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(A Peer Reviewed Punjabi Research Journal)
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Estd. 1892
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Sanvad
(Dialogic)
PUNJABI REFEREED RESEARCH JOURNAL
Bi- Annual
A Peer Reviewed Research Journal of the Post-Graduate Department of
Punjabi Studies, Khalsa College, Amritsar.
Email : [email protected]
www.khalsacollege.edu.in
Patron & Chief Editor:
Dr. Mehal Singh
+91-85288-28200
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ISSN : 2395-1273
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[email protected]
Editor:
Dr. Atam Singh Randhawa
+91-98722-17273
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July-December 2016
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 7-33)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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khI qslIm iqh hukm ko ko dyK kY sIs pY bWD qW qy isDwXo [3
bwkI sB ilKwrIAW ny z&rnwmy nUµ kWgV qoN Byjy jwx dw dXw isMG rwhIN srbsMmq q`Q
pRvwn kIqw hY [ AOrMgzyb ny ^q imlx qoN qurMq bwAd BweI dXw isMG nUµ bulwieAw Aqy drbwr
ivcoN SwhI hukmnwmw jwrI krky muniem Kwn nwieb sUbydwr lwhOr nUµ ByijAw sI, auh muhMmd
8
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byg gurz brdwr Aqy SyK Xwr muhMmd mnsbdwr dI h`QIN ByijAw igAw sI [4 kvI sYnwpiq
AwpxI rcnw ivc AOrMgzyb dI d`Kx ivc Aihmd ngr ivc hoeI mOq dw izkr rcnw dy
pMdHrvyN AiDAwie ivc krdw hY [ kvI Anuswr :
Aihmd ngr Ajb iek Qwnw [
naurZ
µ Swh qhW Thrwnw [
qyrh mws qih BUm rihE [
pwXo kwl kwl bis BXo [
iesy pusqk ivc pRis`D ieiqhwskwr gMfw isMG dI Koj Anuswr AOrMgzyb 20 jnvrI
1706 nUµ Aihmd ngr pu`jw sI Aqy 20 PrvrI 1707 eI. nUµ aus dw ie`Qy idhWq ho igAw [ ies
ihswb nwl pUry 13 mhIny AOrMgzyb ny Aihmd ngr ivc fyrw r`ØiKAw [5
kuier isMG dI pRis`D rcnw 'guriblws pwqSwhI 10' (1751 eI.) ivc vI z&rnwmy dy
pRsMg ivc kuJ q`QW dw vrxn kIqw igAw pRwpq huMdw hY [ sRI gur soBw qoN bwAd Xwin 1711 qoN
bwAd kuier isMG dw ieh gRMQ ikauNik aunHW dy jIvn kwl dy nyVy dI rcnw hY, ies kwrx ies
nUµ vI bhuq pRmwixk gRQ
M pRvwn kIqw jWdw hY [ kuier isMG ny Awpxy gRQ
M ivc sqwrHvNy AiDAwie
dw isrlyK hI ieh id`qw hY 'BweI dXw isMG jI AOrMgzyb pws z&rnwmw lY ky gey ['
Awpxy gRMQ ivc do AiDAwieAW ivc kuier isMG ny z&rnwmy bwry crcw kIqI hY [ solHvyN
AiDAwie dw nwm 'z&rnwmy dw pRsMg' r`ØiKAw hY [ gurU jI is`KW nwl bcn krdy hn ik qurkW dy
^wqmy dw koeI aupw kIqw jwvy [ ^wlsw bcn sux ky kihx l`gw ik bwdSwh bhuq qwkqvr hY
Aqy aus kol keI l`K dI sYnw hY [ quhwfy (gurU swihb dy) mn nUµ ijvyN cYn AwauNdw hY ^wlsw auhI
kuJ krn nUµ iqAwr hY:
krY Kwlsw qwih pRkwrI [ gur qb ilKI piqRkw BwrI [
z&rnwmw hY sB jg jwnY [ ilKI ihkwXq dvwds qw mY [[ 6
(bMd 308)
ijvyN ipAwrw isMG pdm jI ilKdy hn ik 'ihkwXqW' z&rnwmy dw ih`sw nhIN hn prMqU
kuier isMG ies nUµ z&rnwmy dw ih`sw ibAwn krdw hY [7 kuier isMG ilKdw hY ik gurU swihb ny
z&rnwmy ivc iliKAw hY ik jy qyry mn 'c ieh hMkwr hovy ik rotI qUµ kmweI krky KWdw hY qW
GoVw qyry nwloN vI v`D muS`kq krdw hY-prMqU jy auh svrg nUµ clw jwvy qW qUµ vI clw jwvyNgw [
dUsry jy qYnUµ ieh gumwn hY ik qUµ kurwn bhuq pVHdw hYN Aqy muhMmd swihb qyrI gvwhI dyxgy qW
qUµ soc lY ky :
jy qyry mn mY su gumwnw [ mY inj pVO kqyb kurwnw [
AmlW ibnw iBsq nih hoeI[ mn ko kry Kvwr so soeI [
(pµnw 200 )
swrI bYrwV kOm myrI srpRsqI ivc hY [ jy qusIN kWgV Aw ky Awhmo swhmxy g`l kro qW
swrw mwmlw sw& Aqy sB kuSl AwnMd ho jwvygw [ kuier isMG vI ieho ilKdw hY ik z&rnwmw
pVH ky bwdSwh jldI hI prySwn ho ky mr jWdw hY [8
'mihmw pRkws' ivc vI z&rnwmy dy pRsMg ivc kuJ q`QW nUµ pyS krn dw Xqn kIqw igAw
pRwpq huMdw hY [ ieh ibrqWq mihmw pRkws, Bwg dUjw, KMf dUjw dI C`bIvIN swKI ivc pyS kIqw
igAw hY [9
dXw isµG ko sqgur khw pwqSwh pY jwau [
sauknwmw myrw aus dIjIey, Aru jbwb ly Awau [
'sauknwmw' ie`Qy ic`TI nUµ (z&rnwmw) hI ikhw igAw hY [ gurU swihb ny BweI dXw isMG nUµ
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
9
hukm kIqw sI ik bwdSwh A`gy slwm nhIN krnI-Piqh bulwauxI hY Aqy bwdSwh qoN ibnW ieh
sauknwmw iksy hor dy h`Q nhIN dyxw [ ^q pVH ky bwdSwh prySwn ho igAw ikauNik aus nUµ gurU
swihb dy p`qr rwhIN swrI hkIkq dw shI shI igAwn ho igAw sI [ srUp dws B`lw Anuswr :
sOknwmw pV Byd sB bUJw
KOP Kudwie kw qb idl sUJw
qb auTy swh mhl mo gey
audwsIn hoey bYTy rhy [
(pµnw 858-59)
byZmW ny pu`ØiCAw ik prySwn ikauN ho, AOrMgzyb ny ikhw ik gurU swihb cwr lwlW dI mMg
