EASTS Style Guide
1/2014
East Asian Science, Technology and Society (EASTS) first adheres to the rules in this style
guide. For issues not covered in the style guide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th
ed. (CMS16).
ABBREVIATIONS
With the exception of STS, abbreviations should only be used after being spelled out on
first usage. (See the first example below.) Corporate, municipal, national, and
supranational abbreviations and acronyms appear in full caps. Most initialisms
(abbreviations pronounced as strings of letters) are preceded by the.
the Timorese Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF)
further expansion of NATO’s membership
dissent within the AFL‐CIO
sexism is rampant at IBM
certain US constituencies
Latin abbreviations, such as e.g. and i.e., are usually restricted to parenthetical text and
notes and are set in roman type, not italics. The word sic, however, is italicized.
Personal initials have periods and are spaced.
R. R. Bakker; T.‐H. Lee
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments are made in an unnumbered note on the first page of the article and
written in the first person.
I thank Paul Richards, Harro Maat, and two anonymous reviewers for their
insightful suggestions on earlier drafts of this article. I also acknowledge the
numerous colleagues and peers who have helped me to develop the ideas
presented here, especially Ezra Berkhout, Roy Schipper, and Herman van
Keulen, among many others. Finally, I am grateful to the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation for its financial support of the research on which this article is based.
CAPITALIZATION. See also SPELLING AND TERMS
After a Colon
If the material introduced by a colon consists of more than one sentence, or if it is a
quotation or a speech in dialogue, it should begin with a capital letter. Otherwise, it
begins with a lowercase letter. See CMS16, 6.61.
Quotations
2
Silently correct initial capitalization in quotations depending on the relationship of the
quotation to the rest of the sentence (see CMS16, 13.14). For instance:
One Timorese researcher observed, “We have to explain and explain and
explain.”
but
One Timorese researcher observed that “we have to explain and explain and
explain.”
A lowercase letter following a period plus three dots should be capitalized if it begins a
grammatically complete sentence (CMS16, 13.51).
If the trait is genetic . . . there shouldn’t be such variability. . . . Breeders should
not only be looking at the content of the grain.
Terms
A down (lowercase) style is generally preferred for terms. See CMS16, chap. 8, for
detailed guidelines on capitalization of terms.
Titles of Works
For titles in English, capitalize the first and last words and all nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions (if, because, that, etc.).
Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions (regardless of
length). The to in infinitives and the word as in any function are lowercased. For
hyphenated and open compounds in titles in English, capitalize first elements;
subsequent elements are capitalized unless they are articles, prepositions, or coordinating
conjunctions. Subsequent elements attached to prefixes are lowercased unless they are
proper nouns. The second element of hyphenated spelled‐out numbers or simple
fractions should be capitalized. If a compound (other than one with a hyphenated prefix)
comes at the end of the title, its final element is always capitalized.
Nineteenth‐Century Literature
Avoiding a Run‐In
Policies on Re‐creation
Reading the Twenty‐Third Psalm
When titles contain direct quotations, the headline‐capitalization style described above
and in CMS should be imposed.
“We All Live More like Brutes than Humans”: Labor and Capital in the Gold
Rush
In capitalizing titles in any non‐English language, capitalize the first letter of the title and
subtitle and all proper nouns.
3
CAPTIONS AND CREDITS
Captions take sentence‐style capitalization. Captions that are complete sentences include
terminal punctuation; captions that consist solely of a single phrase do not. If a caption
consists of two or more phrases or sentences, terminal punctuation should follow each
phrase or sentence. If credit or source information is provided, it should be the last
element of the caption, without terminal punctuation
Fig. 1 Simple homemade weeder with wooden block and nails, Indrapur
District, Nepal. Photograph by the author, November 2009
Fig. 2 Silk bolt with woven inscription, Qing dynasty. Cloud brocade from
Nanjing with inwoven gold and silver threads (jinzhi 金織). Inscription on the
financing unit: “Lianghuai, whose transport supervisor (yunshi) was also
responsible for the transport of the bolts to the capital (兩淮鹽運使司鹽運使).
