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John McNair - Miskin Hill
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JohnMcNairisRussianDisciplineConvenerintheSchoolofLanguagesand
ComparativeCulturalStudiesattheUniversityofQueensland.Hiscurrent
researchinterestsfocusonAustralian–Russianculturalcontactsandthe
travelnarrativesofAustraliansinRussia.
Works published on this site
Author details
Institutionalhomepage
Af iliatedwithTheUniversityof
Queensland
Metadata:RDF/XML,Turtle
Articles
Betweenrevolutions:anAustralianviewofRussiain1917
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.25,Nos.1–2(2011)
Reviews
GraemeP.Herd,PaulDukes,JarmoKotilaine,StuartsandRomanovs:theriseandfallofaspecial
relationship(2009)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.25,Nos.1–2(2011)
ColmMcKeogh,Tolstoy’spaci ism(2009)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.25,Nos.1–2(2011)
JosteinBørtnes,Thepoetryofprose:readingsinRussianliterature(2007)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.24,Nos.1–2(2010)
J.DouglasClayton,AntonPavlovichChekhov:poetics,hermeneutics,thematics(2006)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.24,Nos.1–2(2010)
KatyaHokanson,WritingatRussia’sborder(2008)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.23,Nos.1–2(2009)
JeffLove,Tolstoy:aguidefortheperplexed(2008)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.23,Nos.1–2(2009)
CatrionaKelly,Children’sworld:growingupinRussia,1890–1991(2008)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.22,Nos.1–2(2008)
IlyaKutik,Writingasexorcism:thepersonalcodesofPushkin,Lermontov,andGogol(2004)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.22,Nos.1–2(2008)
DavidPowelstock,BecomingMikhailLermontov:theironiesofRomanticIndividualisminNicholasI’sRussia
(2005)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.21,Nos.1–2(2007)
MarkSwift,BiblicalsubtextsandreligiousthemesinworksofAntonChekhov(2003)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.21,Nos.1–2(2007)
WilliamJ.Leatherbarrow,Adevil’svaudeville:thedemonicinDostoevsky’smajor iction(2005)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.20,Nos.1–2(2006)
JeffLove,TheovercomingofhistoryinWarandPeace(2004)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.19,Nos.1–2(2005)
LizaKnapp,AmyMandelker,ApproachestoteachingTolstoy’sAnnaKarenina(2003)
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.18,Nos.1–2(2004)
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Obituaries
InmemoriamBorisChrista
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.22,Nos.1–2(2008)
Translations
LachlanMacquarieinRussia
byAleksandrMassov
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.22,Nos.1–2(2008)
ThevisitoftheRussiansloopNevatoSydneyin1807:200yearsofRussian–Australiancontacts
byAleksandrMassov
inAustralianSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudiesVol.20,Nos.1–2(2006)
Cited works
Books
EncountersundertheSouthernCross:twocenturiesofRussian–Australianrelations1807–2007
Russiaandthe ifthcontinent:aspectsofRussian–Australianrelations
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byJohnMcNair
Article details
EarlyinApril,1917,barelyamonthaftertheso‐called‘FebruaryRevolution’
Published18March2012
inVol.25,Nos.1–2of
hadforcedtheabdicationofNicholasII,anAustralianminingengineer
AustralianSlavonicandEast
arrivedintheRussianFarEasttoconductmetallurgicalsurveysonbehalfof
EuropeanStudies
theEngineeringCompanyofRussiaandSiberiaandattheinvitationofthe
newProvisionalGovernment.EdwardRigbyofMelbourne,alreadyinhis
Originalprintversion
mid‐ ifties,discovereddetailedinstructionsfromPetrogradwaitingforhim
Subjects:
onhisarrivalinVladivostokfromJapan,andproceededforthwithtothe
Authors,Australian–Travel–
Company’ssettlementatTietiukheintheSikhote‐Alinmountainssome500
Russia
kilometrestothenorth.1Sobeganathree‐monthjourneythroughacountry
Russia–History–February
infermentthatendedonJune25withhisdeparturefromPetrogradona
Revolution,1917–Personal
hardlylessadventurouswar‐timeitinerarywhichwouldtakehimbytrain
narratives
andship,viaTammerfors,Stockholm,Bergen,LerwickandLiverpool,to
Metadata:RDF/XML,Turtle,
London;thewholerecordedinletterstohiswifeinMelbourne,
MODS,BibTeX,Endnote
subsequentlyeditedintojournalform,typed,boundanddepositedinthe
ManuscriptCollectionoftheStateLibraryofVictoria.2Whatfollowsisan
accountofwhatbyanystandardmustbejudgedanoteworthyadditiontothesurprisinglydiversecorpusof
AustraliantravelwritingonRussia3whichaimstosharewithawiderreadershiptheimpressionsandinsightsof
anintelligentandshrewd,ifnotalwayswell‐informedwitnesstothefermentinthatcountrybetweenthe
revolutionsof1917.
