TUMKUR UNIVERSITY Department of English Post – Graduate Studies Syllabus: Semester Scheme SEMESTER 1 1.1 English Literature upto 1900 - Part 1 1.2 English Literature 1900 and After - Part 1 1.3 Gender Studies - Part 1 1.4 Textual Analysis and Interpretation - Part 1 2.1 English Literature upto 1900 - Part II 2.2 English Literature 1900 and After - Part II 2.3 Gender Studies - Part II 3.1 Critical Theory - Part III 3.2 a. Post – Colonial Studies - Part III 3.2 b. Indian Literatures in Translation - Part III 3.3 American Literature - Part I 3.4 Russian Literature - Part I 3.5 European Literature - Part I 3.6 Translation Studies - Part I 3.7 An Introduction to Cultural Studies - Part I 1.5 Modern English Grammar SEMESTER II 2.4 Indian Writing in English 2.5 Spoken and Written Communication SEMESTER III COMPULSORY PAPERS OPTIONAL PAPERS Page | 1 3.8 Modern Linguistics - Part I - Part I 4.1 Critical Theory - Part II 4.2 a. Post – Colonial Studies - Part II 4.2b. Indian Literatures in Translation - Part II 4.3 American Literature - Part II 4.4 Russian Literature - Part II 4.5 European Literature - Part II 4.6 Translation Studies - Part II 4.7 An Introduction to Cultural Studies - Part II 4.8 Modern Linguistics - Part II - Part II 3.9 English language Teaching 3.10 The Short Story : A Study of the Genre 3.11 Australian Studies SEMESTER IV COMPULSORY PAPERS OPTIONAL PAPERS 4.9 Re – reading Shakespeare 4.10 Contemporary Women’s Writing 4.11 Australian Studies Page | 2 SEMESTER – I PAPER 1.1 : ENGLISH LITERATURE UPTO 1900 (PART 1) UNIT 1 Chaucer : General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales Sir Thomas Wyatt : “Whoso list to hunt” Sir Philip Sydney : “Stella oft sees the very face of woe” Edmund Spenser : “One day I wrote her name” Shakespeare : “Let me not the marriage of true minds” “Two loves I have of comfort and despair” Mary Sidney : Dedicatory verses to Queen Elizebeth. Aemelia Lanyer : Extract from Salve Deux Rex Judaeorum (Eve’s apology in defence of Women) Elizabeth I. : Speech to the Troops at Tilbury Shakespeare : Othello : “Lecture upon a Shadow”, “The Canonisation” : “Batter my heart, three person’d God” Herrick : “Delight in Disorder” Herbert : “The Collar” Vaughn : “The Dwelling Place” Andrew Marvell : “To his Coy Mistress” : “The Garden” : Oroonoko : : : : : “Letter to Chester field” “In Westminster Abbey” “A Modest Proposal” MacFlecknoe Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (Extract : “Atticus and Sporus” UNIT II Donne Aphra Behn. UNIT III Johnson Addison Swift Dryden Pope Page | 3 PAPER 1.2 : ENGLISH LITERATURE 1900 AND AFTER (PART 1) UNIT 1 Thomas Hardy : The Mayor of Casterbridge E.M. Forster : A Passage to India Kate Chopin : Awakening James Joyee : A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Virginia Woolf : To The Lighthouse D.H. Lawrence : Odour of Chrysanthemums (Two stories to be selected) Joyce Cary : Mister Johnson George Orwell : Animal Farm : “Easter 1916”, “The Second Coming” UNIT II UNIT III W.B. Yeats “Sailing to Byzantium” T.S. Eliot : “The Wasteland” Larkin : “Whitsun Weddings” J.M. Synge : Riders to the Sea John Osborne : Look Back in Anger UNIT IV Page | 4 PAPER 1.3 : GENDER STUDIES (PART 1) UNIT 1 : Introduction 1. Definition and significance of Gender Studies 2. Key concepts : Patriarchy, Sex and Gender, Subjectivity; Production – Reproduction, Sexuality 3. Kate Millet, Theory of Sexual Politics (Extract from the title essay) 4. Susie Tharu and Tejaswini Niranjana, “Problems for a Contemporary Theory of Gender” UNIT II : Women, Writing and Representation Shashi Deshpande : “The Stone Woman” Ismat Chugtai : “The Veil” Serat Chandra Chatterjee : Devdas Urmila Pawar : “Chauthi Bhint” Charlotte Oerkins Gilman : “The Yellow Wall Paper” Lauretta Ngbo : “African Motherhood: Fact and Fiction.” Marianne Hirsch : “Pictures of a Displaced Girlhood” : Shadow Lives : Writings on Widowhood. UNIT III : Gender Roles Uma Chakravarthy and Preeti Gill (selections : Cases – Personal Narratives) Lata Mani : “The Female subject and the colonial gaze”. Natraj Huliyar : “Magic Nymph” : “Whatever Happened to the Vedic Dasi? Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (Eds) In Recasting Women Film Text : Rudali Page | 5 PAPER 1.4 : TEXTUAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Objectives 1. To teach students how to read texts. Not just to help students understand the texts (i.e. what they are supposed to say) but how texts construct and communicate meanings. 2. To introduce issues of interpretation 3. To help students make comparisons of texts across the media 4. To read texts in their contexts.’ Unit I Terms and concepts for textual analysis : Literary and non – literary texts, written and non – written texts, including TV, newspapers, advertising, film, and photography. Unit II A Rhetoric of the text .: Narrative modes Figurative language Generic conventions and codes] Language varieties Unit III Texts in various media – Literature and Film; Visual Texts: Advertisements and Photography Unit IV Texts and their contexts – history, culture, class, gender, and ethnicity; contexts of production and reception; ideology; intersexuality Page | 6 List of terms for the Literary critical terminology section in unit I of paper 1.4 analysis & interpretation. 1. Realism 2. Stream of consciousness 3. Post colonial/gender studies 4. Post modernism 5. Point of view 6. New criticism 7. Metofiction 8. Magic realism 9. Inter texuality 10. Intentional fallacy 11. Implied Author / Reader 12. Deconstruction 13. Bildungs roman 14. Auxiety of influence 15. Anti – Hero 16. Alination Effect 17. Literature of the Abroad 18. Symbol 19. Satire 20. Metaphor 21. Myth 22. Imagery 23. Connotation / Denotation 24. Catharsis 25. Archetype 26. Dystopia / utopia 27. Metonymy 28. Parody Page | 7 PAPER 1.5 : MODERN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1. Basic Sentence Patterns 2. The Noun Phrase a) Countable, uncountable and proper nouns b) Determiners c) Gender d) Number e) Pronouns f) Parts of a noun phrase 3. The verb phrase a) Tense b) Aspect c) Auxiliaries and modals d) Structure of the verb phrase 4. Adverbials 5. The clause and elements of clause structure 6. Finite and non – finite clauses 7. Passive Constructions 8. Co – ordination and subordination of clauses 9. Sentence Types and Sentence Functions. Bibliography 1. Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Svartvik. (1994) A Communicative Grammar of English, London and New York: Longman. 2. Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. (1973) A University Grammar of English, Longman. 3. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, London and New York : Longman. Page | 8 4. Hewings, Martin. (1999) Advanced English Grammer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5. Crystal, David (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, CUP. 6. Huddleston, Rodney (1988) English Grammar - An Outline, CUP. 7. Collins Cobuild English Grammar (1990), Harper Collins Publishers India. 8. Eastwood, John (1999) Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press. 9. Verspoor, Marjolijn and Kim Sauter (2000) English Sentence Anlysis, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Page | 9 SEMESTER II PAPER 2.1 : ENGLISH LITERATURE UPTO 1900 (PART II) UNIT 1 Gray : “Elegy written in a Country Churchyard” Blake : “The Lost Boy”, “Tiger” Wordsworth : “Tintern Abbey” Coleridge : “Dejection : An Ode” Byron : “When we Two Parted” Shelley : “Ode to the West Wind” Keats : “Ode on a Grecian Urn” Jane Austen : Pride and Prejudice Mary Wollestonecraft : Introduction to a Vindication of the Rights of Women UNIT II Matthew Arnold : “Dover Beach” “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time” Browning : “Andrea Del Sarto” Tennyson : “The Lady of Shallot” Elizabeth Barret Browning : “How do I love Thee” Christina Rossetti : “Goblin Market” Hopkins : “The Windhover”, “Pied Beauty” Lewis Carroll : Alice in Wonderland Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre Emily Bronte : Wuthering Heights UNIT III Page | 10 PAPER 2.2 : ENGLISH LITERATURE 1900 AND AFTER (PART II) UNIT 1 : POST – WAR WRITING Beckett : Waiting for Godot Stoppard : Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are Dead UNIT II : POST – WAR POETRY Ted Hughes : “Hawk Roosting” Seamus Heaney : “Digging”, “Churning Day” Sylvia plath : “Daddy”, “Lady Lazarus” Thomas Gunn : “Considering the Snail” UNIT III : NEW WRITINGS IN ENGLIGH John Fowles : The French Lieutenant’s Woman Chinua Achebe : Anthills of the Savannah Jean Rhys : Wide Sargasso Sea A.S Byatt : Possession Page | 11 PAPER 2.3 : GENDER STUDIES (PART – 2) Unit 1 : patriarchy in the Context of Family, Caste, Community and Nation 1. Julict Mitchell, Women’s Estate, Chapter 5 2. Ambedkar, “The Hindu Code Bill” 3. Kumkum Roy, “Where Women are Worshipped There the Gods Rejoice” 4. Tanika Sarkar, “Aspects of Contemporary Hindutva Theology” The Voice of Sadhvi Rithambara” in Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Aspects of Contemporary Hindutva. 5. “Father, Son and The Holy War” a Film text by Anand Patwardhan 6. “Ranamama” and “Subhdra Bu.. lia” in Urvashi Butalia’s The Other Side of Silence. UNIT II : Sexuality “Fire” (Film Text) Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (Ed). Same Sex Love In India: Readings from Literature and History, PP 31-35:294-97. UNIT III : Gender, Civil Society And The State A: The Women’s Movement In India Kumar. The History of Doing (Chapter 6, 7, 8, and 9) B: Gender Violence 1. “Bandit Queen” (Film Text) 2. “Centrality of Sexual Violence” (Chapter 3) in A Feminist Analysis of the Genocide in Gujarat 3. The Supreme Court Judgment On Sexual Harassment (1992). 4. “Dowry” Some Growing Reflections” In Speaking Tree, Women Speak (3-12), (Vimochana). 5. Jaya Prabha, “Chupulu”. 6. Anupama Niranjana, “The Incident and After” Page | 12 PAPER 2.4 : INDIAN WRITING IN ENGLISH UNIT – 1 BACKGROUND M.K. Naik : “The Literary Landscape.” In A History of Indian English Literature Meenakshi Mukherjee : Introduction to the Perishable Empire Arabindo : Last Poems (Two Poems) Toru Dutt : “Jogadhya Uma”, “Lakshman”, “Sita” Tagore : Selections from Gitanjali XI, XXXV, XXXVI Sarojini Naidu : “The Sins of Love” K. Ramanujan : “Love Poem for a Wife I.” Nissim Ezekiel : “The Way it Went” Kamala Das : “An Introduction” Jayanta Mahapatra : “Hunger” R. Parthasarathy : “Exile” Eunice D’ Souza : “Feeding the Poor” Rukmini Bhaya Nair : “Kali” Raja Rao : Kanthapura Mulk Raj Anand : Untouchable Attia Hussian : Sunlight on a Broken Column Amitav Ghosh : Shadow Lines UNIT – 2 POETRY UNIT III : FICTION PAPER 2.5: SPOKEN AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 1. Speech and Writing a. Characteristics b. Differences Page | 13 2. Speaking a. The sounds and sound system of English. b. Using a pronouncing dictionary c. Stress and intonation d. Strong and weak forms e. Reading aloud f. Presentation skills 3. Writing A. Discourse Types a. Narrative b. Description c. Exposition d. Argument B. Discourse Organization a. Organizing information within a clause b. Organizing information between clauses C. Abstracting and summarizing D. Note taking E. Writing Process 1. Planning and Research -------- brainstorming a. Listing b. Clustering c. Spidergram d. Free writing e. Getting ideas through reading f. Getting ideas through discussion ------ Purpose ------ Audience 2. Writing, crafting and editing Page | 14 a. Why edit ? b. Steps in editing c. Editing Checklist d. Editing on a word processor Bibliography 1. Roach, Peter (2000) English Phonetics and Phonology, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2. Balasubramaniam, T (1981) A text book of English Phonetics for Indian students, Macmillan. 3. O’Connor, J.D. (1980) Better English Pronunciation 2nd edn, CUP. 4. Jones, Daniel (1984) English Pronouncing Dictionary 14th edn. Revised by A.C. Gimson. 5. Sethi, J.P and V. Dhamija (1997) a Course in Phonetics and Spoken English prentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Sasikumar. V,9. And V. Dhamija (1993) Spoken English – A Self Learning Guide to Conversation Practice Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Bansal, R.K., Clive Brasnett (1976) An English Phonetic Reader Orient Longman. 