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:9U&)2%3:N7-41D!(J4 @g %b6H0 @ #%30N: @ 0% @ 2e#%(p‚:9!2% @ #C& @ 24)DB(#%3DBUU09%3:9%30P1% @ #%5%7D!KŽkmD!%'&)0%(7-4109(Ef
QR41./U09%3#%:B41€&=(“U04u(2 @ !41š./%'&=:90%:‰7-%0%x4 g@ &)B%3(š6H410 @ #%3:9% @ 7-4‚P=&)09B&) @ :h4)6 @ #%x: @ &)(C&)0(
@ %3: @ &):<7-%DBDf
%:9D @ :N&)( !:92:9:9!41Ef 8!"109,
% {:#47: @ #%š%009410r4 g@ &)B%3( 41 @ #% @ 0&=B!"€:9% @ tN&):‚&€6H2 @ B41q4)6
@ !.r%=f ? 6 @ %30‚&)qB @ B&)DAUy%09!4u(q4)6b0%Dv& @ !P)%D|KŠ#B"1#q%0094103t @ #%J.r4l(%D2341ŽP1%0"1%: @ 4n.x2e# DB47R%30T%309094)0
g K @ #% @ #Š%Uy4l2e#Ef ? :/&“UC&)0 @ 4)6 @ #!:FU094l2%3:9:t @ #%J& @9@ %3 @ B4)n7R%3B"1# @ :$(|‘+%309%3 @ v& @ %( @ #%./:9%D|P1%3:tA&=:
:9#47€! 8B"109% o p
f N%0%)t†&1‡h:9#47:5& @@ %3 @ B41“7-%!"1# @ : 6H410N6H4109.Mt7#BDB%G† g ‡h:#47:& @9@ % @ !41š7-%B")# @ :
6H410N.r%&)!"fAm g 4 @ #š2'&=:9%:3t @ #%˜:B"1|ƒC2'&= @ †^U09%(B2 @ !P)%‡<(B./%:B41:t :9#47j!š:94)DBB(MDB!%:3t "10&)(C&)DBD|K
100
90
80
70
Error
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
8B")09% *,009410<41 @ #% @ 0&)!B"x:9% @ t 4P1%0 @ B./%
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
Attention
Attention
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
†&1‡
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
†g ‡
8!"109% o * ?A@@ %3 @ B41J7R%3B"1# @ :h4P1%0 @ B./%)*b†&Ž‡A6H4109.Mt>† g ‡.r%&)!"fh(u!"1!ƒ2'&) @ (B./%:B41:x†H:941D!B(MDBB%:e‡
09%32%3!P1%./4109%5& @@ %3 @ B41G7 @ # @ !.r%=tu7#!DB%bB:9B")!ƒC2&) @ (!.r%3:9!41:†^(&):9#%3(JD!B%3:e‡R0%2%3!P)%zD!%:9:3f
A
200
200
150
150
Number of unique positions
Number of nodes
100
Form
Meaning
50
Form
Meaning
100
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
†&1‡
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
†g ‡
8!"109% *†^&Ž‡;>4 @ &)Dyl. g %30A4)6œ%~}u%./UDv&)0-4l(%:-4P)%0 @ B./%)+† g ‡. g %0R4=6ˆ4u(%:A& @ (!: @ !2 @ Uy41:9 @ B4):f
09%32%3!P1%3(i"109%& @ %30T&=.r41 @ :T4)6b& @9@ % @ !41Et-7#BDB%MB:9B")!ƒC2&) @ †^41lkmU0%(!2 @ |P1%'‡$(!.r%3:9!41:3tA:9#47i!