Rigbyandhiscompanions(MessrsGreenway,FindlayandReevesarementionedbyname,butotherwise
unidenti ied;MrDickenwasanEnglishmanwhospokeRussian)werefacedwiththealmostimpossibletaskof
deliveringtoPetrogradbyMay13adetailedreportontheviabilityoftheexistingleadandzincmines,a
projectedsmeltingworks,aproposedharbourdevelopmentonthecoastsome35kilometresdistantanda
plannedconnectingrailwaylinethatwouldnegotiatethesteepdescentfromanaltitudeof800metrestosea
level;threemonths’worktobecompletedinfourweeks,andindif icultconditions.Fornotonlydidthewinter
snowsandicepersist,hamperingactivitiesoutdoorsandunderground,butthechangedpoliticalsituationhad
effectivelydismantledtheexistingmanagementstructures.Fromthestart,Rigbyhadtocontendwithwhathe
calledthe‘Commitad’(presumablyaphoneticrenderingofkomitet),‘aproductoftheRevolution,electedbythe
people’andinvestedwith‘supremepowertokeeporderinthecommunity’(EJR9).Evenbeforethearrivalof
theAustralian,thisbodyhadarrestedtheminemanager,the‘unpopular’MrGorsky;withinafewdays,mostof
theof icialshadbeenremovedfromtheirpostsand‘takenaway’,evenifonlytoVladivostok.Gratefulthatthe
newauthoritiesremained‘veryrespectful’intheirdealingswiththeforeigners,Rigby(writingon4April)
strivedforabalancedviewofthesechangesintheorderofthings:
Thewonderfulthingisthequickwayeverylittlehamlettotheremotestcorneroftheempiregot
toknowofitandadoptedthissystemofrule,itmusthavebeenintrainingforgenerationsandall
thoughtandarrangedbysecretsocieties.Tous,ofcourse,thistypeofrulelooksabitridiculous
andnodoubtitwillleadtoalotofhardshiptoindividuals[…]Justthinkwhatasimple,
downtroddenbeingtheaveragecountryRussianhasalwaysbeenandthenarrowlittleviewsof
socialeconomyhehashadbredinhim,andthenimaginehimnowstickinghischestoutand
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breathingalongbreathandsaying:‘NowIamfree,andhaveasmuchtosayaboutthingsas
anybodyelse’;thereisagooddealofdangerfromaCommitadcomposedofhim,especiallyforthe
peoplewhohavebeentheirbosses,suchaspolicemenandtax‐collectorsandthelike.Theyallgot
outofajobatonce.(ERJ10)
Despitesuchmisgivings,henotedthatalltheRussiansofhisacquaintance,‘educatedandotherwise’,agreedthat
changehadbeennecessary,andtookitasanencouragingsign(‘thebestthingthateverhappenedinthe
country’)thattheCommitadhadmovedtodealwiththecurseofdrunkennessbyimposinga ineof2000
roublesforpossessionofalcohol(EJR10).
Revolutionarychange,however,extendedonlysofar,astheEastercelebrationslaterthatmonthrevealed.
