B1 Learning Outcome Questions
1.
2.
3.
Question
Why blood in arteries is under pressure:
Describe how cholesterol can restrict the flow of
blood to the heart.
What do blood pressure measurements consist of?
4. Describe 4 factors that factors that increase blood
pressure
5.
Describe two factors that decrease blood pressure:
6.
Give the possible consequences of having high
blood pressure
7. Give the possible consequences of having low
blood pressure
8.
Explain the difference between fitness (the ability to
do physical activity) and health (free from disease).
9. List the different ways in which you could
measure a person’s fitness
10. Explain how smoking increases blood pressure:
11. Explain how carbon dioxide reduces the ability of
red blood cells to carry oxygen
12. Explain how diet can increase the risk of heart
disease.
13. Describe the possible causes of a heart attack
14. Explain what a balanced diet should include and
why.
15. Describe how carbohydrates, fats or proteins are
stored in the body in the body
16. Explain why a high protein diet is necessary for
teenagers
Answer
• due to contraction of heart muscles
• so that it reaches all parts of the body.
Cholesterol can restrict or block blood
flow in arteries by forming plaques
diastolic and systolic data in mmHg.
• being overweight
• stress
• high alcohol intake
• smoking.
• regular exercise
• balanced diet.
 stroke
 kidney failure
 poor circulation
 dizziness
 fainting
fitness - the ability to do physical activity
health - free from disease.
 strength
 flexibility
 stamina
 agility
 speed
• carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood so heart rate increases to
compensate
• nicotine increases heart rate.
Carbon monoxide combines permanently with the
haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing them from
carrying oxygen
• saturated fats leading to a build up of cholesterol
(a plaque) in arteries
• high levels of salt elevating blood pressure.
Build up of cholesterol or a thrombosis (blood clot) in the
main blood vessels to the heart preventing blood flowing
to the heart
• protein – for growth and repair
• carbohydrates and fats – for energy and to keep warm
• minerals (limited to iron) – to produce haemoglobin for the
red blood cells and prevent anaemia
• vitamins (limited to vitamin C) – to stay healthy and prevent
scurvy
• fibre – to prevent constipation
• water.- to prevent dehydration and constipation
 Carbohydrates in liver as glycogen or converted to fats
 Fats stored under the skin and around organs a
adipose tissue
 Proteins aren’t stored
Teenagers need enough protein to grow
17. Explain in many parts of the world diets are deficient
in protein.
Protein deficiency (kwashiorkor) is
common in developing countries, due to
• overpopulation
• limited investment in agricultural techniques.
18. When are proteins used as an energy source?
Only when fats or carbohydrates are unavailable.
19. State 4 health risks that are linked to being very
overweight (obese)?
20. What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins made up
of?
arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer.
• carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars
such as glucose
• fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
• proteins are made up of amino acids.
21. What is the difference between first and second
class proteins?
22. Why might different people eat different balanced
diets?
23. What factors increase a persons estimated
average daily requirement (EAR) for protein
24. Explain why people in the UK with access to enough
healthy food might still have a poor diet.
25. What are infectious diseases are caused by?
First class proteins are from animals and contain all the
essential amino acids, whereas second class proteins
come form plants
a balanced diet will vary depending on
age, gender, activity, religion, personal choice (to
include vegetarians and vegans) and medical issues
(including food allergies).
 More active life style
 Age – people still growing need more protein
 Pregnancy and breast feeding
Low self-esteem, poor self-image and
desire for perfection can lead to a poor diet
pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms).
26. Explain how pathogens cause the symptoms of an
infectious disease.
by cell damage or by production of toxins.
27. What are the four types of pathogens? Give an
example of a disease caused by each type.
Fungi -athlete’s foot
Viruses – flu
Bacteria – cholera
Protozoa - Malaria
• skin provides a barrier
• blood clotting prevents entry of pathogens
• pathogens are trapped by mucus in airways
• hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens.
28. Describe 4 ways that the human body is defended
against pathogens.
