¾
½
! " !
¿
# $ " % & ' (
$ " )* & "
'"" +,-( . " ' " & / " "Æ "(
! " #$ %& '( " )
" Æ* ) " ") +*,'$ -* )
* ./ 0 ) +" * +"
*$ + 1 1 2 " ) 1" 2 $ 3 2 1* ) " " *
+* 1 4 $ " ") ) 1 * " *"* 1 ) )$ 3 *"* 5
* ) * * ) * " * $ ") ") )*" + 2$ 6 " 7 8 9 * ) * / 1 $
1 1 + * +" ) 1 78$ 31 78 1 ") )
* 78 78 . . 1 ")$ :+
) " Æ* **" *" ) ") +* 0$ 3 ; 2 < )+ 1
1* ) " )) ") %* " & " " " (
5*$ + + 7 ) 8
) 1 *) " ) ")$
=) 7*8 ") ") ) / 1 * $ 3 1 ) 1
)$ + 2 1 ") " * 5
* * #>3 ) * )*$ 3) * 1 )" * 1 " % $ +/ ) Æ* *" ) 5+/ 5
) ")$ - $ ! + 7 ) 8 ) 1
) ) * ") " 1) 5 5
1 ")$ >*2 < ) *
* ") * * + 1 " 5+/ * ") 7 ) ) 8$
3 * 1 .) 1 +/ ) *+ * $ ? + @5 1 ") >* (*2 A
+ @5 1 ) ")$ 3 B
* )* " 1 )"
1 .) ) / $ 52 * ) " C . 7 ) 8 +/ ) 7) 8 1 +/ ) $ )+ " -D E
) / ) * 1 + +
1 )) " .) ) / 1 CF 2$
6 " ) * **+"
/ 1 $ "
) 1 + 1 * " + 1 )$ )
1* ") 2 " *" / ) 1 E$ * **+"
. 1 ") / * 1 +" 5
) " 1" * Æ* )$
/ + 1 ) ) * : C" ) : )) *
" "$
* 1$ 3 / * 1D 1 $ 3 * ! * ) / **$
" * * 5
4 4 ) * 1 ") $ 3 1
* * * * " + "
+ 1 * +/ * ) / /*$
1 * " *5
) $ @+ 1 5 * * )+ 1" ) / E + 1 * +1" $ "
2 **+" . + /5
$ 6 * . +" )$
+/ 1 ") * 1 ) * ) G * $ 6 " 1 H/ +* 1 $ 3 " =FI2 E
J 0
K E 1 +" 5+/ ) ")$ )+ * K $
* ! " 5*" # $ % v
v
e1
e4
e3
e2
H(S) = {v, e 1,e2, e 3, e4}
(b)
.t
R
p
(a)
pvq
S
(v)
VR,i
r-piece
w
q
S
VR,j
(v)
(c)
" & (
) )" 1 ! E " 5* D +* * 2 ) ) 5* $ * * 1 E * 0$0$ " ) * D
7+*8 * +" +* 7D8 " K K $
" + 78 " + 78 +" * 78 + " * 6 1 * " + 1 "
+ 1 " *+"$ >" 1 +* + 1 +" 1 +
1 " 1 1 $ +/ 9 78
9 1 * +
1 $ 76 1 )$8
1) )+ * " **2 *
*+/ * " + 1 +/ 1 $ 3 " 0 Æ*" . + + )
1 ) . " 7 8$
& " " ' " " " 78
6 . + 1 1 F + ) * / 1 $ 6 + *+/ 7 8 1 1 J 7 )$ 788$
31 * . 7 8 $ (* . * "5** ")$ (
