Syllabus for
“Korea’s Cultural History”
Hanyang University
July 1st ~ 31st, 2016
International Summer School
1-4pm
Room ????
Prof. David A. Mason
Public Service Department, Chung-Ang University, Seoul
[email protected]
010-9734-9753
www.san-shin.org
Course Objectives
The objective of this course will be to make beginning-level students become familiar with the general
themes and most interesting aspects of Korea's cultural history, from its origins until the present day.
Emphasis will be placed on the cultural arts and customs that are most visible and fascinating to
foreign visitors, and most useful to know. The lectures will be practical and vivid, and therefore
memorable for the students.
Textbook Information
Professor’s Handouts will be the main text used, and exams will be based on them. Students have
the option of reading “Korea: a Religious History” by Dr. James Huntley Grayson, Korean Buddhism
by the Jogye Order, the Samguk-yusa in translation, or others. Students should read the assigned
handout material before the lecture, and come prepared to ask questions and engage in active
discussion.
Assessment Criteria
This course will be graded based on:
30% the First Exam
30% the Second Exam
30% the Third (final) Exam
10% Attendance Record and Professor’s assessment of student participation
Exams will include both factual knowledge and short essay questions. They are not cumulative.
The professor will present much information during his lectures that is not covered in the reading, and
this material will be included on the exam – therefore, students should take careful notes during the
lectures, and ask for clarification of anything not understood.
Topics of Each Lecture:
(dates may be different this year)
00 Fri
7/01
Orientation
01 Mon 7/04
Introductions and Opening Themes
02 Tues 7/05
Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History
03 Thurs 7/07
Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part one
04 Fri
7/08
Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part two
05 Mon 7/11
First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla
06 Tues 7/12
The Long Decline of Shilla, Introduction of Seon
07 Thurs 7/14
The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era
08 Fri
The Tragic Goryeo Decline
7/15
09 Mon 7/18
The Rise of the New Joseon Order
10 Tues 7/19
The Peak of the New Joseon Order – Third Golden Age
11 Thurs 7/21
The Middle of the Joseon Dynasty – Philosophy and Invasions
12
Fri
The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End
13
Mon 7/25
7/22
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 20th Century
14 Tues 7/26
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Middle of the 20th Century
15 Thurs 7/28
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Late 20th Century
16
Fri
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 21st Century
17
Mon 7/31
7/29
Final Discussion of Korea's Future, and Final Exam Korea's
01 Tues 7/01
Introductions and Opening Themes
Introductions of Students and Professor
Historical and Religious Themes of Korea, and Scholarship of its History
Geographical setting of Korea and its influence on culture
Romanization of Han-geul
02 Thurs 7/03
Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History
Bronze-Age Pre-History (Manchuria and Peninsula); formation of identity and Shamanism
King Dan-gun and Foundation Myths of the Three Kingdoms; Samguk-yusa
The continuing influence of this story on contemporary Korean culture
Formation of the Sam-han, and Lolang Commandery 108 BC under Emp Wu-ti.
Entrance of Chinese Iron-Age culture
Basic points of Buddhism India  China; Confucianism and Daoism
03 Fri 7/04
Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part one
Introduction of Chinese Culture, Kingship and Buddhism;
4th Cen Chinese Buddhism – state-oriented character; Inwang-gyeong “Benevolent King Sutra”
The Three Kingdoms
삼국시대
三國時代
Goguryeo 고구려 高句麗 (north)
early conditions and cultural formation of
Baekje 백제百濟 (SW)
Shilla 신라 新羅 (SE)
Stele of Goguryeo King Gwanggaeto was erected near his tomb in 414 by his son King Jangsu, in
what is today the city of Ji'an along the Yalu River. Granite, ~7 meters tall, ~4 meters wide, 1802
Classical Chinese characters. Major primary source extant for the history of Goguryeo.
magic, healing, faith & rituals
Missionaries – Ado Hwasang
Resistance / acceptance issues – story of King Beobheung and Yi Cha-don
Grey unglazed stoneware pottery remains as Shilla’s shamanist ceramic style.
Korean monks went to north China and India to study under the greatest Masters
Great Master-Monk Won-gwang (to Ch 589, return 599, traveled through Sui)
5 Principles of Hwarang-do:
(demonstrates “one package” theory)
Loyalty to king, parents & friends; fight w/o retreat;
kill only when necessary and then with compassion
Hwangryong-sa built by King Jinpyeong in 558 palace  temple for Wongwang
04 Mon 7/07
Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms part two
First Golden Age Begins
Koreanization of Buddhism; Daoism, Confucianism and Shamanism blended in
Early transmission of culture to Japan – royalty, Hyecho tutors crown prince @600
Sui attack Goguryeo 612-16, repulsed by General Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕 乙支文德
Queens Seondeok (r.632-47) and Jindeok (r.647-54) poem-letter to Tang Emp
Great Master-Monk Jajang-yulsa (자장 율사 慈藏律師 590-658)
young genius, but rejected office.
went to China 636, returned 643
established Vinaya / yul – rules of Monastic Order
established Royal Office of Buddhism, registration of Monks and Temples
Wutai-san – met Munsu-bosal – relics – Odae-san – Korea as Holy-Land
relics in Diamond Altar at Tongdo-sa and four other temples in north-east SK
gave Buddhist names to mountains along East Coast
built Jeokmyeol-bogung temples and other temples
said he found “Mother of Munsu-bosal” on Munsu-bong Peak of holy Taebaek-san
advised building of great 71-meter Pagoda at Hwangryong-sa 황룡사 皇龍寺
“Unification Era” 663~677 created by General Kim Yu-shin 김유신 金庾信 under Great Kings
Taejong Muryeol 태종 무열왕 太宗 武烈王 (r.654-61) and Munmu 문무대왕 文武大王 (r.661-681)
China & Shilla defeat Goguryeo & Baekje in 680s, Chinese occupy Baekje but are driven out
called the Unified Shilla Dynasty Tong-il Shilla 통일 신라 統一新羅 (668 CE - 935 CE)
the Balhae Kingdom in former Goguryeo territory lasts 699-926.
05 Tues 7/08
First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla
Master-Monk Uisang-josa (의상 義湘 625-702) introduces the Hwa-eom-jong
(華嚴; Huáyán; Jp: Kegon; Skt:Avatamsaka, Flower Garland Sutra, centered on Biro-bul)
after study with Huayan master Zhiyan 智儼, friends with Fazang 法藏).
He wrote the mandala-like Haein-do (Ocean Seal diagram'), and founded up to 70 great temples.
Story of Myo-hwa Dragon-Girl and building of Buseok-sa (Floating-Rock Temple)
Master-Monk Wonhyo-daesa (원효 元曉 617-686)
self-enlightened, independent
Genius scholar, wrote Sastras, founded Haedong Sect, Harmonization of Sutras,
shared love of Hwaeom with his doban Uisang; contributed to Seon/Zen theory.
Spread Amita-bul cult (Pure Land Buddhism) to common people; Unorthodox
Sex-scandal with princess  Seol Chong 설총 薛聰 and Idu writing, Shilla Confucianism
Attributed with founding 66 temples that still exist.
Goguryeo Master Bodeok studied Daoism, rejected, fled to Baekje due to its rise
Gyeongju at its peak, flowering of all arts.
Nam-san and other sites.
Sinification, but Bone-Rank castes -- no social mobility, belief in bloodlines
Bulguk-sa 불국사 佛國寺 and Seokgur-am 석굴암 石窟庵
750-775
built by poor boy  Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong 김대성 金大城 700-774
Emille Bell story
Gay King story
06 Thurs 7/10
The Long Decline of Shilla, Introduction of Seon
Introduction of Seon (Ch’an or Chán 禪 or 禅 or Zen) Buddhism in China by Bodhidharma
菩提達摩, Pútídámó or Dámó. K: Dalma-josa
FL. 520 CE (early 6th Cen)
at Solim-sa or Shaolin Monastery 少林寺 Shàolínsì at Sōng Shān 嵩山 in Henan 477
6th Patriarch Dajian Huineng (慧能 Huìnéng 638–713) Korean: Yukjo Hyeneung -seonsa
Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (六祖壇經) Southern Chan Sect (頓教) Sudden Enlightenment
Legend says that his skull was buried under Main Hall of Ssanggye-sa by founders; now in stone pagoda
Beomnang studied under 4th Patriarch, in 640 under Queen Seondeok
Shinheung-sa 新興寺 was founded as “first meditation temple” in 652 by Jajang-yulsa
800s Seon gets rooted in Korea – the 9 Mountain sects: Gusan-Seonmun 九山禅門
Spontaneity, individualism, instant / complete enlightenment,
meditation instead of doctrine/scriptures/statues.
Tea 茶 cha / da Korean tea grown 828 at Jiri-san Ssanggye-sa 지리산 쌍계사 智異山 雙磎寺
Jang Bogo 장보고 張保皐 or Gungbok 궁복 弓福 ?-846
ruled the Yellow Sea region as naval-commander and trader, in the early 800s
Late Shilla Confucianism develops institutions – Gukhak and Mun-myo
Choe Chi-won 최치원 崔致遠 (857-?) Pen-name Go-un 고운孤雲 or Hae-un 해운 海雲
genius, official career in China, returned to save his nation Shilla, in 894 submitted his "Ten Urgent
Points of Reform" simu sipyeojo (시무십여조 時務十餘條) to Queen Jinseong (887-897), but his
advice rejected. Wandered as Daoist to Jiri-san, Busan, etc, wrote histories for temples, became
Shinseon at peak of Gaya-san above Haein-sa.
Rebellions by aristocrats, then farmers, then Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo
07 Fri 7/11
The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era
Taejo Wang Geon (b.877, r.918-43) and his relation to Haein-sa & other Temples
Doseon-guksa ( 827-98) Korea’s Pungsu-jiri Geomancy (Feng Shui / fēngshuǐ 風水)
and first concept of Baekdu-daegan theory, left advice for Goryeo Dynasty, Taejo WG followed.
Gaeseong capital City, flowering of State-led Buddhist Culture, Guksa 국사 國師 & Wangsa
Cheongja blue-green Celadon pottery,
Palgwan-hoe Festivals
giant paintings;
stone mireuk statues
huge wealthy temples, ceremonies, golden buddhas
Tiantai (天台宗 T'ien T'ai)  Cheontae in Korea  Tendai in Japan. Great Chinese Bud Sect that
systematizes all of the Sutras under Lotus Sutra 妙法蓮華經 Korean: Myobeom-nyeonhwa-gyeong
Founder: Zhiyi (智顗, Chih-I, 538–597) in the late 500s, at Tiantai-shan 天台山 in Zhejiang Province.
Korean monk Payak had studied Tiantai under its greatest master in 600s
Chegwan-daesa (d.970) bought Tiantai or Cheontae Buddhism back to China
Unification of Korean Buddhism was attempted using Cheontae by Uicheon Daegak-guksa (의천
義天 대각국사 大覺國師 1055-1101) Prince toured China collecting books, built royal library
Unification of Korean Buddhism was accomplished by Jinul Bojo-guksa (1158-1210) created
Jogye Order 조계종 at Songgwang-sa 송광사 松廣寺 which is at Korea’s Jogye-san (named after China’s
Caoqi-shan / Caoxi-shan 曹溪山, Huineng’s mtn). It is mainly Seon, but includes others.
08 Mon 7/14
The Tragic Goryeo Decline
Kim Bu-shik (1075-1151) put down Myocheong’s rebellion, wrote Samguk-Sagi 三國史記 1145
1170 military coup – starts bad time
Choe military dictatorship
Iryeon (1206 - 1289) wrote Samguk-yusa 三國遺事 in the late 1200s
1184 Goryeo conquers the Tamna Kingdom of Jeju Island, it becomes “Korean”
Mongol conquest (1231-59) and rule (1260-1350)
Korea’s worldly but enslaved condition; royalty slowly becomes mongol
Mongols attacked Japan with Korean labor and wood-shipbuilding from Jeju
Nov 1274 and Aug 1281 (kamikaze, 4000 ships lost)
population reduction, debauchery of everything
wood & metal printing innovations.
Buncheong-ware pottery.
Tripitaka Koreana / Palman-daejang-gyeong 고려팔만 대장경 高麗八萬大藏經
carved on Ganghwa-do 1236-51 (moved to Haein-sa 1399) 81,000 blocks! 52mil words!
The 3 Jewels Temples: Tongdo-sa (B), Haein-sa (D), Songgwang-sa (S) only in Korea!
Monk Shindon (d.1371) interferes in King Gongmin’s politics, then overthrown
Seon Master Po-u Taego Hwasang Wangsa (1301-82) re-establishes Chan Lineage
09 Tues 7/15
The Rise and Peak of the New Joseon Order
Han Yu 韓愈 around 800 in Tang, makes protest against Buddhism. Suppression of Buddhism in 845
Chu Hsi (Zhū Xī 朱熹 1130-1200) created Neo-Confucianism
理學 Lǐxué / 道學 Dàoxué
from the
Four Classic Books and the teachings of the Five Sages of the 1000-1100s.
Four Books: 四書 Sì Shū: Great Learning 大學 Dàxué, Doctrine of the Mean 中庸 Zhōngyōng,
Analects of Confucius 論語 or 论语 Lúnyǔ, and Mencius 孟子 Mèngzǐ
Introduction to K of Seong-i-hak Neo-Confucianism by An Hyang (1243-1306)
Established the Seonggyun-gwan Univ. The Sosu-seowon was built for him by Toegye
Taejo 태조太祖 Yi Seong-gye 이성계李成桂(1335-1408) coup, Ming Relations, meaning of Joseon
Jeong Mong-ju (1337-92), Jeong Do-jeon (1342-98) were leading Neo-Confucianists
and Geomancer-Monk Jacho Muhak-daesa (1327-1405); Hanyang (Seoul) becomes capital.
Early Joseon (1390–1591) society and politics, the rise of the Yangban clans;
Neo-Confucian doctrine & Culture established with radical social changes
(strict patriarchy, clan-lineages, primogeniture and etc);
King Taejong (r.1400-1418) oppressed the seoja and Buddhism
King Sejong –daewang 세종대왕 世宗大王 (r.1418-50) – Hangeul, science, good-Gov
King Sejo (r.1455-68) / (killed Danjong) – became devout Buddhist, made system of Laws
King constrained by advisors – Wangdo ideals – Sarim-pa radicals got influence,
but then were purged – Jo Gwang-jo (1482-1519). Factionalism!
10 Thurs 7/17
The Middle of the Joseon Dynasty – Philosophy and Invasions
Toegye Yi Hwang 퇴계 退溪 (1501-70) Korea’s greatest philosopher
Orthodox, followed Chu Hsi exactly. Made 10 Diagrams of Sage Learning
rival with Yulgok Yi I 율곡이이 栗谷李珥 (1536-84)
– his mother Shin
Saimdang 신사임당 申師任堂 (1504-1551) artist, Eojin Eomeoni "Wise Mother"
Baekja white w/blue porcelain pottery, Chinese-style paintings & arts
Heo Jun (허준, 許浚, 1546 – 1615) Doctor who adapted Chinese herbal & etc medicine to Korean
plants & conditions, wrote Dongui bogam the key text of Traditional Korean medicine.
Influence spread to China and Japan as one of the classics of Oriental medicine, still today.
Worked for royal family but also treated common people, used han-geul. Exiled to southwest.
1592–1630: invasions by Japan & Manchus, destruction & theft of Arts.
Imjin War 임진왜란 壬辰倭亂 suddenly invasion by Hideyoshi, lasts 1592-98.
defence by local groups & Buddhist monks;
Masters Seosan 西山大師 & Samyeong-dang 四溟堂
leads to Namhan-Sanseong 9 temples
Naval victories by Chungmu-gong Yi Sun-shin 충무공 忠武公 Martial Loyalty Lord 이순신 李舜臣
Nongye and the Cult of Loyalty.
Assistance from Ming China 1593 and 1598.
But then submission to the Manchus by 1630.
11
Fri 7/18
The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End
1630–1850: conservative “hermit kingdom”
under philosophy of U-am Song Shi-yeol
우암송시열 尤庵 宋時烈 (1607–1689) – strict Neo-Confucianism enforced, devotion to the Ming
Oppression and Decline, but Endurance, of both Shamanism and Buddhism
Exile / Gosan Yun Seon-do 孤山尹善道 (1587-1671) lived on Bogil-do.
