Physics In Hockey
Zac Frischmon
May 4, 2014
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 1 / 22
Intro to Physics In Hockey
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Find Your Favorite Professors
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 2 / 22
Projectile Motion
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Trajectory of Shots
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
5
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
Angle and Types of
Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Height (y)
Types of Shots
4
Projectile Motion
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Distance (x)
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 3 / 22
Projectile Motion
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
The projectile motion for shooting a hockey puck can be pictured in a two
dimensional form
Angle and Types of
Shots
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
Time
x-direction represents horizontal movements
V cos(θ) defines the magnitude in x direction
y-direction represents vertical movements
V sin(θ) defines the magnitude in y direction
Movement up and to the right is positive just like in any standard math
graph
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 4 / 22
Variables
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
In projectile motion, there are many variables that effect the trajectory of
the shot These variables include:
Angle and Types of
Shots
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Velocity Initial
Velocity Final
Angle or Direction
Acceleration
Time
Acceleration
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 5 / 22
Velocity Initial and Final
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
V elocity =
∆(distance)
∆(time)
in a specif ic direction
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Variables
M agnitude = V elocity @ θ◦
Velocity Initial and Final
Angle and Types of
Shots
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
Time
Passing and Catching
Velocity Initial is the player’s magnitude plus the magnitude of the
shot
Velocity Final is the puck’s magnitude after a defined period of
time or distance
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 6 / 22
Angle and Types of Shots
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Effects of Angles:
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Variables
The angle that the puck is released at determines height and distance
Shots released at different angles have varying advantages.
Velocity Initial and Final
Angle and Types of
Shots
Ranges of Angles:
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Shallow angles (0◦ - 30◦ ) travel low heights and small distances
in the air
Moderate angles (30◦ - 60◦ ) travel medium heights and cover large
distances in the air
Steep angles (60◦ - 90◦ ) travel to high heights and small distances
in the air
Numerical Methods – 7 / 22
Types of Shots
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
Angle and Types of
Shots
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
3 main types of shots:
1. Chip Shot:
Chip Shots range in the steep angle category
Chip Shots are used to score TOP SHELF over a laying down
goalie
Chip Shots are quick and take the least amount of time to
release but do not reach high velocities
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
TOP SHELF
Numerical Methods – 8 / 22
Types of Shots Cont’d
1.
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
2. Slap Shot:
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
Angle and Types of
Shots
Types of Shots
Slap Shots typically range in the shallow angle category
Slap Shots are generally the highest velocity shot and are used
mostly by defense-men
Slap Shots take more time to release and therefore are not as versatile
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
3. Wrist/Snap Shot:
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Wrist/Snap Shots typically range in the moderate angle category
The ideal shot to get the most distance in the air would be a
wrist/snap shot
Wrist/Snap Shots reach medium velocities and are relatively quick
and accurate
This style of shot may be used when trying to shoot the puck from
one end of the rink to the other.
Numerical Methods – 9 / 22
Acceleration
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Acceleration =
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Angle and Types of
Shots
meters
Gravity has an acceleration of 9.8 second
2
Gravity works on the puck throughout the entire game of hockey.
If gravity were not accelerating the puck back to the ice surface, the
puck would continue to move in a positive x and y direction forever
outside of running into the boards or other boundaries.
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
in a specif ic direction
Acceleration in the x-direction equals zero in Physics 1 (No Air Resistance)
I’ll bet you can guess the constant acceleration in the y-direction
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
∆V elocity
∆time
Numerical Methods – 10 / 22
Time
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
The variable Time is just what we all know it as.
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Variables
Velocity Initial and Final
Angle and Types of
Shots
Time in hockey evaluates the beginning and end of events.
For projectile motion, its simply the time elapsed while the puck was in
the air.
Time is crucial in finding almost all other variables
Types of Shots
Types of Shots Cont’d
Acceleration
Time
Passing and Catching
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 11 / 22
Passing and Catching
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Passing and Catching
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 12 / 22
Factors In Passing
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Something so simple in theory like catching a pass may not seem overly
complicated, but from a physics standpoint, there are factors that make a
difference in how effective you are at catching the puck on your stick.