Storage of the Nanjing bowu yuan 南京博物院” (private photo).
Each illustration or table should have a corresponding parenthetical “call‐out” at a
relevant place in the text directing readers’ attention to the image or table.
In addition, elaborate inscriptions on the bricks expose the administrative and
the operative hierarchy of people involved in production; they identify the
officials and craftsmen by name, rank, position, or profession (Fig. 1).
CONTRIBUTOR’S INFORMATION
The author’s or authors’ name, professional address, and e‐mail appear at the bottom of
the first page of the article in the following format:
S. Brooks
Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RE, UK
e‐mail: [email protected]
DATES AND TIMES. See also NUMBERS
May 1968
1 May 1968
1–3 May 1968
on 8 February 1996, at 8:15 a.m. and again at 6:15 p.m.
September–October 1992
from 1967 to 1970
1960s counterculture; sixties [not 60s or ’60s] counterculture
the 1980s and 1990s
the mid‐nineteenth century [note hyphen, not en dash]
the late twentieth century; late twentieth‐century Japan
the years 1896–1900, 1900–1905, 1906–9, 1910–18
AD 873; the year 640 BC
c. 1820
4
DOCUMENTATION
General Principles
In‐text citations keyed to a reference list are used. They include the author’s last name
(with first initial if ambiguous), year of publication, and pages referred to. If a work is
cited several times in a paragraph, the year is given in the first citation and thereafter
only the page number, unless a citation of another work intervenes. For works by more
than three authors, only the surname of the first author is used, followed by “et al.” A
lowercase “a,” “b,” “c,” and so on is added to the year to distinguish works by the same
author that appeared in the same year. “Cf.” is used when a comparison of sources is
intended. Op. cit., loc. cit., infra, supra, and the like are not used.
Brooks (2010) insists that ideology . . .
(Feng 2007)
(H.‐H. Chen 1987; M.‐L. Chen 1983)
(Gaoxiong xian zhengfu 2004)
(Lappé and Collins 1977: 181–83)
not (Gregorio, Senadhira, Htut, and Graham 2000) but (Gregorio et al. 2000)
If a citation refers principally to the author of the work, the year appears in parentheses;
if the citation refers to the work itself, it does not.
Lévi‐Strauss (1969) insists that but The standard work is Lévi‐Strauss 1969.
For reprints, the date of first publication is given in brackets.
(Clunas 2004 [1991])
Entries in the reference list are arranged alphabetically by author, then chronologically,
earliest to most recent. If a citation is given to an online work, an access date is required
only if no publication date is provided.
For titles of works, serial commas are added, ampersands are spelled out, and
numbers are spelled out.
Abbreviations and Latin Terms in Documentation
Ibid. is not used: authors’ names are repeated in full for each work of theirs listed in the
references. The abbreviations f. (ff.), op. cit., and loc. cit. are not used, nor are eadem,
idem, infra, passim, and supra. Commonly used abbreviations include cf., ed. (eds.), e.g.,
esp., et al., etc., fig. (figs.), fol. (fols.), i.e., l. (ll.), n. (nn.), p. (pp.), pt. (pts.), ser., trans., vol.
(vols.). Latin abbreviations are not italicized.
Sample References
5
Book
Brooks, Sally (2010). Rice Biofortification: Lessons for Global Science and Development.
London: Earthscan.
Clunas, Craig (2004 [1991]). Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in
Early Modern China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Feng Xianming 馮先銘, ed. (2007). Zhongguo taoci jianchang 中國陶瓷鑒賞 (Appraisal
of Chinese Ceramics). Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.
Lévi‐Strauss, Claude (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Edited by Rodney
Needham. Boston: Beacon.
