EPR Spectra of Alanine Pellets and Lithium Formate Powder in

Progress in NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 1, p.150-153 (2011)
DOI: 10.15669/pnst.1.150
ARTICLE
(356SHFWUDRI$ODQLQH3HOOHWVDQG/LWKLXP)RUPDWH3RZGHU
LQ1XFOHDU3RZHU3ODQWV
+RRQ&+2,%\XQJLO/((,QERN681*<RXQJNL/,0
5DGLDWLRQ+HDOWK5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH6VDQJPRRQ'RQJ'R%RQJ*X6HRXO.RUHD
$ODQLQH SHOOHWV DQG OLWKLXP IRUPDWH PRQRK\GUDWH SRZGHU ZHUH LQVWDOOHG DW WKH FRQWDLQPHQW EXLOGLQJV RI QXFOHDU
SRZHU SODQWV IRU HQYLURQPHQWDO UDGLDWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ )RU VRPH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV WKH ³[\ UDWLR´ RI VLJQDO ZDV
DSSDUHQWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKDWRIRQO\JDPPDH[SRVHGGRVLPHWHUV/LWKLXPIRUPDWHSRZGHUDOVRVKRZHGDGLIIHUHQFH
LQDSSHDUDQFHDQGVLJQDOVDWXUDWLRQ)URPDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHVSHFWUDERWKGRVLPHWHUVDSSHDUHGWRKDYHEHHQH[SRVHG
WRPL[HGJDPPDQHXWURQUDGLDWLRQ
.(<:25'6GRVLPHWU\(65(35DODQLQHOLWKLXPIRUPDWHPRQRK\GUDWH/(7
,,QWURGXFWLRQ
)RU RQH RU WZR RSHUDWLQJ F\FOHV RI WZR QXFOHDU SRZHU
SODQWV 133V WZR NLQGV RI GRVLPHWHUV IRU HOHFWURQ
SDUDPDJQHWLF UHVRQDQFH (35 GRVLPHWU\ DODQLQH DQG
OLWKLXPIRUPDWHPRQRK\GUDWHZHUHLQVWDOOHGLQORFDWLRQV
DW HDFK QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQW 7KH SXUSRVH ZDV WR PRQLWRU
WKH UDGLDWLRQ OHYHO RI UHSUHVHQWDWLYH LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ DQG
FRQWURO FDEOHV FRQQHFWHG WR FRPSRQHQWV VXFK DV SXPSV RU
PRWRUV WKDW DUH LPSRUWDQW WR SODQW VDIHW\ 0RQLWRULQJ ZDV
SHUIRUPHG E\ DFFXPXODWLQJ DFWXDO UDGLDWLRQ GRVHV IRU WZR
RSHUDWLQJ F\FOHV E\ XVH RI DODQLQH SHOOHWV DQG OLWKLXP
IRUPDWHPRQRK\GUDWHSRZGHUWRDVVHVVWKHDJLQJHIIHFWVRI
UDGLDWLRQ(35RUHOHFWURQVSLQUHVRQDQFH(65GRVLPHWU\
LVDZHOONQRZQUHWURVSHFWLYHGRVLPHWU\PHWKRGWKDWFDQEH
DSSOLHG LQ DQ HPHUJHQF\ DIWHU DQ DFFLGHQW 7KH GRVLPHWULF
PHWKRGGHWHFWVWKHIUHH UDGLFDOVDQGWUDQVIRUPVWKHHQHUJ\
DEVRUSWLRQTXDQWLW\LQWRDPSOLWXGHRI(35VSHFWUDE\XVHRI
DQ (35 VSHFWURVFRS\ V\VWHP $V D GRVLPHWHU IRU (35
GRVLPHWU\ DODQLQH KDV PDQ\ XVHIXO IHDWXUHV LQFOXGLQJ
UHODWLYHO\ ORQJ HQGXUDQFH WLPH RI UDGLFDOV DQG DOPRVW QR
GLIIHUHQFH ZLWK WKH UDGLDWLRQ GRVH UDWH DQG UDGLDWLRQ
TXDOLW\ $ODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV KDYH EHHQ DFFHSWHG DV
WUDQVIHU GRVLPHWHUV IRU WKHLU JRRG SUHFLVLRQ DW KLJK
UDGLDWLRQUDQJH)RUDODQLQH(35VSHFWUDLWZDVUHSRUWHG
WKDW WKH SHDNV RI WKH VSHFWUD DUH GXH WR WKH WKUHH NLQGV RI
UDGLFDOV LQGXFHG E\ UDGLDWLRQ 7KH UDWLR RI WKH ZHDN
³VDWHOOLWH OLQH´ DQG WKH FHQWUDO SHDN RI WKH WKUHH PDLQ
DODQLQHVSHFWUDLQWKLVVWXG\³[\UDWLR´DUHFKDQJHGRQWKH
OLQHDU HQHUJ\ WUDQVIHU /(7 YDOXH RI UDGLDWLRQ 7KLV
UDWLR FKDQJH FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ D GHFUHDVH RI WKH VSLQ
ODWWLFH UHOD[DWLRQ WLPH 7 ZKLFK LV D UHVXOW RI
FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF GHIHFWV DQG SODVWLF GHIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH
ODWWLFH VWUXFWXUH RI DODQLQH E\ KLJK /(7 UDGLDWLRQ VXFK DV
QHXWURQUD\V,QVSLWHRIWKHVHYHUDODGYDQWDJHVQRWHGDERYH
WKH UHODWLYHO\ KLJK GHWHFWLRQ OHYHO RI DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV
FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU GRVLPHWHUV KDV UHVHDUFKHUV WR ILQG
DOWHUQDWLYH PDWHULDOV /LWKLXP IRUPDWH PRQRK\GUDWH ZDV
UHFHQWO\ LGHQWLILHG DV D SURPLVLQJ GRVLPHWULF PDWHULDO ,Q
DGGLWLRQ LW ZDV DOVR UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH SHDN KHLJKW LQ WKH
VLJQDO VSHFWUDLV QRWHDVLO\VDWXUDWHG ZKHQ OLWKLXP IRUPDWH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJ$XWKRU7HO)D[
(PDLO#NKQSFRNU
150
Atomic Energy Society of Japan
SRZGHULVLUUDGLDWHGZLWKUHODWLYHO\KLJK/(7UDGLDWLRQVXFK
DVQHXWURQUD\V7KHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHSHDNKHLJKWUDWLR
ZDVUHSRUWHGWREHFDXVHGE\LQFUHDVHGORFDOUDGLFDOGHQVLW\
IROORZLQJWKHUDGLDWLRQRIKLJK/(7
*HQHUDOO\ WKH UDGLDWLRQ WKDW PDLQO\ DIIHFWV WKH DJLQJ
SURFHVV RI FDEOHV LV NQRZQ WR EH JDPPD UD\V 7KHUHIRUH
WKH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI GRVH PHDVXUHPHQW LQ 133V LV WKH
HVWLPDWLRQ RI JDPPD GRVH +RZHYHU WKH UHVXOWV RI
H[SHULPHQW KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKH ³[\ UDWLR´ RI VHYHUDO
DODQLQHGRVLPHWHUVUHWXUQHGIURP133VLVORZHUWKDQWKDWRI
RQO\ JDPPD UD\H[SRVHG GRVLPHWHUV )RU OLWKLXP IRUPDWH
SRZGHU WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH VLJQDO UDWLR DFFRUGLQJ WR
SRZHUYDULDWLRQLVQRWDVFOHDUDVWKDWRIDODQLQHGRVLPHWHUV
7KLV PD\ EH FDXVHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW VRPH OLWKLXP IRUPDWH
SRZGHULQFDSVXOHVORVHVLWVPRLVWXUHE\LQFRPSOHWHVHDOLQJ
LQ133V7KHORVWRIPRLVWXUHFRXOGDFFRXQWIRUPXFKORZHU
GRVHV WKDQ WKRVH DQWLFLSDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV IURP
DODQLQHGRVLPHWHUV7KLVUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPRLVWXUHDQG
VLJQDOLQWHQVLW\ZDVH[SHULPHQWHGDQGWKHUHVXOWVZHUHXVHG
LQWKHSURFHVVRIVHOHFWLQJSURSHUGRVLPHWHUVIRUWKLVVWXG\
,Q WKLV H[SHULPHQW RQO\ ILYH ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH FRQWDLQPHQW
EXLOGLQJ ZHUH VHOHFWHG IRU FRPSDULVRQ RI VSHFWUXP VKDSH
EHFDXVHPRVWRIWKHORFDWLRQVLQ133VKDYHQRFKDQFHWREH
H[SRVHG WR PL[HG UDGLDWLRQ FRPSRVHG RI JDPPD UD\V DQG
QHXWURQV ([SHULPHQWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG XVLQJ WZR GLIIHUHQW
NLQGV RI (35 GRVLPHWHUV WKDW KDYH YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH VKDSH
RIVSHFWUD RUFKDQJHVLQWKH SRZHUVDWXUDWLRQRIWKHVLJQDO
LQWHQVLW\ RQ WKH UDGLDWLRQ TXDOLW\ ,W ZDV VKRZQ WKDW WKH
IHDWXUHVRIWKHWZRGRVLPHWHUVFRXOGEHXVHGWRGLVFULPLQDWH
UDGLDWLRQTXDOLW\LQ133V
,,([SHULPHQW
'RVLPHWHUDQG6SHFWURPHWU\6\VWHP
3RO\FU\VWDOOLQH OLWKLXP IRUPDWH PRQRK\GUDWH SRZGHU
+&2/Lā+2 IURP 6LJPD$OGULFK &R DQG SDOOHW
W\SH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV IURP %LR0D[ *HUPDQ\ WKDW
FRQWDLQHGĮDPLQRDFLGDODQLQH&+&+1+&22+DQG
7HIORQ DV D ELQGLQJ PDWHULDOUDWLR! ZHUH SXUFKDVHG DQG
VWRUHG LQ GDUNQHVV IRU WKH H[SHULPHQWV (35 GRVLPHWU\ IRU
EPR Spectra of Alanine Pellets and Lithium Formate Powder in uclear Power Plants
DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV ZDV FDUULHG RXW E\ XVLQJ ³HVFDQ´
ZKLFKZDVPDQXIDFWXUHGIRUWKHVROHSXUSRVHRIGRVLPHWU\
RI DODQLQH SHOOHWV ³HVFDQ´ ZDV FDOLEUDWHG E\ VWDQGDUG
DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV LUUDGLDWHG LQ WKH 1DWLRQDO 3K\VLFDO
/DERUDWRU\ 13/ 8QLWHG .LQJGRP XVLQJ FREDOW DW D
UDQJHRIWRN*\
7KHVDPHDODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV ZHUHDOVRXVHGDVUHIHUHQFH
GRVLPHWHUVIRUFRPSDULVRQRIWKHVSHFWUDVKDSHE\DQ(0;
VSHFWURPHWHU%UXNHU*HUPDQ\$Q(0;VSHFWURPHWHULV
JHQHUDOO\ XVHG LQ URXWLQH (35 UHVHDUFK 7HPSHUDWXUH DQG
KXPLGLW\ PHWHUV IRU PRQLWRULQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV
ZHUH LQVWDOOHG LQVLGH WKH FDYLW\ RI WKH (0; VSHFWURPHWHU
6LJQDO GHSHQGHQF\ RQ SRZHU VLJQDO IDGLQJ DQG DQQHDOLQJ
RI OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHU ZHUH PHDVXUHG E\ WKH
GRVLPHWHUVZKLFKZHUHH[SRVHGWRFHVLXPDWDUDQJHRI
WR*\DQGDGRVHUDWHRI*\PLQXVLQJDEORRG
LUUDGLDWRU ,%/ & ZKLFK ZDV LQVWDOOHG DW WKH UHVHDUFK
LQVWLWXWH5DGLDWLRQ+HDOWK5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH
PRGXODWLRQ ZHUH P: DQG P: DQG P7 IRU OLWKLXP
IRUPDWH SRZGHU ,Q WKH FDVH RI DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV
PLFURZDYH SRZHU ZDV P: DQG ILHOG PRGXODWLRQ ZDV
P7IRUWKHPHDVXUHPHQW
7DEOH8QFHUWDLQWLHVRIPHDVXUHGGRVHDQG³[\UDWLR´
$ODQLQH
SHOOHWV
/LWKLXP
IRUPDWH
SRZGHU
,QVWDOODWLRQDQG0HDVXUHPHQWRI'RVLPHWHU
7R SUHYHQW DFFLGHQWDO VKRFN SODVWLF FDSVXOHV WKDW
FRQWDLQHG WKH GRVLPHWHUV ZHUH FDUHIXOO\ IDVWHQHG WR WKH
SRZHU DQG LQVWUXPHQW FDEOHV $IWHU RQH RU WZR RSHUDWLQJ
F\FOHVWKHLQVWDOOHGFDSVXOHVZHUHUHWXUQHGIURPWKH133V
DQG DOO WKH GRVLPHWHUV ZHUH VWRUHG XQGHU FRQWUROOHG
WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KXPLGLW\ FRQGLWLRQV WHPSHUDWXUH aƒ& UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ a $ WRWDO RI ORFDWLRQV
RXW RI ORFDWLRQV LQ 133V ZHUH VHOHFWHG IRU WKHLU
UHODWLYHO\ KLJK GRVH OHYHOV DQG ZHUH FRPSDUHG LQ WHUPV RI
³[\ UDWLR´ DQG VDWXUDWLRQ EHKDYLRU 7KHVH ORFDWLRQV ZHUH
QHDU WKH SULPDU\ ORRS OLQHV RU RXWVLGH RI WKH ILUVW EDUULHU
DURXQG WKH UHDFWRUV LQ WKH FRQWDLQPHQW EXLOGLQJ 7KH
DEVRUEHG GRVH RI WKH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV ZDV PHDVXUHG E\
³HVFDQ´DQGFRUUHFWHGE\SDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVWKHZHLJKWRI
HDFK SHOOHW DQG WKH DYHUDJH WHPSHUDWXUH DW HDFK ORFDWLRQ
ZKLFKZDVPHDVXUHGE\WHPSHUDWXUHPRQLWRUVLQWKH133V
:KHQ WKH ³[\ UDWLR´ WKDW LV WKH 1R [ RYHU 1R \
SHDN UDWLR VKRZQ LQ )LJ ZDV PHDVXUHG WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV ZHUH PRUH VHYHUHO\ FRQWUROOHG WKDQ
ZHUH WKH GRVLPHWHU VWRUDJH FRQGLWLRQV WHPSHUDWXUH
aƒ&UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\a
,QSDUWLFXODUWKH³[\UDWLR´RIWKHDODQLQHGRVLPHWHUVZDV
KLJKO\ VHQVLWLYH WR YDULDWLRQ RI WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KXPLGLW\
$OOWKHGDWDZHUHPHDVXUHGRQDGDLO\EDVLVIRUWKUHHZHHNV
DQGWKHGDWDPHDVXUHGLQWKHRXWHUUDQJHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUH
DQG KXPLGLW\ OLPLWV ZHUH GLVFDUGHG IRU SUHFLVH
PHDVXUHPHQWV7KH³[\UDWLR´ZDVYHU\VHQVLWLYHWRIDFWRUV
VXFKDVDQJOHDQGSRVLWLRQRIWKHGRVLPHWHULQWKHFDYLW\4
YDOXH PRYHPHQW DQG WKH WLPH IRU DWWDLQLQJ HTXLOLEULXP LQ
WKH FDYLW\ 8QFHUWDLQWLHV LQYROYHG LQ PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH
GRVLPHWHUVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHVSHFWURVFRS\V\VWHP
RIDODQLQHGRVLPHWHUVDQGOLWKLXPIRUPDWHSRZGHUXVHGIRU
FRPSDULVRQRIWKHVSHFWUDZDV(0;VSHFWURPHWHUHTXLSSHG
ZLWK ;EDQG EULGJH 6LJQDO LQWHQVLW\ FKDQJH RI OLWKLXP
IRUPDWHSRZGHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHGHFUHDVHRI PDVVE\WKH
KHDWLQJ SURFHVV ZDV DOVR PHDVXUHG E\ DQ (0;
VSHFWURPHWHU ZLWK D PDQJDQHVH VWDQGDUG VDPSOH IRU
UHIHUHQFH LQ D FDYLW\ 0LFURZDYH SRZHU DQG ILHOG
Vol. 1, FEBRUARY 2011
151
'RVH
³HVFDQ´
H[SDQGHGFRPELQHG
XQFHUWDLQW\
(0;VSHFWURVFRS\
UHVSRQVHYDULDWLRQ
RI³[\UDWLR´
(0;VSHFWURVFRS\
UHSHWLWLRQYDULDWLRQ
RI³[\UDWLR´
(0;VSHFWURVFRS\
UHVSRQVHYDULDWLRQ
RI³[\UDWLR´
(0;VSHFWURVFRS\
UHSHWLWLRQYDULDWLRQ
RI³[\UDWLR´
*\
*\
*\
,,,5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
7KH W\SLFDO VSHFWUXP RI DODQLQH SHOOHWV DQG OLWKLXP
IRUPDWH SRZGHU WKDW ZDV LUUDGLDWHG ZLWK JDPPD UD\V LV
GLVSOD\HG LQ )LJ 7KH YHUWLFDO OLQHV LQ WKH VSHFWUXP RI
DODQLQH VKRZ UHDGRXW SRVLWLRQV RI WKH [ DQG \ OLQHV 7KH
VSHFWUXP RI OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHU FRQVLVWV RI D VLQJOH
UHVRQDQFHOLQHKDYLQJEURDGOLQHZLGWK
\
SHDN[
SHDN\
DODQLQH
[
OLWKLXPIRUPDWH
)LJ 7\SLFDO (35 VSHFWUD RI DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV DQG OLWKLXP
IRUPDWHSRZGHULUUDGLDWHGZLWKFREDOWDW*\7KHVDWHOOLWH
SHDNDQGPDLQUHVRQDQFHSHDNRIDODQLQHDUHLQGLFDWHGDV³[´DQG
³\´ OHWWHUV LQ WKH ILJXUH DQG XVHG LQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH ³[\
UDWLR´
$V LQ 7DEOH WKH ³[\ UDWLR´ RI ILYH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV
IURPWKHFRQWDLQPHQWEXLOGLQJRI1331R³<RQJJZDQJ´
SUHVVXUL]HG ZDWHU UHDFWRU W\SH DQG 133 1R ³8OFKLQ´
SUHVVXUL]HGZDWHUUHDFWRUW\SHZDVPHDVXUHG7KHUDWLRRI
WZR ORFDWLRQV 1R 1R IURP 133 1R DQG RQH
ORFDWLRQ1RIURP1331RZDVPXFKORZHUWKDQWKDW
RI JDPPDH[SRVHG GRVLPHWHUV LQ 13/ 7KH UHPDLQLQJ
DODQLQHGRVLPHWHUV1R1RGLGQRWVKRZDGHFUHDVH
LQWKH³[\UDWLR´7KHPHDVXUHGYDOXHRIWKH³[\UDWLR´LQ
WKHDODQLQHGRVLPHWHUVZDVXQVWDEOHDQGIUHTXHQWO\FKDQJHG
E\ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG PHDVXUHPHQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KXV
7DEOH(VWLPDWHGGRVHDQG³[\UDWLR´RIDODQLQHGRVLPHWHUV
1R
1R
1R
1R
1331R
1331R
1331R
1331R
1331R
*\
*\
*\
*\
*\
1R
1R
$EVRUEHG
GRVHHVFDQ
³[\UDWLR´
QRUPDOL]HG
2QO\JDPPDUD\H[SRVHGDODQLQHGRVLPHWHUUDWLRLVDERXW
13/JDPPD
1331R1R
1331R1R
1331R1R
1RUPDOL]HGUDWLR[\
'RVH*\
)LJ 7KH ³[\ UDWLR´ RI DODQLQH SHOOHWV WKDW ZHUH LUUDGLDWHG DW
13/WRJDPPDGRVHDQGUHWXUQHGIURP133VDIWHURQHRUWZRIXHO
F\FOHV
5HODWLYHLQWHQVLW\
7LPHK
)LJ7KHIDGLQJRI(35VSHFWUDRIOLWKLXPIRUPDWHSRZGHUDIWHU
LUUDGLDWLRQRIJDPPDUD\VIRUWKHILUVWKRXUV
WKH PHDVXUHG ³[\ UDWLR´ RI WKH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV IURP
133V ZHUH FRUUHFWHG IRU HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV DQG
QRUPDOL]HG WR WKH UDWLR RI JDPPD H[SRVHG DODQLQH
GRVLPHWHUV DV RXWOLQHG LQ WKH EHORZ )LJ 7KH DODQLQH
SHOOHWDWWKHORFDWLRQRI1RDSSHDUVWRKDYHEHHQH[SRVHG
WR PL[HG UDGLDWLRQ ZLWK KLJKHU HIIHFWLYH /(7 WKDQ WKH
DODQLQH SHOOHW DW ORFDWLRQ 1R ,Q WKH FDVH RI OLWKLXP
IRUPDWHSRZGHUDIWHUEHLQJLUUDGLDWHGZLWKJDPPDUD\VRI
*\ WKH VLJQDO LQWHQVLW\ ZDV GHFUHDVHG DV VKRZQ LQ
)LJ$ERXWKRXUVDIWHULUUDGLDWLRQWKHVLJQDOLQWHQVLW\
VWDELOL]HG 7KHUHIRUH DOO WKH OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHU ZDV
VWRUHG IRU DW OHDVW WKUHH GD\V DIWHU LUUDGLDWLRQ LQ WKLV
H[SHULPHQW
Hoon CHOI et al.
3HDNWRSHDNUDWLR$SSP:$SSP:
152
13/JDPPD
1331RDQG1331R
'RVH*\
)LJ7KHUDWLRRIWKHVLJQDODPSOLWXGHREWDLQHGDWWZRGLIIHUHQW
PLFURZDYH SRZHUV DQG P: IRU OLWKLXP IRUPDWH
GRVLPHWHUV LUUDGLDWHG ZLWK RQO\ JDPPD UD\V EODFN DQG PL[HG
UDGLDWLRQ IURP D QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQW ZKLWH /LWKLXP IRUPDWH
SRZGHUV DUH 1R DQG 1R IURP 133 1R DQG 1R IURP
1331R
7KH UDWLR RI VLJQDO LQWHQVLW\ DW WZR GLIIHUHQW SRZHUV ZDV
HYDOXDWHG RQ D GDLO\ EDVLV 7KLV GLIIHUHQFH LQ VDWXUDWLRQ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR JURXSV RI OLWKLXP IRUPDWH
SRZGHUV FDQ EH REVHUYHG LQ )LJ ,Q WKH SORW WKH SRZHU
OHYHO LV FKDQJHG IURP P: WR P: DQG WKH VLJQDO
LQWHQVLW\ UDWLR FKDQJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR UDGLDWLRQ TXDOLW\ 7KH
PHDVXUHG GLIIHUHQFH ZDV YHU\ VXEWOH DQG LQ PRVW FDVHV LW
FRXOGEHDFFRXQWHGIRUE\WKHPRYHPHQWRIWKHTXDUW]WXEH
LQVLGHWKHFDYLW\7KUHHOLWKLXPIRUPDWHSRZGHUV1R
VKRZHGVOLJKWO\ORZUDWLRV7KHUHPDLQLQJVDPSOHVGLG
QRW VKRZ DSSDUHQW GLIIHUHQFHV 7KHVH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV
DUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH UHVXOWV RI DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV DW WKH
ORFDWLRQVLQWKHFRQWDLQPHQWEXLOGLQJV
6RPH OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHUV IURP 133V ORVW WKHLU
RULJLQDOWUDQVSDUHQF\DQGEHFDPHZKLWHLQDSSHDUDQFH7KLV
VHHPVWREHFDXVHGE\PRLVWXUHHYDSRUDWLRQE\LQFRPSOHWH
VHDOLQJ DQG UHODWLYHO\ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH DW WKH LQVWDOOHG
ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH 133V 7KH HYDSRUDWLRQ SURFHVV ZDV
UHSURGXFHG E\ KHDWLQJ WKH SRZGHU LQ DQ XQVHDOHG FDSVXOH
/LWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHU WKDW KDG DOUHDG\ EHHQ H[SRVHG WR
JDPPDUD\VRI*\ZDVSUHSDUHGDQGKHDWHGIRU
PLQXWHV LQ RSHQHG DQG XQRSHQHG FDSVXOHV 7KH VLJQDO
LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH SRZGHU LQ WKH RSHQHG FDSVXOH GHFUHDVHG
UDSLGO\ E\ KHDWLQJ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ ,Q WKH H[SHULPHQW
WKHUHZDVQRFKDQJHLQWKHVLJQDOLQWHQVLW\RUDSSHDUDQFHLQ
WKH FDVH RI FRPSOHWHO\ VHDOHG FDSVXOHV ,W DSSHDUV WKDW WKH
GHKXPLGLILFDWLRQSURFHVVRIOLWKLXP IRUPDWHSRZGHULQWKH
FDSVXOHV LQGXFHG WKH FKDQJH LQ WKH DSSHDUDQFH DQG WKH
GHVWUXFWLRQRIUDGLFDOVSURGXFHGLQDODWWLFHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH
OLWKLXPIRUPDWHSRZGHU%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDERYH
H[SHULPHQWV OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHUV ZLWK FKDQJHG
DSSHDUDQFHDQGYHU\ORZVLJQDOLQWHQVLW\ZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\
QRWXVHGIRUGRVHHVWLPDWLRQ
PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EPR Spectra of Alanine Pellets and Lithium Formate Powder in uclear Power Plants
5HIHUHQFHV
PLQ
PLQ
PLQ
PLQ
PLQ
PLQ
6LJQDOLQWHQVLW\DX
0DJQHWLF)LHOG*
)LJ 'HFUHDVH RI VLJQDO DPSOLWXGH RI OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHU
ZKLFKZDVDQQHDOHGE\DQHOHFWULFKHDWHUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRI
.IRUPLQXWHVDIWHUDKDOIKRXURIKHDWLQJWKHOLWKLXPIRUPDWH
SRZGHU ZDV VFDQQHG E\ DQ (0; VSHFWURPHWHU DQG KHDWHG DJDLQ
ILYHWLPHV7KHULJKWVLGHSHDNLVWKHVWDQGDUGPDQJDQHVHVDPSOH
IRUUHIHUHQFH
,9&RQFOXVLRQ
7KH VSHFWUXP VKDSH RI VRPH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV DQG
OLWKLXP IRUPDWH SRZGHU LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH FRQWDLQPHQW
EXLOGLQJV RI 133V VKRZHG GLIIHUHQFHV LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK
GRVLPHWHUV H[SRVHG RQO\ WR JDPPD UD\V ,Q WKH FDVH RI
DODQLQHGRVLPHWHUVWKHUHZDVDQDSSDUHQWFKDQJHRIVSHFWUD
H[SUHVVHGDVWKH³[\UDWLR´$VQRWHGLQRWKHUSDSHUV
KLJK /(7 UDGLDWLRQ VXFK DV QHXWURQ UD\V FDXVHV VKDSH
FKDQJHV RI WKH VSHFWUXP RI DODQLQH GRVLPHWHU DQG OLWKLXP
IRUPDWH SRZGHU 7KXV WKH XQDQWLFLSDWHG KLJK GRVH OHYHO
DQG ORZ ³[\ UDWLR´ RI VRPH DODQLQH GRVLPHWHUV IURP WKH
FRQWDLQPHQW EXLOGLQJ FRXOG EH H[SODLQHG E\ H[SRVXUH WR
PL[HG UDGLDWLRQ ZLWK KLJK /(7 *HQHUDOO\ WKH ORFDWLRQV
HYDOXDWHGLQWKLVVWXG\DUHUHJDUGHGDVEHLQJH[SRVHGRQO\
WR JDPPD UD\V EHFDXVH WKH SRVLWLRQV DUH EORFNHG IURP
GLUHFW QHXWURQ UD\V IURP WKH UHDFWRU E\ WKLFN FHPHQW
EDUULHUV DQG KHDY\ LQVWUXPHQWV 7KH YDULDWLRQ RI VSHFWUD
VKDSH DW WKH ORFDWLRQV LV PRVW OLNHO\ GXH WR LQGLUHFW
LUUDGLDWLRQ RI QHXWURQ UD\V IURP WKH UHDFWRU WKURXJK JDSV
EHWZHHQWKHSULPDU\ORRSOLQHVDQGKROHVLQWKHEDUULHU
$OWKRXJKDOLPLWHGQXPEHURIVDPSOHVZHUHH[SHULPHQWHG
WKH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH VSHFWUXP FKDQJH RI (35
GRVLPHWHUV FRXOG EH XVHG DV DQ LQGLFDWRU IRU WKH
GLVFULPLQDWLRQRIUDGLDWLRQTXDOLW\LQ133V
Vol. 1, FEBRUARY 2011
153
,$($ 6WDQGDUG 3UDFWLFH IRU 8VH RI WKH $ODQLQH(35
'RVLPHWU\6\VWHP,62$670(
6 2OVVRQ DQG ( 6 %HUJVWUDQG ³&DOLEUDWLRQ RI DODQLQH
GRVLPHWHUV´,6518/L5$'56(5HSRUW/LQNü
üSLQJ
8QLYHUVLW\6ZHGHQ
. 0HKWD DQG 5 *LU]LNRZVN\ ³5HIHUHQFH GRVLPHWHU V\VWHP
RIWKH,$($´5DGDW3K\V&KHP>@
- 0 'ROR 1 OHFHUI DQG , 7DUWHV ³3URJUHVV LQ 4XDOLW\
&RQWURORI$ODQLQH'RVLPHWHUV´$SSO5DGLDW,VRW>@
( 0DOLQHQ 0 = +H\GDUL ( 6DJVWXHQ DQG ( 2 +ROH
³$ODQLQH 5DGLFDOV 3DUW 3URSHUWLHV RI WKH FRPSRQHQWV
FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKH (35 VSHFWUXP RI [LUUDGLDWLHG DODQLQH
GRVLPHWHUV´5DGLDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
0 = +H\GDUL ( 0DOLQHQ ( 2 +ROH DQG ( 6DJVWXHQ
³$ODQLQH 5DGLFDOV 7KH &RPSRVLWH 3RO\FU\VWDOOLQH $ODQLQH
(356SHFWUXP 6WXGLHG E\ (1'25 7KHUPDO $QQHDOLQJ DQG
6SHFWUXP 6LPXODWLRQV´ - SK\V FKHP $ >@ (0DOLQHQ($+XOW(2+ROHDQG(6DJVWXHQ³$ODQLQH
5DGLFDOV 3DUW 5HODWLYH $PRXQWV RI 5DGLFDO 6SHFLHV LQ
$ODQLQH'RVLPHWHUVDIWHU([SRVXUHWR0HY(OHFWURQVDQG
.Y0YSKRWRQV´5DGLDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
% &LHVLHHOVNL / :LHORSROVNL ³7KH HIIHFWV RI ERURQ RQ WKH
(OHFWURQSDUDPDJQHWLFUHVRQDQFHVSHFWUDRIDODQLQHLUUDGLDWHG
ZLWKWKHUPDOQHXWURQV´5DGLDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
% &LHVLHOVNL / :LHORSROVNL ³7KH (IIHFWV RI 'RVH DQG
5DGLDWLRQ 4XDOLW\ RQ WKH 6KDSH DQG 3RZHU 6DWXUDWLRQ RI WKH
(356LJQDOLQ$ODQLQH´5DGLDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
% &LHVLHOVNL = 6WXJOLN / :LHORSROVNL DQG , =YDUD ³7KH
(IIHFW RI +LJK/LQHDU (QHUJ\ 7UDQVIHU ,RQV RQ WKH (OHFWURQ
3DUDPDJQHWLF 5HVRQDQFH 6LJQDO LQ $ODQLQH´ 5DGLDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK
0,NH\D*0+DVVDQ+6DVDRND<.LQRVKLWD67DNDNL
& <DPDQDND ³ 6WUDWHJ\ IRU ILQGLQJ QHZ PDWHULDOV IRU (65
GRVLPHWHUV´ $SSOLHG 5DGLDWLRQ DQG ,VRWRSHV >@ 7 $9HVWDG(0DOLQHQ$/XQG(2+ROH(6DJVWXHQ
³(35 GRVLPHWULF SURSHUWLHV RI IRUPDWHV´ $SSOLHG 5DGLDWLRQ
DQG,VRWRSHV
( 0DOLQHQ ( :DOGHODQG ( 2 +ROH ( 6DJVWXHQ ³/(7
HIIHFWV IROORZLQJ QHXWURQ LUUDGLDWLRQ RI OLWKLXP IRUPDWH (35
GRVLPHWHUV´ 6SHFWURFKLPLFD $FWD 3DUW $ 0ROHFXODU DQG
%LRPROHFXODU6SHFWURVFRS\>@