krdy hn [ iek byZm jo g`l dw Byq nw smJ skI kihx l`gI ik myry hwr ivc hzwrW lwl hn [
cwr lY ky aunHW nUµ dy idE [ iPr bwdSwh ny prySwnI ivc ikhw ik ieh rwjæqyry smJx dw nhIN
hY [ s`c ieh hY ik rx Kyqr ivc gurU swihb dy cwr lwl ShId ho gey hn [
doie lVweI myN hY mwry
doie jlwdo hwQ pDwry [
(pµnw 859)
byZm ieh sux ky A&sos ivc fub geI [ bwdSwh sOx clw igAw Aqy supny ivc
bwdSwh nUµ gurU jI ny drSn id`qy [ dXw isMG nUµ bwdSwh ny dUsry idn drbwr ivc bulwieAw
Aqy d`ØisAw ik mYnUµ rwq gurU swihb dy drSn hoey hn [ dXw isMG nUµ XkIn nw Awvy ikauNik gurU
swihb ny dXw isMG nUµ ikhw sI ik jdoN swfI dohW dI mulwkwq hovygI qW dohW ivcoN iek mr
jwvygw [ jdoN dXw isMG ny Brosw nw kIqw iPr mukdI g`l bwdSwh ny ieh &rmwieAw :
qb qw isau aun ieau khI qum gur hY eyh Bys [
sjI qrP dwVy ibKy iek Daulw hY kys [ (30)
(pµnw 860)
dXw isMG nUµ ies kOqk qy bhqu hYrwnI hoeI [ iek qoN v`D soimAW ivc ies q`Q dw izkr
kIqw imldw hY ik z&rnwmw pVHn qoN bwAd bwdSwh mwnisk qOr 'qy prySwn rihx l`gw Aqy
QoVHy icr bwAd hI auh &wnI sMswr qoN kUc kr igAw [ srUp dws B`lw ny vI ies mq dI puStI
kIqI hY :
pwqSwh Aµdr auT gey [
ausI vKq sy mWdy Bey [
kwl pwie qn dIAw iqAwig [
dojk so gXo lwgI Awg [ (32)
sMqn ko doKI bf pwpI [
swDn qw ko dIAw srwpI [
dXw isµG siqgur pih gey
swrI kQw sunwq Bey [ (33) 10
ipAwrw isMG pdm v`loN sMpwidq pusqk 'gurU kIAW swKIAW' ivc vI z&rnwmy dy ilKx
pRsg
M dw sMKp
y ijhw vrxn kIqw imldw hY [ ienHW swKIAW dw mUl lyKk BweI svrUp isMG kOiSS
nUµ pRvwn kIqw jWdw hY Aqy B`t vhIAW au`pr AwDwirq hox kwrn ienHW dI pRmwixkqw vI
ieiqhws dy mh`qvpUrn somy hox vjoN srb pRvwinq hY [ ijs swKI ivc z&rnwmy dw izkr kIqw
igAw hY aus dw nwm hY, swKI dInw ngr phuMc z&rnwmw ilKny kI cwlI swKI nMbr 85 hY [
lyKk Anuswr gurU jI dInw kWgV phuMcny smyN Ajy ieslwmI ilbws myN Qy, gYl ky pWcoN
is`KoN kw ilbws inrbwx swDUAW kw Dwrn kIAw hUAw sI [ gurU jI ny Agly idhuM dysw isMG ky
cObwry myN AOrMgzybI p`ØiqRkw, jo AnMdpur myN AweI sI, aus kw au~qr dynw AwrMB kIAw :
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kmwil krwmwq kwiem krIm,
rzw b^S rwijk
rhw kun rhIm
Amw b^S b^iSMdh E dsqgIr [
^qw b^S rozI idho idl pzIr [2[ Awid
ies qrHW siqgurW ipRQmy aus mhWkwl kI is&q myN cMd iSAr kih ky Pyr AwpnI
dwsqwn ibAwn kI [ iXh z&rnwmw ilK BweI dXw isG sy bcn hoAw qusIN AihdIAw Bys myN
d`Kn dys Aihmd ngr bwdSwh sy jwie ky dynw hY [ ies ky gYl dUjw is`K Drm isMG ipAwry ko
iqAwr kIAw, ieh dovyN is`K AihdIAw Bys myN dInw ngrI sy d`Kn dys ko rvwnw hUey [ (85)11
BweI su`Kw isMG ny Awpxy gRMQ 'guriblws pwqSwhI 10' ivc z&rnwmy nUµ hkwieqW Aqy
hor kwiv rUpW dy smUh vjoN pyS kIqw hY [ su`Kw isMG Anuswr :
dohrw :
sgl Byd ieq auq Gny bIc hukm inj Dwr [
bwidswh ky hnn ko iliKXo hukm gur dXwr [ 120 [
cOpeI :
z&rnwmw qw ko Dr nwmw [ pTY dXo swihb AiBrwmw [
keI ihkwieq iqh ilK fwrI [ gjl rubweI Prd hzwrI [ 12[[121[[
su`Kw isMG AOrMgzyb dy zulmW dw izkr bhuq sMjm ivc kridAW vI bhuq kuJ swhmxy
ilAw idMdw hY :
Amlw ibnw qrq nhI koeI [ mn miq cly Kvwr hvY soeI [
mn kI KusI kwj kr dgy [ mwirXo bwp ibrwdr sgy [ 13 (138)
s`Kw isMG vI gurU jI v`loN AOrMgzyb nUµ ieho sMdyS idMdw hY ik swrI bYrwV kOm myry kihxy
ivc hY [ jy qUµ kWgV Aw ky swfy nwl mulwkwq kr lvyN qW swry msly h`l ho skdy hn [14 su`Kw
isMG vI ieho ilKdw hY ik z&rnwmw pVH ky mwnisk du`K nwl hI AOrMgzyb dI mOq ho jWdI hY [15
ievyN rqn isMG BMgU ricq gRMQ 'pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS' (1841 eI:) ivc vI z&rnwmy dy pRsMg
dw ivsiqRq rUp ivc vrxn nhIN kIqw imldw [ rweykot ivKy gurU jI nUµ Coty swihbzwidAW Aqy
mwqw jI dI ShIdI dw smwcwr imldw hY [ ie`Qy iek hvwlw zrUrI hY [ gurU swihb dI A`K ivcoN
swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI dw smwcwr sux ky hMJU ikr jWdw hY [ is`K pu`Cdw hY ik qusIN qW 'qU
krqy pr pUrn gXwnI ! qum BI gyrXo nYn qy pwnI ?16 gurU swihb ny ikhw ik jwh hry drKq qoN
p`qw qoV ky ilAw [ iPr is`K nUµ ikhw ik ibRC qW jVH hY jy ies dy p`qy tu`tx qy pwxI isMmdw hYmnu`K qW iPr cyqn hY [ mukdI g`l :
dohrw :
dInY ky hI bYT gur bYNqW ilKI ivcwr [
ikC jMg ikC nsIhq ikC aulWBy hkIkq fwr [3[
cOpeI :
su nurMgy v`l deI Glwie [ dXw isµG lY phMucXo jwie [
QoVHI aun suxI bhuqI rhI [ jw ins nOrMgy POqo BeI [ 17 (14)
sRI gurpRqwp sUrj gRMQ dy krqw BweI sMqoK isMG ny vI z&rnwmy dy pRsMg dw ivsqwr ivc
izkr kIqw hY [ ie`Qy swrI khwxI duhrwaux dI QW isr& z&rnwmy dy ilKx dy ipCokV Aqy AMq