‘MostRussiansofthelowerclasses’,includingthe‘lowtypes’andevenex‐convictsfromSaghalien(Sakhalin)
who,ittranspired,wereactuallyincontroloftheCommitad,contrivedtogetdrunk,andonlythepresenceofthe
foreignersseemedabletorestrainthematall(EJR12).Ontheotherhand,RussianEasterbroughttheAustralian
andhiscolleaguestheir irstrealexperienceofunrestrainedRussianhospitality:awholesuckingpig,abraceof
turkeys,agoose,aham,raw ish,slicedsausage,cakesandsweetmeats,colouredEastereggs—‘youjustcutand
sliceasyoulikesolongasyoufeast’(EJR14).Alcoholbanorno,thepiècederésistancewasthehome‐brewed
liquorwhichlookedmisleadinglylikeweakcoffee:
Whenallgotafullglass,somesortofspeechwasmadeandeveryonehadtotaptheirglassagainst
eachofoursinturnandthendrink.Igotamouthfulofmineandcan’tdescribeit,butgee,it’s
strong.Ifeltthatmouthfulgodowntomybootsandthenuptomyhead,theglassfulwouldhave
putmeonthe loor,buttheydrankand illedagain(EJR15).
Evenafterafewweeksinthecountry,RigbyfelthehadlearnedagooddealaboutRussianwaysandcouldenjoy
theirfoodand‘easymanners’(‘eventhegoodsortofladieseatimmensemouthfuls,spreadtheirelbowsoverthe
tableandreachforanythingtheyfancy’EJR16),sothatthesightofthewomenfolkknockingbackglassafter
glassofthepotentbrown‐colouredliquorwasonlyaminorshock.HisownpreferredbeveragewasRussiantea
(‘tchi’),towhichhewasrapidlybecomingaddicted,drinkingupto ifteenortwentyglassesaday(EJR17).Such
toleranceofRussianfree‐and‐easinessandrelishforRussianfood(afrequenttopicinthejournal)bespeaka
broadmindednessthatcontrastssharplywiththesmugcensoriousnessoftravellerslikeRigby’scompatriot
VioletChomley,whotraversedRussiafromeasttowestin1903complainingofthe‘verynastyRussiantea’,the
absenceofproperbreadandbutterandtheappallingtablemannersofRussianladies.4Andunlikesomany
othervisitors,heeventookaphilosophicalviewoftheliceandbedbugshefoundinhisclothesorcrawlingup
thelegsofhispyjamas:‘Ihaven’tfeltabite,soconcludetheydon’tlikethetasteofAustralia’(EJR22).
Meantime,thepressuretocompletethetaskinhandmountedastheappointeddeadlineapproached:to
catchthePetrogradtrainon4May,thepartywouldhavetocompletetheirinspectionby28April.Prospectsfor
anewlarge‐scaleprocessingplantlookedgood,buttheconstructionofanewportwasproblematicinviewof
theroughnessoftheseaattheriver‐mouth:‘itwouldbeagreatplaceforsur ing!’(EJR24).Therateofprogress
washamperedbytheperiodicattacksbytigershuntingtheminehorses,butmoreseriouslybycontinuedunrest
amongtheRussianworkforce.TheAustraliandeploredthegenerallackofdisciplineand,althoughrecognizing
thatwageswereverylow(‘3/‐or4/‐adayofourmoney’EJR24)couldnotcondonewilddemandsfordouble
payandthreatstotakeoverthemines.Moreover,thelabourersstruckhimas‘lazyandunintelligent’,especially
incontrasttotheChinesewhoreceivedlessmoneybutdidvirtuallyallthework.WhiletheCommitadwas
eventuallyprevailedupontoreleasetheformermanagertoassistintheinvestigations,Rigbyhadlittle
con idenceinitscapacityforeffectiveleadership:
Iwillbesurprisedifanyoneinvestsaslongastheybehavelikethis.Why,theyarejustalotof
children,butviciousonesatthat…(EJR22).
Finally,theirworkcompletedonschedule,theforeignengineerssetoutbyboat(‘dirtyisnowordtodescribeit’,
EJR28)forVladivostok,wheretheHotelBristolcouldprovidenobathbutanexcellentdinnerwhoseabundance
wasallthemorewelcomeinthelightofrumoursoffood‐shortagesinPetrograd:
Crabandhorsd’oeuvresofallsorts… ishsoupwithplums,lemons,cabbages,olivesandcapers
withit,veryrichbutgood,thensomevealcutletsandpeasandbeetrootandcauli lowerand
chips,washeddownwithKwass,asortofbeermadeofblackbreadand inallysomereallygood
coffeeandcigarettes,withavery ineorchestra(string)(EJR30).