(C&):#%(JDB!%:3t%3P)% @ C&=DBD!K‚(%2&K)%( @ 4$P1%0LK%'&=0<”%04f
09!" @ 0&)!B"tˆ%}u%./UDv&=09:z7-%0%‚U04 g & g !DB!: @ !2'&)D!D!KJ&)((%( @ 4 @ #%‚.r4l(%3Ddf 8!"109%mC†^&Ž‡b:9#47: @ #%
. g %0b4)66H410.w&=(j.r%&)!"G%}u%./UDB&)0‰4l(%3:bB @ #%F.r4l(%D8&):b&‚6H2 @ !41“4)6%Uy4l2e#s. g %30f (lB23%
B:9B")!ƒC2&) @ (B./%:B41:r4)6 @ #%JBU @ 7-%0%š:9% @ 0&=(41./D!K•(09!" @ 0&)!B"t @ #%0%J7-%09%š4)6 @ %3 4P1%3D
P=&)09B&) @ :4)6 @ #% @ 0&=B!"•:9% @ UC& @@ %309:3 @ #!:M!:09s% 1%2 @ %( ! @ #%’: @ %&)(K B2309%&):9%sB @ #%s. g %0M4)6
%}u%3.rUDB&)04u(%:f h47R%P1%30t4123% @ #%T& @9@ % @ !41{7-%!"1# @ :x&=DB41"JB:B"1!ƒC2&) @ (B./%:B41:6H%D!D @ 4š”3%094t
g % @ 7-%%F%3U4l2e#.: gh&)( o t @ #%. g %0S4)6%~}%3.rUDv&)0S4l(%:SUDv& @ %'&=%(Ef>;<#B:S#C&)UU%3%(x:B23%-4hP=&)09B&) @ 4)6
&zU& @9@ %09rB @ #% @ 09&)BB"5:9% @ tl4 g@ &)B%3( g K/:9% @9@ B"zB:B"1|ƒC2'&= @ (B./%:B41:4)6 @ #C& @ UC& @9@ %309r0&)(41.rD|K1t
7R&):AUy%0923%|P1%(M&):R4P1%D* @ 7R4)DB(G(|‘+%30-6H041. %}uB: @ B"x%}u%./UDB&)09:-41D!KT&)D!41"˜!:9!"1|ƒC2'&) @ (B./%:9B4):t
7#!2e#•4“DB4)"1%024) @ 09 g @ % @ 4šU:Kl2e#41D!41"1B2&)D(B: @ &)23%)f“;<#B:˜2341DBDB&)U:B"M4)6B:9B")!ƒC2&) @ (B./%:B41:
B:x&)DB:4j09s% 1%2 @ %(WB8!"10% C† g ‡t7#!2e#W:#47: @ #%G. g %0F4=6N6H4)09. &)(Š.r%&)!"“4l(%:$& @ )[ \[]Z+c\
X []\^[dXžZ A!MU:Kl2e#41D!41"1B2&)Dœ:9U&)2%T†&)::9./B"r& @ 4)DB%09&)23%4=68(!: @ &)2% f|56H410(% @ %09./BB"x7#% @ #%30 @ 7-4
4l(%:‹&)09%-241!2!(% @ ‡~f ? : @ #%RB:9B")!ƒC2&) @ (B./%:B41:S24) @ 0&)2 @ t1.r&)ŽK%}u%./UDB&)09:>D @ B.r& @ %3D!Kb2341B23B(%
B/:9U&)2%=tuKlB%3DB(!"5&z0%(2 @ !41r! @ #%Nl. g %30-4=6œ(B: @ !2 @ Uy41B @ :0%U0%:9%3 @ %(+f-;<#!:BDBD!: @ 0& @ %: @ #%NP)%0LK
"1%3%09&)DœB(%&F4)6823DB: @ %309:4)6>%}u%./UDv&=09::9#0B5!" @ 4$U4)B @ :<!MU:Kl2e#41D!41"1B2&)DE:UC&)2%=f
