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Gramática
P.1
Nouns, Articles, Gender, and Number
Identifying People and Things
GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO
Un viaje al suroeste de los Estados Unidos
El Valle (Valley) de los Monumentos, Utah
el carro
la Ruta 66
los amigos
las vistas
un museo en el Gran Cañón
una iglesia en San Antonio
unos recuerdos
unas montañas en Colorado
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GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO A Trip to the Southwestern United States / • the car • (the) Route 66 •
the friends • the views/sites • a museum in the Grand Canyon • a church in San Antonio • some souvenirs
• some mountains in Colorado
COMPRENSIÓN
PASO 1.
Give the correct plural form of each article.
MODELO un museo → unos museos
1. la ruta → rutas
2. el carro → carros
3. una iglesia → iglesias
PASO 2.
Give the correct singular form of each article.
MODELO los amigos → el amigo
1. unas montañas → montaña
2. unos recuerdos → recuerdo
3. las vistas → vista
In Spanish, nouns identify people, places, things, and ideas, and they are either masculine or feminine in
gender. Definite articles (el/la/los/las = the) and indefinite articles (un/una/unos/unas = a, an; some)
must agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany, as shown in the following charts.
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GENDER
1. Most nouns ending in ­o or nouns that refer to male beings are masculine.
el cuaderno (notebook)un hombre (man)
2. Most nouns ending in ­a or those denoting female beings are feminine.
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la mesa (table)una mujer (woman)
3. Most nouns that refer to people have corresponding masculine and feminine forms. Here are some
simple rules to remember.
1. Masculine nouns ending in ­o have a corresponding feminine form ending in ­a.
el compañero de clase (male classmate) un amigo (male friend)
la compañera de clase (female classmate)una amiga (female friend)
2. Generally, masculine nouns that end in a consonant form their feminine counterparts by
adding an ­a to the consonant.
el profesor / la profesoraun alemán (German [man]) / una alemana
3. Nouns ending in ­ante and ­ista use the same form for both masculine and feminine. The
article or the surrounding context will determine the gender.
el estudiante / la estudianteun dentista / una dentista
4. Nouns that refer to places, things, or ideas (i.e., not people) still must be either masculine or
feminine; however, there's often no apparent logic for which gender such nouns carry. Here are
some general rules to remember.
1. Most nouns ending in ­ión and ­d are feminine.
la acción (action)una universidad (university)
2. Most nouns ending in ­l, ­n, ­r, and ­s are masculine.
el fin (end)
el amor (love)
un papel (paper)un mes (month)
3. Many nouns ending in ­ma, ­pa, or ­ta are masculine even though they end in ­a.
el problemaun mapael atleta (athlete)
4. Nouns ending in ­e don't follow any rule and their gender needs to be memorized.
el café (café; coffee)una clase
5. Some common nouns are irregular and don't follow the rules. The gender of these nouns
needs to be memorized.
el díauna mano (hand)
NUMBER
1. Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding ­s.
cuaderno → cuadernos
2. Nouns that end in any consonant except ­z add ­es to form the plural.
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mujer → mujeres
3. To form the plural of nouns ending in ­z, change the ­z to ­c and add ­es.
lápiz (pencil) → lápices
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activity
Nouns and Articles: Plural Forms
ACTIVIDADES
A.
Los artículos definidos.
Give the definite article (el/la/los/las) of each noun. ¡OJO! Some nouns can be either masculine or
feminine.
1. actor
2. sistema
3. amigos
4. tendencias
5. cantante (singer)
6. televisión
7. artista
8. libertad (freedom)
B.
Los artículos indefinidos.
Give the indefinite article (un/una/unos/unas) of each noun.
1. comunidad
2. elección
3. tema
4. deporte
5. novelas
6. influencias
7. escritor
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8. día
C.
¿Singular o plural?
With a partner, change the phrases from singular to plural, or vice versa.
MODELOS un saludo → unos saludos
las despedidas → la despedida
1. la universidad
2. los profesores
3. un optimista
4. los días
5. una flor (flower)
6. la clase
7. un escritorio
8. unas estudiantes
P.2 Subject Pronouns and the Verb ser
Expressing to be
GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO
Una página de Facebook
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Hola. Yo me llamo Antonio.
Soy inteligente, flexible y liberal.
No soy pesimista.
Soy de Guadalajara, México.
Mi amiga se llama Ana.
Es independiente y responsable.
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No es inflexible para nada.
Es de La Paz, Bolivia.
¿Y usted?
Complete the statements using the cues.
Yo soy , y . No soy .
□ conservador(a)□ inteligente □ optimista
□ independiente □ (im)paciente□ pesimista
□ (in)flexible
□ liberal
□ (ir)responsable
2. Soy de [place­name].
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Like English, Spanish uses pronouns to refer to the subject of a verb. Review the chart.
1. The masculine plural subject pronouns nosotros, vosotros, and ellos have corresponding feminine
forms. The feminine forms can only be used if a group consists of all women. The masculine forms
are always used for groups of all men as well as when referring to mixed groups.
Nosotras somos de Miami.We're from Miami (all women).
Ellos son inteligentes.
They're intelligent (all men or a mixed group).
2. In many parts of Spain, vosotros/as forms are used in familiar situations and Uds. forms in formal
ones. Elsewhere, Uds. forms are used in both formal and familiar situations.
¿Cómo sois
What are you (fam. Sp.) like? (How would you describe yourselves?)
vosotros?
¿Cómo son Uds.? What are you (form. Sp.; fam., form. elsewhere) like? (How would you describe
yourselves?)
3. Subject pronouns in Spanish are optional in most cases. They're typically only used to avoid
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confusion, to add emphasis, or to stress an opposition, as in the following example.
Yo soy de Phoenix. ¿De dónde eres tú?I'm from Phoenix. Where are you from?
4. Ser is used with adjectives to describe people and things.
El profesor esinteligente y muy paciente.The professor is smart and very patient.
5. Ser is used with de to express origin.
—¿De dónde son Uds.? Where are you from?
—Somos de Nueva York.We're from New York.
6. When de is followed by the definite article el, the two words are combined to form the contraction
del (de + el = del).
Fernando es del estado de Texas.Fernando is from the state of Texas.
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Nota comunicativa
BASIC NEGATION
Insert the word no before a verb to make it negative.
No soy de los Estados Unidos.I'm not from the United States.
No somos de aquí.
We're not from here.
Observe
The adjectives in activity A are cognates (cognados). Cognates are words that are similar or identical in
form and meaning in two or more different languages.
activity
Subject Pronouns; Present Tense of ­ar Verbs; Negation (Part 1)
Present Tense of ser; Summary of Uses
ACTIVIDADES
A.
¿Cómo soy yo?
Indicate whether or not these adjectives correctly describe you.
¿Es Ud… ?
SÍNO
1.altruista
□ □
2.idealista
□ □
3.realista
□ □
4.materialista □ □
5.optimista
□ □
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6.independiente □
7.inocente
□
8.paciente
□
9.responsable □
10.flexible
□
Observe
□
□
□
□
□
If you use an adjective to describe more than one person, place, thing, or idea, the adjective must be in
the plural.
Julia y David son inteligentes.
Use the same rules to make adjectives plural that you learned earlier in this chapter for making nouns
plural: Add ­s to words ending in a vowel; add ­es to words ending in a consonant.
B.
No soy así (I'm not like that).
Say whether or not these adjectives correctly describe you. If they don't, then say who (either a real
person or a character from a book, movie, or TV show) that adjective correctly describes, as in the
model.
Vocabulario práctico
sí yes, indeeda veces sometimes
perobut
un poco a little
MODELOS cruel →
No, yo no soy cruel, pero Hannibal Lecter sí es cruel.
No, yo no soy cruel, pero Hannibal Lecter y Jason de Friday the 13th sí son crueles.
Sí, soy un poco cruel a veces.
1. impaciente
2. rebelde
3. arrogante
4. pesimista
5. superficial
6. inflexible
7. irresponsable
8. elegante
9. extravagante
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10. liberal
11. sentimental
12. inteligente
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C.
