NAME
PER
DATE
AP BIOLOGY PRE-YEAR ASSIGNMENT
PART 1: CHEMISTRY REVIEW
1. Give an example of a(n) element, compound, and a mixture.
2. Carbon is an important element in biology.
a) How many valence electrons does carbon have?
b) How many bonds can carbon form?
c) What are the basic shapes that carbon can form?
3. Define: Atomic number
4. Define: Mass Number
5.
What is the name of the following element, and how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have?
6. What is an isotope? Use carbon in your example to explain.
7. The half life of isotope “P” is 10 years. What mass of a 5.00 gram sample will remain after 20.0 years?
8. How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?
9. What is the octet rule?
10. For each of the compounds below, tell if they are covalent or ionic.
CaO
SiO2
K2S
N4F6
CO
SO3
11. What’s the difference between an anion and a cation?
12. What is meant by electronegativity?
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13. What is more electronegative, K+ or Na+?
14. Is anything wrong with the following equation: products ← reactants ? Explain.
15. Write the chemical reaction for photosynthesis. Please use words, not formulas. Label the reactants and
products.
16. Balance the reaction for cellular respiration below.
C6H12O6 +
O2 
CO2 +
17. Name at least 3 ways to speed up a reaction.
+ H2O + energy
18. In order to have an effective collision, what two factors must be present?
19. What is a catalyst? What is an inhibitor?
20. A chemical reaction just took place. How could you tell? Name four things.
21. You are holding a beaker in which a chemical reaction just took place. The beaker turned cold. Was the
reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain.
22. The carbonic acid/bicarbonate system is an important biological buffer. Label each reactant and
product.
H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+
In which direction will this reaction proceed
a) When the pH of a solution begins to fall?
b) When the pH rises above normal level?
23. What is the law of conservation of mass (energy)?
24. Define activation energy.
25. What does ᐃG, ᐃH, and ᐃS stand for?
26. If the reaction is exothermic, which would have a higher enthalpy value: reactants or products?
27. Which has the greatest entropy, solid or liquid or gas? Why?
28. Graph an energy diagram showing the following: 2NO2→N2O4 ΔEforward = +30kJ
Ea = + 50 kJ.
(be sure to label: reactants, products, Ea, course of reaction, ΔE, activated complex).
29. Fill in the table below.
Molecule or
compound?
Polar or
nonpolar?
Formula Structural formula
or shape
Water
Carbon
dioxide
Oxygen gas
Ammonia
30. Define each of the following:
a) Solute
b) Solvent
c) Hydrophobic
d) Hydrophilic
e) Adhesion
f) Cohesion
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31. Oxygen gas and ammonia are both small covalent molecules found in cells. However, ammonia is soluble
in the water-like environment of the cell. Oxygen gas is relatively insoluble in comparison. What would
account for the difference in solubility between the two molecules?
32. Explain the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent compound.
33. Indicate where the hydrogen bond is in the diagram. Indicate where the covalent bonds are in the
diagram. Which bond is stronger?
34. Look at the water molecule and the ammonium ion above. Explain the shapes of these molecules. Why
are they not linear?
35. Explain “permanent” vs. “washable pens” and why some liquids dissolve into each other and some don’t.
36. Explain how the following phenomena below in terms of the properties of water.
a) During the winter, air temperatures in the northern United States can remain below 0°C for months;
however, the fish and other animals living in the lakes survive.
b) Many substances—for example, salt (NaCl) and sucrose—dissolve quickly in water.
c) When you pour water into a 25-mL graduated cylinder, a meniscus forms at the top of the water
column.
d) A bottle contains a liquid mixture of equal parts water and mineral oil. You shake the bottle
vigorously and then set it on the table. Although the law of entropy favors maximum randomness,
this mixture separates into layers of oil over water.
e) Sweating and the evaporation of sweat from the body surface help reduce a human’s body
temperature.
f) Water drops that fall on a surface tend to form rounded drops or beads.
37. Explain the difference between an intermolecular force and an intramolecular force. Give an example of
each.
38. Explain van der Waals interactions.
39. Rank the strength of these intermolecular forces: Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bonding, London Dispersion.
40. Rank the following groups of molecules as what you would expect to have the lowest boiling point to the
highest boiling point. Then, explain the reason for your ranking.
a. Cl2 Br2 F2
Why?
lowest
highest
b.
