31+H)IJK@@)
!"#$%$&'()!"#*#+%)
Quaternary
consumers
,#-.%/$)&#01"$2)
•  3##-)4'5$)
Carnivore
Carnivore
Tertiary
consumers
Carnivore
Carnivore
- 67'%$&#8'9)$0'"1'$)
- 6,#0)-#:89)#;)6<#=#()
>09)"#8&;#*)
Secondary
consumers
Carnivore
Carnivore
•  !8';+%)?#:)
Primary
consumers
- @AB);>*')
- C;1(.;%)C;#->"DE1&%)
Herbivore
Zooplankton
Primary
producers
•  F>&;1'8&)G%"*'$)
21 March 2014
31+H)IJK@L)
Plant
Phytoplankton
A terrestrial food chain
A marine food chain
31+H)IJK@M)
Humans
Smaller
toothed
whales
Baleen
whales
Crab-eater
seals
Leopard
seals
Sperm
whales
Elephant
seals
Juvenile striped bass
Sea nettle
Birds
Fishes
Squids
Carnivorous
plankton
Euphausids
(krill)
Fish larvae
Copepods
Phytoplankton
Fish eggs
Fig. 52-2
7'%$&#8')N0'"1'$)
Zooplankton
Organismal
ecology
Population
ecology
Community
ecology
Ecosystem
ecology
Landscape
ecology
Global
ecology
1
Fig. 55-6
GO'(1".*$)G%"*'H))!8';+%)3*#:$)
Tertiary consumers
Microorganisms
and other
detritivores
Secondary
consumers
Primary consumers
Detritus
Primary producers
Net primary production (kg carbon/m2!yr)
!
Heat
Key
0
Chemical cycling
1
3
2
Sun
Energy flow
Fig. 55-8
EXPERIMENT
Tropical forest
2,000
Primary
production is
often limited by
nutrients.
land
g Is
Lon
B
ea
Gr
A
C
t
uth
So
Ba
y
D
E
F
G
Shinnecock
Bay
Moriches Bay
Atlantic Ocean
RESULTS
Temperate forest
1,000
Mountain coniferous forest
Desert
shrubland
0
Temperate grassland
Which is the limiting
nutrient in this
experiment?
Arctic tundra
0
Phytoplankton density
(millions of cells per mL)
Net primary production (g/m2!!yr)
3,000
30
Ammonium
enriched
24
Phosphate
enriched
18
12
6
500
1,500
1,000
Actual evapotranspiration (mm H2O/yr)
Table 55-1
Unenriched
control
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Collection site
Fig. 55-9
Plant material
eaten by caterpillar
200 J
Which is the limiting
nutrient in the
Sargasso Sea?
67 J
Feces
100 J
Cellular
respiration
33 J
Growth (new biomass)
2
Fig. 55-10
The 10% rule
•  !"#$%&'()*%+,%-./%
/"/01$%23%
-04"3,/00/5%
6/-7//"%-0+8.29%
#/:/#3;%
Carnivore
Carnivore
Herbivore
Plant
5000 J
0.01 J
0.1 J
1J
.01 J
What
0.09 J
happens
to the
.9 J
rest?
10 J
9J
100 J
90 J
“Respiration”
Carnivore
Tertiary
consumers
10 J
Secondary
consumers
100 J
Primary
consumers
1,000 J
Primary
producers
10,000 J
1,000,000 J of sunlight
31+H)IIKJ)
31+H)IJK@J)
Microorganisms
and other
detritivores
5
Secondary
consumers
4
3
Primary consumers
Detritus
2
1
Primary producers
0
High (control):
natural rate of
litter fall
Medium: 1/10
natural rate
Low: 1/100
natural rate
Productivity
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Sun
Energy flow
Fig. 55-16
<2-0+1/"%=$9#/%
(a) Concrete dam
and weir
(b) Clear-cut watershed
Nitrate concentration in runoff
(mg/L)
Number of trophic links
Tertiary consumers
80
60
40
20
4
3
2
1
0
Deforested
Completion of
tree cutting
1965
Control
1966
1967
1968
(c) Nitrogen in runoff from watersheds
3
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg
Fig. 55-18
http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/images/part3/bigF1.jpg
Fig. 55-21
14.9
390
14.8
380
14.6
CO2 concentration (ppm)
370
Winter
Summer
Temperature
14.5
360
14.4
14.3
350
14.2
340
14.1
CO2
330
14.0
13.9
320
Average global temperature (ºC)
14.7
13.8
310
300
13.7
13.6
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980 1985
Year
1990
1995
2000
2005
G.;5#8)
G%"*')
4