$ 6 *" + + 1 7 8 78 1 J +* 1 $ 1 1 " ") 1 * 5* " *+/ *$
" 78 ) 31 1 78 * + ") 7 8 7 8
") * " 7 8 7 8$
* 78 78 7 8 7 8 * * . + 7 8$ 1 / * 7 )$ 7*88$ (* ") *
. * "5** $
1 * 1 " + 1
+/$ 1 * + " *$
* " " " " 7 8 ¾7 8" " +, 3 1 * * " + 1 +/ 1 $ -+" " . *$ 31 * " + " * 7$$ J 8
* " 1 * " +" * * $ * * 1 ) 1 ) . " 1 " 1 +" * 78 1
$ -* * " + " + *
+/ 1 $ 3 " *" + 7 8 ¾7 8 1 $
@ 1 +" 1 1 " 0$ 3 1 1 . 1 $
#
" ¾7 8 J 7 8 #
" 7 8 7 8 7 8 ¾ 7 8" " J " 1 ") * 1 ) " / 1 5*) )$ -+" ) " + 1
* 1 +* +* 1 $ ! * *"
1 0 1 2F 1 < 1 1 5+/ ")$
#
"
¾ 7 8 1 ) ") 1 * . " 5* 7*$1$ L. 08 *$
#
" ¾7 8 J K 2" 1 +) + . 1 * " - $ !$ 1 ) *+ $ B" =FI2F 1 1 I* C" E * " * 1 H/ +*$ -* 5 ")
* " 1 5* " + 1 ) H/ +/
1 5 ")$
2 1 C 1 -D E + * /5
1 ¾ 7 8 ) ) ; 1 $ 3
*+" +/ " / 1 * " *+ " * $ 6 ) *
2 ) +) 1 ")F )" * 1
1* * + & 1 " + $ @/ 1D 1 * / ) / )$
!
" "#
"$$
"%
&
. * 1 **+" + *)
7 8$ / 7 8 1 * *) 5
1 1 * + " *$ . *
1 *) **+" . )+ 1 $ 6
* 1 * 1 +* 1 *$
7 8 7
8
¾
! ¾
" - " . * $ ) ") )$ 0 *
1 .) * +*$ 6 " ½ J ? 0 < 4
7
8
3
11
R19 10 9
R11
6 5 R2
R12
R7 R3
R20 R16
R13
R8 R4
14 R23 R21 R17
R14
R9
15 R24 R22 R18
R15
R10 R6
12
4
7
8
12
11
3
R11
6 5
10 9
13
1 14
R5 2
R1
0
13
15
2
1
0
0'
½ J E < A ; ? 0 ! E + " *$ (* 5* * ½ ¾5 *" " $ 3 * " * $ *
+ " * * " $
-+" 2 * $ +
" * 1 5 +* 0 ! * " ) $ ( J *" + $ J $
¾ 7 8 7 8 / 1 ¾5 * 1 *"
5 * 1"M) $ 6 / 1
/ * ¾5 + ¾5 + 1
J $ 2 " * $ < 1 *" 1 . 1 *$
#
" ¾7 8 J ¾7¾7 88
7 8 J 77 88 J ¾ 7 8 J ¾ 7¾ 7 88" +) 1 1 * 1
" + 1 +/$ ** *
1 7
8 1 ? ) 1 1 *
1 + " * J J $ 6 *
J ¾5 " * 7
8
1 J * * . +
" *$ * 1 " +" *$ * 0$0 * * . $$ " + " + * +/ 1 $
> + " * 9 * + " +/ $ 6 . J 7
8 J 1
+ " * J J $ * * J * 7
8 J 7
8 ¾ 77
88 J 77
88 J 7 8$ @5*) + *)
7 8 " * 7
8
1" "
A$ 3 1 1 1* . $
#
?"