PH3
CH4
NH3
lowest
Why?
highest
c.
LiCl
HCl
H2O
lowest
Why?
highest
41. Given: C2H5OH(l) + heat ↔ C2H5OH(g)
Which way would equilibrium shift if heat was added to the system?
By adding more heat energy, will the system produce more liquid or gas?
42. State the relationship between volume and pressure.
43. State the relationship between pressure and temperature.
44. How do ideal gas molecules travel? How do real gas molecules travel?
45. Why can gases be compressed? Can solids be compressed? Be sure to answer BOTH questions. Use
pictures to help explain your answer.
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46. Summarize what PV=nRT states.
47. Write dissociation/hydration equations for the following compounds in water. Provided are the
formulas.
a) sodium sulfide
b) sucrose, C12H22O11
48. Define colligative property.
49. You are given two .25M solutions. One solution is sodium oxide and the other glucose. Which would
have a greater concentration of particles? Explain.
50. What exactly does pH measure?
51. What is a hydronium ion?
52. Acids
H+ ions and bases
them.
53. What color does phenolphthalein turn in: acids? bases? neutral?
54. What color does bromthymol blue turn in: acids? bases? neutral?
55. Classify each of the following as acid (A), base (B) or neutral (N).
This will turn phenolphthalein pink.
This has a pH of 7.
This has an [OH-] greater than the [H+].
This is caustic.
This has the [H+] of 1 x 10 –7 M
This is sour tasting.
This produces hydronium ion in water.
These accept protons.
Has a pOH of 9.
Distilled water.
Many lectures will be video lectures and completed for homework. You will be expected to complete
the video lectures by the determined time and date and submit them through Turn It In or through
ED Puzzle. If you try to submit past the time you cannot upload the document. This class moves
quickly and missing the video lecture means you are not prepared for the day.
You can keep track of video lectures on our class calendar found on our class website. The documents
to use while you watch the video lectures are all available at the beginning of every unit. If you are
gone for a school activity you are still expected to complete the assignment by the due date and
time. No exceptions.
PART 2: VIDEO LECTURE Scientific Method
Please visit the video lecture on Scientific Method. The link to the Bozeman website is on our class website. Answer
these questions in complete sentences
1. Summarize Abu Ali al-Hasa’s contribution to the development of modern scientific methods.
2. How did Galileo Galilei differ in his approach to scientific inquiry in comparison to Aristotle?
3. State the question Mr. Anderson starts his experiment with.
4. What is a hypothesis? You cannot say educated guess!
5. Identify the dependent and independent variables of the plant experiment.
6. Define controlled variables.
7. What are the controlled variables for the plant experiment?
8. Explain the importance of having controlled variables as well as a control group.
9. When making a graph, where are the independent and dependent variables placed?
10. What are scientists always doing to each other?
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Before each unit, you will have a basic preview to help you get familiar with the unit. Most of these questions
are similar to what general biology does for their units. When you come back, we will start with Scientific
Inquiry and Animal Behavior. Some of this material is a review of previous science classes you have taken
previously.
When you get your book at registration you can complete this part.
PART 3: UNIT 1 Preview Scientific Inquiry and Animal Behavior
CHAPTER 51
1. If you are a behavioral ecologist you are studying:
2. Define:
a) Taxis
b) Kinesis
3. What triggers a behavior response, or a fixed action pattern?
4. Look at figures 51.4 and 51.5. These two figures summarize communication experiments.
a) Fruit flies (Drosophila) were used to study
.
b) Honeybees were used to study
5. What is learning?
.
6. List the different types of learning.
7. What is cognition?
8. Define foraging.
CHAPTER 1
9. List the steps of the scientific method “in order”.
10. Explain the difference between a prediction and a hypothesis. Give an example of each.
11. What is the independent variable in an experiment? b) What is a dependent variable?
12. What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
13. Height measurements of plants during an experiment would be an example of qualitative/quantitative
data whereas color observations of plants would be an example of qualitative/quantitative data (circle
one).
14. Please refer to the following graph to answer the next few questions.
a) Which is the dependent variable and which is the independent variable?
b) Identify any errors in the graph.
c) Give the graph an appropriate title. You cannot use “vs” in your title.
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