;<#%T0%:D @ :˜4)6R41%k @ 0v&)DD!%'&)0B"4)6<&J4P1%3D7-410(•&)09%/:9#47{B 8B"109% ufG;<#%r:941D!B(sDBB%F:9#47:
24).rU0%#%3:9!41WU094 g & g BD! @ Ky* @ #%U094 g & g BD! @ Ks4)6‰241009%2 @ D|K•:9%3DB%2 @ !" @ #%09%6H%0% @ 4=6 @ #%4P1%D<7-4109(+t
"1|P1%š41% @ 09B&)Dˆ4)6DB%&)09!"ty&)( @ #%3“"1!P)% @ #%x4P)%D>6H4)09.Mfh;<#!:‰U04 g & g BDB @ KG: @ &)0 @ :‰41D!K – : @ & g 4P)%
2e#C&)2%‰D!%3P)%DB:3t g @ %3P1%3 @ C&)D!D!KF0B:%:7R%3DBD & g 4P1%N2e#C&)23%)f;<#B:U041"10%:9:B41/B @ 4r3k @ 0v&)DuDB%'&=09!"52'&)U @ 09%3:
@ #% g %#C&'PlB41054)6 3kk ‚K1%&)0˜41D!(’2e#BDB(09%+f /{%r(4š4 @ #C&'P)%T%3Pl!(%23%‚4)6‰3k @ 09v&=DDB%'&=09!"B€K141"“41%~k
K1%&)0Lk—41DB(:t g @ :#410 @ D!K @ #%0%'&=6 @ %0-2e#BD!(09%3 g %24).r%N2'&)U& g DB%N4)6E7-410(ukmD!%'&)0B""1|P1%T41D!K8k g5%}uU4):90%:
† -%#0%(/% @ &)Df!"
t 1lQA&)0%3K)ty& 4Ž‡~f8;<#%(C&):#%(/DB!%A:#47: @ #%U094 g & g BD! @ K4)6241009%32 @ 09%6H%0% @ 2e#41B23%
B @ #%{ žk @ 09B&)D @ %3: @ p @ #!:T(%3.r41: @ 09& @ %3: @ #C& @ & @T@ #%š%'&=09DB!%: @ : @ &)"1%3:‚4)6bD!%'&)0B"tR7#%3 @ #%“./4l(%D
2'&=4 @ %‘+%32 @ |P1%3D!KGD!%'&)0J&x4P)%Dœ7-4109(M"1!P)%41D|K‚41% @ 09B&)Ddtl @ c $)ZrD!%'&)0G:92e#š&F7-410(J"1|P1%3 @ % @ 0v&)D!:f
;<#!:A:9232%3:9:N& @ 7-410(ukmD!%'&)0B"z"1!P)%G.xD @ !UDB% @ 09v&=DB:-& @ P)%0KT%'&)0D!K/: @ &)"1%3:A4)6ˆ(%P1%D!41U./% @ .r& @ 2e#%: @ #%
g %#C&'PlB410<4=6SP)%0LKGK141"r41%k—K)%'&)0km41D!(:tl7#4/2'&)DB%&)09G4P)%Dœ7-4109(:(%0:92e#J2341( @ B4):5† (l2e#C&=6H%h
0 DB
)% @@ ty 4u" /’4l4u(7R&)0(T% @ &)Df!t ‡.f 8B&)DBD|K1t @ #%N(4 @9@ %(ukm&)(uk—(C&):#%(‚D!B%<! @ #%<ƒC"10%h:#47: @ #%
4
0.9
0.8
p (correct choice)
0.7
0.6
0.5
1 trial
10 trials
1 trial with interference
0.4
0.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
8!"109%6u*62œ%'&)0B"{&€4P1%3DN7-4109(+f ;<#%š:41DB!(ŠDBB%M!(!2'& @ %: @ #%MU04 g & g !DB @ K{4)6 241009%2 @ D|K•:9%3DB%2 @ !"