29. Describe the difference between infectious and noninfectious diseases.
Infectious – can be transmitted from people or animals
Non-infectious – cannot be transmitted
30. Describe the difference between benign and
malignant tumours
Benign tumours are harmless and slow to divide, whereas
malignant tumours are cancerous and spread throughout
the body
Gives protection from certain pathogens.
31. What do immunisations (vaccinations) do?
32. Explain the process of immunisation
(vaccination)
33. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
immunisation
34. Explain the difference between passive and active
immunity
35. How are pathogens that enter the body destroyed
by the immune system?
36. Why does each pathogen require the body to
produce a different set of antibodies to destroy it?
37. Recall the meaning of the terms parasite, host and
vector with reference to malaria.
38. How can we use our knowledge of how the
disease is passed on to prevent the spread of
malaria?
39. State the difference between antibiotics and antiviral
drugs.
40. Why must doctors limit their use of antibiotics?
41. Describe how animals detect changes in their
environment (stimuli) using receptors which generate
nerve impulses.
42. Label the main parts of the eye and state their
 Harmless pathogen given which carries antigens
 Antigens trigger immune response by white blood cells
which produce antibodies
 Immunity remains as memory cells produced that can
produce antibodies if pathogen returns
Once the majority of a population is immunised it prevents the
disease from spreading, although some vaccinations do have
harmful side effects
Passive immunity – receive antibodies
active immunity - make own antibodies
 engulfed by white blood cells
• antibodies lock on to antigens leading to
the death of the pathogens.
Each pathogen has it’s own antigens
Parasite – an organism that depends on another organism to
survive (the protozoa)
Host – an organism that provides a parasite with food and is
harmed by it (the human)
Vector – an organism that spreads disease without being
affected by the disease (the mosquito)
 Avoiding stagnant water where mosquito larvae grow
 Using mosquito nets to prevent adult mosquitoes
feeding on humans and passing on parasite
 Using insecticide to kill adult mosquitoes
Antibiotics – fight bacteria
Antiviral – fight viruses
To prevent the increase of pathogens resistant to
antibiotics, such as MRSA
touch, taste, sight, sound, smell all make nerve impulses that
are carried by the nervous system.
Use your revision book or exercise book to check you can
function.
46. Explain how binocular vision helps to judge
distances
label an eye.
• cornea - refracts light
• iris - controls how much light enters pupil
• lens - focuses light on to retina
• retina - contains light receptors, some sensitive to
light of different colours
• optic nerve - carries impulses to the brain.
The light is refracted by the cornea and lens and brought to
focus on the retina.
Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments in the sys act
to make the lens fatter (to refract light more) or thinner
• monocular vision: wider field of view but poorer judgement of
distance
• binocular vision: narrower field of view but better judgement
of distance.
by comparing the images from each eye - the more
similar the images, the further away the object.
47. Describe three main problems in vision.
Long-sight, short-sight and red-green colour blindness.
48. Why are some people long and short-sighted?
Because the eyeball or the lens is the wrong shape.
49. Why are some people red-green colour blind?
They have a lack of specialised cells in the retina.
50. How can long and short-sightedness be
corrected?
 Corneal surgery
 Glasses or contact lenses (Short sightedness needs
concave (curving in) lenses; whereas long sightedness
needs convex (bulging out)
• the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and
spinal cord)
• the peripheral nervous system.
43. Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball.
44. Explain how the eyes focuses light
(accommodation) from near and distant objects
45. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
monocular and binocular vision.
51. Name the two main parts of the nervous system.
52. How are message carried by nerves?
The nerve impulse is an electrical signal
that is carried by nerve cells called neurones.
53. Name and locate the parts of a motor neurone:
Labels: Cell body, axon and sheath.
Use your revision guide or exercise book to check the diagram
The nerve impulse passes along the axon
of a neurone.
54. Explain how neurones are adapted for their
function
 Long
 Insulated sheath (stops impulses crossing over)
 Branched endings (allows impulses to be picked up)
Reflex actions - fast, automatic and protective responses (eg
pulling your hand away from a hot plate)
Voluntary responses – controlled by the brain
55. What are the difference between reflex actions and
voluntary responses?