Matsumoto, Miwao松本三和夫 (2009). Tekunosaiensu Risuku to Shakaigaku:
Kagakushakaigaku no aratana tenkai テクノサイエンス・リスクと社会学：科学
社会学の新たな展開 (The Social Risks of Technoscience). Tokyo: University of
Tokyo Press.
Scott, J. C. (2010a). Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human
Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (2010b). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland
Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Chapter in a Collection
Fox, James J. (2003). Diversity and Differential Development in East Timor:
Potential Problems and Future Possibilities. In East Timor: Development
Challenges for the World’s Newest Nation, edited by Hal Hill and João M.
Saldanha, 155–73. Canberra: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore
and Asia Pacific Press.
Fan Jinmin 范金民 (1996). Mingchao shiqi de Nanjing jingji (1368–1644) 明朝時期的
南京經濟 (1368–1644) (The Economic Life of Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty,
1368–1644). In Nanjing jingji shi 南京經濟史 (The Economic History of Nanjing),
edited by Chen Shengli 陳胜利, Mao Jiaqi 茅家琦, et al. Beijing: Zhongguo
nongye keji chubanshe.
Yeom, Jaeho. 염재호 (1994). Gwahakgisul jeondosa: Choi Hyung Sup ron
과학기술전도사: 최형섭론 (Science and Technology Evangelist: Choi Hyung
Sup). In Administrative Officers in the Transition Period: Korean-Style Leaders
전환시대의 행정가: 한국형 지도자론, edited by J. B. Lee 이종범, 103–34. Seoul:
Nanam.
Translation
Mauss, Marcel (1925). The Gift. Translated by Ian Cunnison. London: Cohen and
West.
Multivolume Work
Foucault, Michel (1986). The Care of the Self (vol. 3 of The History of Sexuality).
Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon. [One volume is cited
individually.]
Foucault, Michel (1978–86). The History of Sexuality. 3 vols. Translated by Robert
Hurley. New York: Pantheon. [The work as a whole is cited.]
6
Multiauthor Work
Lappé, Francis Moore, and Joseph Collins (1977). Food First: Beyond the Myth of
Scarcity. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Online BookLewis, David (2005). Anthropology and Development: The Uneasy
Relationship. London: LSE Research Online
(http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000253).
Journal Article
Chen, Hsin-Hsing 陳信行[R1] (2011). Gonghai, zhizai yu kexue: RCA zhuanji
daoyan 公害、職災與科學──RCA 專輯導言 (Pollution, Occupational Hazards,
and Science: Introduction to the Special Issue on the RCA Litigation). Keji,
yiliao yu shehui 科技、醫療與社會 12: 11–16.
Star, Susan Leigh, and James R. Griesemer (1989). Institutional Ecology,
“Translations,” and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in
Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–1939. Social Studies of Science
19, no. 4: 387–420. [Journal published in volumes; the month or season is not
required. As a courtesy to readers, who increasingly are locating articles online,
issue numbers should be given if available.]
Wood, Ellen Meiksins (1988). “Capitalism and Human Emancipation,” New Left
Review no. 167: 1–20. [Journal published only in issues.]
Online Journal Article
Shepherd, Chris J. (2006). From in vitro to in situ: On the Precarious Extension of
Agricultural Science in the Indigenous “Third World.” Social Studies of Science
36, no. 3: 399–427 (http://sss.sagepub.com/content/36/3/399.full.pdf+html).
or
Shepherd, Chris J. (2006). From in vitro to in situ: On the Precarious Extension of
Agricultural Science in the Indigenous “Third World.” Social Studies of Science
36, no. 3: 399–427 (DOI: 10.1177/0306312706055272). [If the author has
provided a DOI rather than a URL, use the DOI; no URL is needed. See CMS16,
14.6.]
Magazine Article
Nash, J. Madeleine (2000). Grains of Hope. Time 31 July: 38–46.
Online Magazine Article
Nash, J. Madeleine (2000). This Rice Could Save a Million Kids a Year. Time 31 July
(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997586,00.html).