@ # %/0%36H%309% @ 4)6 @ #%F4P)%D7R4)09(Et>&=6 @ %30F @ 09B&)D84=6ADB%&)09B"t+4P)%0 @ !.r%=fx;<#%/(C&):#%(sDB!%xB(B2& @ %3: @ #!:
U04 g & g !DB @ KG"1!P)%• @ 0v&)D!:h4)6D!%'&)0B"t 0& @ #%0 @ #C&) – : @ 4)%)f ;<#%F(4 @9@ %(ukm&)(uk—(C&):#%(jD!B%B(B2'& @ %:
@ #%MU094 g & g BD! @ Ks4)6h241009%2 @ 2e#41B23%M&=6 @ %30G @ 09B&)DR4)6hDB%&)09B"t6H41D!DB47-%( g KŠB @ %306H%309%2% @ 09&)B!"f’;<#%
(4 @@ %3(JD!B% !(!2'& @ %:<2e#C&)2%U%306H410.T&)2%)f
U04 g & g !DB @ KG4)624)0909%32 @ 0%36H%309% @ 2e#4)B2%7#% @ #%x./4u(%3D>!: @ 0&)!%(š41 @ #%x4P1%3D87R4)09(j4123%)tœ&=( @ #%
"1|P1%! @ %0L6H%09%32% @ 0&)!B" @ #C& @ #C&): @ #%bU4 @ % @ B&)D @ 4F(B:09U @ 41%k @ 0v&)DyDB%&)09!"f‹;<#% @ 0&=B!"x41 @ #%
4P1%3DE7R4)09(B:A @ % 0%:B: @ &) @<@ 4F: g :9%3% @ %}uU4):90% @ 4F4 @ #%0R6H410.$k—.r%&)!"zU&)B0:tC&):A&)UUy%'&)0: @ 4 g %
@ 0%54)6>2e#BD!(09%3{†QA&)09%K1tˆ 4Gš&=0:941 QRD!4u4).Jt
1‡~f
/o#ŽKr(4u%3[
: 2ˆ, g %#C&'P)%‰B @ #B:6^&):9#!41G;<#%‰23% @ 09&)D 09%&):941r6H410B./U094P1%3(T41%k @ 09B&)DDB%&)09B"5B: @ #%
./%./410K/B @ %06H%309%32%bU0B23BUD!%)*>DB%'&=09!" g %2341.r%3:A./4109%h%3‘%2 @ !P)%5&):A./%./410K/B @ %06H%309%32%b(%320%'&):%:Rp
7#!2e#˜4l2209:>&):ˆ:9B")!ƒC2&) @ (B./%:B41:œ4)66H410. &)(./%'&)!"09%32%|P1%-:9 g : @ &) @ v&)D&)./41 @ :>4)6& @@ % @ B41Ef
;<#!:8B209%&):9%3(F& @@ % @ B41zUDBD!:8&=UC&)0 @ %}u%3.rUDB&)09: @ #C& @ (|‘+%308&=DB41" @ #41:9%A(B./%:B41:3t)&=( @ #& @>@ #%0%36H410%
:9#41DB( g % =%U @ &=UC&)0 @ f ;<#%“0%Dv& @ B4) g % @ 7-%% ./%./410KŠ! @ %0L6H%09%32%€&=(iDB%&)09!"{!:T!DBDB: @ 09& @ %3( !
8!"109% 4fn;<#%:94)DBB(•D!B%rB:$&j./%'&):09%G4)6h./%./410K’B @ %306H%309%2%)<:U%32|ƒC2'&)D!D!K’ @ !: @ #%G(%41./B& @ 410
4)6A,C& @ B4) o 6H410b6H4109
. 'tSUDB: @ #%r&)C&)D!41"141:b(%41./B& @ 410 6H4)0./%'&=B"f (u!2% @ #%:%T(%341./BC& @ 4109:
#41D!( @ #% @ 4 @ &)Dœ41 @ U @ &)2 @ !P=& @ B41‚6H4)0h&=DBDE%~}%3.rUDv&)0:tC"1|P1%š&):9:4u23v& @ B41:A6H0941. &=J!U @ t @ #%3B0<:9. !:&
09%&):94)C& g D!%z./%'&):09%z4)6./%./410KM&=2 @ |P=& @ !41EfA;<#%˜(C&):9#%(“D!B%5B: @ #%z7-%B")# @ 2e#C&)")%x"1!P)%J41% @ 09B&)Dœ4)6
DB%&)09B"f ? :<:9#47MB ? UUy%( }MQ‰tC&=(BDBD!: @ 0& @ %(‚#%09%=tDB%&)09B"x!.rU094P1%3:&):<.r%3.r4)0KrB @ %306H%0%23%
(%3209%&):9%3:f ;<#B:T(%./41: @ 0& @ B4) :9")"1%: @ : @ #& @‚@ #%“2e#BD!(E„…:T% @ 0K ! @ 4n41%k @ 09B&)DN7-410(ukmD!%'&)0B"’.T&'K
:9!.r!Dv&)0D!K$0s% 1C%32 @ &$")0&)(&)DE2D!%'&)0B"F4=68./%./410KTB @ %306H%309%2%)f
;<#%T./4l(%D!:0%:BDB!% @b@ 4MB @ %06H%309%32% g %32'&):%T4)6R @ ::9%/4)6AD!4u2&)DB!”%(€%~}%3.rUDv&)0509%3U09%3:9%3 @ & @ !41:3