56. Describe a reflex arc
Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone – central nervous
system - motor neurone - effector - response
57. What is the gap between neurones called?
58. How does an impulse pass across a synapse?
Synapse
A transmitter substance is released which diffuses across
to bind with receptor molecules in the membrane of the
next neurone, causing the impulse to continue
 Addiction = relied on by the body so it is hard to give up
 Withdrawal symptoms = side effects, such as bad temper,
of giving up a drug
 Tolerance = over time people need bigger doses of the drug
to get an effect
 Rehabilitation = Process of a person overcoming an
addiction
 depressants: slow down brain’s activity
• pain killers: block nerve impulses
• stimulants: increase brain’s activity
• performance enhancers: muscle development
• hallucinogens: distort what is seen and heard.
• Class A is the most dangerous with the heaviest penalties
• Class C is the least dangerous with the lightest penalties.
59. Explain the terms: addiction, withdrawal symptoms,
tolerance and rehabilitation.
60. Describe the general effects of each drug category.
61. Explain the basis of the legal classification of drugs:
62. State examples of each type of drug.
• depressants - alcohol, solvents and temazepam
• pain killers- aspirin and paracetamol
• stimulants - nicotine, ecstasy and
caffeine
• performance enhancers – anabolic steroids
• hallucinogens - LSD.
63. Explain the action of depressants and stimulants
on the synapses of the nervous system
 Depressants bind with receptor molecules in the
membrane of the next neurone blocking the
transmission of the impulses
 Stimulants cause more neurotransmitters to cross the
synapse
64. What health problems can tobacco smoking cause?
65. Describe the effects of the 4 components of cigarette
smoke.
66.Explain why damage to ciliated epithelial cells can lead
to a ‘smokers cough’.
66. Describe the short term and long term effects of
alcohol on the body.
67. Describe how the liver can become damaged as it
removes alcohol (cirrhosis)
68. What does the body need to maintain steady levels of?
What is this called?
69. What is negative feedback?
70. What is normal body temperature?
Why is it important for the body to be kept at this
temperature?
71. Which part of the brain controls balance of
conditions within the body?
72. Describe where on the body to measure body
temperature, and what instruments can be used.
 emphysema,
 bronchitis,
 cancer (mouth, throat, oesophagus and lung)
 heart disease.
• carbon monoxide (lack of oxygen, heart disease)
• nicotine (addictive)
• tars (irritant, carcinogenic)
• particulates (accumulation in lung tissue).
Ciliated epithelial cells (cilia) line the trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles and become clogged up by tar and particulates.
This stops the cilia moving the mucus and causes smokers
cough.
• short term effects- impaired judgment, balance and muscle
control, blurred vision, slurred speech, drowsiness and
increased blood flow to the skin.
• long term effects - liver and brain damage
When enzymes in the liver breakdown alcohol it produces
toxic products that cause liver damage
The body works to maintain steady
levels of temperature, water, and carbon dioxide. This is
called homeostasis.
Altering the operation of the body in response to a change
in a way that limits that change, i.e., if body detects an
increase in temperature it tries to cool itself down
37°C - the optimum temperature for the action of many
enzymes.
Hypothalamus
• where - ear, finger, mouth, or anus
• how - using a clinical thermometer, sensitive strips, digital
recording probes, or thermal imaging).
73. Describe how heat can be gained or retained by the
body
by respiration, shivering, exercise, less sweating, less blood
flow near skin surface, or clothing
74. Describe how more heat can be lost by the body
by sweating, or more blood flow near skin
75. Explain how sweating helps you to cool down.
76. Explain how vasodilatation and
vasoconstriction increase or reduce heat
transfer to the environment
77. Why is it dangerous for a person to get too hot or
too cold?
78. Name and locate the pancreas.
79. Where is the hormone insulin produced?
80. What is the function of insulin?
81. How does insulin help regulate blood sugar
levels?
82. What causes Type 1 diabetes?
83. How are Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes treated
differently?