OnFriday4MaythepartyleftVladivostokontheTrans‐SiberianRailway,travellingviaHarbinandChitatoLake
Baikal,wheretheyarrivedon7May.Heretheyadmiredthe‘wonderfulpieceofrailwaywork’bywhichthetrack
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ranforabout50milesroundtheextremeedgeofthesouthendofthelakewhere‘stupendous’cuttings,longand
shorttunnelsandnumerousbridgeshadforgedapaththroughsheermountainsidesanddeepgullies.‘A
monumenttotheengineerswhobuiltit’(EJR35),thissectionofthelinereplacedtheimmenseice‐breaker
ferriesthatcarriedtrainsoverthelakeuntil1905.5ThenextlegsofthejourneytookthemtoIrkutskandthen,
onWednesday9May,Novonikolaevsk(nowNovosibirsk).6CrossingtheObandthen(atOmsk)theIrtysh,they
arrivedonFriday11MayatEkaterinburg,wheretheUralsprovedadisappointmentandthecountrysidelooked
‘justlikeGippsland’(EJR46).FromtheretheirroutelaynorthtoPermandwestacrosstheVolgatoVyatka(now
Kirov)andontoPetrograd,whoseapproachesat irstsightonSunday13Maylooked‘impressive,not
picturesque,likegoingthroughPortMelbourne’(EJR49).
Ingeneral,Rigbyfoundthetownsalongtherailwayunprepossessingandunremarkable,thegeneral
shabbinessrelievedonlybythemany‘mosques’—apuzzlingtermwhosesigni icanceincontextmustbe
architectural(referringtothedomestypicalofOrthodoxchurches)ratherthanreligious.7Permistypical,
although‘thecapitalofoneofthelargestandrichestofRussia’sprovinces’:‘alargecitywithmanymosques,
purelyRussianwithitsunpavedstreetsandgeneraldinginess’(EJR46).Apartfromtheendlessforests,hesees
littleofinterestinthelandscapebeforethelinecrossestheIrtyshatOmskandenters‘rich latcountrywith
blacksoil’:‘surelythisisalandofplenty,notbeingfairlytreatedbecauseofwantofproperhandling’by‘lazyand
incompetent’peasantfarmers(EJR44);althoughfurtheron,alongthebanksof‘thegreatriverVolga’andits
tributaries,extensivetractsofploughedlandsuggestedmoreef icientagriculturalpractices(EJR46).Allalong
theroutefromeasttowest,however,theoverwhelmingimpressionwasofacountryinturmoil.Theeffectsof
thewarwereinescapableevenintheFarEast:onlymilesfromVladivostokthetravellershadseentrains‘little
betterthancattletrucks’headingeastwithdetachmentsofsoldiersandpeasants,andinHarbinandChitathere
wereAustrianprisonersofwarandRussianwounded(EJR32,34).Furtherwest,inNovonikolaevsk,thetrain
wasattackedbyamobofmutinoussoldierswhoretreatedonlywhenconvincedthattheforeignerswere
travellingonimportantgovernmentbusiness(EJR41),andEkaterinburgswarmedwithdefectorsfromthe
front.Somestationshadspecialroomsreservedforthewoundedwhere‘committeesofladies’providedfood
andcomforts(EJR48),whileatVyatka‘therewastheusualcrowdofsoldierslyingaround,sleepingintheir
overcoats’(EJR49).Intheabsenceofmenofmilitaryage,muchoftheheavymanuallabourwasbeingdoneby
womenandgirls,especiallyontherailway:
Theyloadallthewoodandcoal,shovelashes,actasbrakesmenonthegoodsandpassengertrains
andwaterallthetrains.Oneseesthemtoosawingandchoppingaswellas[doing]navvies(sic)
work.Theyloadandunloadfreightcarsandgoods.Mendothebossing.Oneseesthemingroups
upto30or40atatimeatmoststationsalongtheline…(EJR47).8
ThejourneyalsoprovidedampleevidenceofthecivilunrestspreadingthroughoutRussiaintherevolutionary
year.Atstationsalongthewaycrowdsgatheredtobeharanguedby‘theusualdescriptionofYarraBankstump
orator’(EJR32),whileinIrkutskalocalcommitteeofsoldiersandworkmenboardedthetrainsearchingfor
vodkaandri ledthecontentsoftheluggagevan(EJR35).Ateveryhalttherewasnewsoffurthertroublein
Petrogradandofopenmutinyinthearmy.FoodshortagesbecamemoreapparentwestoftheUrals;atthestart
ofthejourney,thetravellershadbeenrelievedto indthatagoodmealcouldbehadonthetrainforonlythree
roubles(EJR32),whereasinthestationatVyatkatherewasnothingtobehadbutryebreadandinPetrogradall
foodwassaidtoberationed(EJR49).Therewererumoursofsoldiersbeingwithdrawnfromthefrontlineto
worktheirfarmsandavertafamineatthenextharvest(EJR46),whatevertheconsequencesforthewareffort
asawhole.