8. Mortimer, C. (1984) Elements of Pronunciation, CUP. 9. Sealy, John (1998) The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, Oxford University Press. 10. Axelord. B. Rise, Charles R. Cooper (1994) The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing, St. Martin’s Press, New York. 11. White, D. Fred (1986) The Writer’s Art : A Practical Rhetoric and Handbook, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California. 12. Jacobus, A. Lee (1989) Writing as thinking Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. 13. Meyers, Allan (1997) Composing with Confidence, 4th edn, Longman. 14. Tribbble, Christopher (1996) Writing, OUP. Page | 15 15. Hancock, Mark (2004) English Pronunciation in Use, CUP.. 16. Academic Writing – OUP. 17. Crystal David (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language, CUP. Page | 16 SEMESTER III PAPER 3.1 CRITICAL THEORY (PART – 1) 1. Johnson, “Preface to Shakespeare.” 2. T.S. Eliot, “Tradition and Individual Talent.” 3. Mathew Arnold, “The Study of Poetry.” 4. F.R. Leavis, “Reality and Sincerity.” 5. Cleanth Brooks, “The Language of Paradox.” 6. Northrop Frye, “Myth, Fiction and Displacement.” 7. Herbert Read, “The Nature of Criticism.” 8. I.A. Richards, “Imagination.” Page | 17 PAPER 3.2 B : INDIAN LITERATURES IN TRANSLATION (PART 1) UNIT 1 : RE – READING TRADITIONAL TEXTS 1. Translation of Vachanas, Kabir, Women Tamil Poets, Meera and Kabir i. Basavanna - In a Brahmin house How can I feel night ? ii. Mahadeviyakka - I have Maya for mother – in – law People : male and female Other men are thorns (Selections are from A. K. Ramanujan’s Speaking of Shiva) iii. Andai - Unite me with my lord O Kamadeva Avvaiyar - Anger of the little minded Karaikal Ammaiyar - Sagging breasts and swollen veins iv. Meera - My love is reserved for Giridhar Gopal v. Kabir - The Maker himself becomes the Potter While in mother’s womb – Introduction to Speaking of Shiva 1. Bankim Chandra - Anandmath 2. Tagore - Home and the world 3. Chandu Menon - Indulekha 4. Poetry - Faiz, Sri Sri, Bharathi, Iqbal (Selections) - The morning of freedom of August 1947 2. A.K. Ramanujan UNIT II : i. Faiz Look at the city from here ii. Sri Sri - The brave new world Forward March iii. Bharathi - Vande Mataram Thirst for Freedom iv. Iqbal - In the midst of raging battle Page | 18 Reason and Heart 5. Manto - The Exchange of Lunatics 6. M. Mukherjee - From Purana to Nuthan (in Realism and Reality) 7. Partha Chatterjee 8. Bisham Shani - Nation and its Fragments (Selections) Tamas Page | 19 PAPER 3.3 : AMERICAN LITERATURE (PART I) OBJECTIVE: For convenience with regard to the semester scheme, the American Literature paper will be in two parts : Part A will be Poetry and Drama to be taught in the iii semester and part B will be fiction and prose to be taught in the IV semester. POETRY AND DRAMA A. Poetry Poe : “Bells”, “The Raven” Dickinson : “I Taste A Liquor Never Brewed”, “Some Keep the Sabbath” Whitman : “A Noiseless, Patient Spider” “When Lilacs last in the Dooryard Bloomed” Frost : “Mending Wall” Stevens : “The Emperor of Ice Cream”, “Modern Poetry” Williams : “The Forgotten City”, “Tract” “To the Brooklyn Bride” Crane Millay : “Ishall be Back” Ginsberg : “A Super Market in California” Hughes : “Montage of a Dream Deferred” Dunbar : “We wear the Mask” O’Neill : Emperor Jones Williams : A Street Car Named Desire Hannberry : A Raisin in the Sun Miller : The Crucible B. Drama Albee Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Page | 20 PAPER 3.5 : EUROPEAN LITERATURE (PART I) T1 Homer : The lliad Sopohocles : Oedipus Rex Euripides : Medea Commended Reading : 1. Finley, The World of Odysseus 2. H.D.F. Kitto The Greeks T2 Kafka - Metamorphosis Mann - “The Black Swar” Singer - “Gimpel the fool” Gide - Madeleine Camus - The Outsider / Stranger - The Myth of Sisyphus - Arrival and Departure Koestler Page | 21 PAPER 3.8 : MODERN LINGUISTICS (PART – 1) 1. Language A. Human Language and other systems of communication B. Language Variation: i. Dialect and Idiolect ii. Style C. Speech and Writing 2. Microlinguistics: A. Prescriptive and Descriptive approaches to language study. B. Saussure: i. Signifier and Signified ii. Diachronic and Synchronic approaches iii. Langue and Parole iv. Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic relations. C. Structuralist Linguistics 1. Phonology a. Phonemes and allophones b. Distinctive features c. Suprasegmental phonology 2. Morphology a. Morphemes and Allomorphs b. Inflection and Derivation 3. Immediate Constituent analysis Page | 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. O’ Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky, Mark Aronoff (1997) – Contemporary Linguistics, 3rd edition Boston, Bedford/St. Martins 2. Fromkin, Victoria, Rodman, R (1988) – An introduction to Language, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. 3. Yule, George (1996) – The Study of Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 4. Lyons, John, (1981 – Language and Linguistics – An Introduction, [First South Asian edition – 2002], Cambridge, CUP. 5. Radford, Andrew, Martin Atkinson, David Britian, Harold Clahsen, Andrew Spencer (1999) – Linguistics – An Introduction, [First South Asian edition 2002], Cambridge, CUP. 6. Crystal, David, (1995) – The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, CUP. 7. Verma, S.K. N. Krishnaswamy (1989) – Modern Linguistics [11th Impression – 2001, Delhi, OUP. 8. Roach, Peter (2000) – English Phonetics and Phonology, 3rd edition, Cambridge, CUP. 9. Hurford, J.R. Heasley, B (1983) – Semantics: A Course book, Cambridge, CUP 10. Palmer, F.R. (1981) – Semantics, 2nd edition, Cambridge, CUP. 11. Malmkhear, K. (1991) ed. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, Routledge. 12. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985) – An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London, Edward Arnold. 13. Aitchison, Jean (1999) – Linguistics, 5th edition, London, Hodder & Stoughton. 14. Yule, George, (1996) Pragmatics, Oxford, OUP. 15. Poole, Stuart, C (1999) – An Introduction to Linguistics, London, Macmillan Press Ltd. 16. Fromkin, A.. Victoria et al (2000) – Linguistics – An Introduction to Linguistic Theory Oxford, Blackwell. Page | 23 SEMESTER IV Paper 4.1 : Critical theory (part – II) OBJECTIVES 1. To introduce issues of current critical theory : 2. To study theories in context; the emphasis is on understanding how “theory actually works”: 3. To focus on the following major critical theories: a. Structuralism and Semiotics b. Deconstruction and Post – Structuralism c. Marxism and Marxist theory d. Post – colonial criticism e. Cultural criticism f. Feminist theory and criticism TEXTS 1. Roland Barthes, “From Work to Text” 2. Mikhail Bakhtin, “Discourse in the Novel” (extract) 3. Gayathri Spivak, “Three women’s Texts and a Critique of Impericalism” 4. J. Hillis Miller, “Thomas Hardy, Jacques Derrida, and the ‘Dislocation of Souls’” 5. Helene Cixous, “Laugh of the Medusa” 6. Michel Foucault, “Scientia Sexualis” 7. Aijaz Ahmad, “Introduction” Literature among the Sings of our Time” (extract) in theory. Page | 24 PAPER 4.2 B : INDIAN LITERATURES IN TRANSLATION (PART II) IMAGING THE NATION, THE EMERGENT IDENTITY 1. Mahasweta Devi Mother of 1084 2. U.R. Anantha Murthy Samskara 3. Tendulkar Silence : The court is in session 4. Rajender Kaur Ek Chadder Maili Si 5. Kambara Siri Sampige 6. Short Stories i. Abburi Chaya Devi – “Srimati Udyogini” (From Women Writing India Vol 2) ii. Baurro Dagal – “Death is getting Cheaper” iii. Bhahendra Nath Saikia – “Rats) (From Another India) iv. Ved Rahi – “The Mist” (From Indian Literature – Sahitya Academy – No. 103 – Sept – Oct 1984) 7. Ashoka Mitran The eighteenth Parallel 8. Selections Poems i. Popati Hiranandani “Husband” ii. Amrita Pritam “The creative process iii. Sunil Gangopadhyay “Calcutta & I” iv. Chemmanam Chacko “Rice” v. Joythi Hanjewar “I never saw you” (From Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry) vi. Jagannath Rosad Das “For some morning (From Another India Ed. Meenakshi, Mukherjee, Ezekiel) 9. Bhama “Karukku” 10. Critical Essays i. G.N. Devy – “Indian Literature in English Translation” From In Another Tongue ii. Trivedi – Colonial Transactions (Selections) “Panchdatu” iii. Sujit