84. Why does the does of insulin required by a
Type 1 diabetic alter?
85. Describe how insulin travels around the body
86. Explain why responses controlled by hormones
are usually slower than responses controlled by
the nervous system.
87. What is the name of the chemicals that control
plant growth? (for example: growth of shoots and
roots, flowering and fruit ripening)
88. What are auxins?
89. Where is auxin made?
90. How does auxin cause a plant to grow towards a
light source?
91. State 5 uses of plant hormones.
92. Explain how growth towards light increases the
plant’s chance of survival.
sweating increases heat transfer to the
environment by evaporation of sweat which requires
heat, so removing heat from the skin.
Vasodilatation (lowers temperature) – Blood capillaries
dilate (widen)so blood nearer to the surface
Vasoconstriction (raises temperature) – Blood capillaries
constrict (narrow)so blood further from the surface
High temperatures can cause heat
stroke and dehydration and if untreated, death.
Very low temperatures can cause
hypothermia and if untreated, death.
Use your revision guide or exercise book to check the
diagram
The pancreas
controls blood sugar levels.
When blood sugar levels are too high insulin converts
some glucose in the blood into glycogen, which is stored
in the liver. When blood sugar levels are too low it causes
glycogen to be turned back into glucose
the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled
by diet but Type 1 diabetes also needs to be treated by insulin
dosage.
Dose required to maintain insulin at normal levels
depends on the diet and activity of the person
In the blood
Hormones travel in the blood much more slowly than electrical
impulses travel along the nervous system.
Plant hormones
Auxins are plant hormones that:
• move through the plant in solution
• are involved in the response to light (phototropism)
• are involved in the response to gravity (geotropism)
In the tip of the shoot. If the tip is removed it stops growth
Auxin collects on the shady side of the plant and causes cells
on this side of the plant to elongate (stretch). Therefore the
plant bends towards the light
•speed up or slow down plant growth
 selective weedkillers
• rooting powder
• fruit ripening (delay or acceleration)
• control of dormancy.
More sunlight = more photosynthesis
93. Explain why roots grow downwards.
94. Explain the meaning of phototropic and
geotropic
95. Describe the geotropism and phototropism of
shoots and roots.
To reach water and to provide support
Phototropic – grows towards the light
Geotropic – grows towards the ground
Shoots - positively phototropic but negatively geotropic.
Roots - negatively phototropic but positively geotropic.
96. Name 3 human characteristics that are a result
of both environmental and inherited factors.
• intelligence
• body mass
• height.
97. Where are your genes?
Chromosomes are held in the nucleus and they carry
information in the form of genes, which control inherited
characteristics.
23 pairs
98. How many chromosomes do most human body
cells have?
99. What is a gamete?
100.
How many chromosomes do gametes
have?
A sperm or egg cell.
Half the number of normal cells or 23
101.
Identify inherited characteristics as
dominant or recessive when given the results of
a breeding experiment.
Dominant characteristics – always show (eg brown eyes)
Recessive characteristics – the gene can be present but not
show (eg blue eyes)
102. What are alleles?
103. Explain how dominant and recessive
characteristics depend on dominant and
recessive alleles
104. What do the following words –
homozygous, heterozygous, genotype and
phenotype – mean?
Different versions of the same gene.
If a dominant allele is present the dominant characteristic
is seen. For the recessive characteristic to be seen, both
alleles must be recessive
Homozygous = 1 identical alleles
Heterozygous = 2 different alleles
Genotype = genetic makeup
Phenotype = Characteristics seen
 red-green colour blindness,
 sickle cell anaemia
 cystic fibrosis.
Faulty genes, most of which are recessive
• mutations (changes to the genes)
• gamete formation
• fertilisation.
105. Name three disorders that are inherited:
106. What causes genetic disorders?
107. Describe three causes of genetic variation
108. How do the chromosomes determine the sex
of mammals?
109. Why do we see equal numbers of male
and female children?
XX (female)
XY (male)
A father is equally likely to pass on an X or Y
chromosome to their child