Petrograditself(‘amagni icentcityofimmensesize’)seemedstrangelyunaffectedbythewar:‘theusual
servicessuchasrailways,tramways,electriclightandstreet‐cleaningetcarekeptgoing,asareallthe
governmentdepartments’(EJR54).Therewere,however,massesofrefugeesfromPolandandotherGerman‐
occupiedterritories,accommodationwasatapremium,breadwasrationedandpriceswereshocking:apples
andorangescosttheequivalentof3s.6d.each,meatfrom2–3s.perpoundandbutter5s.(EJR57).9Fortunately,
RigbyandhispartyboardedwithMrNevilleoftheEngineeringCompanyofRussiaandSiberiainhisspacious
apartmentatNo13Bol′shaiaKoniushennaiaStreetandwerelookedafterbyhishousekeeper,MrsMoss;no
otherdecentlodgingcouldbefoundforlessthan35roublesperday.Fromthisbase,inthehoursfreefrom
writinguphisreport,theAustralianwasabletostrolldowntheNevskiiProspekt(‘aboutaswideasElizabeth
StreetNorth’EJR54)andseethesights:theChurchofOurLadyofKazan,the‘extravagantmagni icence’of
StIsaac’sCathedral,the‘gorgeouschurch’onthesitewhereAlexanderIIwaskilledandthe‘magni icent’bronze
statueofPetertheGreat,theAlexanderColumn—‘everydaybringssomethingnewtomarvelat’(EJR61).The
buildingsremindedhimofParis,whilethecrowdsrecalledLondon:‘thecrushisterri iceverywhere.Streets
teemwithpeople.EverytramcariscrowdedlikeasummerSundaycartoStKilda’(EJR51).Soonhewas
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venturingfurthera ield,feelingheknewhiswayaboutthestreetsasthoughhewereinMelbourneand
resigninghimselftotheshortcomingsofpublictransport:nothingrunsontime,‘butNicheevo,yougettherein
theend’(EJR67).Intheeveningshewenttotheoperaorthe‘vaudevilles’,whereinspiteofthebreadqueues
andtheshortagesRussiansstillseemedwillingtothrowtheirmoneyaboutinpursuitofagoodtime.The
generalspiritofmoralabandonwaspersoni iedbythetwoladieswhoaccostedthetouristontheMoika
embankment:hisattentionattractedbythefactthatoneofthemappearedtobestockingless,hewasshocked
whensherevealedthatunderherdresssheworenoclothesatall(EJR68).Weekendswerespentinthemore
wholesomesurroundingsofadachainFinlandbelongingtoaDrMarshall.Fromhereatripto‘ lourishing’and
‘picturesque’Vyborgprovidedtheoccasionnotonlyforasplendidmealat‘reasonableprices’,butthechanceto
re lectonthecontrastingrealityofRussia:‘Thereisonlyoneexplanation,completelackoforganisationor
managementandnoauthority’(EJR66).
