VUELCO 2nd WORKSHOP “Scientific advice, decision-making, risk communication” on Nov. 7th –8th, 2013
Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
- Volcanic Disaster Management Council, Volcanic Alert Levels
and Evacuation Plan -
Fujisan
Tomoyuki KANNO
Volcano Division, Earthquake and Volcano Department,
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Contents
• Introduction
– Volcano Monitoring by JMA
– Outline of disaster measures
• Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
– Promotion of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System
– Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
• Volcanic Disaster Management Council
• Volcanic Alert Levels
• Specific and practical Evacuation Plan
• Asamayama eruption in 2009 and Shinmoedake
Eruption in 2011 as case studies
• Conclusion
– Large eruptions will occur in 21st century in Japan
1
Contents
• Introduction
– Volcano Monitoring by JMA
– Outline of disaster measures
• Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
– Promotion of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System
– Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
• Volcanic Disaster Management Council
• Volcanic Alert Levels
• Specific and practical Evacuation Plan
• Asamayama eruption in 2009 and Shinmoedake
Eruption in 2011 as case studies
• Conclusion
– Large eruptions will occur in 21st century in Japan
2
Distribution of Active Volcanoes in Japan and
Volcanic Observations and Information Centers
• 110 active volcanoes in Japan.
(Active volcanoes in Japan are defined as ‘volcanoes
that have erupted in approximately the last 10,000 years’
and/or ‘volcanoes with vigorous fumarolic activity at
present’)
Ryukyu Islands
E140°
E144°
Pacific
Plate
Ogasawara
Islands
N32°
N28°
active volcano
Philippine Sea Plate
N24°
3
Distribution of Active Volcanoes in Japan and
Volcanic Observations and Information Centers
• 110 active volcanoes in Japan.
• 4 Volcanic Observations and Information Centers
in JMA.
Sapporo VOIC
Ryukyu Islands
Sendai VOIC
E140°
Fukuoka VOIC
E144°
Ogasawara Islands
N32°
Tokyo VOIC
N28°
active volcano
N24°
VOIC
4
Volcano monitoring by JMA
Infrasonic
microphone
GPS
tiltmeter
seismometer
100m depth borehole
An example of a volcanic
observation facility.
Distribution of active volcanoes in Japan. The names of 47 volcanoes
that are continuously monitored by JMA are indicated in the figure.
5
Volcano monitoring by JMA
Tiltmeter
Real-time telemeter
傾斜計
Volcano Observation and
Information Centers
(Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, Fukuoka)
GPS
Infrasonic Seismometer High-sensitive
Microphone
Visual Camera
Mobile Observation
(Thermal, Geodetic,
Geomagnetic etc.)
6
Volcanic Observations and Information center’s
System (VOIS)
• Monitoring, processing data and issuing volcanic information.
• Renewed in 2010.
• 2 core processing systems at Tokyo & Fukuoka.
Sapporo VOIC
Ryukyu Islands
Sendai VOIC
E140°
Fukuoka VOIC
E144°
Ogasawara Islands
N32°
Tokyo VOIC
Tokyo VOIS
Fukuoka VOIS
active volcano
VOIC
VOIS(Volcano Observation and Information center’s System)
N28°
N24°
7
Dissemination of Volcanic Warnings
• Volcanic Warnings are issued to residents through the media, prefectural offices
and local municipalities.
8
Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic
Eruption (CCPVE)
１９７４～
Regular meeting: 3 times/year
Working groups:
Volcanic activity evaluation working
group
Selection of active volcanoes
Selection of 47 volcanoes etc.
