg
/ k/fdz{ ljlw ckgfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
11
of] k'l:tsfnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <
of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf d"ntM ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/L, ;+/If0f Joj:yfkg If]q pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;+/If0f If]q ;xof]u kl/of]hgfsf
sd{rf/L tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ x]/]/ tof/ kfl/Psfn]
pgLx¿n] klxn] o;df plNnlvt ;"rsx¿, To;nfO{ ;ª\sng ug]{ tl/sf,
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ul/g'sf] p2]Zo / ;du| ;+/If0f If]qdf ul/Psf sfd
tyf To;;DaGwL b:tfj]h / cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ a'e\mg / dgn] lng'k5{ . To;sf ;fy}
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx¿nfO{ o; k'l:tsfdf kl/eflift k|lqmof tyf ljlwåf/f
sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . k|of]ustf{x¿n] o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ljlwx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug]{
dfq xf]Og, o;df k|:t't ljifox¿nfO{ kl/ifb\ ;b:o / ;xsdL{x¿aLr 5nkmn / dgg
ug'{ k5{ . o;f] ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ s'/fx¿
k|:6 x'b} hfG5 / c¿nfO{ klg hfgsf/L
u/fpg] cj;/ ldN5 .
o;sf nflu sfo{If]qsf] 5gf]6
s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg
k'l:tsfnfO{ vf;u/L s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f
If]qdf ul/Psf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s
cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& n] lbPsf
pRr lxdfnLIf]qdf k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnL
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
12
;"rsx¿, l;kmfl/; tyf tYofª\sx¿sf ;fy} s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf ljleGg
cWoogaf6 lbOPsf ;"rgfx¿, tYofª\sx¿ / hLljsf]kfh{g;+u ;DalGwt 3/w'/L tyf
;+:yfut ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf tYofª\sx¿sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psfn] o;nfO{
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;ftj6f pkef]Qmf
;ldltx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes nlIft ju{sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5, hals o; ;+/If0f If]q
cGtu{tsf rf/j6} uflj;x¿ -n]n]k, tfk]yf]s, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf / ofDkm'lbg_ / o;sf
afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ o;sf] sfo{If]q dflgPsf] 5 . k|f/Dedf o;sf ;"rgfx¿ kl/of]hgfsf]
k|fljlws ;xof]udf / kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿n] cfkm}“ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg eO{ cg'udg, ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf
5nkmn u/L ;'?jft ug]{ xf] . of] sfo{ k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df ul/G5, h;sf]
;ª\sngsf nflu cfjZos k|ZgfjnLsf] vfsf / To;nfO{ eg]{ vfsf eg] o; k'l:tsfsf]
cGTodf cg';"rLsf ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsfsf] k|of]ustf{ sf] xf] <
o; cg'udg k'l:tsfnfO{ s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q ;xof]u cfof]hgfn] o; If]qsf
nlIft ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ pgLx¿åf/f g} cfjlws ¿kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]/ tof/ ul/Psf] x'“bf o; kl/ifb\;+u
;DalGwt ;a} kbflwsf/L / dftxt ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ clg kl/of]hgf ;xof]u
PsfOsf sd{rf/Lx¿ klg o;sf nlIft k|of]ustf{ x'g\ .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg k|lqmof eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k"j{lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf cg';f/
sfd eO/x]sf] 5÷5}g, cfzf ul/Psf glthf xfl;n eO/x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\, ls6fg
u/]sf] nlIft ju{;Dd sfo{qmd k'u]sf] 5÷5}g, nlIft ju{nfO{ kmfObf ePsf] 5÷5}g,
pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLljsf]kfh{gsf ultljlwdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5÷5}g, pgLx¿sf]
;DkGgtfdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5÷5}g egL lgoldt ¿kdf pQm :yfgdf g} uP/ jf
c¿ g} dfWodaf6 tYofª\s tyf ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt u/L ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;DalGwt
kIfx¿nfO{ sfo{ k|ult / pknlAw hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'udg elgG5 .
sfo{qmdaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf glthf eg]sf] ljz]if u/L nlIft ;d"xdf lbuf] ¿kdf cfpg]
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g g} xf] . sfo{qmdx¿ t dfWod dfq x'g\ . sfo{qmd
;DkGg x+'b}df ck]Iff u/]sf] glthf xfl;n x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt x'+b}g . sfo{qmd ;DkGg
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
ePkl5 ;+:yfsf] pknlAw ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . To;sf/0f cg'udg ubf{ nlIft ju{sf]
hLjgl:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] s'/flt/ sfo{qmd pGd'v 5÷5}g egL
lgofn]/ x]g'{k5{ . hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udg ultljlwn] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf k|To]s
sfo{qmdn] nlIft ;d'bfosf] hLjgl:yltdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g Pjd\ k|efj k/]sf] 5 egL
lgoldt ¿kdf k/LIf0f u/L cfufdL of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgfx¿ pknAw
u/fp“5 .
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ubf{
s] s:tf s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{
x'G5 <
„
„
„
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf]
xfn k|of]udf /x]sf lgoldt
cg'udgsf cEof;x¿eGbf s] cy{df
a]Un} 5 eg] of] k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf]
cGt/fndf :yfgLo kl/ifb\ tyf o;
:yflgo :t/df dlxnf g]t[Tj
dftxtsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 :jod\
;+nUg eO{ ul/g] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo k|of]ustf{ eg]sf] kl/ifb\
cGtu{tsf ;a} kbflwsf/Lnufot d'VotM o; dftxtsf ;a} ;ftj6f pkef]Qmf
;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 ul/g] / To;sf] lg/LIf0f, k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/ifb\ tyf
kl/of]hgf ;xof]u PsfOsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
of] ljlwaf6 ;ª\sng ul/g] ;"rgfx¿nfO{ kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnodf NofP/ ljZn]if0f
tyf kl/dfh{g ul/g] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . t;y{, ;ª\sng sfo{ k|To]s tf]lsPsf]
jif{sf] ;dodf / Pp6} dlxgfdf ul/g] afgL ul/g'k5{ tfls o;af6 k|fKt
;"rgfx¿df Ps¿ktf cfcf];\ / o;sf glthfx¿ Jff:tljstfsf] glhs b]lvo"g\
clg o;k|lt kl/of]hgf, :yfgLo afl;Gbf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljZj;gLotf
a9f];\ .
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿ ljz]ifu/L ljkGg, ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt
ju{n] k|fKt u/]sf kmfObf, pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cj;/ /
pkef]usf] cj:yf, pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g x]g{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'
k5{ . tL kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf ;"rsx¿ pbfx/0fsf nflu o;} k'l:tsfsf]
cGTodf cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5 . t/, oL ;"rsx¿ ;w}el/ Ps}gf;n] k|of]u ul//fVg]
eGg] x'“b}g . ;ldltsf] 5nkmn / lg0f{odf dfkg ul/g] ;"rsx¿ km/s kg{, kl/jt{g
13
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
„
„
„
14
„
„
„
ug{ jf yk36 ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;f] ubf{ kl/jt{gsf kIfx¿n] lbPsf] dfkb08 jf
To;sf] bfo/f aflx/ hf+bf ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t tYofª\s k|fKt gx'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgn] hLjgrof{sf] ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds kIf b'j}nfO{
;d]6\g] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ . /, o; k'l:tsfn] klg o;tkm{ Wofg lbPsf] 5 .
of] ljlwnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf cfa4 ;a} 3/w'/Lx¿ pkl:yt ePsf]
a]nf ;fwf/0f;ef jf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf nflu pkl:yt ePsf] a]nf ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿n] u/]df a9L ;xeflutfd"ns x'gsf ;fy} k|fKt ;"rgf a9L oyfy{k/s
x'g k'U5 .
