- Codependence of Church and State
-
One king, one faith, one law = one state
Challenge to this: rise of Protestantism
1555 = Peace of Augsburg
- No religious tolerance
-
State organization = unity of religion and governance
- John Calvin and Calvinism in France
-
Huguenots
- Death of King Henry II (r. 1547-1559)
-
Ascension of Francis II (r. 1559-1560)
- Guise family = HUGELY Catholic
-
Rivalry with the Protestant Condés family
- Charles IX (r. 1560-1574)
-
Mother-Regent = Catherine de Medici
- 1562 = Civil War in France
-
Protestants vs. Catholics
- 1563 = Guise patriarch assassinated
-
International involvement
- August 1572 = St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- Catherine de Medici planned a conciliatory wedding
- 24 August = day of the wedding, Huguenot leaders killed
- Huguenots look for ways to justify
rebellion against the King
-
Rejection of “divine right”
- Charles IX dies; Henry III (r. 1574-1589)
becomes King
-
Henry of Navarre (a Protestant!) next in line
Catholic League forms, pledges allegiance to the Church
- December 1588 = Henry III orders the murder
of Guise family members
- 1589 = Catherine de Medici dies; Henry III
assassinated
- Everyone is dead, except . . .
- Henry of Navarre = rightful heir
to the French throne
- 1594 = Henry of Navarre publicly
converts to Catholicism
-
Becomes Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)
- 1598 = “Edict of Nantes”
-
Establishes religious tolerance for Huguenots in France
- 1610 = Henry IV assassinated
-
But, generally, France is peaceful again
- 16th-century Spain was awesome
- King Philip II (r. 1556-1598) ruled
Spain, the Netherlands, colonial
holdings, Portugal, parts of Italy, etc.
-
Staunch Catholic
Worked to curb growing influence of Ottoman Empire
- 16th-century Spain was awesome
- King Philip II (r. 1556-1598) ruled Spain, the
Netherlands, colonial holdings, Portugal, parts
of Italy, etc.
-
Staunch Catholic
Worked to curb growing influence of Ottoman Empire
- King Philip II of England?!
-
1553-1558 = inherited the throne through marriage
1565 = Spanish support Irish rebellion
1585 = English support Dutch rebellion
1588 = English defeated the Spanish Armada
» English profit from large agricultural settlements
˃ 1607 = Jamestown
» English settlers look for religious freedom
˃ 1620 = Puritans @ Plymouth Rock
» Landowning = political power
˃ Plantations
» Very little interracial marriage b/t English and
Natives
- Wealth and influence of the Netherlands
- Netherlands was very tolerant of other religions
-
Refused to enforce new pro-Catholic laws
- 1566 = Calvinists smash Catholicism
-
1568 = Calvinist leaders publicly executed
- 1572 = Protestants successfully occupy
northern Dutch provinces
- Wealth and influence of the Netherlands
- Netherlands was very tolerant of other religions
-
Refused to enforce new pro-Catholic laws
- 1566 = Calvinists smash Catholicism
-
1568 = Calvinist leaders publicly executed
- 1572 = Protestants successfully occupy northern
Dutch provinces
- 1581 = permanent split between Low Countries
and Northern Provinces
- 1609 = Twelve Years’ Truce
» - 16th Century = Poland-Lithuania was
enormous . . .
- 16th Century = Poland-Lithuania was enormous
- Largely Catholic, but tolerant
- 1587 = Sigismund III became King
-
1592 = inherited Swedish throne
1599 = deposed by his uncle
Pissed off; lots of conflict with Sweden
- 1584 = Ivan the Terrible died, leaving a power
vacuum
- Ivan really was pretty terrible, but kept
everyone in-check
- 1610 = Sigismund III captured Moscow
-
Declared himself the new Tsar
Michael Romanov elected Tsar by
Russian nobility
- Poland backs off
- Always second-fiddle to Denmark
- 1523 = Gustav I Vasa (r. 1523-1560) led uprising
- 1560-1570 = secured important trade routes
-
Made crazy amounts of money
- Lutherans
-
Supported deposing Sigismund III because of his Catholicism
- Used conflict with Poland to expand territory
- Always second-fiddle to Denmark
- 1523 = Gustav I Vasa (r. 1523-1560) led uprising
- 1560-1570 = secured important trade routes
-
Made crazy amounts of money
- Protestants
-
Supported deposing Sigismund III because of his Catholicism
- Used conflict with Poland to expand territory
- 1611 = Danes invaded Sweden
-
1613 = Swedes accept defeat
- 1611 = Gustavus Adolphus became King
(r. 1611-1632)
- Uniqueness of Swedish military
- Still at war with Poland . . .
- 1621 = Swedes captured Riga, controlled
massive amount of trade
-
Sigismund III finally admits that he has no right to Swedish throne