Newspaper Article
Jiang Ming 姜明 (2004). Yangben baocun haozida gonggong qixueku “shenxian” kunju 標
本保存耗資大公共臍血庫“身陷”困局 (Sample Storage Is Costly, Public Cord‐Blood Banks
Face Difficulties). Xinlang Xinwen Zhongxin 11 November.
Online Newspaper Article
Zhu, Zhe (2008). Toward harmonious society through rule of law. China Daily 3
October
(http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2008‐03/10/content_6520933.htm).
7
Dissertation
Tinn, Honghong (2012). Working with Computers, Constructing a Developing
Country. PhD diss., Cornell University, New York.
Paper or Presentation
Solinger, Dorothy J. (2011). The ruoshi qunti [Weak Community]: The New
Underclass and Its Consciousness. Paper presented at Class and Class
Consciousness in China, China Studies Centre annual workshop, University of
Sydney, 31 January–2 February.
Websites (Other than Online Books and Periodicals)
Include as much of the following information as possible: author of the content,
title of the page (if there is one), title or owner of the site, URL, and access date (if
no publication date is provided). The titles of websites and blogs generally use
headline‐style capitalization. See CMS16, 8.186 and 14.244 for guidance as to
whether such titles should be set in roman type or italicized.
Boyce, Angie (2011). Educational module: Understanding the International
Nuclear Event Scale. Teach 3.11
(http://teach311.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/educational‐module‐
understanding‐the‐international‐nuclear‐event‐scale/, accessed 18 April 2011).
Röhl, Nicholas (1995). Kakusareta hibaku rōdō: Nihon no genpatsu rōdōsha. 隠さ
れた被曝労働—日本の原発労働者 物語 (Nuclear Ginza). YouTube video, 30
min., posted by “aikoku369”
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TC7sFNtGk4A, accessed 30 March 2011).
Lasar, Matthew (2008). “FCC Chair Willing to Consecrate XM‐Sirius Union,” Ars
Technica (blog), 16 June
(http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080616‐fcc‐chair‐willing‐to‐consecrate
‐xm‐sirius‐union.html).
ELLIPSES. See also CAPITALIZATION
Three dots indicate an ellipsis within a sentence or fragment; a period plus three dots
indicates an ellipsis between grammatically complete sentences, even when the end of
the first sentence in the original source has been omitted. In general, ellipses are not
used before a quotation (whether it begins with a grammatically complete sentence or
not) or after a quotation (if it ends with a grammatically complete sentence), unless the
ellipses serve a definite purpose. See CMS16, 13.48–56, for more detailed guidelines on
the use of ellipses.
EPIGRAPHS
The epigraph source includes the author’s name or the author’s name and the title of the
work. No other bibliographical information is required.
EXTRACTS. See also CAPITALIZATION and ELLIPSES
Set off quotations that are more than eighty words in length.
8
INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE
Avoid sexist language and terms that are gender specific (chairman, mankind, etc.). Never
allow the form s/he. State both pronouns—he or she, him or her, his or her—or recast the
sentence in the plural. Avoid alternating the use of masculine and feminine pronouns in
an article.
INITIALS. See ABBREVIATIONS
NUMBERS. See also DATES AND TIMES
Cardinal and ordinal whole numbers from one to ninety‐nine (and such numbers
followed by hundred and thousand), any number at the beginning of a sentence, and
common fractions are spelled out. Common fractions are hyphenated as well. Numerals
are used to express very large numbers (in the millions or more).
no fewer than six of the eight victims
no more than fifty‐two hundred gallons
One hundred eighty‐seven people were put to death there during the twenty‐
third century BC
attendance was about ninety thousand
at least two‐thirds of the electorate
there were 2 million ballots cast
the population will top 25 billion
Numbers applicable to the same category, however, are treated alike in the same
context.
no fewer than 6 of the 113 victims
Almost twice as many respondents preferred the 115th sample over the
23rd.