Volcano observation system working
group
Members :
Volcanologists and public offices
Universities
Research Institutes
(NIED, GSJ, PWRI)
Geological Survey Institute
Cabinet Office
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport
Ministry of Education
Japan Coast Guard
Japan Meteorological Agency
(Secretariat)
9
Central Disaster Management Council
- Promoting comprehensive countermeasures against disasters
- Established in the Cabinet Office
Prime Minister, Minister of State for Disaster Management
Inquiry
Report, Offer opinion
Central Disaster Management Council
Chairman
Prime Minister
Members
of the
Council
Minister of
State for
Disaster
Management
and all Cabinet
Ministers
Chief of Designated Public Corporations
- Governor of the Bank of Japan
- President of the Japanese Red Cross Society
- President of NHK
- President of NTT
Academic
experts
(4)
Organizations for Technical Investigation
10
Administrative system for disaster reduction
- National, Prefectural and Municipal level Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
(enacted in 1961)
11
Main responsibilities of municipalities
in the field of disaster reduction
Responsible for protecting lives and properties of people in
its administrative area from natural disasters
Establish its own disaster management system
- Establish and manage disaster reduction organizations such as
municipal disaster management council comprised of relevant
stakeholders in the municipalities, as well as fire-brigade and other
community-based disaster reduction groups
- Formulate and review plans and strategies such as municipal disaster
management plan, and securing necessary budget
- Conduct disaster reduction drills and exercises with wider participation of
residents, and enhance public awareness including through providing
hazard maps
- Secure stockpiles of emergency relief goods and other resources
12
Main responsibilities of municipalities
in the field of disaster reduction (cont.)
First responder at the occurrence of natural disasters
- Collect disaster situation information and transmit it to prefectural
government
- Communicate early warning information issued by Japan Meteorological
Agency or other organizations to residents
- Mobilize fire-brigade and other resources
- Issue evacuation order/advisory
- Conduct emergency relief operations
- Establish emergency response headquarters
- Request necessary support from other municipalities an prefectural
government
Ownership of recovery and rehabilitation in a smooth and
strategic manner
- Secure early recovery of public facilities and debris removal
- Seek strategic reconstruction and rehabilitation with comprehensive
planning in cooperation with relevant stakeholders
- Provide necessary support to rebuild livelihood of affected people
13
Contents
• Introduction
– Volcano Monitoring by JMA
– Outline of disaster measures
• Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
– Promotion of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System
– Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
• Volcanic Disaster Management Council
• Volcanic Alert Levels
• Specific and practical Evacuation Plan
• Asamayama eruption in 2009 and Shinmoedake
Eruption in 2011 as case studies
• Conclusion
– Large eruptions will occur in 21st century in Japan
14
Chronology of promotion of
Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
Usuzan Eruption
2000
Deep low-frequency earthquakes beneath Fujisan
Making Fujisan Hazard map
2001
-06 Consideration Countermeasure against Fujisan eruption
Basic principle for wide-area disaster prevention system in
Fujisan
2006 Consideration applying the system of Fujisan to other volcanoes
-08 Volcanic Warnings and Volcanic Alert Levels started
Guideline for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
Shinmoedake Eruption
2011
Great East Japan Earthquake (M9.0) and Tsunamis
The Guideline was reflected in the Basic Disaster Management
Plan
15
Fujisan Hazard map
Zone with possibility that
crater appears
Zone that people should
evacuate immediately
Pyroclastic flow
Volcanic cinders
Zone with possibility
that lava flow reaches
within 3 hours
Zone with possibility that
lava flow reaches within
24 hours
Zone with volcanic mud
flow by melting snow
(Volcanic Disaster Management Council of Fujisan, 2004)
16
Evacuation zone before eruption in non-snow season
Zone２
Zone with possibility
that pyroclastic flow,
volcanic cinders,
lava flow reaches
within 3 hours
Zone１
Zone with possibility that
crater appears
Zone 1
Zone 2 Top
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone with possibility that
lava flow reaches within
24 hours
10km
10km
17
Establishment of wide-area disaster prevention
system in Fujisan
At the time of normal condition
Discovery system of abnormal phenomena
System of information sharing
Cooperation system with volcano specialist
Promotion of cooperation across wide-area and setting of agreement
At the time of volcanic information announcement from JMA. (Before eruption)
Volcanic Advisory (drawing attention): Strengthening of observation and
reporting system.
Volcanic Advisory (possibility with eruption): Holding of Coordinating
Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Alert: Establishment of combination on-site precaution headquarters
At the time of eruption
Establishment of major disaster management headquarters etc.
Establishment of combination on-site management headquarters.
 Group organization with each function
 Decision making on-site
 Integrating and sharing of information
 Prediction of influence range
18
Emergency and restoration measures in Fujisan
 Measures of traffic（ Road traffic restriction, Railway operation
restriction and Securing of safe operation of aircraft )
 Measures of ash fall ( Grasping of condition, Removing ash )
 Rescue activities
 Medical measures for wide-area
 Securing of house ( Emergency temporary housing,
Permanent housing )
 Economic support ( Payment of support money, money
loaning at a low rate of interest )
 Prevention of damage expansion by lava flow and debris flow
and so on
19
Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
Consideration applying the system of Fujisan to other volcanoes (2006 - 2008)
（ Secretariat: Cabinet Office, Fire and Disaster Management Agency,
Erosion and Sediment Control Department of MLIT and JMA）
Problem 1: Construction of cooperative consideration
Volcanic Disaster Management Council
Problem 2 : Improvement on Volcanic information of JMA
Volcanic Alert Levels
Problem 3: Clarify the commencing time of refuge, the refuge
region, means of escape, etc.
Specific and practical evacuation plan
20
Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
Development of evacuation scheme
Council (Preparedness)
・Establish council for consisting of municipalities, prefectures, regional brunches of central government
etc.
・Establish wide-area disaster management in preparation for evacuation beyond municipal
borders.
・Core group leads conference activities.
・Make a Hazard map of volcanic disaster, concrete and practical evacuation plan, training etc.
Headquarter (in emergency）
・Establish headquarters composed of government staff and prefecture/city staff.
・Implement evacuation procedure, establishing shelters, receiving evacuees, ensuring transportation
and regulating traffic.
Specific and practical evacuation plan
・Based on hazard map, they consider relationship between the volcanic alert levels and evacuation
area, time, route, place, the area of control for climbing. Then they make a concrete plan which
has evacuation rules.
Assumption of Scenario and
countermeasures for eruption
When?
駒ケ岳火山　噴火シナリオと防災対応の想定（バスによる集団避難）
経過時間
２日間
1時間
2時間
3時間
4時間
5時間
(1/17 0:30)
噴火シナリオ１
異常現象を観測
小
噴
火
火山性微動
を観測
※昭和４年の噴火史実に基づ
き、経過時間を設定している
(時間軸の日時は史実に基づく）
6時間
7時間
8時間
9時間
噴火
噴火拡大
１
２
拡大
◆10分以上継続
◆微動・空振がさらに増大
◆断続的に噴火
◆地殻変動を観測
◆微動・空振が増大傾向 ◆大噴火の可能性ありと判断
（中噴火）
◆水蒸気爆発
◆山麓で微量の降灰
噴火警戒
レベル
11時間
12時間
(09:53) (11:00)
９時間
小噴火継続
10時間
13時間
14時間
15時間
(12:30)
16時間
17時間
18時間
19時間
20時間
21時間
22時間
23時間
24時間
１４時間
・
噴
火
急
に
衰
え
る
大噴火発生
◆プリニー式の噴火開始
◆噴煙は火口直上で数千m以上
◆山麓市街地で軽石が降下し始める
◆火砕流・火砕サージが発生（全方位に拡がる）
◆積雪期には融雪型泥流の発生
Which area?
◆規模の大きな水蒸気爆発～マグマ水蒸気爆発
◆火砕サージの発生
◆山麓で降灰（数㎝）
◆微動・空振が急激に増大
３
４
５
２
＜第一次避難区域・第二次避難区域（同時避難）＞
一般住民
避難
避難準備広報
避難広報
一時
集合
＊災害時要援護者対応も含めて、災害対策本部体制の確立が
必要な時期
避難準備
バス出
動と集
結
＊避難広報は巡回と周知にかかる時間として約２時間とした
避難
＊仮に第二次避難区域について、噴火拡大（中噴火）を見極めてからの避難開始と想定した場合、
火砕流・火砕サージが発生（全方位に拡がる）するまでの避難が間に合わないことになり、第一次
避難区域との同時期避難が必要となる
＊避難広報を受けてから、一時集合を開始するまでの避難準備時間を約３０分と想定した
避難
広報
一時
集合
＊バスについては、事前に出動準備が完了しているものとしてレベル５になった段階で出動・集結にかか
る
時間を約１時間と想定した
避難準備
＊バスの繰り返し輸送（ピストン輸送）による集団避難で最も時間のかかる地区の時間を設定（約２時間２０分）
災害時
要援護者
避難
避難準
備広報
避難
広報
避難準備
バス
避難
Which
route?