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Two main Factors:
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Impulse- The change in momentum over a period of time
Torque- Force applied to an object that causes it to rotate
Energy
Figure 1: Impulse
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 13 / 22
Impulse
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
M omentum = V elocity of pass ∗ M ass of puck
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Impulse =
∆momentum
∆time
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
In terms of catching a pass, Impulse can be effected 3 ways
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
1. The velocity of the pass is increased or decreased
2. The mass of the puck is increased or decreased
3. The time elapsed from impact until the puck comes to complete rest is
increased or decreased.
Why does Impulse matter?
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 14 / 22
Applied Impulse
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
In hockey, if you wanted your teammate to catch the puck more often, it
would be beneficial to either:
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Use a lighter puck with less mass
Or pass the puck to your teammate with less velocity
On the other side of the pass, accepting the puck over a greater
amount of time will allow you to be more successful in catching a pass.
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
This same idea is applied in many areas of life like:
Energy
The Impulse of an airbag catching your face in a car accident.
The Impulse of landing on a trampoline versus landing on the hard floor
The Impulse of receiving a Really hard High-Five
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 15 / 22
Introduction to Torque
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Another tactic in receiving a pass is trying to catch the puck as close to the
heel of your blade as possible.
Why would this be?
The answer involves a concept called Torque.
A general definition of Torque is; A force that causes something to rotate.
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Torque relies on 4 variables:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mass of the force
Acceleration of the force
Radius from heel of the blade
Angle between the radius and the force.
Numerical Methods – 16 / 22
Torque
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
A more technical definition for Torque is:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
T orque = radius ∗ F orce ∗ sin(θ)
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
The Torque on an object can be effected by increasing or decreasing any
of the variables.
Torque
Torque Example
How does this apply to catching passes?
Torque Conclusions
Energy
The greater the Torque, the greater the force applied to your stick
Thus, the harder it is to catch a pass.
For instance, lets compare catching a puck on the toe of your blade to
catching a puck closer to the heel of your blade.
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 17 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Example
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Example:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Physics Pres. 1
Lets say two pucks are passed with the same mass and acceleration
so when catching them, the force impacting your stick is the same.
Also let the angle(θ ), the angle between the force and the radius, be
the same.
The 1st pass is caught at a radius 10cm from the heel and the other is
caught at the very toe of the blade (radius = 20cm)
Since the value of the radius for the 2nd pass that hit the toe of the stick
is 2x greater than pass one, the overall torque applied to the blade by
the 2nd pass is going to be 2 times greater and therefore 2 times as
hard to catch.
Since the overall torque applied to your blade by the second pass was
so much higher, there is a better chance that the stick will twist out of
your grip and you will miss the pass.
This happens because the torque from the puck over powered the
torque exerted by the grip of your hands on the stick.
Numerical Methods – 18 / 22
Torque Conclusions
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Overall:
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Factors In Passing
Impulse
Applied Impulse
Introduction to Torque
Torque
Torque Example
When the radius is smaller, the overall torque will be smaller.
Torque explains that is easier to catch a pass closer to the heel of
the blade simply because the player’s hands will have a smaller torque
pushing against them.
A smaller force and mass also generate a smaller torque which makes
the pass easier to catch.
Torque Conclusions
Energy
Question: Yes or No?
Answer: You turned your head to read this. . .
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 19 / 22
Energy Transfer in a Slapshot
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Energy
Transfer of Energy
Good-bye
Physics Pres. 1
Energy
Numerical Methods – 20 / 22
Transfer of Energy Diamgram
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
EK
Passing and Catching
Ef
Energy
Transfer of Energy
Good-bye
ECH
EE
EP
Es
EK
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 21 / 22
Good-bye
Intro to Physics In
Hockey
Projectile Motion
Passing and Catching
Energy
That’s Certainly Enough Physics
For One Day...
Transfer of Energy
Good-bye
Any Final Questions?
Physics Pres. 1
Numerical Methods – 22 / 22