Sijo Poetry ( haiku)
Chunhyang 春香 Story, mother was gisaeng; romance with Yi Mong-ryong, Amhaeng-eosa 暗行御史
Catholicism intro and Persecutions late 1700s through 1800s. Great killing 1866, French
Shilhak – Practical Learning – “Dasan” Jeong Yak-yong 다산 茶山 정약용 丁若鏞 (1762-1836)
progress of arts;
Construction of Suwon Hwaseong Castle by King Jeongjo / Dasan 1794-6
Choui-seonsa revived Han-guk Chado tradition, wrote book, friends with him and Chusa
1850–1910: first Western contacts, introduction of Protestant Christianity
All nations struggle for Korea; King Gojong and Queen Min / Minbi / Myeongseong
Attempted reforms fail.
the Donghak Rebellion fails 1894, leading to Cheondo-gyo 천도교
Japan defeats China in 1895, and Russia in 1905. USA just stands by.
“Independence” & “Empire” declared 1897, then Japanese Colonial Occupation 1880-1910
12
Mon 7/21
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Early 20th Century
early modern nationalism with its American Christian influence
the “Great Revival” starts in Pyeongyang 1907, spreads nationwide
Reactions to loss of sovereignty varied. Some cooperate, collaborate, others resist
Aftermath of WW-I (USpresident Wilson) & Gojong’s funeral ==> 1919 March
First Movement (Sam-il-jeol)
the 1920s Cultural Nationalism under Japanese Colonial Occupation.
Japanese-style ‘householder’ Buddhism imposed, but rejected after the 1950s
Steady growth of Protestant Christianity.
Repression in the 1930s, then WW-II.
Great Masters of 20th-Century Korean Buddhism:
Gyeong-heo
and his disciple Mangong
Beophui
Man-hae Han Yong-eun
Hyo-bong
Gu-san
Cheong-dam
Seong-cheol
Seung-sahn
all of them revived traditions of Korean Buddhism, or modernized it, and/or internationalized it –
creating foreign centers and monks for the first time
Temple-Stay Program created 2002 for the World Cup
13 Tues 7/22
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Middle of the 20th Century
Cultural effects of Liberation and Division 1945-49, RoK established 1948 by the UN,
and then the Korean War 1950-53.
Seoul vs. Pyeongyang; North Korea’s pseudo-communist cultish dictatorship;
Kim Il-sung’s Juche ideology and destruction of traditional culture in the North
American-style culture influences the South
Important ROK Presidents:
1948-1960
Syngman Rhee
1961-1979
Park Chung Hee / Bak Jeong-hui
1980-1987
Chun Doo Hwan
/ Jeon Duhwan
1988-1992
Roh Tae Woo
/ No Tae-u
1993-1997
Kim Young Sam
/ Gim Yeong-sam
1998-2002
Kim Dae Jung
/ Gim Dae-jung
2003-2007
Roh Moo Hyun
/ No Mu-hyeon
2008-2012
Lee Myung Bak
/ I Myeong-bak
2013-2017
Park Geun Hye
/ Bak Geun-hye
/ Yi / I / Lee Seung-man
14
Thurs 7/24
Korea's Cultural Changes in the Late 20th Century
Radical social changes and the cultural changes that have accompanied them;
ROK military dictatorship and resistance to it
relations with America, Japan & the world.
Vietnam War sparks Industrialization.
South Korea's new generations and social changes
the strong growth of Protestant Christianity
the revival of Korean Buddhism
the endurance of Korean Confucianism and Shamanism – and the New Cults
the 1988 Seoul Olympics
North Korea fails at attempts to open up under Kim Jong-il,
despite pressures, leading to ongoing famine and nuclear weapons crisis
SK splitting away from the USA and the new cultural nationalism; the 2002 World Cup
Revived relationships with China and Japan
Cultural aspects of Kim & Roh’s Sunshine Policy towards North Korea
Revival of Conservatives, even as society keeps becoming more Liberal
15
Fri 7/25
Final Discussion of Korea's Future, and Final Exam
Prospects of Korea’s cultural future
Gaecheon-jeol [Opening Heaven Day],
Gojoseon [Ancient Joseon Kingdom] and
Dan-gun [Altar King] the “Founder of Korea”
The Korean Myth of National Origin, First Story in the Samguk-Yusa
Hwanin 환인 桓因, the King of Heaven or Jeseok, was asked by Hwanung, one of his younger sons
or a son by a secondary wife (a junior Prince), to send him down to earth to govern his own land.