＊災害時要援護者の歩行速度を考慮し、一時集合への時間を想定（一般住民より時間がかかる）
一時集合
＊バスについては、事前の準備ができていないと想定して、レベルが４になった
時点で要請を受け出動を開始し集結するものとして約１時間３０分と想定
規制等
バス要請
と出動・
集結
警戒区域の設定検討
（火口から２km）
警戒区域の設定検討（火口から４km）
災害情報連絡室
災害対策本部
避難
＊バスの繰り返し輸送（ピストン輸送）による集団避難で最も時間のかかる地区の時間設定（約１時間）
第二次避難区域内警戒区域の設定（この時期に第二次避難区域の避難を開始するとした場合）
２
本部体制
Which refuge?
21
Volcanic Disaster Management Council
Members of the Council
Prefectural and municipal Governments
Meteorological Observatories of JMA
Regional development bureaus (SABO)
Volcanologists and experts
(Core Group)
Forest offices, Survey departments,
Environment offices, Coastguard,
Self-Defense Force, Polices,
Fire services, JR, Red Cross, NTT, etc.
Volcano Disaster Mitigation Council
for Fuji volcano (June 2012)
Core Group of the Council for Sakurajima
Kagoshima Prefecture
Kagoshima City
Sakurajima Volcano Research Center of Kyoto University
Core group of Volcano Disaster
Osumi Office of River and National Highway (MLIT)
Mitigation Council
Kagoshima Local Meteorological Observatory (JMA)
for Sakurajima (July 2014)
22
Volcanic Disaster Management Council and Core
Group based on a Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention
Volcanic Disaster Management Council
Core Group
Prefectural
government
Advice is mainly about a
setup of the refuge region,
expansion, reduction and
release.
Advice
Police
Fire Department
Self-Defense Forces
Japan Coast Guard
Advice
Municipality
Meteorological
Observatory
Regional development bureau
Forestry management
Environmental office
District survey part
Advice
Erosion and
Sediment Control
Bureau (Sabo)
Advice
Road department office
Volcanologist
Other public offices
(CCPVE Members)
Red Cross Society
The member who participates in decision of refuge
time and the refuge region deeply
and so on
Organization which works on volcano
disaster measures such as refuge
together.
23
Core Group members need to establish
face-to-face relationships each other
Prefectural
government
Municipality
Meteorological
Observatory
Volcanologist
Erosion and
Sediment Control
Bureau
24
Three phenomena
“Large volcanic blocks, Pyroclastic flow and Snowmelt Lahar"
are attached importance in Evacuation plan
1991.6.3
出典：NPO法人砂防広報センター副読本
上富良野町提供
Large volcanic blocks
Pyroclastic flow
Snowmelt Lahar
(2000 Usuzan)
(1991 Unzendake)
(1926 Tokachidake)
1986.11.19
東京都提供
1984.8.25
国土交通省大隅河川国道事務所提供
Lava flow
Debris flow
Volcanic gas
(1986 Izu-Oshima)
(Sakurajima)
(2000 Miyakejima)
25
Eruption Scenario of Hokkaido-Komagatake
Volcanic Alert Levels
General definition of Volcanic Alert Level. (depending on areas and responses)
*
*
* Designated area is described in literature as regional disaster prevention plan.
(Operated from December 1, 2007)
27
Volcanoes where Volcanic Alert Levels are applied
• Volcanic Alert Levels are applied to 30
volcanoes (as of Oct. 2013).
• Volcanic Alert Levels will be applied to
other volcanoes when coordination with
local municipalities and other related
organizations is completed.
Meakandake
Tokachidake
Usuzan
Hokkaido-Komagatake
Akita-Komagatake
Bandaisan
Kusatsu-Shiranesan
Niigata-Yakeyama
Yakedake
Ontakesan
Kujusan
Kuchinoerabujima
Suwanosejima
Akita-Yakeyama
Iwatesan
Azumayama
Adatarayama
Nasudake
Asamayama
Izu-Tobu Volcanoes
Unzendake
Kirishimayama
（Ohachi, Shinmoedake)
Tarumaesan
Fujisan
Asosan
Izu-Oshima
Miyakejima
Hakoneyama
Sakurajima
Satsuma-Iojima
Level.3
Level.2
Level.1
(Oct. 25, 2013)
28
Contents
• Introduction
– Volcano Monitoring by JMA
– Outline of disaster measures
• Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
– Promotion of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System
– Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
• Volcanic Disaster Management Council
• Volcanic Alert Levels
• Specific and practical Evacuation Plan
• Asamayama eruption in 2009 and Shinmoedake
Eruption in 2011 as case studies
• Conclusion
– Large eruptions will occur in 21st century in Japan
29
Volcanic activity at Asamayama
Eruption
JMA
GSJ
SO2 flux
N/day
Volcanic quakes
GPS baseline
Level
2
3
2
↑ 3.11
1
2 3
2
↑ Replace
sensor
1
Volcanic Activity Level←｜→Volcanic Alert Level
30
Tilt change before an eruption at Asamayama
Tiltmeters of JMA (red circles)
Tilt change and seismicity just before an eruption at Asama
Level Restricted area
1
< 0.5km
2
< 2km
3
< 4km
< 4km + more
(in tilt change)
31
Prohibition corresponding levels
Eruption at Asama volcano, 2004
Level 2
Level 3
Level 3 (during tilt change)
Prohibition rules corresponding
alert levels determined by
Volcano Disaster Mitigation
Council of Asama.