Numbers that express decimal quantities, dollar amounts, and percentages are written
as figures.
an average of 2.6 years
now estimated at 1.1 billion inhabitants
more than $56, or 8 percent of the petty cash
a decline of $0.30 per share
Inclusive page numbers are given as follows (per CMS16, 9.60):
1–2, 3–11, 74–75, 100–103, 104–9, 112–15, 414–532, 505–16, 600–612, 1499–1501
Roman numerals are used in the pagination of preliminary matter in books, in family
names and the names of monarchs and other leaders in a succession, in the names of
world wars, in legal instruments, and in the titles of certain sequels.
On page iii Bentsen sets out his agenda.
Neither John D. Rockefeller IV, Elizabeth II, nor John Paul II was born before
World War I.
Yet Title XII was meant to rectify not only inequities but iniquities.
Most critics consider The Godfather, Part II to be a better movie than Jaws 2.
[Follow the usage in the original work, per CMS16, 9.44.]
9
Arabic numerals are used for the parts of books.
In part 2, chapter 2, of volume 11 of the Collected Works, our assumptions are
overturned.
POSSESSIVES
The possessive of nouns ending with the letter s are formed by adding an apostrophe
and an s.
Kansas’s weather
Burns’s poetry
Camus’s novels
Descartes’s philosophy
Euripides’s plays
Demosthenes’s orations
PUNCTUATION
The title East Asian Science, Technology and Society does not take a serial comma before the
and. In all other cases, however, in text, titles, and cover copy, the serial comma should
be used.
QUOTATIONS. See EXTRACTS
REVIEWS
Book reviews should have as a heading the author, title, publication information,
number of pages, and cost of the edition under review.
Park Seong‐Rae, Shin Dongwon, and Oh Dong Hoon, Uri kwahak 100 nyon
우리 과학 100 년 (Hundred Years of Our Science)
Seoul: Hyonamsa, 2001. 359 pp. 20,000 won.
10
RUNNING HEADS
On the verso (left‐hand) pages of articles, the running head should be the author’s first
initial and surname. On recto (right‐hand) pages, the running head should be the full title
of the article, unless the title is too long to fit, in which case only the main title (before the
colon) should be used. In book reviews, the running head should be “Book Review:
[author’s surname], [title of book],” unless that information is too long to fit, in which
case simply “Book Review” should be used.
SPELLING AND TERMS
Follow Merriam‐Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed. (W11), and Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary for spelling. If more than one spelling is provided in the dictionary,
follow the first form given (e.g., judgment, not judgement; focused, not focussed). Common
foreign terms are set in roman type. (Common foreign terms are defined as those with
main entries in W11.)
Prefixes are hyphenated before numerals and proper nouns. Otherwise, prefixes are
generally not hyphenated before words; refer to W11 for guidance. Temporary
compound adjectives are hyphenated before the noun to avoid ambiguity but are left
open after the noun. Non‐English phrases used as modifiers are open in any position,
unless hyphenated in the original.
A term referred to as the term itself is italicized.
In the twentieth century socialism acquired many meanings.
The word hermeneutics is the most overused term in recent monographs.
The term lyricism was misused in Smith’s book review.
TRANSLATIONS
When an original non‐English title and its translation appear together in the text, the first
version (whether original or translation) takes the form of an original title, and the
second version is always enclosed in parentheses and treated like a bona fide title
(whether or not the work represents a published translation) with title capitalization
appropriate to the language.
The regulations in the Ming official codex, Da Ming huidian (Collected Statutes of
the Great Ming 大明會典) (Li Dongyang, Shen Shixing, et al. 2007 [1511; 1587]), . . .
The regulations in the Ming official codex, Collected Statutes of the Great Ming (Da
Ming huidan 大明會典) (Li Dongyang, Shen Shixing, et al. 2007 [1511; 1587]), . . .