Y tú, ¿cómo eres?
Describe yourself to a partner using the adjectives that you learned in activities A and B.
MODELO ESTUDIANTE 1: ¿Cómo eres, Amy?
ESTUDIANTE 2: Soy optimista, idealista, independiente y rebelde. Y tú, ¿cómo eres?
ESTUDIANTE 1: Yo soy idealista, independiente y optimista, pero no soy rebelde. Soy flexible.
D.
¿Y cómo son estas (these) personas?
PASO 1.
Read the selections about some people from the Hispanic world who have become famous in this
country.
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SALMA HAYEK, having already gained popularity as an actress in Mexico, left for Los Angeles with
the dream of becoming an equally successful actress in the United States. She soon realized that there
would be more challenges than she had anticipated. One such challenge was her very thick accent in
English, which closed many opportunities for her. She worked very hard, took English lessons, studied
acting, and eventually overcame all of the challenges to become one of Hollywood's leading actresses.
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JAVIER BARDEM was famous in his native Spain before he became popular in this country. In 2000,
he was the first Spanish actor to be nominated for an Oscar for his portrayal of Reinaldo Arenas, a gay
Cuban writer, in Before Night Falls. The excitement after his nomination was such that fans mobbed him
on the streets of Madrid and paparazzi waited at his doorstep. King Juan Carlos even invited him to
dinner! In 2008, Bardem finally became the first Spanish actor to win an Oscar, for his role in No
Country for Old Men.
PASO 2.
With a partner, answer the questions about the people described in Paso 1. ¡OJO! For item 3, mention
what characteristics both actors have in common. Use adjectives that you learned in activities A and B
and elsewhere.
1. ¿Cómo es Salma Hayek?
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2. ¿Cómo es Javier Bardem?
3. ¿Cómo son los dos (both of them)?
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Nota interdisciplinaria
GEOGRAFÍA: LOS PAÍSES Y LAS NACIONALIDADES
Spanish is the official language of more than twenty countries. Review the list of country (país) names
and nationalities (nacionalidades) and locate each country on the map.
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Observe
You already know that adjectives must agree in number with the nouns they modify. They must also
agree in gender with those nouns.
Alejandra es de Colombia. Es colombiana.
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Lectura cultural
ANTES DE LEER°
As you study Spanish, you will undoubtedly encounter words that you've never seen or heard. However,
there are several strategies you can use to help you understand the overall message of a text. For
example, read the title and any subheadings to anticipate the main topic and subtopics. Look at photos
and photo captions. Review any charts or bulleted lists that may give you more clues about the specific
points a text is trying to convey. And finally, look for cognates, words that are spelled almost the same
and that have the same meaning in both English and Spanish.
As you read the following text for the first time, see how many cognates you can find. Then read the text
again to see how well you can understand the overall message, without using a dictionary. We understand
there are a lot of words in this selection that you won't know. However, try not to be bothered by this fact,
and instead focus on the cognates to see how much you can guess. You may be surprised at how much
you can understand.
Biografía: Cristina García
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Cristina García
Cristina García, una autora famosa, nacióa en La Habana, Cuba, en 1958, pero se mudó ab los Estados
Unidos con su familia en 1961. Sus padres le contabanc muchas historias de Cuba y de las costumbresd
cubanas.
En su primera novela, Dreaming in Cuban (en español, Soñar en cubano), García describe las
experiencias de Pilar, una cubana que se mudó a los Estados Unidos de joven.e Muchos años después,f
Pilar vuelve ag Cuba para conectarse con su familia y con su identidad cultural.
DESPUÉS DE LEER
A.
Comprensión.
PASO 1.
Make a list of all the cognates that you found in the reading.
PASO 2.
Based on your list from Paso 1 and your understanding of the overall message, indicate which of the
statements you believe best summarizes the reading.
1.□Cristina García has worked for several newspapers and continues to enjoy her life as a reporter.
2.□Cristina García has been very active in the anti­Castro movement in the Cuban community in Miami.
3.□Cristina García is a Cuban­American novelist who has written about searching for one's cultural
identity.
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