32
Role of Volcanic Disaster Management Councils
based on the Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention
Criteria for evacuations etc.
33
Cooperative consideration of an evacuation plan
Cooperative consideration of volcanic disaster management council
1. Figure out an inhabitable
area
2. Figure out the extent of
the hazard
6. Fix the contact person,
method of connection and
the procedure of a request
3. Making eruption scenario
7. Reflection to a local plan for
disaster prevention and
operation of volcanic alert
levels
4. Cooperative consideration
of disaster prevention
8. Public relations to residents
Enforcement
5. Setup of volcanic alert
levels
Reexamination and training
are conducted continuously.
34
Moderate-Large Eruption occurred at Shinmoedake
for the first time in 300 years in 2011
Shinmoedake
Tokyo
Subplinian Eruption (Jan. 26, 2011)
Before the eruption
Newly appeared Lave in
the crater（Feb. 1, 2011）
35
Problems at the Shinmoedake eruption
Volcanic Alert Level
We couldn’t update the level before the subplinian eruption.
Very much ash fell but the alert level doesn’t link to ash fall.
Evacuation Plans
Local governments had no specific and practical evacuation plans.
Support for establishment of a disaster
management system by the government
assistance team
Development of quantitative ash fall forecast
(JMA)
Advancement of real-time monitoring
techniques of eruption (CCPVE)
Ash fall simulation by MRI,JMA
36
Activity at Shinmoedake before 2011 eruptions
2005-2007 (left)
Small inflation beneath
the summit crater
気象庁
2008-2010 (right)
Small phreatic
eruptions
December 2009 Inflation of a deep magma chamber
Volcanic Alert Level
2007/12/1
Level 1 (normal)
2008/8/22
Level 2 (Don’t approach the crater)
Off-limits within1km from the crater
2008/10/29
Level 1 (normal)
2010/3/30
Level 2 (Don’t approach the crater)
2010/4/16
Level 1 (normal)
2010/5/6
Level 2 (Don’t approach the crater)
37
Eruption at Shinmoedake, 2011
2013/10
Level2(1km)
38
Mismatching between the Volcanic Warnings
and the Evacuation Advisory
Volcanic Warnings
Ebino
Kobayashi
Evacuation Advisory
‘Refuge Region’
Jan. 30: 1,158 persons
‘Dangerous Zone’
湧水町
Feb. 5: 73 persons
Jan. 26: 2km
2/15： canceled
Jan 31: 3km
Feb. 1 : 4km
花堂
北狭野
Mar. 22: 3km
南狭野
Tkaharu
Kirishima
Miyakonojo
39
Consistency of Volcanic Warnings
and the Evacuation Area in an evacuation plan
１．For Large Volcanic Blocks
JMA
Warnings
２．For Pyroclastic flow
JMA
Warnings
Dangerous Zone
of a Pyroclastic flow
Level避難・
5
避難準備
Evacuate
Level 5
Evacuate
Kirishima City
Kirishima City
Evacuation Plan
Evacuation
Area
Takaharu Town
Dangerous Zone of
Large Volcanic Blocks
Takaharu Town
Evacuation Plan
Evacuation Area
40
40
Volcanic Disaster Management Council and Core
Group based on a Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention
Volcanic Disaster Management Council for Shinmoedake
Core Group
Prefectural
government
Advice
Government Assistance
Team
Advice
Police
Fire Department
Self-Defense Forces
Japan Coast Guard
Advice
Municipality
Meteorological
Observatory
Regional development bureau
Forestry management
Environmental office
District survey part
Advice
Erosion and
Sediment Control
Bureau (Sabo)
Advice
Road department office
Volcanologist
Other public offices
(CCPVE Members)
Red Cross Society
The member who participates in decision of refuge
time and the refuge region deeply
and so on
Organization which works on volcano
disaster measures such as refuge
together.