2ˆ,
B#%309 @ : @ #B:T09%:BD!B%2%J6H041. ›50:92e# )%)„…:{†L 1‡/2& @ %3"1410KŽk—DB%'&=09!"{./4u(%D ? 2SQ !b,<t
f 23%€&
4P1%3D<7R410(ŠB:FDB%&)09%(Et @ #& @ DB%&)09!"j%: @ & g DBB:#%:$&= &)::94l2B& @ |P1%‚D!B5s4)6h:941./%G: @ 09%" @ # g % @ 7R%3% &)
%}u%3.rUDB&)0‚4)656H410. &=( &)i%}u%./UDB&)0‚4)6./%'&)!"f ;<#C& @ %37 D!B5•7!DBD g %€&=‘%2 @ %3( g Ki: g :%% @
@ 09&)BB"b41D!KF|6 @ #%hDB& @ %30 @ 0&=B!"b:9%3DB%2 @ : @ #4):9%‰%~}u%./UDv&)0:8px7#!2e#T!:DB<)%D|K˜6H410UC& @9@ %309: @ #& @ D!B%R6^&=0
+00UXWZs
WZs£h&UF^jFcM_h&Wqh eŒ]&^ip ^i]l]&^5[oh&n|c(s
WZ_oh&UF^ …F…^i_/[XWZg`^is`¡
0.9
0.036
0.8
0.032
0.7
0.028
0.6
0.024
Memory interference
Weight change
0.5
0.02
0.4
0.016
0.3
0.012
0.2
Weight change
Memory interference
0.008
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
8!"109%D4* J%./410KJB @ %06H%309%32%/&)(jD!%'&)0B"f J%3.r410LKš! @ %0L6H%0%23%)tœ./%'&):09%3( g K @ #%x(%41./B& @ 410
:9. †^:%% @ %~} @ ‡t-(%2309%'&=:9%:$7 @ # @ B./%)f’;<#B:F(%20%'&):%J!•B @ %306H%309%2%M2'&):%: @ #%J&=:9:94l2B& @ |P1%‚7-%!"1# @
2e#C&)"1%b6H0941. &F:B"1D!% @ 0v&)D4)68D!%'&)0B" @ 4$B2309%&):9%b7 @ # @ B./%)f
6H094). @ #%N%37D!KŽk—DB%'&=09%3(/7-4109(/BF6H410. &)(r./%'&)B"b:UC&)2%3:f;<#:t'2ˆ, &=DB./41: @ 2341./UDB% @ %D|KF&'P14)B(: @ #%
U04 g DB%3. 4)62& @ &): @ 041U#!2z! @ %0L6H%09%32%=t+!M7#!2e#“DB%&)09B"/4)6‹4)%˜UC& @9@ %309JB:N%DB!.r!C& @ %( g KJ: g :%% @
DB%&)09B"z4)6œ4 @ #%0AU& @9@ %09:5† J2'QRDB41:)%K9 QR41#%3Et+4
Ž‡f)2S, (4u%3:R%}u# g @ 2'& @ &): @ 0941U#B2hB @ %306H%0%23%
41 @ #%N0&)0%4u232'&):B41:7#%3 @ #%N%}u%3.rUDB&)09:4)6 @ #%N%37D|KŽkmDB%&)09%($7R410(‚&)0%h:%D!%2 @ %(‚(09!"z: g :%% @
@ 09&)BB"f m n0%UD!B2'& @ B4):T4)6 @ #%j:9B.˜Dv& @ B41:r! @ #!:GUC&)Uy%0tN41%j(& @ &)Uy41! @ Bi41%j0%UD!B2& @ !41Et
41 @ 4)6 {(C& @ &)U4)B @ :/B &)DBD09%3UDB!2'& @ B41:tR:#47R%3(o2'& @ &): @ 0941U#B2š! @ %0L6H%0%23%)f mi2341 @ 09&): @ tN.˜D @ |k
Dv&'K)%0NU%3092%3U @ 041:<pM&F7B(%3D!KŽkm:%(M6H4109. 4)68241%2 @ B4)B: @ ./4u(%Dp0%"1Dv&)0D!K‚:‘%0h6H041.I2& @ &): @ 041U#!2
B @ %06H%309%32%=f
;>%3 @ 09v&=DB:‚4)6zDB%&)09B"Š&)0%€.r410%j%3‘%2 @ !P)% @ #C&)o41% @ 09v&=D‰6H410G: @ &)(C&=09( 09%'&=:941:M4)6z%009410km(0!P1%3
&)::94l2v& @ !P)%$DB%'&=09!"*b:9!2% @ #%0%r!:0%:B(C&=D%090410&=6 @ %30541% @ 09B&)Ddt6H0 @ #%0 @ 0v&)D!:‰7BD!D‹: @ 09%" @ #%3 @ #%
&)::94l2v& @ !P)%b241%2 @ B4)J! @ 0KlB" @ 4$%DB!.r!C& @ % @ #& @ %0094103f
;<#%F./4u(%3D8&=DB:94r%}u# g @ : &‚24).rU0%#%3:9!41 =U094l(2 @ B41š&):Kl./.r% @ 0LK1tœ&):h:9#47€B 8B"109p