Hwanin surveyed the mountains of the earth and chose Mount Taebaek-san 태백산 太伯山 as the
best site, Opened Heaven (gaecheon) and sent down his son To Benefit Humanity (hongik-ingan).
Hwanung descended with three heavenly seals or treasures and 3000 followers, to a sacred
sandalwood tree on the peak of Taebaek-san. Here he established a sacred city (Shinshi 신시 神市
spirit-city). He marshaled the noble spirits of Wind, Rain and Clouds as his Ministers. A government
was established with 360 departments to rule with laws and moral codes about agriculture, grainstorage, hunting, fishing, sickness and medicine, education, the arts, family-life, determination of
good and evil, and etc.
A bear and a tiger both came to Holy Hwanung and prayed (begged) to become human beings. The
Heavenly Prince decided to give them a chance, and gave them a bundle of mugwort and twenty
bulbs of garlic and told them that if they ate only these sacred food and stayed in the cave (out of the
sunlight) for one hundred days that they would become human. The tiger shortly gave up in
impatient hunger and left the cave. The bear remained and after 21 days was transformed into a
woman.
The bear-woman (Ungnyeo; 웅녀; 熊女) was very grateful and made offerings to Hwanung at the
stone altar by the sacred tree on the peak. She had no husband, however, and prayed for a son.
Hwanung was moved by her prayers to transform himself as a human man, and mated with her. Nine
months later she gave birth to a son, who was named Dan-gun Wanggeom 단군 왕검 檀君王儉. (the
original character 壇 “altar” changed to the similar 檀 “sandalwood” with same pronunciation dan, more Buddhist meaning)
Dan-gun founded the first Korean kingdom, with its capital at what is now Pyeongyang and then
moved to Asadal, probably at Mt. Guwol-san in Hwanghae Province, and named it Joseon (Choson)
“Human-Land”  “Morning Fresh” – in the 50th year of the reign of the Emperor Yao (China’s
mythical sage-emperor ). We now call this legendary kingdom “Gojoseon” – go- means “old”,
“ancient” or “former”.
1,500 years later, in the year 1122 BCE, Founding-King Wu / Wen of the Zhou Dynasty (Zhōu Cháo
Wuwang 周朝武王) enfeoffed Jizi* to Joseon (bringing iron-age culture).
King Dangun moved his capital again, but then returned to Asadal and abdicated his throne, hiding
himself in the mountains, becoming an immortal San-shin (Mountain-spirit) at the age of 1,908.
*Jizi (箕子 ji1 zi3, Gija 기자 in Korean, “Viscount of Ji”, was a semi-legendary Chinese sage who is
said to have ruled Korea in the 12th century BC. His family name was Zi (子) and given name was
Xuyu (胥餘). Since the title of Viscount of Ji was bestowed on him, he is usually called Jizi. He may
have been a prince or noble of the corrupt Shang Dynasty, who helped King Wu overthrow it. Wu
then sent him to conquer Korea?
Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Korean Buddhism
Five Great Buddhas:
Sanskrit
(English)
Sakyamuni
Korean
Seokka-bul or
Seokkamoni-bul
Sect
喬達摩 悉達多,
or 瞿曇 悉達多
Original,
Historical
(5th Cen BCE)
Compassion,
Western Paradise,
or “the Pure Land”
Universal Buddha
Infinite Cosmic Light
Source of Buddhahood
All,
esp
Seon
Pure
Land
阿彌陀佛,
Āmítuó Fó
Amita-bul
Vairocana
Biro-bul or
Birojana-bul
Maitreya
Identity
Function
(romanized)
Amithabha,
Amita
Bhaisajya-guru
Chinese
Yaksa-yeorae
or Yaksa-bul
毘盧遮那佛
Dàrì Rúlái or
Piluzhenafo
藥師佛
Mireuk-bul
Mireuk-bosal
Four Principal Bodhisattvas:
Sanskrit
(English)
Manjusri
Samantabhadra
Avalokitesvara
Ksitigarbha
Korean
Chinese
(romanized)
Munsu-bosal
Bohyeon-bosal
Gwanse-eumbosal
or Gwaneum
관세음보살
Jijang-bosal
지장보살
文殊
Wen Shu
Wǔtái-shān
五台山
(16 of them)
Mireuk
Cults
Korean
Home
Odae-san
오대산
Éméi Shān
峨眉山
Myohyang
-san (NK)
묘향산
(in Sìchuān)
觀音
GuanYin
Pǔtuó Shān
普陀山
blended
with Ma-tzu
(island off
Zhèjiāng)
地藏
Di Zang
Jiǔhuá-shān
九華山
九华山
33 on
coasts
Naksan
Bori-am
Busan
Ganghwa
in most
Temples
Jeon-nam
Daewon-sa
羅漢 Luóhàn
or 阿羅漢 āluóhàn
or 真人 zhēnrén
(Daoist Immortal)
(folk)
Ch: 菩萨 or 菩薩 púsà)
五台山
+ Jiri-san,
Geumgang
(in Ānhuī)
Arhant
Buddha of Future Salvation (in this
world). Actually a bodhisattva who
will be next Buddha, bring Plenty
Famous for Benevolence
(in Shānxī)
普賢
Pu Xian
Nahan 나한 or
Arahan 아라한
Related to
Shin-seon
general
(folk)
(K: bosal
Chinese
Home
(Huayen)
“Master of Healing”
or Medicine Buddha
Yàoshīfó
彌勒菩薩
Mílè Púsa
Hwaeom
Identity
Function
Wisdom
keen awareness
Diamond Sutra
benevolent action
practice of meditation
Compassion "Hearer of Cries"
shown with bottle, feminine / beautiful
108 vows, 108 arms, 11 heads
associated with Yong-wang Dragon-King
special devotion by women and fishers
rocky coastal areas
Salvation / relief from suffering in Hell
main figure of funeral services
smooth green “hair”, staff with rings
special “Judgment Hall” in every
temple, with Ten Kings of Hell
Disciple of Sakyamuni Buddha
spiritual practitioner who has
attained full enlightenment,
has magical & spiritual powers
General Eulji Mundeok destroys Sui Army and retains Korea’s Independence
This is a poem originally written by General Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕 of the Goguryeo
Kingdom to an Army Commander of China's Sui Dynasty in 612. The Sui Emperor
Yangdi (son of Sui Wen-ti the Great) had invaded Goguryeo with an army over a
million members strong, maybe the largest in history by that point. After defending
fortresses against the Sui army and navy for several months, Gen. Eulji misled the
Sui's army across the Yalu River with guerilla tactics, even to chase them across the
Salsu River (in North Korea), too far from their supply centers.
After Sui's soldiers crossed the river, Gen. Eulji moved all food and crops into
Pyongyang Fortress and ruined all wells outside the fortress.
When Sui's army was running out of food and water, and many soldiers were falling
sick, General Eulji sent this poem to Sui's general Yu Zhongwen, calling for him to
retreat.
The poem reads as follows:
Hangul
Hanja
English
신책구천문 神策究天文 Your divine plans have plumbed the heavens;
묘산궁지리 妙算窮地理 Your subtle reckoning has spanned the earth;
전승공기고 戰勝功旣高 You win every battle, your military merit is great;
지족원운지 知足願云止 Why then not be content and stop the war?
Or:
Heaven knows how marvelous you are in your strategy,
Earth knows how shrewd you are in your calculation,
Your fame already knows no bounds in this war,
It is time to know satisfaction in your efforts.
While belatedly retreating back across the Salsu, Sui's troops were greeted by an
ambush (flooded river) and suffered massive casualties, which led to an overall
campaign loss of all but 2,700 out of the remaining 305,000 Sui soldiers. Only they
made it back to the Great Wall.
Goguryeo forces, although outnumbered, overwhelmed the Sui troops and emerged
victorious. Mighty Sui collapsed in bankruptcy in 617.