41
Face-to-Face Relationship and Image sharing
Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention
1. Volcanic Disaster Management Council
2. Volcanic Alert Levels
3. Specific and practical Evacuation Plan
may be more important
Between the persons concerned engaged in volcano disaster prevention
Establish a face-to-face relationship
Image sharing about disaster and countermeasures
42
Contents
• Introduction
– Volcano Monitoring by JMA
– Outline of disaster measures
• Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
– Promotion of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation System
– Guidelines for evacuation in case of volcanic eruption
• Volcanic Disaster Management Council
• Volcanic Alert Levels
• Specific and practical Evacuation Plan
• Asamayama eruption in 2009 and Shinmoedake
Eruption in 2011 as case studies
• Conclusion
– Large eruptions will occur in 21st century in Japan
43
Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900
Hypocentral distribution in the world
1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska (M9.1)
1952 Kamchatka (M9.0)
2011 Near the East Coast
of Honshu, Japan (M9.0)
1964 Prince William
Sound, Alaska (M9.2)
2004 Off the West Coast of
Northern Sumatra (M9.2)
2010 Chile (M8.8)
1960 Chile (M9.5)
Magnitudes are based on the Science Chronology (Maruzen publication)
44
M9 earthquakes induced volcanic eruptions
• 1952 Kamchatka (M9.0)
– Karpinsky Group (the next day), other 2 volcanoes (within 3
months)
– Bezymianny (3 years after, for the first time in 1000 years)
• 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska (M9.1)
– Vsevidof (4 days after)
• 1960 Chile (M9.5)
– Puyehue-Cordón Caulle(2 days after), other 3 volcanoes (within
1 year)
• 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska (M9.2)
– Trident (2 months after), Redoubt (2 years after)
• 2004 Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra (M9.2)
– Talang (4 months after), Merapi (1 year and 3 months after),
Kelut (3 years after)
• 2010 Chile (M8.8)
– Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (1 year and 3 months after)
45
Large Eruptions after 17th Century in Japan
Quantity of an ejecta
more than 1 km3
17th C.
18th C.
19th C.
20th C.
21st C.
0.3-1 km3
0.1-0.3 km3
HokkaidoKomagatake (1640)
Usuzan(1663)
Tarumaesan(1667)
HokkaidoKomagatake(1694)
Tarumaesan（1739)
Sakurajima(1779-82)
Fujisan(1707)
Izu-Oshima(1777-79)
Asamayama(1783)
Unzendake（1782)
Usuzan(1769)
Bandaisan (1888)
Usuzan(1822)
Usuzan(1853)
HokkaidoKomagatake(1856)
Suwanosejima(1813)
HokkaidoKomagatake(1929)
Satsuma-Iojima
(1934-35)
Usuzan（1943-45)
Sakurajima(1946)
Usuzan(1977-78)
Unzendake(1990-95)
Sakurajima(1914)
?
?
?
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Proposals for mitigation of large-scale volcanic disasters
 Compared with local countermeasures for volcanic disasters, Japan has
not yet well prepared for large-scale volcanic disasters (LSVD) that may
affect wide area of the country.
 The government held ‘Study meetings for volcanic disaster mitigation for
wide area’ (Co-secretariat : the Cabinet Office, the Fire and Disaster
Management Agency, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism and the Japan Meteorological Agency) and publicized ‘Proposals
for mitigation of large-scale volcanic disasters’ (16 May, 2013).
 Main topics of the proposals
1. Need for countermeasures against large-scale lava flows, pyroclastic
flows and mudflows
2. Need for countermeasures against large-scale tephra fall
3. Role of the nation and municipalities when LSVD
4. Need for experts advice and enhancement of monitoring when LSVD
5. Enhancement of observation, research and human resources for LSVD
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Thank you for your attention !
‘Ukiyoe’ picture by KATSUSHIKA Hokusai
Japan Meteorological Agency