kl/of]hgfåf/f lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] cGo cg'udg, h:tf] M a9L cf}krfl/s
tYofª\ssf] k|of]u u/L cg';Gwfgd"ns k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ eGbf klg ;fdfGotof o;
If]qdf cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& sf] t'ngfdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 jf ;a}
;dfj]z ePsf] jf ;dfg ¿kdf nfedfly kx'r
+ eO/x]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] af]w u/fpg]
/ cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/L / k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ o;sf] df}lns p2]Zo xf] .
k|f/Desf nflu o; k'l:tsfsf] cGTodf s]xL ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 t/
o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;ldltx¿ o;}df ;Lldt x'g' x'b+ g} . vf;u/L pgLx¿n]
cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;"rsx¿ 5gf]6 ug{'k5{ / tL ;"rsx¿
Psbd} Jofjxfl/s tyf ;/n x'g'k5{ . o;df lbPsf ;"rsx¿ To;}nfO{ ldNg] u/L
hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg kIf ;d]6\g] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;sf ljleGg zLif{s
cGtu{t ;a}sf] sDtLdf klg b'O{j6f kIf ;d]l6g] u/L 5gf]6 ul/Pdf a9L Jofjxfl/s
x'g5
] .
o;/L cg'udgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof pkef]Qmf ju{ tyf
:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ g} pkof]uL x'g] u/L ug'{k5{ .
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ul/g' k5{ . ;f]xL cjlwdf pknlAw /
c;/ klg ;+u;+u} cfO/x]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ klg ;+u} x]b}{ hfg'k5{ / jflif{s of]hgfdf
/ kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf lj:t[t 5nkmn ul/g'k5{ .
kl/ifb\ tyf cGo ;DalGWft kbflwsf/Ln] cg'udg yfngL s;/L ug]{ <
hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{
lhDd]jf/L kl/of]hgf Joj:yfks Pjd\ cg'udgstf{x¿sf] klg x'G5 . pgLx¿af6
lgoldt tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ sfo{If]qsf] e|d0f u/L jf cGo dfWodaf6 cg'udg
ug]{ ul/G5 . dfl;s ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgf tyf k|ult k|ltj]bg, dfl;s
a}7s, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 cg'udg ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
cg'udg ubf{ dfl;s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf ultljlwx¿sf] cg'udg ul/G5 eg]
rf}dfl;s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|ult ;dLIff ul/G5 . cw{jflif{s
Pjd\ jflif{s ¿kdf ;dLIff ubf{ eg] s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 ;d]t cg'udg / k|ult ;dLIff
ug]{ ug'{k5{ . jflif{s ¿kdf cg'udg / ;dLIff ubf{ eg] ;ª\VofTdssf] t'ngfdf
u'0ffTds s'/fx¿nfO{ dxŒj lbOg'k5{ . hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿af6
nlIft ;d'bfodf b]lvPsf ;'wf/sf] cj:yf d"Nofª\sg ug{ o; k|sf/sf ;dLIff ul/g'
pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ;dLIffaf6 sfo{qmdsf] af“sL cjlwdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ u5{ eg] sd
k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdsf 7fp“df pko'Qm ljsNk vf]Hg klg d2t u5{ .
hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udgsf] cjwf/0ffTds ;+/rgf tyf tx s:tf] 5 <
;du|df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] cEof; tyf ljifox¿sf] uxg 5nkmn tyf ljZn]if0fn] s]
b]vfp“5 eg] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsf] cg'udgnfO{ k|ult ljj/0f tyf cfjlws ;"rgf
;ª\sngsf] ultljlwx¿df dfq} ;Lldt gu/L jf:tjdf o; If]qsf :yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf
hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udgsf] ;+/rgfTds 9f“rf M
cg'udgsf
txx¿
cg'udgsf]
cjlw
cg'udg sfo{df
;+nUgtf
cg'udg sfo{sf]
pknlAw
cg'udgsf] k|efj
ljZn]if0f
sfof{Gjogsf] % b]lv
& ji.f{leq
afx\o k/fdz{bftf,
8ANo"=8ANo"= Pkm\=
ljz]if1x¿åf/f ul/g]
u'0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
k|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h,
kljq lxdfno e"kl/
lwsf tYofª\sx¿
pknlAwx¿sf]
cg'udg
sfof{Gjogsf] # b]lv
% jif{leq
:yfgLo k/fdz{bftf,
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f
If]q Joj:yfkg kl/
ifb\, 8ANo"= 8ANo"=Pkm\=
ljz]if1 tyf ;DalGWft
sfo{qmd x]Gf{] sfo{qmd
k|aGws tyf jl/i7
sfo{qmd clws[t
u'0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
k|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h,
dWofjlw k|ltj]bg,
s]; :68L tyf lkmN8
lelh6 u'0ffTds l/kf]6{
ultljlwx¿sf]
cg'udg
sfof{Gjogsf] ^
dlxgf jf ! jif{leq
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f
If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\
tyf o; dftxtsf
;a} ;ldlt, pk;ldlt
tyf pkef]Qmf
;d"xx¿, ;fdflhs
kl/rfnsx¿
cw{jflif{s, jflif{s
k|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h,
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf]
sfo{of]hgf, of]hgf,
k|ltj]bg, lhNnf jg
sfof{no tyf Onfsf
sfof{nosf] k|ltj]bg,
lkmN8 lelh6 k|ltj]bg
15
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
16
;ª\3;+:yf clg Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ljleGg txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo
Ifdtf, pknAw ;|f]tx¿, hf]lvdx¿ tyf pgLx¿n] nlIft u/]sf] pknlAwx¿df s] slt
tyf s;/L kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 eGg]tkm{ ;ª\s]t u5{ . 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\=, g]kfnsf]
cfkm\gf] bIftf tyf sfo{If]q h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf ;fy;fy} :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf]
hLljsf]kfh{gdf bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ u/L :yfgLo k|sl[ thGo ;|ft] x¿dflysf] dfgjLo
rfknfO{ sd ug'{ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsfn] lgDg
s'/fx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] cg'udg sfo{df ;d]6\g'kg]{df dxŒj lbG5 M
„ hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿df vf; u/L k|s[lthGonufot cGo dfgjLo,
ef}lts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cflbdf ePsf] kl/jt{g tyf pknlAw .
„ hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿ Vff; u/L hª\unL hgfj/x¿af6 dfgjLo ;DklQx¿
Hf:t} v]tL, a:t'efp tyf dfgjLo Iflt, pgLx¿dflysf] cfqmd0f tL ;|f]tx¿df
nfUg] /f]uJofwL / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f plAhg] gsf/fTds k|efj h:t} l9nf]
kfSg], kfgLsf d"nx¿ ;'Sg] cflbdf x'g] kl/jt{g cflb . To;}u/L dfgjLo rfkaf6
k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds rf]/L l;sf/L, cTolws tyf lbuf] gx'g] u/L
lgsflng] tyf ;ª\sng ul/g] jGo;|f]t tyf u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/ / h8La'6Lx¿ cflb .
u|fkmlrq M hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ljleGg txx¿
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf nflu cfjZos ;|ft] x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
o:tf] vfnsf] cg'udgsf nflu ljz]iftM ljleGg txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ Hf;n] pknAw
tYofª\sx¿nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{, cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f ul/Psf ;"rsx¿, ljleGg ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, n}ª\lus ¿kdf 5'6\ofOPsf 8f6fx¿, /fli6«o tyf If]qLo / lhNnfx¿sf] 8f6f,
dfgjLo ;"rsx¿, ;j]I{ f0f ;"rgfx¿, lgoldt cg'udgsf tYofª\sx¿, cg'udg
/lh:6/, ;|f]tsf] OGe]G6«L, o;sf cnfjf Pp6f Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;ª\slnt u/L /fVg]
;"rgf k|0ffnL, sDKo'6/, ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f ug{ hfGg]] k|fljlws / ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{
cfjZos kmf/d tyf k|f/lEfs k'“hL cflb k5{g\, o;sf ;fy;fy} cg'udgsf] ;Dk"0f{
k|lqmofx¿ emNsfpg] lgb]{lzsf klg o;sf] Pp6f d'Vo cª\u xf], h;sf] cfwf/df
;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f, JofVof tyf Joj:yfkg ul/G5 .
of] k'l:tsf cWoog tyf sfof{Gjog ug'k{ j" { ofb /fVg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ s]
s] x'g\ <
„
„
„
„
„
k|:t't ;"rsx¿ gd'gfsf ¿kdf lbOPsf] x'gfn] oL ;dofg'sn
" kl/jt{gLo 5g\ t/
sDtLdf klg Pp6f r/0fsf] cg'udgdf lnOPkl5 csf]{ r/0fdf ToxL ;"rsnfO{
pkof]u ul/Pdf a9L oyfy{sf] glhs x'g ;S5 .
k|:t't ;"rsx¿ s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ tyf o; dftxtsf
pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ dWogh/ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] x'gfn] k|f/Dedf
sltj6f ;"rsx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{ eGg] pgLx¿s} cfjZostf, Ifdtf tyf OR5fdf
lge{/ 5 t/ o;/L 5gf]6 ul/“bf sDtLdf klg k|To]s ;d"xaf6 o;sf] uxgtf tyf
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L 5gf]6 ul/g' k5{ .
of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotof pgLx¿sf] If]qdf hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljljw kIfdf s]
s:tf] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psfn] ;/n tyf
;xh x'g] vfnsf ;"rs 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, s'g} afx\o k/fdz{ bft[ tyf
cfof]hgf k|fof]lht cg'udg;+u t'ngf ul/g' tyf hl6n ;"rsx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ubf{
c;xh x'g] dgg ul/Psf] 5 .
cg'udg tyf ;ª\sng sfo{ ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf
k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df / c;f]hb]lv dª\l;/ dlxgfsf] aLrdf lnOg' k5{, h;n]
a];nfOg;+u Ps¿ktf b]vfpg]5 .
;ª\slnt ;"rgfnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;fdfGo k|ltzt tyf
cf};tdf u0fgf u/L To;nfO{ cl3Nnf]k6s lnOPsf] ;"rs;+u t'ngf u/L ;fdfGo
17
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
„
„
18
k|ltj]bg n]Vg ;Sg] 5g\ h;sf nflu klxnf]k6s cfof]hgfsf tkm{af6 cfjZos
cled'vLs/0f tyf ;Lk / ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f ug]{ tl/sf atfOg]5 / :yfgLo :t/df
s'g tl/sf ;xh x'g]5, Tof] ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
k|:t't ;"rsx¿, k'l:tsfsf] n]vg sfo{ tTsfnsf] cfjZostfaf6 geO{ ljutsf
jif{x¿, ljleGg r/0fsf] cGt/lqmof, hLljsf]kfh{g cled'vLs/0f uf]i7L, :ynut
cWoog, of]hgfsf b:tfj]h, /0fgLlts of]hgf tyf k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
w]/} ;"rsx¿ a];nfOg ;j]{ @))& ;+u d]n vfg]u/L 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;sf
nflu hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLlt kq @))% tyf ;+/If0f /0fgLlts of]hgf @))^–@)!!
nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
of] cg'udg k4ltnfO{ sfof{Gjog tyf ;+:yfut ug]{ r/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
of] cg'udg k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df / c;f]hb]lv dª\l;/ dlxgfsf] aLrdf
ul/;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; lx;fan] casf] cg'udg cfufdL @)^& sf] dª\l;/leq
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg], o;sf] a];nfOg @)^$ sf] c;f]hdf ul/Psf] lyof] .
of] sfof{Gjog ug{ nlIft ;d"xsf] klxrfg u/L tL JolQmx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] .
o;sf] lgwf{/0f kl/ifb\n] ug]{ / cfkm\gf ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cWoIfnfO{
lhDd]jf/L lbg] .
k|:t't k'l:tsfsf cfwf/df pQm nlIft JolQmx¿ tyf kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{
lj:t[t ¿kdf / :ynut cEof;sf ¿kdf Ifdtf j[l4sf] tflnd lbg] .
kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf ljlEfGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ o;sf] d'Vo cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/L
lbP/ cfjZos ;|f]t–;fwg qmdzM pknAw u/fpg] h:t} sDKo'6/, o;df /fVg]
tl/sf, /lh:6/ cflb .
o;sf nflu cfjZos ;ftj6f ;ldltdf ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ /lh:6/ tyf
kmfOlnª\ ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/ dfG5] lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;"rgf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL yk tflnd tyf ;Lk lbg] .
;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu cfjZos kmf/d tof/ ug]{ . kmf/d tof/ ubf{ o;df
plNnlvt ;"rsx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL s'g s'gnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] xf], To;sf
cfwf/df kmf/d tof/ ul/g'k5{ . cyf{t\, 7"nf] vfnsf] /lh:6/df sf]7f jf tflnsf
agfP/ klg ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
kl/ifb\ dftxt tf]lsPsf k|To]s ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] jflif{s a}7ssf] jf cGo s'g} e]nf
x'g] cj:yf jf jflif{s e]nf x'g] df}sf 5f]kL o;sf] ;d"xdf ;ª\sng ul/g' a9L
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
„
„
„
pknlAw tyf k|dfl0ft ug{ ;/n k5{ . of] s'g} 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f jf sG;N6]G6n] tof/
ug]{ k|ltj]bg geP/ hLljsf]kfh{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] ;fdfGo kIfx¿df kl/jt{gsf]
cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 egL x]g{ vf]lhPsf] dfq xf] .
o;/L ;ldltx¿df ;ª\sng ul/Psf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;ª\slnt u/L Pp6f d'Vo
/lh:6/df ptf/L kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnodf 5nkmn tyf ;fdfGo ljZn]if0fsf nflu
k7fpg] .
;lrjfnosf] tf]lsPsf] JolQmn] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f u/L h:t} k|ltzt
lgsfNg], cf};t lgsfNfL To;sf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg lgsfnL kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k|:t't
u/L 5nkmn ug]{ .
o;/L 5nkmn u/L kl/ifb\sf] clGtd ;xdltsf cfwf/df ;fdfGo a9Ldf b'O{ k]hsf]
s] s] s'/fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 / ca s] kfOnf rfNg'kg]{ xf], To;sf]
l;kmfl/;;lxt kl/ifb\df / cfof]hgfdf k7fpg] .
o; If]qsf] cg'udg dfkgsf nflu a];nfOg ;"rsx¿ s] s] 5g\ <
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))& df ul/Psf] lyof],
h;sf cfwf/df d'Vo d'Vo kl/jt{gsf dfkb08x¿nfO{ o;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5,
h;nfO{ o;k|sf/ lbOPsf] 5 M
If]q
;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @))& sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿
PsfO
cfocfh{g
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] k|ltzt
-o"=P;= b'O{ 8n/ k|ltlbg_
Jfflif{s
)–@)))) ;Dd -clt ljkGg ju{_
@)))!–%)))) -lgDg cfo ;d"x_
%)))!–!!)))) -dWod cfo ;d"x_
!!)))) eGbf dfly -pRr cfo ;d"x_
Joj;fo
s[lif d'Vo k];f ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿ -*#%, !((^_
kz'kfng d'Vo k];f ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿
Gfub] t/sf/L pAhfpg] d'Vo k];f ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿
$( %
#% %
%%
dnvfbsf] k|of]u
/;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
ls6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
@# %
#=* %
kz'kfng
aª\u/' , ;'u+ /' kfng ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
afv|fe]8f kfng ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
ufO{uf]?, rF“/} L kfng ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
&) %
^* %
%* %
&@
%
##=) %
#(=) %
!* %
!) %
19
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
20
If]q
;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @))& sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿
j}slNks pmhf{sf]
k|of]u
;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
d§Lt]n k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ -jflif{s vkt ef/Ldf_
cfw'lgs r'Nxf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿
cfo cfh{gdf
;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿
k|ToIf ¿kdf cfocfh{gdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿
cn}r
“ L v]tLdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿
ljleGg ;ldlt, ;d"xdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿
;f=jg, ;+/If0f pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;ldltdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿
%^ %
$%=$ %
*! %
@=$ %
5fgfsf] k|sf/
3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg k|sl[ t ;|ft] df lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿
lrqf–af“;n] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿
v/÷5\jfnLn] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿
sf7n] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿
l6gsf] h:tfkftfn] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿
&#=@ %
@$=$ %
!) %
#*=* %
@^ %
vfBfGg
k|r'/tfsf] l:ylt
vfBfGg k|r/' tfsf] cf};t dlxgf
vfBfGg cefj x'g] 3/w'/Lx¿
b'O{ dlxgf dfq vfBfGg k|r/' tf x'g]
^=!!
(!=^ %
*%
lzIff
;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt
lg/If/tfsf] b/
k'?if
dlxnf
@^=* %
!(=) %
#%=) %
vfg]kfgL
;'ljwfsf] cj:yf
;'wfl/Psf] Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'r
+ ePsf 3/x¿ -;fd'bflos_
;'wfl/Psf] Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'r
+ ePsf 3/x¿ -JolQmut kfOk_
Kff“r ldg]6leq Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'r
+ ePsf 3/x¿
;'wfl/Psf] Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'r
+ ePsf hDdf 3/x¿
Vffg]kfgL cf];fg{df ;+nUg x'g] jo:s dlxnfx¿
^(=&
@*
(@=^
(&=&
*!=(
;'wfl/Psf] rkL{ ;'ljwf ePsf 3/x¿
:jf:Yo rf}sL, pkrf}sLdf ;]jf lng hfg] 3/x¿
uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo rf}sL, pkrf}sLdf ;]jf lng hfg] 3/x¿
;'Ts]/L ;]jfsf nflu bIf ;'8g] Lsf] ;]jf lng]] 3/x¿
%%=% %
*&=$ %
#)=$ %
@$=$ %
:jf:Yo tyf
rkL{ ;'ljwfsf]
cj:yf
PsfO
^) %
#@ %
!%&
@@=&
%
%
%
%
%
;|f]t M ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))&, 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfn sfof{no
o; If]qsf] hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udgsf nflu s] s:tf ;"rsx¿
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 <
o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] ljutsf cEof;x¿, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf ultljlwx¿, ljleGg
cWoog–cg';Gwfgn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf ;"rsx¿, o:t} vfnsf cGo If]qdf ul/Psf
;j]{If0fsf glthfx¿ / vf; u/L hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLlt kqsf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
cg'udgsf nflu a[xt\ ljifoj:t' / ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))& sf glthfx¿
cflbnfO{ ljz]if cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 eg] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] dfq geO{ o;sf
hf]lvdx¿, k|s[lthGo hf]lvdx¿ / ;|f]tx¿ cflbnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . tn lbPsf]
tflnsfn] ;"rssf gd'gfx¿, To;nfO{ gfKg] tl/sf, ;do / eP;Dd To;sf cfwf/e"t
a];nfOg ;d]t lbO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 / ;ldltn] o;}dWo]af6 5nkmn / 5gf]6 u/L cg'udg
ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . oL ;"rsx¿ kl/jt{gLo 5g\ / cfjZostf cg';f/ yk36 / 5f“6sf“6
ug{ ;lsG5 t/ hLljsf]kfh{g tyf ;+/If0fsf dfGotfx¿sf] dd{ljk/Lt tyf :yfgLo
;ldltn] ug{;Sg] sl7g ;"rsx¿ eg] Tolt :jLsfo{ gx'g ;S5 . t;y{, o;df s'g}
lstfaL lj1 jf ;Nnfxsf/eGbf klg :yfgLo ;ldltsf] efiffdf ;/n ;"rsx¿
pgLx¿af6 g} cfPdf To;nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L /fVg ;lsG5 .
s|
;=
hLljsf]kfh{g
kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿
PsfO
a];nfOg
@))&
cg'udg ug'{kg]{ jif{x¿
@))( @)!! @)!# @)!% @)!&
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;"rsx¿
!
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yf kl/ifb\
cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;ª\3, ;ldlt, ;d"x,
pk;d"x, pk;ldlt cflbsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
(!
@
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\
cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
@^
#
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/
ifb\ cGtu{t ljleGGf ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿;+u
cfa4 ;b:o 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
(!
$
;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t jf
dftxtdf ag]sf, dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/
Psf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof
-h:t} :s'n, :jf:Yo rf}sL, lzz' :ofxf/
s]Gb|, ;"rgfs]Gb|, 6«n
] lgdf{0f, rkL{, vfg]kfgL
cflbsf] lgdf{0f, emf]nª' u\ ,] u'Daf, df]gf:6«]
cflbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
:yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;DkGgtf
%
l;d]G6]8 lkNn/ 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq lgdf{0f
ul/Psf 6fon, l;d]G6, lkNn/ l;:6daf6
lgdf{0f ul/Psf 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt
%
(Well-being)
df ePsf] kl/jt{g
21
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s|
;=
^
hLljsf]kfh{g
kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿
kSsL 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq df6f]÷9'ªu\ faf6
lgdf{0f ul/Psf l6gsf] 5fgf jf 6fonsf]
5fgf / df6f]–9'ªu\ fsf] 3/df l;d]G6af6
Knf:6/ ul/Psf 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt
&
sRrL M ;+/If0f If]qsf sf7, af+;, lrqf
cflbsf] 5fgf ePsf tyf sf7af6 lgdf{0f
ul/Psf lrqf–lgufnf] v/sf] 5fgf ePsf
3/x¿ k|ltzt
%
*
;fdfGo em'k8L M ;+/If0f If]qsf 6f6L,
jgdf/f, km'; cflbdf df6f] n]kg u/L jf
gu/L kftLn] af/]sf], Knfl:6sn] 5fPsf] jf
cfkm\gf] 3/ gePsf ;d]t jf ;fdfGo em'k8L
3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof k|ltzt
%
(
kSsL rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf kSsL rkL{
pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
!)
sRrL rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf sRrL rkL{
pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
!!
;fdfGo vfN6] rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf vfN6]
rkL{ pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
!@
;+/If0f If]qdf ;'wfl/Psf] tyf ;'/lIft
vfg]kfgLdfly kx“'r ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]
k|ltzt -;fd'bflos_
%
!#
;+/If0f If]qdf ;'wfl/Psf] tyf ;'/lIft
vfg]kfgLdfly kx'r ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]
k|ltzt -JolQmut wf/f_
%
!$
;+/If0f If]qdf u}/sfi7 tyf h8La'6L
;ª\sng, k|zf]wg tyf Joj;fo ;|ft] af6
d'Vo cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
!%
;+/If0f If]qdf k/Dk/fut s[lifdf lge{/
/x] s f tyf To;af6 cfocfh{ g ug{ ]
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt -!((^ df *#%_
%
$(
!^
gub] t/sf/L, gub]afnL, cn}r
+ Ljf6 d'Vo
cfocfh{g ug{ lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
%
22
PsfO
a];nfOg
@))&
%
cg'udg ug'{kg]{ jif{x¿
@))( @)!! @)!# @)!% @)!&
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s|
;=
!&
hLljsf]kfh{g
kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿
;+/If0f If]qdf kz'k“IfLkfng tyf b'Uw
Joj;foaf6 d' V o cfocfh{ g ug{ ]
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
!*
;+/If0f If]qdf ko{6g, k;n tyf cGo
;Lko'Qm Joj;foaf6 d'Vo cfocfh{g ug{]
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
!(
;+/If0f If]qdf gf]s/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/,
ljk|i] f0f cflb Joj;foaf6 d'Vo cfocfh{g
ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
@)
;+/If0f If]qdf !% jif{eGbf dflysf ;fIf/
dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt -k'?if *!%, b'j}
&#=@%_
%
@!
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ ;ª\Vof *!
ifb\åf/f ;~rflnt 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdaf6
sDtLdf Psk6s ;'ljwf lng] 5fqfx¿sf]
;ª\Vof
@@
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4
;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿df :yfgLo
3/w' / Lsf k| l tlglwsf] ;+ n Ugtf tyf
;b:otfsf] k|ltzt
%
@#
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4
;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿sf] d'Vo
e"ldsfdf :yfgLo dlxnf k|ltlglwsf] ;+nUgtf
tyf k|ltlglwTj k|ltzt
%
@$
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4
;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿ s'g}af6
;' n e C0f lnO/x] s f jf lnO;s] s f
3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt
@%
@^
PsfO
%
a];nfOg
@))&
#%
cg'udg ug'{kg]{ jif{x¿
@))( @)!! @)!# @)!% @)!&
^%
@=$
k/Dk/fut tyf :jR5 pmhf{ pkef]u tyf k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] cj:yfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t :jR5 %
@@=&
tyf j}slNks pmHff{sf ;fwg M cfw'lgs
r'Nxf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
;f]nf/ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
%
^)
23
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s|
;=
@&
24
hLljsf]kfh{g
kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿
n3'hnljB't\ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
PsfO
@*
Aofsaf]On/ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
@(
jif{el/df ======= ef/L bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ 3/ Eff/L
w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
#)
s~rghª\ 3 f ;+ / If0f If] q cGtu{ t
Jofj;flos, Jofkf/ k|zf]wg, pBd cflb
k|of]hgsf nflu klg :jR5 tyf j}slNks
pmHff{ s f ;fwgx¿ pkof] u ul//x] s f
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
#!
a];nfOg
@))&
cg'udg ug'{kg]{ jif{x¿
@))( @)!! @)!# @)!% @)!&
!%&
k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]u cyf{t\ lge{/tfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g
3/–uf]7sf] 5fgf sf7n] 5fPsf jf 5fpg %
#*=*
lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
#@
3/–uf]7sf] 5fgf lrqf af+;, lgufnf], v/n]
5fPsf jf 5fpg lge{/ 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt
##
s~rghª\ 3 f ;+ / If0f If] q cGtu{ t sf
;fd'bflos jg tyf ;+/If0f If]qdf bfp/f,
lgufnf] cflbsf nflu w]/h
} ;f] lge{/ tyf
tL ;|f]tx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf pkef]u
ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt .
#$
s~rghª\ 3 f ;+ / If0f If] q cGtu{ t sf
;fd'bflos jg, r/0f If]q, 3fF;] d}bfg cflb
;|ft] df 3f“; tyf :ofpnfsf nflu d'Vo
¿kdf lge{ / jf pkef] u ul//x] s f
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt .
#%
s~rghª\ 3 f ;+ / If0f If] q cGtu{ t sf
;fd'bflos jg, r/0f If]q, 3f“;] d}bfg cflb
;|ft] df j:t'efp r/fpgsf nflu d'Vo ¿kdf
lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
#^
3/sf] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu jg ;|ft] df lge{/
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
#&
sf7sf nflu lge{/ M gof“ 3/ lgdf{0f tyf
3/ dd{t ug{ cfjZos sf7sf nflu ;+/
If0f If]qsf jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt .
%
@$=$
%
&#=@
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s|
;=
hLljsf]kfh{g
kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿
cg'udg ug'{kg]{ jif{x¿
@))( @)!! @)!# @)!% @)!&
hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvd tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g M
#*
cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ cflbaf6 b'O{ dlxgf;Dd
dfq vfgk'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
#(
cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|ft]
af6 5 dlxgf;Dd vfgk'Ug] 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt
cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|ft]
cflbaf6 sDtLdf klg Ps jif{;Dd vfg
k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
Vff]l/of v]tL ul//x]sf jf cfkm\gf] hUuf vf]l/
of v]tL ug{ lbg] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt .
uef{ j :yfdf sDtLdf klg rf/k6s
:jf:YosdL{, k|fljlws, :jf:Yo rf}sLdf
cfkm\gf] ue{sf] hfFr u/fpg] jf hfFr ug{
k7fpg] 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt
kf“r /f]kgLeGbf sd cfkm\g} lghL d'Vo afnL
pTkfbgof]Uo hldg x'gx] ¿sf] k|ltzt
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf s'g} klg hª\unL
hgfj/af6 3/kfn'jf j:t'efp -vf;u/L
ufO{, e};
+ L, e]8+ f, afv|f, rF+/} L, aª\u/' , ;'u+ /' ,
ofs, 3f]8f, vRr8 cflb_ sf] gf]S;fgL ePsf
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf hª\unL a+bn
] af6
jif{el/df d'Vo v]tLafnL jf gub]afnL
gf]S;fgL ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
s~rghª\ 3 f ;+ / If0f If] q df hª\ u nL
efn'nufot cGo hgfj/af6 jif{el/df d'Vo
v]tLafnL jf gub]afnL gf]S;fgL ePsf
3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljut jif{df
?3fvf]sL, lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf cflbsf]
sf/0faf6 d[ T o' ePsf] elgPsf
afnaflnsfx¿ -kf“r jif{dl' gsf_ sf] hDdf
;ª\Vof
cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf /f;folgs dnvfb
cflb k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf /f;folgs ls6gfzs
cf}iflw cflb k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt
$)
$!
$@
$#
$$
$%
$^
$&
$*
$(
PsfO
a];nfOg
@))&
*
%
25
%
@#
%
#=*
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;"rsx¿
!= s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;ª\3, ;ldlt,
;d"x, pk;d"x cflbx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof M o; cGtu{t o; kl/ifb\;“u cfa4 ;a} ;d"x,
;ldlt, pk;ldltx¿ cflbnfO{ ;d]6]/ hDdf cfPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ . o;df
lxdlrt'jf ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿, ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;d"x, kz' ladf of]hgf
pk;ldlt, cfdf ;d"x, ;xsf/L cflbnfO{ ;lDemg' k5{ .
26
@= s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"x M o; cGtu{t o; ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t cfa4 ;a} ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;lDemg'k5{ . tL ;d"xx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ o;df hf]l8g' k5{ .
o;df hfGg'kg]{ s] 5 eg] ;fd'bflos jgsf] k|lsof cg';f/ ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgf
agfpg] ;d"xx¿ o;df lng ;lsG5 .
#= s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf
;ldlt(CAUC);“u cfa4, 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt M o; cGtu{t ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf
;ldlt (CAUC) cGtu{tsf hDdf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ / o;/L
cfPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To; If]qsf] hDdf 3/w'/L ;ª\Vof;+u t'ngf u/L k|ltztdf n]Vg] .
$= ;+/If0f If]qsf :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf -Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t jf
dftxt u};;, ;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGo bft[;:+ yf_ ag]sf, dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/Psf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ of]hgfx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof M o; cGtu{t pQm cjlwdf pQm pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
cGtu{t lgdf{0f, ;Def/ ul/Psf :s'n, :jf:Yo rf}sL, lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|, ;"rgfs]Gb|,
6«]n lgdf{0f, rkL{, vfg]kfgL cflbsf] lgdf{0f, emf]n'ª\u] u'Daf, d7 dlGb/, rr{ cflbx¿sf]
;ª\Vofsf] s'n ;ª\Vof n]Vg] tyf cl3Nnf] jif{sf] cf“s+8f eP To;;+u t'ngf ug]{ /
kl/0ffd n]Vg] .
:yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;DkGgtfdf
(Wel-being)
ePsf] kl/jt{g
%= l;d]G6]8÷lkNn/ 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq lgdf{0f ul/Psf 6fon, lem“u6L, l;d]G6,
lkNn/ l;:6daf6 lgld{t 3/x¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt . o;df pQm ;d"x cGtu{t kg]{ ;a}
3/w'/Lsf] 3/sf] agf]6, k|sf/sf cfwf/df hDdf ;ª\Vof hf]8]/ cfPsf] glthfnfO{
k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{, 3/sf] k|sf/ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/x¿ h:t} 3/ l;d]G6 9nfO{, lkNn/
l;:6d jf OҤf, l;d]G6af6 agfPsf] t/ 5fgf h:tfn] 5fPsf] eP o; cGtu{t
pNn]v ug]{ .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
^= kSsL 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq df6f]–9'ª\ufaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf h:tf jf 6fonsf] 5fgf
/ df6f]÷9'ª\ufsf] 3/df l;d]G6af6 aflx/L Kn:6/ ul/Psf 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof lx;fa
u/L k|ltztdf lgsfnL pNn]v ug]{ .
&= sRrL 3/ M o; cGtu{t ;fdfGo sf7, af“;, lrqf cflbsf] 5fgf ePsf tyf k"0f{tM
sf7af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf, df6f]–9'ª\ufn] agfO{ v/, 5\jfnL, lrqf÷lgufnf]sf] 5fgf ePsf
3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf n]Vg] .
*= ;fdfGo em'k8L M o; cGtu{t 3/x¿ 6f6L, jgdf/f, km'; cflbdf df6f] n]kg u/L
jf gu/L kftLn] af/]sf], Knfl:6sn] 5fPsf] jf 9'ª\uf–df6f] jf sf7sf] km\Nofssf]
km]lG;ª\lagf g} sRrL ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf ;fdfGo em'k8L 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof
k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .
(= kSsL rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf kSsL rkL{ pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . oxf“
kSsL rkL{ eGgfn] l;d]G6 Kofg, ;]km\6L 6\ofª\sL;lxtsf] lgdf{0f ul/PsfnfO{ hgfp“5
To:tf kSsL rkL{x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .
!)= sRrL tyf vfN6] rkL{ M o; cGtu{t ;'/lIft ¿kdf vfN6f] vgL :yfgLo jf
cGoqaf6 lgld{t :nfa /fvL v/, 6fonn] 5fP/ 6f6L cflbn] af/]sf] / lgoldt k|of]u
ul//x]sf] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ o; cGtu{t pNn]v ug]{ . o;df rkL{sf] ;+/rgfsf]
aflx/L cfj/0feGbf klg rkL{af6 ;ª\qmd0f x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf eP÷gePsf] tYonfO{
cfwf/ dfGg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
!!= c:yfoL rkL{ M To;}u/L ;fdfGo vfN6f] vgL 6f6L, k/fn, af]/f, Knfl:6s cflbn]
af/]/ pkof]u ul//x]sf] eP To:tf 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .
!@= vfg]kfgLdfly kx'r
+ -;fd'bflos wf/f_ M o; cGtu{t hLcfO{ kmnfd tyf
kf]lnlygsf] kfOkaf6 ;|f]t ;+/If0f u/L NofP/ ljt/0f ul/Psf ;fd'bflos wf/faf6
vfg]kfgL pkof]u ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt pNn]v ug]{ . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/f
s] xf] eg] pQm wf/f Ps 3/eGbf a9L 3/x¿n] pkef]u ul//x]sf] eP ;fd'bflos
cGtu{t pNn]v ug]{ .
27
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
!#= vfg]kfgLdfly kx'r
+ -JolQmut wf/f_ M o; cGtu{t hLcfO{ kmnfd tyf kf]lnlygsf]
kfOkaf6 ;|f]t ;+/If0f u/L ljt/0f ul/Psf wf/fnfO{ lghL ¿kdf Psf3/n] dfq k|of]u
ul//x]sf] jf JolQmut ;|f]taf6 dfly elgPh:t} ;'/lIft ;+/If0f u/L NofOPsf / pkef]u
ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/f s] xf]
eg] pQm wf/f Psf3/n] dfq k|of]u ul//x]sf] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] .
28
!$= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|ft] -jghGo tyf u}/sfi7 kbfy{_ M ;+/If0f If]qdf u}/sfi7
tyf h8La'6L ;ª\sng, k|;f]wg tyf To;sf] Joj;fo cflbaf6 3/sf] gub cfosf]
d'Vo ;|f]t agfPsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn
ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL 3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f]
efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efu dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf
3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{ .
!%= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|ft] -k/Dk/fut s[lif afnL_ M o; If]qdf k/Dk/fut s[lif
afnLaf6 d'Vo gub cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo
s'/f s] 5 eg] pQm 3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\
cfwfeGbf a9L efu k/Dk/fut v]tL afnLaf6 ePsf] eGg] tYodf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .
!^= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|ft] -gub] s[lif afnL_ M gub] afnLaf6 d'Vo gub
cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL
3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efu
dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{ .
!&= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|ft] -kz'kfng_ M ;+/If0f If]qdf kz'kIfL kfng tyf b'Uw
Joj;foaf6 d'Vo gub cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo
s'/f s] 5 eg] tL 3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\
cfwfeGbf a9L efu dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{
lnOg'k5{ .
!*= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|ft] -ko{6ghGo Joj;fo, Jofkf/_ M ;+/If0f If]qdf ko{6g
jf ko{6ghGo jf cGo ;fdfGo k;n tyf cGo ;Lko'Qm pBd, Joj;foaf6 d'Vo
cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efu
dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{
!(= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|ft] -gf]s/L, j}bl] zs /f]huf/, /]ld6\ofG;_ M ;+/If0f
If]qdf gf]s/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/, /]ld6\ofG;, Hofnf dhb'/L cflb ;|f]taf6 d'Vo
cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL
3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efu
dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{
@)= dlxnf ;fIf/tf M ;+/If0f If]qdf !% jif{eGbf dflysf ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt .
3/sf !% jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf ;a} dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf x]/L To;sf]
hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ . olb s'g} 3/df Ps hgf ;fIf/ / Ps hgf lg/If/ dlxnf
5g\ eg] To:tf lg/If/ dlxnfx¿sf] cnUu} nut /fVg'k5{ . o;df lgDg tl/sfn] lx;fa
lgsflng' k5{ . hDdf 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\VofdWo] slt 3/w'/Ldf xfn slt hgf !% jif{
k'lu;s]sf dlxnf 5g\, To;sf] hf]8kmn Pp6f sf]nddf n]Vg], To;}u/L To;dWo] slt
hgf ;fIf/ 5g\, To;sf] pNn]v ug]{ / slt hgf lg/If/ 5g\, Tof] klg pNn]v ug]{ . t/,
oxf+ Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] !% jif{ k'lu;s]sf] / :s'n, SofDk; cflbdf cWoog
ul//x]sf jf ul/;s]sf :jtM g} o;df kg]{ x'gfn] To:tf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fIf/leq ;dfj]z
u/L pNn]v ug]{ . o;f] ug'{sf] cf}lrTo s] xf] eg] o; If]qdf k9\g–n]Vg hfGg] jo:s
dlxnfx¿ slt k|ltzt 5g\ / k"0f{tM lg/If/ slt k|ltzt 5g\, yfxf kfpg' xf] . o;df
;fIf/ eGgfn] ;fdfGo k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg]nfO{ ;lDemg'k5{ .
@!= 5fqfj[lQ ;'ljwf lng] aflnsfx¿ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\åf/f
;~rflnt 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd tyf cGo 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd, JolQmut ;xof]uaf6 ;'ljwf
lng] 5fqfx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ . o;df Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] xfn
lnO/x]sf] jf klxn] lnO;s]sf ;a} aflnsfx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ .
@@= ;b:o 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\
dftxtsf ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cGtu{t cfa4 ;fwf/0f ;b:otf ePsf
3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof k|ltzt . o;df Pp6} 3/n] ljleGg cGo ;ldlt, pk;ldltdf klg
;b:otf lnPsf] x'g;Sg] ePsfn] Ps¿ktfsf nflu / gbf]xf]l/of];\ eGgsf nflu kl/ifb\
cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt (KCAUC) x¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . t;y{,
29
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
u0fgf ubf{ 3/x¿ gbf]xf]l/o"g\ eGg]tkm{ ;hu x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L ;b:otf glnPsf jf
cfa4 g/x]sf 3/x¿sf] leGb} nut /fVg'kg]{ x'G5, h;sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿ ;b:o
gx'g'sf sf/0fx¿ klxNofpg klg ;lhnf] k5{ .
@#= dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;“u cfa4 ;ldlt,
pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿sf] d'Vo e"ldsfdf :yfgLo dlxnf k|ltlglwsf] ;+nUgtf tyf
k|ltlglwTj k|ltzt . o; cGtu{t tLgj6f a]Un} tYofª\sx¿ /fVg'kg]{ x'G5, h;df
klxnf] o; cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;ldlt, ;d"xx¿sf] sfo{;ldltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf
slt k|ltzt 5 / tLdWo] klg d'Vo e"ldsf -cWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIf_ df pgLx¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj slt k|ltzt 5, 5'6o\ fP/ pNn]v ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
30
@$= ;'ne C0f lng] 3/x¿ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4 ;ldlt,
pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿ jf cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ s'g}af6 ;'ne C0f lnO/x]sf jf klxn]
lnO;s]sf 3/w'/Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltztnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ .
j}slNks tyf :jR5 pmhf{ / bfp/f cflbsf] pkef]udf ePsf] kl/jt{g
@%= cfw'lgs r'Nxf]] M o; cGtu{t cfw'lgs r'Nxf] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\Vof
pNn]v ug]{ . oxf+ Pp6f Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cfw'lgs r'Nxf] h8fg u/]sf] t/
k|of]u gug]{ jf lau|]/ v]/ uPsf] eP To:tf 3/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' x'b}g lsgeg] o:tf]
cf“s8fn] ;xL cj:yf jf kl/jt{g b]vfp“b}g . o; cGtu{t pmhf{sf] k|sf/, p2]Zo tyf
pkef]usf] cj:yfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ x]g{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . Pp6} 3/n] PseGbf a9L
j}slNks pmhf{sf ;fwgx¿ k|of]u ul//x]sf] eP klg tL 3/x¿nfO{ ;DalGwt k|sf/sf
sf]nddf u0fgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;df Pp6} 3/n] ;f]nf/ / n3'hnljB't\ k|of]u ul//x]sf]
eP To:tf]nfO{{ a]Unfa]Un} lx;fan] pNn]v ul/g'k5{ . o;/L Pp6} 3/sf] b'O{k6s u0fgf
x'G5 t/ o;f] eP klg s'grflx“ ;fwg jf pmhf{ slt 3/n] pkef]u u/]sf 5g\ eGg] :ki6
yfxf x'G5 .
@^= ;f]nf/af6 aQL afNg] 3/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof M o;df ;f]nf/af6 aQL pkof]u ug]{
3/w'/Lx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ / To;nfO{ k|ltztdf lgsfnL pNn]v ug]{ .
@&= n3' hnljB't\ M o; cGtu{t n3'hnljB't\ pkef]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof
pNn]v ug]{ tyf To;nfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
@*= Jofsaf]On/ M JofsAof]On/ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ . o;df
klg h8fg dfq u/]sf] eGbf klg xfn k|of]u ul//x]sf 3/x¿nfO{ dfq} cfwf/ dfg]/
;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ .
@(= bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/x¿ M o; cGtu{t pQm 3/x¿n] jif{el/df ;/b/ slt ef/L
bfp/f vkt u5{g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng vf]lhPsf] xf], t;y{ jif{el/df jf:tljs slt
bfp/f vkt x'G5 eGg] o;af6 yfxf x'G5 . o;df ;"rgf ln“bf klxnf ;lhnf]sf nflu
Ps ;ftfdf slt ef/L nfU5, To;nfO{ $* xKtfn] u'0ff u/]kl5 jif{el/sf] lx;fa
cfp+5 . ufp“3/df ;fdfGotM Ps ef/L eGbf h] a'lemG5, To;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;"rgf
lnO{ To;nfO{ jif{el/df hDdf olt ef/L eGg] lx;fa cfp+5 eg] csf]{tkm{ slt k|ltzt
3/x¿n] jf:tljs ¿kdf bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ u5{g\ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 .
#)= j}slNks pmhf{sf] Jofj;flos k|of]udf kl/jt{g M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t
Jofj;flos, Jofkf/ k|;f]wg, pBd cflb k|of]hgsf nflu klg :jR5 tyf j}slNks
pmHff{sf ;fwgx¿ pkof]u ul//x]sf] eP To:tf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{
k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;df vf;u/L slt k|ltzt 3/x¿n] j}slNks pmhf{sf]
Jofj;flos pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5 . t;y{, olb ko{6g xf]6n, kfgL
ttfpg], k|;f]wg tyf cfuf]df ;]sfpg cflb pkof]unfO{ o;df lnOg'k5{ .
k|fs[lts ;|ft] x¿sf] pkef]u tyf lge{/tfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g
#!= 3/–uf]7sf] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu sf7df lge{/ M sf7n] 3/ jf uf]7 b'j}sf] 5fgf
5fpgsf nflu jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt -dfly plNnlvteGbf s] cy{df
cnu 5 eg] 3/sf] uf/f] h]h:tf]af6 ag]sf] eP klg 5fgfsf nflu sf7df lge{/ 5g\
jf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . o;af6 sf7sf] pkef]u 3/–uf]7 5fpg
slt k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] hfGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
#@= 3/, uf]7 jf b'js
} f] 5fgfsf nflu lrqf af+;, lgufnf] cflbdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf]
k|ltzt M oL ;|f]tdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vofsf] k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;df
klg dflyh:t} uf/f] h'g;'s} rLhaf6 ag]sf] eP klg 5fgf 5fpg cfjZos s'/fnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ pNn]v ug]{ .
31
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
##= bfp/fsf nflu jgdf lge{/ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflos jg
tyf ;+/If0f If]qdf bfp/f, lgufnf] cflbsf nflu w]/}h;f] lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf
;ª\Vof / To;sf] k|ltzt .
#$= 3f+;–:ofpnfsf nflu lge{/ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflos
jg, ;+/If0f tyf r/0f If]q, 3f“;]d}bfg cflb ;|f]tdf 3f“; tyf :ofpnfsf nflu d'Vo
¿kdf lge{/ tyf pkef]u ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt .
#%= rl/r/0fsf nflu lge{/ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflos jg,
r/0f If]q, 3f“;] d}bfg cflb ;|f]tdf j:t'efp r/fpgsf nflu d'Vo ¿kdf lge{/
3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt .
32
#^= 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu lge{/ M 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu jg;|f]t -sf7, lgufnf],
v/, lrqf_ OToflbsf nflu ;+/If0f If]qsf jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf
k|ltzt .
#&= sf7sf nflu lge{/ M gof“ 3/ lgdf{0f tyf 3/ dd{t ug{ cfjZos sf7sf nflu
;+/If0f If]qsf jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt .
hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvd tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g M
#*= vfBfGg ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf M cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]t cflbaf6
sDtLdf klg b'O{ dlxgf;Dd vfg k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt .
#(= vfBfGg ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf M cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]t cflbaf6
sDtLdf klg 5 dlxgf;Dd vfg k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt .
$)= vfBfGg ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf M cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]t cflbaf6
sDtLdf klg !@ dlxgf -Ps jif{_;Dd vfg k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf
k|ltzt .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
$!= vf]l/of v]tL k|0ffnL M Vff]l/of v]tL ul//x]sf jf cfkm\gf] hUuf vf]l/of v]tL ug{
lbg] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt . o;df cfkm“}n] u/]/ jf c¿nfO{
ug{ lbP/ vf]l/of v]tLnfO{ ckgfO/x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ .
$@= uef{j:yf hf“r M uef{j:yfdf sDtLdf klg rf/k6s :jf:YosdL{, k|fljlws, :jf:Yo
rf}sLdf ue{sf] hf“r u/fpg] jf ug{ k7fpg] 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf]
k|ltzt . uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf lSnlgsdf sDtLdf klg rf/k6s hrf“pg hfg]
jf k7fpg] 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{, o;df Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ue{jtL
cj:yfdf ue{jtLn] sDtLdf klg rf/k6s cfkm\gf] uef{j:yfsf] lgoldt hf“r u/fpg'
cfjZos 5 . t;y{, oxf“ sDtLdf klg rf/k6s hrf+pg]nfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] 5, h;n]
:jf:Yo;DaGwL hf]lvddf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ pNn]v ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] . t/, olb s'g}
3/n] Psk6s dfq} k7fPsf] eGg] ePdf To:tf 3/nfO{ pNn]v gug]{ vf;u/L ue{jtL
cj:yfsf] cjlwdf ul/g] hf“rnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ pNn]v ug]{ .
$#= ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof M o; ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t kf“r /f]kgLeGbf yf]/}
v]tLof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt . o;df cfkm\g}
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] v]tLof]Uo hldgnfO{ lng'k5{ .
$$= kz'wg Ifltsf] cj:yf M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljutsf] Ps jif{el/df s'g}
klg hª\unL hgfj/af6 3/kfn'jf j:t'efp -vf;u/L ufO{, e};L, e]8f, afv|f, rf}+/L,
aª\u'/, ;'+u'/, ofs, 3f]8f, vRr8 cflb_ sf] gf]S;fgL a]xf]/]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt .
o;df sltj6f jf sltk6seGbf klg sltj6f 3/x¿ hª\unL hgfj/af6 gf]S;fgL
a]xf]/]sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng vf]lhPsfn] jf:tljs ¿kdf g} hª\unL hgfj/n]
gf]S;fg u/]sf] xf] eGg] tYosf cfwf/df hDdf 3/ ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt pNn]v
ug{] .
$%= a+b]naf6 cGg afnL Ifltsf] cj:yf M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljutsf] Ps
jif{el/df hª\unL a+b]naf6 d'Vo cGgafnL gub]afnLsf] gf]S;fgL a]xf]/]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]
hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt . o;df sltk6s eGbf klg sltj6f 3/x¿ o:tf] vfnsf]
c;/af6 k|efljt 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng vf]lhPsfn] jf:tljs ¿kdf g} hª\unL
a+b]nn] gf]S;fg u/]sf] xf] eGg] olsg tYosf cfwf/df hDdf 3/ ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf]
k|ltzt pNn]v ug{] .
33
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
$^= efn', gfp/ yf/, /t'jfnufot cGo hgfj/af6 cGgafnL Ifltsf] cj:yf M
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljutsf] Ps jif{el/df d'Vo cGgafnL gub]afnLsf] gf]S;fgL
a]xf]/]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt .
$&= afn d[To'b/sf] cj:yf M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljut jif{el/df ?3fvf]sL,
lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf cflbsf] d'Vo sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf] elgPsf afnaflnsfx¿
-kf“r jif{d'lgsf_sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof . o;df dfly plNnlvt sf/0f d'Vo ¿kdf / pQm
aRrf kf“r jif{leqsf] x'g cfjZos 5 .
$*= /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u M cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf /f;folgs dnvfb cflb k|of]u ug]{
3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt pNn]v ug]{ .
34
$(= /f;folgs tyf ls6gfzs cf}iflw k|of]u ug]x{ ¿sf] cj:yf M cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf
/f;folgs ls6gfzs cf}iflw cflb k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf]
k|ltzt .
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
References:
1.
Butcher C and Nicholas Winner (2004); Evaluation of the Partnership
Program Agreement (PPA) between DFID and WWF UK, a Rinal
Report, September 2004, WWF Nepal, Kathmndu.
2.
Gurung G.S. (2006); Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
with Liveihoods Needs in Kanchanjungha Conservation Area, Nepal"
Human Geopgraphy Series, Vol 23, ISBN 3-906302-06-7
3.
Kath Pasteur (2001); IDS, Tools for Sustainable Livelihoods, Livelihoods Monitoring and Evaluation, Draft report for Comments
4.
Kath Pasteur (2002); IDS, Gender Analysis for Sustainable Livelihoods, Frameworks Tools and Links to Other Sources, IDS UK
5.
WWF Nepal (2007); Socio-economic Baseline Survery Report of
Kanchanjungha Conservation Area, WWF Nepal, Kathmandu
6.
WWF Nepal (2007); Socio-economic Evaluation Report of
Kanchanjungha Conservation Area, WWF Nepal, Kathmandu
7.
Workshop Report (2006); Millennium Development Goals Cost
sharing and Role of Civil Society Workshop Lesson Learned, Consultation Report-2006 Organized by SANDEE
8.
WWF Nepal (2005); Sustainable Livleihoods; a Sustainable
Liveihoods Mainstreaming Stretegy ISBN 99946-837-0-5, WWF Nepal,
Kathmandu
9.
WWF Nepal (2006); Understanding the Changes in Livelihoods Assets
with Locals: a Case Study from Kanchanjungha Conservation Area
Nepal, WWF Nepal Kathamndu
10. WWF Nepal (2006); WWF Nepal Strategic Plan (2006-2011),
Kathmandu Nepal
11. WWF Nepal Workshop Report (2006); Adaptive Management Workshop Report organized by WWF Nepal
12. Website visited WWW.Livelihoods.org ; Livelihoods Monitoring and
Evaluation Guidelines -C. Turton, 2001
35
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf cj:yLt lxdtfn
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnsf] sfo{If]q
hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg
s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ k'l:tsf
8ANo" 8ANo" Pk\m ljZjs} ;a}eGbf cg'ejL / 7"nf] :jtGq ;+/If0fd'vL ;+:yf xf] . sl/a krf;
nfv ;xof]uL / ljZjJofkL ;~hfn;lxt of] ;oeGbf a9L d'n'sx?df lqmofzLn 5 .
8ANo" 8ANo" Pk\msf] nIo k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf eO/x]sf] x|f;nfO{ /f]sL Pp6f o:tf]
eljiosf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf], hxf“ tn lbOPsf s'/fx?4f/f dflg; / k|s[ltsf aLr ;fd~o:o sfod
/fVg ;lsof];\ M
ˆ ljZjsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f u/]/ .
ˆ k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf k|of]unfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]/ .
ˆ k|b'if0f / v]/ hfg] lsl;dsf] pkef]u 36fpg s'/fnfO{ k|j4{g u/]/ .
8ANo" 8ANo" Pk\m g]kfn
kf]= a= g+= &^^), afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f},+ g]kfn .
6]lnkmf]g M $$#$*@),
k\mofS; M (&& ! $$#*$%*
Od]n M [email protected]
j]j;fO{6 M www.wwfnepal.org
8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\=
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