% f h%309%=t
@ #%-:41DB!(D!B%8B: @ #%:&=.r%&):SB 8!"109% lt=0%U0%:9%3 @ B" 241./U0%#%3:9!41˜& g BD! @ K‰&=6 @ %30S4)% @ 09B&)D14)6uDB%&)09!"f
;<#%(C&):#%(JDBB% 09%3U09%3:9% @ : @ #%zU04 g & g BDB @ K/4)6‹2341090%2 @ U04u(2 @ B41M&=6 @ %041% @ 0v&)D4)6‹D!%'&)0B"%
f (u2e#š&
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p @ #%2e#!DB($#%&)09: @ #%<7-4109(+tu&=(r.˜: @ :%DB%32 @ 6H0941. &)./41"b:9%P1%30&)DyU09%3:9%3 @ %(‚4 gl– %2 @ :fm/U04u(2 @ !41EtŽ!
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24).rU0%#%3:9!41jU04 g & g !DB @ K’†,C& @ !41n
t ? UUy%(|} A‡t7#BDB% @ #%309%$&)0%x4G:2e#’%~} @ %0C&)D‹:UUy410 @ :
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0.7
0.6
p(correct)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Comprehension
Production
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
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L
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AL PF
6PF*LF-HnP !LF-H XL!J AL PR
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u
0.9
3
0.8
2.5
Novel
Similar
2
Denominator
p (correct choice)
0.7
0.6
1.5
0.5
1
0.4
0.5
0.3
Form denominator (novel and similar)
Meaning denominator (novel)
Meaning denominator (similar)
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
†&1‡
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
Epoch
12
14
16
18
20
†g ‡
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VL
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AC
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0.4
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0
2
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6
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12
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16
18
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0.9
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0.8
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2nd label
5
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p (correct choice)
0.7
0.6
4
3
0.5
2
0.4
Form denominator (novel)
Form denominator (2nd label)
Meaning denominator (novel and 2nd label)
1
0.3
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
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12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
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12
14
16
18
20
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