Mukherjee: a. “The Craft not Sullen art of Translation” b. “Transcreating Translations” from Translation as Recovery Page | 25 PAPER 4.3 : AMERICAN LITERATURE (PART – II) FICTION AND PROSE 1. The Chief’s Daughters (an Otoe Legend) 2. “The Life of Frederick Douglas” (an excerpt) 3. Irving “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (Short Story) 4. Hawthorne “The Scariet Letter” 5. Melville “Bartleby the Scrivener” (Short Story) 6. Emerson “Nature” (Chapter I) Self Reliance 7. Thoreau “On Economy” (from Walden) 8. Hemingway “The cat in the Rain” (Short Story) 9. Steinbeek “The Grapes of Wrath 10. Cather “Neighbour Rossicky” (Short Story) 11. Faulkner “A Rose for Emily” (Short Story) 12. Lee “To Kill a Mockingbird” 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Salinger “The Catcher in the Rye” Heller “Catch – 22” Malamud “ldiots First” “The German Refugee” (Short Stories) Carver “Cathedral” (Short Story) Shaw “Girls in their Summer Dresses” (Short Story) Morrism “Beloved” Page | 26 PAPER 4.5 : EUROPEAN LITERATURE PART II UNIT – 1 Pushkin 1. “The Bronze horseman” 2. “The station master” 3. “Queen of Spades” Gogol “The Overcoat” “The Nose” Dostoyevsky “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Cloud, castle, lake” Nabokov “The Return of Chorb” UNIT – 2 Ibsen The Ghosts Breeht The Caucasian Chalk Circle Page | 27 4.8 : MODEN LINGUISTICS (PART II) 1. Phrase Structure Grammar 2. Chomsky – Transformational Generative Grammar A. Competence and Performance B. Grammaticality C. Generative Grammar D. X – Bar Syntax E. S- Structure and D – Structure F. Transformations 3. Halliday A. Scale Category Grammar 1. Levels of Language 2. Unit, Structure, Class and System Rank, Delicacy and Exponence 3. Sentence and clause a. Elements of clause structure b. Nominal, Verbal and Adverbial groups B. Systemic Grammar C. Functions of Language 1. Ideational 2. Interpersonal 3. Textual 4. Semantics A. Reference and Sense B. Sentences, Utterances and Propositions C. Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy and Polysemy 5. Macrolinguistics A. Cohesion and Coherence – Text and Discourse B. Discourse structure – Relations and functions C. Speech Act Theory D. Conversation Analysis (Discourse analysis ) E. Pragmatics (Language use & communication ) 1. Presupposition 2. Conversational Implicature Page | 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 0’ Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky. Mark Aronoff (1997) – Contemporary Linguistics, 1rd edition Boston, Bedfford/St. Martins 2. Fromkin, Victoria, Rodman, R (1988) – An Introduction to Language, New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston Lac. 3. Yule, George (1996) – The Study of Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 4. Lyons, John, (1981 – Language and Linguistics – An introduction, [First South Asian Edition – 2002], Cambridge, CUP. 5. Radford, Andrew, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harold Clahsen, Andrew Sponcer (1999) – Linguistics – An Introduction, [First South Asian Edition 2002], Cambridge, CUP. 6. Crystal, David, (1995) – The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge, CUP. 7. Verma, S.L. N. Krishnaswamy (1989) – Modern Linguistics [11th Impression – 2000], Delhi, OUP 8. Roach Peter (2000) – English Phonetics and Phonology, 3rd edition, Cambridge, CUP. 9. Hurford, J.R. Heasley, B (1983) – Semantics: A Course book, Cambridge, CUP 10. Palmer, F. R. (1981) – Semantics, 2nd edition, Cambridge, CUP. 11. Malmkjaer, K. (1991) ed. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London, Routledge. 12. Halliday, M.A.K (1985) – An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London, Edward Arnold. 13. Aitchison, Jean (1999) – Linguistics, 5th edition, London, hodder & Stoughton. 14. Yule George, (1996) Pragmatics, Oxford, OUP. 15. Poole, Stuart, C (1999) – An Introduction to Linguistics, London, Macmillan Press Ltd. 16. Fromkin, A. Victoria et al (2000) Linguistics – An Introduction to Linguistic Theory Oxford, Blackwell. -----0------ Page | 29
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz