Read all the bio and annotate all three poems. Be prepared to answer the critical reading questions below.
LANGSTON HUGHES
Langston Hughes (1902-1967), more than any other writer, is associated with the life of Harlem. In his writing he depicted the joys, troubles, and hopes
of its people. Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, and grew up in Joplin, in Lincoln, Illinois, and in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended Central High School in
Cleveland, where he first began to write poems for the school magazine. After graduation, he worked at various jobs, and in 1921, he went to New York to
attend Columbia University. A year later, he traveled as a seaman and cook’s helper on a steamer to Africa and Europe. He took a variety of odd jobs in Paris
and Italy and then returned to the United States, where he worked in a Washington, D.C., hotel. He was “discovered” there by the poet Vachel Lindsay, who
praised his poetry and encouraged him to continue writing. Hughes settled in Harlem and became part of the Harlem Renaissance. The Weary Blues, his first
book of poems, was published in 1926; other collections followed, as well as fiction, plays, and autobiographical works. He is also well-known for his series of
sketches about a citizen of Harlem named Jess B. Semple, known as “Simple” to his Friends, who speaks his mind on a variety of subjects and issues.
Hughes was the most influential and the most versatile of all the writers of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote opera, fiction, journalism, drama, poetry, essays,
and he edited the work of other black writers.
I, Too, Sing America
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
I, too, sing America.
I've known rivers:
I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the
flow of human blood in human veins.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow,
I'll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody'll dare
Say to me,
"Eat in the kitchen,"
Then.
Besides,
They'll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed-I, too, am America.
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln
went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
bosom turn all golden in the sunset.
I've known rivers:
Ancient, dusky rivers.
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
Critical Reading Questions
As I Grew Older
It was a long time ago.
I have almost forgotten my dream.
But it was there then,
In front of me,
Bright like a sun-My dream.
And then the wall rose,
Rose slowly,
Slowly,
Between me and my dream.
Rose until it touched the sky-The wall.
Shadow.
I am black.
I lie down in the shadow.
No longer the light of my dream before me,
Above me.
Only the thick wall.
Only the shadow.
My hands!
My dark hands!
Break through the wall!
Find my dream!
Help me to shatter this darkness,
To smash this night,
To break this shadow
Into a thousand lights of sun,
Into a thousand whirling dreams
Of sun!
From Adventures of American Literature. Austin: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1996.
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
1. What does the poet imply about the durability and dignity of his people when he
refers to the great age of rivers?
2. In what way is the “I” in the poem a symbol of something larger?
3. Rivers usually flow quietly, but they cover great distances and become wider
and deeper as they progress..What feeling for the fullness of the black
experience does Hughes express through the imagery of rivers?
4. Each of the four rivers named is associated with a region that developed into a
civilization.
a) Identify these civilizations and explain the significance of each one.
b) What is the poet implying about his race in lines 4-7?
As I Grew Older
1. This poem is concerned with growing up. How do the images in lines 5 and 7
express the change from early years to later years?
2. The poem depends on an interplay between brightness and darkness. What two
phrases unite the speaker’s hopes with brightness?
3. The speaker says that the wall created a shadow.
a) In what lines does he identity his own dark color with the shadow?
b) What does the speaker imply by the metaphor of the wall?
4. a) In which lines does the speaker change from a passive to an active role?
b) What, according to the poem’s conclusion, will be the result of destroying the
wall?
c) How is the conclusion linked to the poet’s dream?