ThelackofdisciplineandpoliticalstabilityinRussiaisacommonthemeinRigby’sjournal.Hesawtracesof
therecentuprising(bulletholes,smashedwindowsandburnt‐outbuildings)evenontheNevskyandtheMoika,
andknewthatday‐to‐daypowerinthecityhadpassedtothesoviet:‘theCivilPolicearealldeposed,theirplaces
takenbyworkmenandsoldiers’(EJR54).Fromasomewhatjaundicedperspectivehewritesofnumerous
strikesamongtheworkingpeople(‘almostasbadasAustralia’)10andoftheactivitiesofrevolutionary
propagandists:
Anagitatorhere,namedLenin,isverypowerfulandhasformedacommitteeofmenlikehimself,
allofwhomareRussianizedGermanJewsbytheirrealnames,andseizedapalacebuiltbythe
Czarforoneoftheballet‐girlsandinstalledthemselves(sic)thereinluxuryasleadersofthe
workmen’sparty.Theirtacticsareagesold—juststandonabalconyandsay‘Boys,whatdoyou
want?’—‘MONEY!’—‘Yes,thengotothebanksandtakeit.ItbelongstothePEOPLE.Doyouwant
foodorclothes?Yes.Thengototheshopsandhelpyourselves’,andsoon.Ofcourse,theyare
popularwithcertainclassesofthecrowds,justassimilarspoutersareontheYarraBanks
(EJR74).11
Atthesametime,heisnoapologistfortheancienrégime,dismissingthedeposedtsaras‘adrunkenand
dissolutedegenerate’andhisgovernmentas‘nothingbutacesspitofbriberyandcorruption’(EJR50),and
embellishingwithfurtherpiquantdetailstherumourshehadalreadyheardintheFarEast:
TheCourt[was]whollycorruptandimmoral.ItisopenlyassertedthattheyoungCzarovitch(sic)
isthesonofRasputin.TheCzarinawasinfatuatedwithhim,andevenherdaughterhada
youngstertohim.
Theempress,moreover,hadworked‘heartandsoul’foraGermanvictory,andusingaprivatewirelessat
TsarskoeSelohad‘evensentthenewsthatbroughtaboutKitchener’send’(EJR50–51).12AsfortheProvisional
Government,heistornbetweentheconvictionthatitwantsto‘dotherightthing’and‘ ightontilltheenemyis
beaten,’andtherealizationthat‘theycandonothingwithoutthesanctionoftheCouncilofWorkersand
Soldiers’(EJR75).Naturallyenough,forafather(aswelearnlaterinthejournal)whosesonwasthenservingin
theRoyalFlyingCorpsinFrance,13theformerwasafactorofsomesigni icance,andhewasencouragedbythe
‘energeticaction’beingtakenbythegovernmentagainstthelocalsovietsatKronshtadtandelsewhere:‘orderis
graduallybeingrestored,aspeoplerecognisethattheremustbeasettledauthority’(EJR75).Yet,inthelonger
term,thereislittleenoughcauseforoptimism:
TheleaderswhoarerepresentingRussiatodayandtalkingforherhavenorealstanding,andeven
theirlivesandpositionsareveryprecarious,andcertainly[theyhave]nopowertogiveeffectto
anythingtheysayorpromise,andwhentheystarttocompelthepeopletoorderandobedience,
thebigtroublewillbegin(EJR80).
Howeverregrettable,‘itlooksverylikelythatRussiacanbecountedoutofthewar.’
BytheendofMaytheirreportwascompleteandthepartybegantoplantheirdeparturefromRussia.On
12June,thedaytheirexitvisaswereissued,RigbyhadameetingwithaMrKadigrobov[?],amemberofthe
DumaapparentlyinstructedbytheProvisionalGovernmenttovisitAustraliatopromotetradeandcommerce,
andspeci icallytoestablishaRussian–Australianshippingcompany(EJR73):unfortunatelythereisnorecordof
theirconversation,andinanycase,asthetravellerconfessedtohisjournal,‘Iamtiredofitallnow’(EJR78).At
last,on25June,havingsecuredtheonlyremainingsecond‐classtickets,heandhiscompanionGreenwayleft
Petrogradbytrain,boundforFinland,SwedenandthenNorway, inallyembarkingontheSSOsloatBergenon
30June.AfterRussia,FinlandseemedsoneatandprosperousandtheFinns‘cleanerandbetterdressedand
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muchmoreintelligentandbetteroff’thantheRussians,andtheSwedeswere‘asaheadoftheFinnsastheFinns
areaheadoftheRussians’(EJR89).Lookingbackonhisstay,theAustraliancoulddeclareinallsincerity:‘Ilike
theRussianpeople’,whileatthesametimeacknowledgingthat‘theyhavealottolearn,justlikealotofchildren’
(EJR71).Forthatreasonheleftthecountrywithasenseofforebodingthatwastoprovealltooprescient:
PetrogradissimplyalivevolcanoforanyforeignersoreventhebetterclassofRussians
themselves.Therewillbeablowup[for]sure.Itisimpossibleforthingstogoonastheyarefor
long.Icanseenothingbutanarchy,riotandcivilwarbeforethem,andthestreetsarelikelytorun
redanytime.Anylittlesparkmightstartit…
Therevolutionhadbeen‘aneasything’;dealingwiththecurrentdisorderandchaoswasanothermatter:
Russiaistoovastandthepeoplehavebeenslavessolongandkeptwithouteducationor
knowledgebytheautocraticgovernment…Nowtheyhavegottheirfreedom,theydon’tknow
whatitmeans(EJR79).
RigbyeventuallyarrivedinLondononJuly7,aweekbeforePetrogradagaineruptedintothedisorderand
chaosofthe‘JulyDays’.FindinghimselfindemandasanexpertontheRussiansituation,hewastemptedtotake
upthesuggestionofSirThomasLiptonandgiveaninterviewtothepress,butdeclinedforfearofsaying
anything‘theGovernmentwouldn’twantpublished’(EJR126).Apartfromthat,thedecisivestepstakenbythe
ProvisionalGovernmenttodealwithpoliticalunrestanditsdeclaredintentiontoprosecutethewareffecteda
changeinBritishpublicopinion,and‘everybodythoughtIwaswrong’.Bytheendofthemonth,however,the
ProvisionalGovernmentwasinfurtherdisarray,andtheAustraliancouldclaimtobevindicated:‘changeand
recovery’seemedasunlikelyasever(EJR[126]).Again,forRigbyasfortheBritishingeneral,therealissuein
thecurrentsituationwasthelikelyimpactontheoutcomeofthewarofRussia’swithdrawalfromhostilities;
fromthisperspective,therewas‘onegrainofcomfort’tobeextracted,howeverperversely,fromthatcountry’s
protractedcollapse.TheCentralPowershadlongsincedismissedthedangersoftheEasternfrontand
concentratedtheireffortsandresourcesintheWest,sothat‘thefailureofRussiawillnotgive[them]the
slightestfurtheradvantageorstrength’(EJR[127]).
Rigby’sjournalendson29July1917ashebeginstomakeplansforhisreturnfromEnglandtoAustralia.It
seemslikelythatbythetimetheOctoberRevolutionbrokeouthewaseitherenroute(perhapsviatheUnited
States)oralreadybackhome;inanycase,whilethereiseveryreasontosupposehefollowedfurthereventsin
Russiawithkeeninterest,thereisnosignthathecommittedhisre lectionstopaperinanyformthatnow
survives.WemaysurmisethatintheestablishmentofSovietruleandtheoutbreakofCivilWarhewouldhave
seentheful ilmentofhisgrimprophecies,orthatinreportsofthe iercest ightingbetweenRedsandWhites
acrossSiberia,aroundBaikalandintotheFarEasthewouldhaverecognizedthenamesofthetownsand
settlementshehadpassedthrough,orthatasthe‘dictatorshipoftheproletariat’emergedtriumphanthewould
havewonderedaboutthefateoftheRussianpeoplehehadgrowntolikeandthe‘verymanytravelledand
educated’(EJR71)individualshehadcometoknow.Thathewenttothetroubleofhavinghisjournaltypedand
boundmightseemtosuggestthatatsomestageheenvisagedthepossibilityofpublication;thathedidnot
persevereinthiswecanonlyregret,aswemustregretthelossofthephotographshetookthroughouthis
Russiantravels.Forwithoutmakingextravagantclaimsforthepercipienceofhisobservationsorthe
sophisticationofhiscommentary,wemustrecognizetheinterestandthemeritsofthenarrativethatbears
witnesstothemomentouseventsinwhichhefoundhimselfcaughtup.
Footnotes
1
Tietiukhe(anapproximationoftheoriginalChinesename;changedtoDal′negorskin1975)hadbeenfoundedin1897
followingthediscoveryoflargedepositsofleadandzincinthearea.
2
SLVMS11714Box1876/5;themanuscriptcomprises127pages,althoughnotallarenumbered.Forconvenience,
referencesinthetextthatfollowsareidenti iedbymeansoftheinitialsERJandapagenumber.Itakethisopportunityto
expressmygratitudetothestaffoftheManuscriptsCollectionandtheHeritageCollectionsReadingRoomoftheState
LibraryofVictoria,Melbourne.
Informationontheprovenanceofthemanuscript,andonitsauthorhimself,isdisappointinglysparse.Abookplateand
annotationsonthefrontend‐paperand lyleafwouldsuggestitwasgiventoaMrJohnBarterbyT.W.Haynes[?],whose
‘Grandpa’T.Timminswasafriendandshootingcompanionoftheauthor.EdwardJosephRigby(b.1859),whoin1892
patented‘Animprovedmethodofandapparatusforcounterbalancingtheweightofthemovingmechanismofpumpsand
pumpingmachines’(VictorianGovernmentGazette,16December1912,4880),wasfortwentyyearsmanagingdirectorof
AustralOtisEngineeringofSouthMelbourne,anddiedinMentone,Vic.inhisninetiethyearon24October,1948.
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3
Bibliographicaldetailsofthemostimportant(published)itemsareincludedinTerriMcCormack,comp.,R.Pesman,
D.WallerandR.White,eds.,AnnotatedBibliographyofAustralianOverseasTravelWriting(Canberra:ALIAPress,1996).
4
ViolaIdaChomley,agraduateoftheUniversityofMelbourne,travelledfromthePortArthurtoStPetersburgontheTrans‐
SiberianRailwayearlyin1903.ThemanuscriptofherjournalwasalsodepositedintheStateLibraryofVictoria(SLV
MS12478Box3299/7),althoughtwopassageswerepublishedintheStJamesGazette(London)in1904.Referencehereisto
pages39,41and43.
5
TheCircum‐BaikalRailway(Krugobaikal′skaiazheleznaiadoroga),whoseconstructionwashastenedbytheRusso‐
JapaneseWar,cameintofulloperationforfreightandpassengertraf icin1905;asecondtrackwascompletedin1911.Viola
Chomley(pp.59ff.)describescrossingthelakeinwinter1903inaconvoyofsledges,becausetheicewastoothickforthe
icebreakerstodealwith.OnthehistoryoftheTrans‐SiberianRailway,seeStevenG.Marks,RoadtoPower:TheTrans‐Siberian
RailroadandtheColonizationofAsianRussia1850–1917(Ithaca,NY:CornellUniversityPress,1991).
6
Thedistortedformsinwhichthesenamesappearinthetypescript(Irkutsch,Novinovskoles)suggestthattheauthorhad
notproof‐readthetext.
7
IntheStPetersburgsectionofthejournalreferenceismade(EJR50)tothesoundof‘mosquebells’.
8
Oneofthesewomennavvieswasknockeddownbytheengineanddiedofinjuriesreceived(EJR47).
9
Atthisstage,Rigbycalculatedtherateofexchangeat1rouble=1s.4d.BythetimeheleftPetrogradon25June,therouble
hadlost25%ofitsvalue(EJR84).
10
Inthelightofsuchcomments,itisnosurpriseto indRigby(EJR68)welcomingnewsofthedefeatofLabourinthe
AustralianFederalelections(May51917)whichreachedhiminPetrogradearlyinJune.
11
LeninarrivedinPetrogradon3(16)April1917andaddressedtheassembledcrowdfromthebalconyofthemansionthe
Bolshevikshadmadetheirheadquarters,formerlytheresidenceoftheballerinaMathildaKshesinskaia(orKschessinska).
12
Kitchener,SecretaryofStateforWarinLloydGeorge’scabinet,wasonadiplomaticmissiontoRussiawhenthevesselon
whichhewastravellingstruckaGermanmineofftheOrkneyson5June1916.
13
SeeEJR118.HissonHarry(thenofNo.40Squadron,RFC;from1918ofNo.1SquadronoftheRoyalAirForce)wasgiven
leavetovisithisfatherinEnglandlateinJuly.CaptainHarryAlexanderRigbywasawardedtheMCin1918,and lewhislast
missionsoonafterwards.
Contentcopyrightthepublishersandeachcontributor.CodecopyrightMiskinHillAcademicPublishing.Metadataisfree!
21/12/2012 10:09 AM