¾ 7
8 ¾ 7
8 7 8 ¾7
8 ¾ 7
8
6 1 ¾5 " * *
*" * * 1" $ 5
1 * 1 $ +
" / 7
8 1 $
3 * + * E 1 5
. $ @ 2 ¾ 7 8 ) / 1 7 8 ** ) "
-D 1 1 * 1 E$ >* @5 ) 1 * * " + "
2 2 1 $ " * * 1 + " *
D" + 1 * 1 *$ * * * / * * 1 " * 1" *2" + 1 *) + * 1
*$ 3 * " " . * 1 ")
" 2 * * $ " +* * " 1 / * 1 + * +*$
. / ) 1
¾ 7 8 * /$
"# ÇÈ̾$ %
) + ¾ 7 8 ¾ 7 8 " ") "
¾5* 1 +* 1 *$ ) )$ !& 1 +* " * 1 J J 1 $ = 1 + * ' ¾ 1 2 ¾" (
3
& ¾ 1 2(
& (
¾ 12 ' ¾" (
4 ¾ 12 $506
& ¾ 12(
& (
¾ 1 2(
%50 ¾ 1 2 4 (
/" ¾" )((( (
* 1 *$ 1 7 8$ ) + ¾ 7 8 ) *
1 " + 1 $ 31 " ) ) . / 1 ¾7 8 1 7) 8 0 1 * * $ / " " + * " . ¾7 8$
&' ( '' ) ÇÈ̾$ %
1 1 : >1*
78 + ) : ))$ *
+ & ? 1 7 9 ) * +/ 8 ? 1 7 9 * )8$ * 7847!8
J 78
1 708
1 7!8
* + * + " 1 /
J ) * *+"$
) D $
** 1 : )) 7:8 * .* 5
)* )* A? ?$ * : 1
* !$ N A * * 1 : + *$ : )) + * 9 9 ).* ) 1 * * ) * 1
1 + " * )$
* " * * *$ / 1 ) ") 2 $ 5
) * 1 A$ 31 + 1 / " **2 + " ) ¾7
8 $
31 * ) * 5
* . J $ 31 ¾ 7
8 J * 7
8 " + 1 ) 7 8 1$
= " **2 * 7847!8 . " * ¾ 7
8 $ 31 " 7 8 1$ 31 * ¾ 7
8 " * * 5
* ¾7
8 $ 1 " + "
) ¾ 7
8 *" 5
"$ / * " * ¾7
8 J * * 2 7 8 1$
* + , "# "'
6 D 1 ) )$ > +*
1 ") )+ ***2 $ 1 * 1
7$)$ 1 ) ")8 * * * " +
1 +/$ : +" ) 1 * +/ 1 "
) F ) 2 " / 1 7*"8 5
+*$ L 1 7 ! ! ! 8 **
+ 1 " * 1 * +
" *$ : " ) * +
*$ 6 * ¾7 8 . " ) )$ ! * $
'
6 )+ " ) * 1 " **+ /$ ) 15
* ") " *" / 1) E$ / + 1 ) ) * * * 1 : C" ) :
)) *$
(
7( ( $ 8(9 Æ " " ( 17:;72 <:=><:;(
<( ? @(9 & ( A( & $
1# B2 17:C=2 D:>,7(
D( 0"& 5( 3E * A( %F 0(9 # " ( @ 8 " 17:;,2 7GC>7CG(
,( 0"&F #(9 ' "( 1<HH<2 ::>7H=(
=( * #(9 ?E ) ( A( & $
1# B2 17:C;2 DC,(
G( I) $( B (9 3 B # % "
6)*( 000 # F 1<HHH2(
C( 8 #( J(9 ' &( ( "
# ( 17:;C2 ,<:>,D,(
;( A (9 ' & &( A( (
# #( 17:C,2 <=G><C;(
:( J A( J) ( J (9 $" K ) )(
# A( & " " 17:;D2 7:,><HG(
7H( ( $( ( J(9 ' &( 000
$ $ 17:;G2 <CG><;<(
77( ( $(9 @& ( @ 8 " 17:;D2 <HC><<7(
7<( $( 5( ( 0( ( (9 " 77 0"( $ 17::,2 :C,>:C;(
7D( J( #* (9 ) > " $
17::;2(
7,( 3E * A(9 ( A( 8
17:;D2 77;>7DH(
7=( #* A( ( $ 8(9 8" ( ( 8( $( $ "( 0 # & 17:;;2 7=D>7C=(
7G( #" ( 5* 5(9 $) 6" & ( (
L( 17::=2 <G7><GC(
7C( A(9 " &( A( ( #* " A( " 5"&* 8( 0 1<HHH2(