ivc AOrMgzyb v`loN gurU jI nUµ ijQy cwhux Aqy ijvyN cwhux Aqy rihx dw sMKyp vrxn kIqw
jwvygw [ kvI jI ny iqMn pRsg
M W, pihlW z&rnwmw (5976) Aqy dUsrw z&rnwmw dIinE cVHnwienHW nUµ ibrqWq rUp ivc vrixq kIqw hY [ iPr qIsrw pRsMg rcnw ivc A`gy jw ky 'z&rnwmw
AOrMgzyb pws (6122) ies pRsMg ivc AOrMgzyb v`loN id`qy hukm dw hvwlw id`qw hY [ sMqoK isMG
Anuswr :
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
11
y
iek idn lKmIr iFg bolXo kr bMdy [
'AµgulI Cylhu krd qy ko hyq iblMdy [
'kwtiq jVH qurkwn kI AiqsY idRV joeI [
nStih skl BivK mih pwie n ikq koeI ['
mwn isµG BwKXo qbY kir hwin iemwnw [
pRQm nurMgy ko hqhu mic duMd jhwnw [ 18
gurU jI jvwb ivc kihMdy hn ik AOrMgzyb dUr d`Kx ivc bYTw hY au`Qy aus nUµ mwrnw
muSikl hY [ aus nUµ ^q ilK ky auQy bYTy nUµ hI mwr idMdy hW:
sRI muK qy kihN 'jMg qy hiq hoie n rMgw (nOrMgw) [
dUr dySæd`Cn ibKY hY Anbn FMgw [
qaU Pqy ko Kq ilKy piF kir mir jweI [
Aprn qy pltw lhY mm pµQ bfweI [ 19
gurU jI BweI dXw isMG Aqy Drm isMG nUµ z&rnwmw AOrMgzyb nUµ phuMcwaux leI AihdI
dw Bys bxw ky jwx leI iqAwr hox dw hukm idMdy hn [ AMq ivc bwdSwh ^q pVH ky gurU
swihb leI gurj brdwr Byj ky aunHW nwl mulwkwq dI ie`Cw zwihr krdw hY [
gurj dvwr dvY dIny sMg [ siB smJwXo gurU pRsMg [
siB ko htkXo iliK prvwny [ lrih n koie, jwihN ijs Qwny [ 20
igAwnI igAwn isMG ny Awpxy pRis`D gRMQ 'pMQ pRkwS' ivc z&rnwmy bwry izAwdw
ivsqwr ivc izkr nhIN kIqw [ sMKyp ivc auh vI iehI ilKdw hY ik swihbzwidAW dI Shwdq
qoN bwAd dIny ipMf ivc gurU swihb ny z&rnwmw ilK ky nOrMgy (AOrMgzyb) v`l ByijAw [
qb dIny nwm gRwm mWih [ gur iQr hkwieqw ilKI cwih [
ieqXwidk vrqXo ijqk hwl [ sB ilK kY sqgur nY ibswl [
iqh nwm jPrnwmw rKwie [ piqSwih pws dIny pTwey [
jb dXw isµG ny dXo jwie [ pF nOrMg qrPXo duK pwie [ 21
pRis`D kvI igAwnI igAwn isMG jI Awpxy pRis`D gRMQ 'qvwrIK gurU ^wlsw', Bwg
pihlw ivc z&rnwmy bwry ilKdy hn ik iek idn gurU jI Awpxy KXwl ivc ku`C Sbd boldy
hoey kwcU Awpxy h`Q dIAW auNglW au`qy Pyr rhy sy, smIr ny auNglIAW pr kwcU Pyrn dw kwrn
puCXw qW bcn hoXw qurkW dIAW jVHW qrws rhy hW [ BweI mwn isMG bolXw pihly AOrMgy dw
kwtl kro bwkI dy qurk inrbl ho ky Awpy mr jwxgy [ hukm hoXw BweI mwn isMG AOrMgy nUµ ju`D
ivc mwrnw sI, pr dUr jw irhw, lE hux bcn nwl hI AsIN aus nUµ mwrdy hW qy bjIdy gIdI nUµ
qW swfy isMG hI kw&r kr ky mwr C`fxgy [ eyqnw bcn kih ky gurU jI klm dvwq lY kr cubwry
dy AMdr jw bYTy, pihly Akwl purK dI mihmw ilK ky Pyr AOrMgy nUµ aulWBy bVy zor zor dy
ilKy...(bwrW hkwXqW ArQwq khwxIAW ilKIAW) eyho ijhy bhuq swry s`cy qwny qy ibRqWq TyT
&wrsI zubwn ivc ilK ky gurU swihb jI ny Es ilKq dw nwm z&rnwmw r`K kr d`Kx dyS
AOrMgwbwd ivc ij`Qy AOrMgw mRh`ØitAW nwl lV irhw sI, Es v`l BweI dXw isMG nUµ srb SkqI
sMpMn krky qor id`qw aus dy nwl cwr isMG hor qory Aqy hukm id`qw ijkMU AOrMgy ny gurU ky Gr auqy
AihdIAw ByjXw, Esy qrHW Es dy pRwx lYx vwly qusIN bI Awp nUµ gurU ky AihdIey smJo, qusW
iksy qoN frxw nhIN, AsIN sdIv quhwfy AMg sMg hW, koeI ibGn quhwfy nyVy nw Awvygw, qusIN
vYrI auqy Pqy pwEgy ['22 ieauN igAwnI igAwn isMG vI hkwXqW nUµ z&rnwmy dw AMg hI pRvwn
krdw hY [
pRwcIn is`K ieiqhws dy mh`qvpUrn sRoqW ivc vrixq z&rnwmy sMbMDI q`QW qoN bwAd
12
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AsIN iek AwDuink lyKk nirMjn isMG swQI dI gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy AnMdpur C`fx qoN
lY ky nWdyV swihb phuMc ky pMj BUqk srIr dI AMiqm ivdwiegI qIk dy swry s&r nUµ Aqy ies
s&r ivc Awey swry ieiqhwsk QwvW nUµ AwDwr bxw ky BUgol Aqy ieiqhws dw iek Aiq
pRmwixk Aqy suMdr sumyl aunHW v`loN klmb`D kIqI pusqk 'crn clau mwrig goibMd' ivc
bhuq q`Qwqimk Aqy klwqimk rUp ivc kIqw igAw pRwpq huMdw hY [ ivsY AnukUl AsIN isr&
z&rnwmy bwry drj pRsMg dw hI izkr krWgy [ ieh vI auh q`Q jo hor gRMQW ivc nw imldy hox [
swQI jI ny AOrMgzyb nUµ z&rnwmw phuMcx dy smyN bwry iliKAw hY ik 20 jnvrI 1706 nUµ
AOrMgzyb Aihmdngr Aw igAw Aqy 20 PrvrI 1707 qIk iesy jgHw hI irhw [ (ies dw
ieiqhwsk hvwlw sRI gur soBw vwly pRkrn ivc Aw cu`kw hY)
swQI Anuswr BweI dwieAw isMG Aqy BweI Drm isMG dw z&rnwmw lY ky Aihmd ngr
phuMcxw, bwdSwh nUµ imlx leI koiSSW krnw, Aw^r bwdSwh nwl mulwkwq hoxI qy aus nUµ
z&rnwmw sONpxw Aqy dohW isMGW dw pMjwb nUµ prqxw, ieh swrIAW GtnwvW- sMn 1706 eI: dy
A`D jW A^Ir ivc iesy sQwn qy hoeIAW [23
qkrIbn swry is`K ieiqhwskwrI dy soimAW ivc z&rnwmw pVHn qoN bwAd bwdSwh nUµ
AwpxIAW vDIkIAW, jbr Aqy gurU swihb nUµ DoKw dyx leI qoVIAW ksmW dy s`c dw Aihsws
huMdw hY Aqy auh mwnisk qOr qy burI qrHW prySwn ho jWdw hY [ ies prySwnI dy sb`b auh Awpxy
qIzy pu`qr muhMmd Awzm nUµ jo ic`TI ilKdw hY aus qoN bwdSwh dy mn AMdr pYdw hoeI bycYnI Aqy
ikAwmq dy idn A`lwh qwAlw dI drgwh ivc aus nwl sMswr ivc kIqy Zlq kMmW kwrx jo
iensw& hovygw-ies s`c nUµ icqv ky bwdSwh hor vI prySwn ho jWdw hY [ ^q dI iebwrq vyKo :
'idl v`c smwey myry pu`qr !......mYN AwpxI qu`Cqw dw AnuBv krdw hoieAw sMswr qoN jw
irhw hW [ mYN Awpxy pwpW qy AOguxW dw Pl Awpxy nwl iljw irhw hW [ mYN bVy pwp kIqy hn [
pqw nhIN aunHW dI mYnUµ kI szw imlygI? swvDwn koeI muslmwn nw mwirAw jwvy Aqy aus dw
Bwr myry isr nw cVHy [ .... hux mYN jw irhw hW [ Blw burw jo vI mYN kIqw- quhwfy leI kIqw hY [ iksy
ny AwpxI Awqmw nUµ jWdy hoey nhIN dyiKAw, pr mYN dyK irhw hW ik ieh jw rhI hY [24 swQI ny
z&rnwmy dy AOrMgzyb dy mn aupr pey pRBwv nUµ bhuq sMkocvyN Aqy pRBwvSwlI SbdW ivc ieauN
pyS kIqw hY [ z&rnwmy dy mzmUn ny AOrMgzyb nUµ JMjoV ky r`K id`qw sI [ sMBv hY ik ienHW ic`TIAW
(jo bwdSwh ny Awpxy dovyN pu`qrW nUµ ilKIAW sn) dI audws qy pCqwvy BrI sur dw kwrn
z&rnwmy dw pRBwv hI hovy, jo aus ny kuJ h&qy pihlW hI piVHAw sI [ dsm pwqSwh ny AOrMgzyb
nUµ aus dIAW vwAdw i^lw&IAW Aqy DoKybwzIAW bwry jo KrIAW-KrIAW suxweIAW sn Aqy
iPtkwrW pweIAW sn, auh AOrMgzyb dI fu`bdI byVI leI AwKærI p`Qr swbq hoeIAW[ ies leI
ieh kihxw Aiq kQnI nhIN hovygI ik AOrMgzyb dI mOq dI Aw^rI vjHw z&rnwmw hI sI [ dIny
kWgV ivc isMGW ny dsm pwqSwh nUµ jo bynqI kIqI sI, auh pUrn rUp ivc pRvwn ho geI [
z&rnwmy dy kwgzI qIr ny jwbr AOrMgzyb dw ihrdw ivMnH id`qw sI [ ie`Qy kbIr jI dIAW do
qukW ieMn-ibMn FukdIAW hn, BwvyN ieh iksy hor sMdrB ivc hI aucwrIAW geIAW hn :
kbIr siqgur sUrmy bwihAw bwn ju eyk [[
lwgq hI Buie igir pirAw prw kryjy Cyk [[ 25
20 PrvrI 1707 eI: nUµ AOrMgzyb sMswr nUµ Alivdw kih igAw [
(Aµg 1374)
pRis`D ivdvwn ipAwrw isMG pdm ny AwpxI pusqk 'dsm gRMQ drSn' ivc z&rnwmy
bwry iliKAw hY ik gurU goibMd isMG dIAW iqMn &wrsI rcnwvW pRwpq hn- hkwXwq, &iqhnwmw
Aqy z&rnwmw [ &iqhnwmw Swied AOrMgzyb vl ilKI pihlI ic`TI hY ijs dy kyvl 24 ku
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
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iSAr pRwpq hn prMqU dsm gRMQ ivc ieh Swiml nhIN [ z&rnwmw auh CMdbD &wrsI ^q hY, jo
gurU jI ny 1762 ib. dy muF ivc dIny kWgV (izlHw iProzpur)-(A`jklH izlHw biTMfw) dy mukwm
qoN AOrMgzyb dy nwm ilK ky ByijAw sI [ kuJ h`Q ilKq bIVW ivc ies nUµ jMgnwmw krky vI
iliKAw igAw hY [ ies dy ku`l iSAr 111 hn, keIAW hkwXq nM. s`q ivc Awey (4) SyAr 'kujw
Swih kYiKsru E jwim jm' Awid imlw ky ieh igxqI 115 id`qI hY [26
z&rnwmy bwry keI qrHW dy ivroDI ivcwrW dI puxCwx krn qoN bwAd pdm swihb ny ies
ieiqhwsk rcnw bwry jo is`ty k`Fy hn- aunHW dw swr ieh hY ik kysr isMG iC`br v`loN ies dy
iSArW dI igxqI 1400 d`sI geI hY- ho skdw hY ik ieh 114 hox [
dUsry hkwXqW Aqy z&rnwmw dohW nUµ dsm gRMQ ivc iek QW simlq krn dw AwDwr
aunHW dI &wrsI zubwn ivc rcIAW hox kwrx hY [ auNj hkwXqW dw z&rnwmy dy mUl pwT nwl
koeI sMbMD nhIN bxdw [ z&rnwmy bwry ieh vI aunHW ikhw ik ho skdw hY ik z&rnwmw iek lMmyrI
rcnw vI ho skdI hY-prMqU swfy qIk A`j qIk ijhVy 111 iSAr phuMcy hn, hux ieiqhwsk qOr
qy ieho z&rnwmy dw mukMml rUp pRvwn kIqw jwxw cwhIdw hY [ iek hor mh`qvpUrn s`cweI jo
pdm jI ny Awpxy ivSwl AnuBv nwl swhmxy ilAWdI hY Aqy jo insicq rUp ivc pRvwn
krnXog vI hY [ ieh hY ik &iqhnwmw (pihlI ic`TI) dy iSArW nUµ ies nwl n`QI nhIN sI kIqw
jw skdw ikauNik ijQy aus ivc kyvl do swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI vl ieSwrw hY auQy z&rnwmy
ivc cwry swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI vl sMkyq hY:
ichW Sud ik cUM b`cgW kuSqh cwr ik bwkI ibmwdsq pycIdw mwr [ 27
auprokq ieiqhwsk sRoqW Aqy AwDuink ivdvwnW dy ivcwrW dy mMQn qoN bwAd ieh is`tw
k`ØiFAw jw skdw hY ik ipAwrw isMG pdm dI z&rnwmy bwry kIqI Koj Aqy k`Fy gey is`ØitAW nUµ
A`j dI GVI srb pRvwinq mMnidAW A`goN jy kdI nvyN ieiqhwsk sRoqW jW q`QW dI l`Bq nwl
koeI nvW q`Q swhmxy Awvygw qW ienHW ivcwrW ivc soD kr leI jwvy [ iPlhwl auprokq
ieiqhwsk q`QW Aqy z&rnwmy bwry imlI pMCI Jwq jwxkwrI qoN bwAd hux ies rcnw dw
gMBIrqwpUrvk Aqy q`Q AwDwirq swihqk Aqy ieiqhwsk ivSlySx krn dw Xqn kIqw
jwvygw[ ivcwrW dI dunIAW ivc koeI ivcwr AMiqm nhIN huMdw Aqy koeI ivcwr inrol iksy
ivAkqI ivSyS dy idmwgæ dI kwF vI nhIN huMdw [ hr ivcwr dy bxn, ivgsx Aqy ibnsn dy
ip`Cy swfy pUry smwjk, swihqk, ieiqhwsk Aqy siBAwcwrk ivkws dI prMprw ikRAwSIl Aqy
ipCokV vjoN kMm kr rhI huMdI hY [ ikauNik swfy jnm vyly qoN bwAd pMjwb ivc aurdU/&wrsI dI
pVHweI-qMgnzr Aqy i&rkU soc vwly AwgUAW v`loN bMd kr id`qI geI sI [ swfI BwSw nUµ DrmW
nwl bMnHx vwlI Zlq Aqy AivigAwnk soc nUµ gurU dSmyS ipqw ny AwpxI bwxI nUµ pMjwbI,
ibRj, sMsikRq, &wrsI Awid BwSwvW ivc rc ky ies mnu`Kqw Aqy smwjk BweIcwry nUµ vMfx
vwlI qMg-nzr soc nUµ pihlW hI r`d kr id`qw hY [ jwpu swihb ivc r`b nUµ ikMny nwvW nwl
ivAkq kIqw hY [ iek QW ilKdy hn :
'Alwh hYN' [ iesy qrHW r`b bwry jwpu swihb ivc iliKAw 'ik swihb idmwgæ hY' ] 'ik
husnl crwgæ hYN [['
ilK ky ihMdU/muslmwn r`b dy &rk aùpr hI lkIr mwr id`qI hY [ kI &wrsI ivc z&rnwmw
ilK ky gurU swihb ny ieslwm dI syvw kIqI ? aunHW ny qW AOrMgzyb dI jwbr Awqmw nUµ aus
BwSw ivc JMjoiVAw ijs dw auh sB qoN v`fw ivdvwn sI [ AwDuink smyN dy iek Swier ny aurdU
zubwn nUµ isr& muslmwnW nwl nrVy jwx dy Zlq ruJwn qy ivAMg kridAW, Awpxy iek
^UbsUrq iSAr ivc ieauN &rmwieAw hY :
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mu`lw bnw dIAw hY iesy BI muhwzy jMg (muhwz-ie-jMg-lVweI dw mYdwn),
iek sulh kw pXwm QI aurdU zbW kBI [ (AwnMd nwrwiex mu`lw)
lE dyK lE krwmwq ieh ivcwr iek ihMdU Swier dy hn [ auNj swfI nzr ivc lyKk/
Swier ihMdU, muslmwn jW is`K nhIN huMdy auh ibhqr ienswn hI huMdy hn [ iek hor Swier dw
i^Awl quhwfI pySy-ie-nzr hY:
zulm aurdU py BI hoqw hY iesI insbq sy
log aurdU ko muslmW smJ bYTy hYN [ (AkIl nOmwnI)
so, myrI bhuqI inrBrqw z&rnwmy dy pMjwbI ivc imldy AnuvwdW qy hox kwrn Aqy ies
klwisk Aqy n&Is zubwn dw vwik& nw hox (zubwndwn hox dw qW svwl hI pYdw nhIN hMudw)
kwrx myrIAW BwSweI Bu`lW dI AgwaUN muAw&I nUµ pRvwn krnw Aqy ies lyK nUµ pVHidAW mn
ivc sMBwlI r`Kxw [
ies Koj-p`qr ivc AsIN BwSw ivBwg v`loN CwpI geI ^UbsUrq rUp ivc pRwpq pusqk
'byksW-rw Xwr gurU goibµd isµG' nUµ Awpxy AiDAYn leI AwDwr bxwieAw hY [ m`Dkwl ivc
smwj dI mu`K ivcwrDwrw Drm AwDwirq ivcwrDwrw sI [ ijvyN A`j pUMjIvwdI smwjk pRbMD
ivc ivigAwn/qrk AwDwirq ivcwrwDwrw lok cyqnw dy ivcwrDwrk pRgtwvy dw AwDwr
svIkwr kIqI jWdI hY [ so, Xug cyqnw dy muhwvry nUµ AwDwr bxwauNidAW, gurU goibMd isMG
mhwrwj ny z&rnwmw dw AwrMB Awpxy ieSt dI mihmw gwien krn qoN AwrMB kIqw hY [ ies
leI ies mihmw gwien dy leI srb SkqImwn prmwqmw dy guxW dw ivSyS qOr 'qy vrxn
kIqw igAw hY [ prmwqmw dy hzwrW guxW jW byAMq guxW dI mihmw gurU swihb ny AwpxI bwxI
jwpu swihb ivc vI bhuq bw-kmwl rvwngI, BwSw dy nvyN pRXg
o W Aqy bwxI dI AKùt sMgIqmeI
Aqy CMd Xukq Aqy qukWqmeI isrjxw nwl kridAW, AwpxI kwiv klw dy hzwrW rMg Awpxy
klwm ivc pRgt kIqy hn [ z&rnwmw dw mqlw jW pRkwS ies iSAr nwl kIqw igAw pRwpq
huMdw hY [ &wrsI dI kwiv-prMprw ivc ies nUµ 'hmd' AwKdy hn [
kmwl-ey- krwmwq kwiem krIm [ rzw b^S rwizk irhwkun rhIm [
ies dw ArQ hY ik prmwqmw pUrn, siQr, ikRpwlU, irzk dyx vwl bMdI CoV, idAwlU,
b^iSSW krn vwlw qy srb SkqImwn hY [
ies dy nwl hI dUsry iSAr dI krwmwq vyKo:
AmW b^S b^iSMdh E dsqgIr
^qw b^S rozI idho idl pzIr
auh prmwqmw SWqI dyx vwlw, b^Sxhwr, bWh PVn vwlw, Bu`lW muAw& krn vwlw,
rozI dyx vwlw qy mn mohx vwlw hY [
ies iSAr Aqy prmwqmw dIAW d`sIAW is&qW dw jy hor iDAwn nwl ivSlySx krn
dw Xqn krIey qW ieh swrIAW is&qW AOrMgzyb dI sMswrk s`qw, hMkwr Aqy zwilm hkUmq
au`pr iek bVw rwjnIqk Aqy dwrSink vwr hn [ ies qoN Agly iSAr ivc pyS s`c swfI ies
Dwrnw dI pUrn rUp ivc puStI krdw hY Aqy prmwqmw dI is&q slwh dy nwl-nwl ieh
AOrMgzyb dI izhnI ZrIbI Aqy hMkwr nwl BrI qMg nzr soc au`pr vI iek BrpUr hmlw hY [
gurU swihb dw iSAr hY :
SihnSwh-ey-KUubI idh E rihnmUM ik bygUn-E-bycUM au cUM bynmUM
(auh rwijAW dw mhwrwjw, guxdwqw, byimswl AwgU hY [ auh nykI dyx vwlw hY qy rMg rUp
qoN rihq hY [)
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
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ies ieko iSAr nwl gurU swihb ny prmwqmw dIAW ienHW is&qW dw izkr krky nw
kyvl prmwqmw dI is&q-slwh hI kIqI sgoN Awpxy jIvn drSn, jIvn idRStI Aqy
ivcwrDrw dw vI bhuq spSt rUp ivc inrUpn kIqw hY [ ies dw iek ArQ ieh vI bxdw hyY ik
jy rwijAW dw rwjw prmwqmw hY-qW AsIN (gurU swihb) qyry vrgy (AOrMgzyb) dI kI pRvwh krdy
hW [ ^ws krky auho ijhw bwdSwh ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUµ ieslwm Drm dw iek AiDkwrI
ivdvwn, pRcwrk Aqy pRswrk smJx dw vI Brm pwlI bYTw hovy [ jy ieslwm nUµ mMnx vwlw
AOrMgzyb, SWqI dyx vwlw, bKæSx vwlw, irzk dyx vwlw, mnmohxw Aqy srb gux sMpMn Aqy
srb klw smr`Q nhIN qW prmwqmw Aqy Awm sMswrI mnu`KW dI nzr ivc auh bwdSwh s`cw
muslmwn Aqy cMgw bwdSwh ikvyN ho skdw hY? ieauN z&rnwmw dy isr& Swbidk ArQW jW srl
ArQW nUµ duhrweI jwxw ies mhwn rcnw dy dUr rs pRBwvW nUµ smJx ivc swfI bhuqI shwieqw
nhIN kr skygw [ ieh TIk hY ik &wrsI zubwn ivc rcI geI hox kwrn ies rcnw dy ArQ Awm
pMjwbI pwTk dI smJ dw ih`sw bxn ivc iek hor BwSw dw igAwn nw hox kwrx iek rukwvt
bx jWdy hn [ ieh rukwvt rcnw dy Swbidk ArQW rwhIN kw&I h`d qIk h`l ho jWdI hY [ prMqU
rcnw isr& SbdW dI qrqIb hI nhIN huMdI [ isrjxwqimkqw kwrx ies ivc hor bhuq pihlU,
rMg Aqy prqW vI Swiml huMdIAW hn [ ijvyN gurU goibMd isMG jI ny AwpxI rcnw bicqR nwtk
ivc &urmwieAw hY jW r`b dI byAMqqw bwry Awpxy ivcwrW dw pRgtwvw kIqw hY:
Awpu AwpunI buiD hY jyqI [[ brnq iBµn iBµn quih qyqI [[
qumrw lKw nw jwie pswrw [[ ikh ibiD sjw pRQm sMswrw[[ (17)
(cOpeI swihb)
ievyN hI lyKk jW rcnwkwr iksy rcnw dw jnmdwqw huMdw hY [ rcnw dw dUsrw jnm aus
dy pwTk rwhIN huMdw hY [ iksy pwTk dI ikMnI ku swihqk smr`Qw hY, ieh pwTk dI AwpxI pRiqBw
Aqy aus dI ^ws pRkwr dI isKlweI Aqy AiBAws qy inrBr krdw hY [ swihq Awlocn dy ^yqr
ivc hux qIk qkrIbn iqMn pRmu`K ruJwn iksy swihqk ikRq (rcnw) dI smJ leI pRcilq rhy
hn [ pihlw ruJwn lyKk (isrjk) nUµ iksy rcnw dw jnmdwqw pRvwn kridAW, lyKk dI svY
jIvnI jW svY dy pRgtwvy nUµ iksy rcnw dw mUl pRvwn krdw hY [ dUsrw ruJwn lyKk dI rcnw nUµ
lyKk dy svY dy pRgtwvy dI QW swihq nUµ lyKk dI S^sIAq dy pRgtwvy dI QW S^sIAq dy
lukwvy (escape) dw swDn pRvwn krdw hY [ ies ruJwn dw pRmu`K isDWqkwr T.S. Eliot nUµ mMinAw
jWdw hY [ aus dw ivcwr sI ik Literature is not an expression of the personality but an
escape from the personality. qIsrw ruJwn rcnw nUµ lyKk Aqy pwTk dohW qoN mukq kridAW
kyvl swihqk ikrq jW literary text nUµ hI Awpxw AiDAYn vsqU bxwaux dy isDWq dI
pRoVqw Aqy sQwpnw krdw hY [ rolW bwrq, Paule de man, Derrida, Lacan, Levi Strauss Aqy
Saussure vrgy mhwn BwSw ivigAwnI ies isDWq nUµ sQwipq krn vwly AwgU icMqkW vjoN
jwxy jWdy hn [ ieauN AsIN iksy iek ruJwn jW iksy iek AwDwr ijvyN lyKk, pwTk, ikrq iqMnW
ivcoN iksy iek nUµ dUsry qoN vDyry mu`lvwn pRvwn krn dy Zlq ruJwn dy rwh pYx dI QW, isDWqk
rUp ivc ieh pRvwn kr skdy hW ik lyKk, pwTk Aqy ikRq iqMnW dy AwpsI dvMdwqimk sMbMDW
dI loA ivc hI AsIN iksy swihq ikRq dy shI swihqk mu`l dI ivAwiKAw, ivSlySx Aqy
mulWkx rwhIN, aus bwry iksy bwhrmuKI, ivigAwnk, Awlocnwqimk p`DqI dI sQwpnw kridAW,
aus dw Xog mùl pwaux dy Xog ho skdy hW [ iksy iek p`K au~pr zor dyx nwl lwzmI qOr qy bwkI
p`K Axif`T hoxgy Aqy nqIjn swfw AiDAYn iek pwsV, AsMquilq, aulwr Aqy AMqrmuKI
hox dy doSW qoN mukq nhIN ho skygw [ ies v`fy pRsMg ivc r`K ky hI AsIN z&rnwmw vrgI
klwisk rcnw dw AiDAYn Aqy ivSlySx krn dw Xqn krWgy [
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gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy prmwqmw dIAW hzwrW is&qW ivcoN ijhVI iek ivl`Kx
is&q vwr-vwr aunHW dI bwxI ivcoN idRStmwn huMdI hY auh hY prmwqmw dw 'grIbul prsqY' Aqy
'grIbul invwz' hox dw sMklp [ is`K Drm ivc Aqy bwkI DrmW ivc prmwqmw dy idAwlU,
r`ØiKAk, pwlxhwr hox dw srUp qkrIbn swry DrmW dI iek sWJI sMklpnw hY, prMqU prmwqmw
dy dYvI srUp Aqy inrMkwr rUp nUµ vyly dI smwjk siQqI ivc gærIbW, inmwixAW, inqwixAW
Aqy inAwsirAW dy r`ØiKAk dy rUp ivc, ijs qrHW gurU goibMd isMG jI ny prmwqmw dy ies
smwjk rol nUµ idRV krvwieAw hY ieauN Drm Kyqr nUµ smwjk Kyqr nwl joVidAW, aunHW iek
vwr iPr Drm dy ArQW nUµ iek ienklwbI ivSwlqw b^SI hY [ gurU swihb bicqR nwtk ivc
Awpxy jIvn dw prm audyS, 'Drm aupwrn', 'duSt ibdwrn' hI inrDwrq krdy hn [ ieh smu`cy
Bwrq dI rwjnIiqk ZulwmI dy nwl-nwl aus vyly dy Dwrimk AwgUAW v`loN Awpxy DrmW dI
rwKI v`loN ip`T krn kwrn, jo igrwvt Drm ivc pUrI qrHW PYl geI sI Aqy Drm kyvl iek
bwhrI ByK, kUVw krm-kWf Aqy jIvn dI Asl gqISIlqw qoN iblkul tu`t cu`kw sI-ies
murdyhwnI nUµ dUr krn ihq prmwqmw dy ies kRWqIkwrI Aqy SsqrDwrI rUp 'nmo ssqR pwxy [[
nmo AsqR mwxy [[' dw pRgtwvw gurU swihb dy jIvn-audyS dw iek Atu`t AMg bx igAw sI [
Awpxy mwnvvwdI kilAwxkwrI Aqy srb`q dy Bly vwly audyS dI pUrqI dw isMG-nwd aunHW
dI bwxI ivcoN ies pRkwr pRgt huMdw hY :
hm ieh kwj jgq mo Awey [[ Drm hyq gurdyv pTwey [[
jhW qhW qum Drm ibQwro [[ dust doKIAin pkir pCwro [[42[[ (bicqR nwtk)
sMswr dy bwkI DrmW ivc pRBU pRwpqI dw mnu`KI mnorQ qW kImqI Aqy srb sWJw kyNdrI
mnorQ hY [ prMqU gurU goibMd isMG ny ies AiDAwqmk mnorQ dw kwieAw klp kridAW, ies nUµ
AinAW Aqy jbr dy i^lw& Xu`D krn nUµ Swiml krky Drm nUµ jIvn dy nwl iekimk kr id`qw
hY [ Awp dw &urmwn hY :
DMn jIE iqh ko jg mY muK qy hir ic`q my juDu ibcwrY [
dyh Ain`q, n in`q rhY jsu nwv cVY Bv swgr qwrY [
(Koj p`ØiqRkw-pMnw 29)
ie`Qy gurU swihb dy jIvn-drSn dI ivSwlqw nUµ vI smJy jwx dI zrUrq hY [ ieh jMg
isr& ihMdUAW dy h`k ivc Aqy muslmwnW jW ieslwm dy ivruD nhIN sI [ ikauNik aunHW dI srbq
dy Bly Aqy hr iek nUµ brwbrI dyx vwlI idRStI aunHW dI Azmq nUµ hor vI mhwn bxwauNidAW,
swfy swhmxy swkwr huMdI nzr AwauNdI hY [ swirAW ivc prmwqmw dy dIdwr krn vwlI aunHW
dI bwxI m`Dkwl dy k`tVpRsqI Aqy i&rkwpRsqI ivc fu`by DrmW leI iblklu iek nvyN sUrj
dw audY hox vWg sI [
dyhurw msIq soeI, pUjw AO invwz EeI; mwns sbY eyk pY Anyk ko BRmwau hY [[
dyvqw Adyv, j`C gMDRb qurk ihµdU; inAwry inAwry dysn ky, Bys ko pRBwau hY [[
(Koj p`ØiqRkw, pµnw 15-16)
eykY nYn eykY kwn, eykY dyh eykY bwn; Kwk bwd AwiqS, AO Awb ko rlwau hY [[
A`lw AByK soeI, purwn Aau kurwn EeI; eyk hI srUp sbY, eyk hI bnwau hY [[
(Koj p`ØiqRkw, pµnw 16)
z&rnwmw dy A`TvyN iSAr ivc prmwqmw dy ies r`ØiKAk srUp dw ikMnw ^UbsUrq vrxn
kIqw igAw hY :
ik swihb-ey-SaUr Asq, Awijz nvwz
ZrIb-aul-pRsq-E gænIm-aul- gudwz (8)
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
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ijs dw spSt Bwv hY ik prmwqmw Drm soJIvwn hY Aqy inmwixAW nUµ invwjx vwlw
hY [ auh AnwQW dw pwlk qy duSmxW nUµ ^qm krn vwl hY [ iek vwr iPr iSAr nMbr bwrW ivc
prmwqmw dy srbSkqImwn hox dw sMdyS idMidAW Axkhy rUp ivc AOrMgzyb nUµ ^brdwr krdy
hn ik qyrw kIqw kuJ nhIN huMdw [ sB kuJ aus srbSkqImwn prmwqmw dy hukm ADIn vwpr
irhw hY :
guzwirµdw-ey-kwr-Awlm kbIr [
Snwisµdw-ey-ielm-Awlm AmIr [ (12)
prmwqmw dI mhwn hsqI hI ies dunIAw nUµ clwaux vwlI hY Aqy aus r`b nUµ swry sMswr
dw igAwn hY [ srbSkqImwn prmwqmw dI mihmw gwien qoN bwAd gurU jI ^q dy Asl
mzmUn v`l AwauNdy hn [ ^q dy AwrMB ivc hI gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ mu^wiqb huMidAW ilKdy
hn ik qUµ kurwn dI JUTI ksm Kwx vwlw Aqy ksm Kw ky mukrn vwlw hY [ ieMnw hI nhIN qyry swry
kirMdy Bwv qyry b^SI Aqy kwzI auh vI swry JUTy qy DoKybwz hn [ mYnUµ (gurU jI) ienHW aùpr Borw vI
ivSvws nhIN [ (iSAr 13, 14, 15) gurU swihb ijs gMBIr Aqy SWq lihzy ivc AOrMgzyb nUµ
lwhnq pw rhy hn, ieh ies iSAr rwhIN smJxw vwijb hovygw :
ksy kOl-ey-kurAW kund ieAqbwr [
hmW roz-ey-Awi^r, Svd mrd ^vwr [ (15)
jo AwdmI qyrI kurwn dI shuM au`qy Brosw kr lvy, Awi^rkwr KuAwr huMdw hY [ z&rnwmw
inrI ivcwrW dI jMg nhIN hY [ gurU swihb nUµ &wrsI dI AmIr kwiv prMprw, ieiqhws, imiQhws,
ibMbW Aqy pRqIkW dw vI bhuq gMBIr Aqy ivSwl igAn hwisl sI [ humw pMCI bwry iehI im`Q
pRcilq hY ik ijs ienswn aupr humw dw swieAw pY jwvy aus dw koeI kuJ nhIN ivgwV skdw [
ies lokDwrweI ivSvws Aqy imiQhwsk sMkyq nUµ vrqidAW gurU swihb ny humw Sbd dI vrqoN
prmwqmw leI krky Awpxy Awp nUµ sMswrk rwijAW jW q^qW qwjW dy mwlkW dI ZulwmI qoN
puUrI qrHW mukq kr ilAw Aqy nwl hI aunHW dI klm dI krwmwq hI hY ik Awpxy klwm ivc
aunHW AOrMgzyb nUµ iek clwk kW dw pRqIk bxw ky aus dI sMswrk s`qw nUµ im`tI ivc imlw id`qw
hY [ Awp dw iSAr bwdSwh nUµ ieauN iek bhuq bulMd Swn nwl mu^wiqb huMdw hY :
humwrw ksy swieAw AwXd b zyr [
bro dsq dwrd nw zwgy dlyr [ (16)
ies dw ArQ hY ik jy koeI humw dy pRCwvyN hTy Aw jwvy, aus nUµ kW h`Q nhIN pw skdw [ Bwv
ieh hY ik myry isr qy r`b dw swieAw hY, ies leI clwk kW (^ud AOrMgzyb) myrw kuJ nhIN ivgwV
skdw [
gurU swihb shuM Kw ky aus aùpr pihrw dyx dI puStI kridAW iSAr nMbr ATwrW ivc ieh
spSt krdy hn ik jykr mYN kurwn dI shuM gupq rUp ivc vI KwDI huMdI qW AwpxI QW qoN iek
kdm vI A`gy nw vDdw [ Bwv ieh ik qUµ ksm Kw ky vI aus au`qy kwiem nhIN irhw [
z&rnwmw ivc gurU swihb A`goN ilKdy hn ik Bu`Ky pyt cwlI AwdmI kI kr skdy hn jy
aunHW qy Acwnk bySumwr sYnw tùt pvy [ qyrw ieh vcn BMg krn vwlw lSkr qyZ qIr qy bMdUkW
lY ky Jtpt byqhwSw Aw ipAw [ ies leI mYnUµ mjbUrn jMg dy mYdwn ivc Awauxw ipAw Aqy
Ssqr Asqr vrqxy pey [
gurU swihb bhuq sulJy hoey sYnwpqI vWg AOrMgzyb nUµ AwpxI ilKq nwl, bwdlIl FMg
nwl Gyrn l`gy hoey hn [ aunHW jMg dI swrI izMmyvwrI AOrMgzyb dI kurwn dI JUTI ksm Aqy aus
dy lwm lSkr v`loN pihlW ibnW iksy qrHW dI BVkwht hoxdy- ies hmly leI aunHW nUµ pUrI qrHW
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izMmyvwr Tihrw id`qw hY [ A`lw Xwr KW jogI rihmwnI ny AwpxI mhwn nzm 'gMij ShIdW' ivc
cmkOr dI ies mhwn jMg dw ic`qr ieauN pyS kIqw hY :
mrGt kI qrHW ies GVI suMnswn jmIN QI [
^wmoSI sI CweI hUeI qw AriS-brIN QI [
vYrwnI QI AYsI n audwsI Xh khIN QI [
Aw&q QI, blw QI, iXh koeI rwq nhIN QI [
dunIAw py Qw CwXw hUAw, ies qrh AMDyrw [
lu`k gyNd ip im`tI kI ho ijs qrh sy Pyrw [
(bMd 26, pµnw 9)
ieauN gurU swihb ny AOrMgzyb nUµ ieh spSt kr id`qw ik auh jMg krnw nhIN cwhuMdy sn [
ieh jMg qW AOrMgzyb Aqy aus dI &Oj v`loN aunHW au`pr QopI geI sI [ ie`Qy hI bweHIvyN iSAr ivc
gurU swihb ny jMg sMbMDI Awpxw GoSxw p`qr jwrI kIqw [ ies iSAr bwry ieh vI ikhw jWdw hY
ik ieh iSAr Sy^ swAdI dw hY Aqy gurU swihb ny AwpxI rcnw ivc smo ky ies nUµ pyS kIqw hY [
ies iSAr nUµ smu`cy z&rnwmy dI Awqmw ikhw jw skdw hY [ gurU swihb ny Awpxy jIvn-drSn
nUµ ies iSAr rwhIN klwqimk Aqy dwrSink dohW rUpW ivc bw-kmwl AMdwz ivc pyS kIqw hY :
cu kwr Az hmh hIlqy dr guzSq ]
hlwl Asq burdn b SmSIr dsq ] (22)
jdoN koeI kMm swry hIly, auprwilAW qoN lMG jwvy qW h`Q ivc qlvwr lYxw jwiez hI hY [
iPr Agly hI iSAr ivc gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ svwl krdy hn ik mYN hux qyrI kurwn
dI ksm dw kI Brosw krW-vrnW qUµ hI d`s myrw ies (lVweI iBVweI) nwl kI sMbMD ? gurU
swihb ny AwpxI CotI ijhI aumr ivc 16 jMgW lVIAW Aqy Awpxy mu`TI Br isMGW dI dlyrI
Aqy Akwl purK dI rihmq nwl swrIAW ivc hI &iqh pRwpq kIqI [ 'cMfI dI vwr' bIr rsI
swihq ivc rcI auh mhwn rcnw hY, ijs nUµæpMjwbI swihq dI lwswnI bIr rsI vwr pRvwn
kIqw jWdw hY [ ies dw iek v`fw kwrx ieh vI hY ik bwkI bIr-rsI vwrW kvIAW v`loN AwpxI
klpnw Aqy kwiv-kOSlqw dy AwDwr qy rcIAW geIAW pRvwn kIqIAW jWdIAW hn [ cMfI dI
vwr gurU swihb dy Awpxy jIvn dy lVy gey jMgW dy AnuBv nUµ mUrqImwn krn vwlI rcnw
pRvwn kIqI jWdI hY [ ikhw jwxw cwhIdw hY ik ieh Ssqr Aqy Swsqr dohW dw AnUpm sMjog
hY[ z&rnwmw ivc vI cmkOr dI gVHI au`pr mugæl POj dy it`fI dl vloN jo bujidlwnw hmlw
kIqw igAw-aus Xu`D Kyqr dw idRS icqrx vI gurU swihb klm nwl qsvIr bxwaux dw
praupkwr kr rhy hn :
brMg-ey-mgs sXwh poS AwmdMd [
b Xk bwrgI dr KæroS AwmdMd [ (26)
qyrI (AOrMgzyb) iSAwh poS sYnw (kwlIAW vrdIAW vwlI) m`KIAW vWg Aw peI Aqy
rOlw pwauNdI iek dm tu`t peI [
cldy jMg Aqy mOq dy swhmxy vI gurU swihb Awpxy duSmx nUµ pCwxn ivc dyr nhIN
lwauNdy [ nvwb mlyrkotlw dy Brw nwhr ^w nUµ gurU swihb qurMq Awpxy qIr nwl sdw dI nINd
svw idMdy hn [ ies ieiqhwsk Gtnw dw izkr AwpxI rcnw dy au~nqIvyN iSAr ivc klmbMd
krdy hn :
cu dIdm ik nwhr ibXwmd bjMg
cSIdh Xky qIr-ey-mn by-drMg [
ies dw ArQ hY ik jd mYN nwhr KW nUµ jMg dy mYdwn ivc AwieAw dyiKAw qW aus ny qurMq
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
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myry qIr dw suAwd c`ØiKAw Bwv auh qIr Kw ky QW qy hI FyrI ho igAw [ iesy qrHW iek hor
ieiqhwsk hvwlw jo pTwx z&rbyg v`l sMkyq krdw hY dw vrxn vI iSAr nMbr 31 Aqy 34
ivc pyS kIqw igAw hY[ kmwl dI g`l ieh hY ik mOq dy nMgy nwc dy swhmxy vI gurU swihb
AwpxI sihjqw Aqy ivAMg nUµ AwpxI SwierI ivcoN gYr-hwzr nhIN hox idMdy [ mulwhzw
&rmwE jI :
ik AW ^vwjw mrdUd swXw-ey-dIvwr [
nXwmd b-mYdW b-mrdwnh vwr [ (34)
auh lwhxqI z&rbyg dIvwr dI Et hyT hI irhw [ bhwdrW vWg mYdwn ivc nhIN
AwieAw [ gurU swihb Agly iSAr ivc ibAwn krdy hn ik Agr mYN aus dw ichrw vyK lYNdw
qW iek qIr aus nUµ vI b^S idMdw [
iksy Swier dI iek nYiqk izMmyvwrI bx jWdI hY ik auh iksy vI Gtnw jW ivSyS krky
lVy jw rhy Xu`D dy idRS icqrx smyN dohW pwisAW bwry sMquilq, brwbrI vwly Aqy p`Kpwq mukq
q`QW dw vrxn kry[ nhIN qW Awpxy pwsy jW AwpxI sUrbIrqw dy sohly gwaux nwl rcnw dI
pRmwixkqw S`k Aqy by-ivSvwsI dy Gyry ivc Aw jWdI hY [ Xu`D vrxn vyly gurU swihb ny ^ud
jMg ivc Swiml ho ky lVn dy bwvjUd, dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW bwry iblkul brwbrI vwlw
slUk kIqw hY :
hmwi^r bsy z^m-ey-qIr-E-qu&Mg [
do sUey bsy kuSqw Sud bydrMg [ (36)
Aw^Ir qIrW qy bMdUkW dy P`t Kw-Kw QoVHy icr ivc hI dohW pwisAW dy bhuq swry AwdmI
mwry gey [ gurU swihb dI mubwirk klm dI nok hyT Aw ky rx-BUmI ivc fu`ØilHAw lhU vI ikMnw
suhjmeI rUp Dwrn kr lYNdw hY-Agly iSAr ivc ies suhj dy dIdwr-gurU swihb dI jMgW-ju`DW
Aqy mOq dI hwzrI ivc vI, jIvn nUµ suhjmeI bxwaux vwlI AnUTI idRStI-z&rnwmy dy hr
iSAr ivcoN nvyN sUrj vWg cmqkwrI rUp ivc audYmwn ho rhI nzr AwauNdI hY [
bsy bwn bwrId qIr-E-qu&Mg
izmI gSq hmcU gul-ey-lwlw rMg (37)
Bwv qIrW qy bMdUkW dI ieqnI vrKw hoeI ik zmIn lhU nwl posq dy Pu`lW vWg lwl ho
geI [ idRS-icqrx dw kmwl vyKo ik Agly hI iSAr ivc rx BUmI 'c iKMfIAW lwSW Aqy
mnu`KW dy v`Fy tu`ky AMgW bwry ilKdy hn ik imrqkW dy isr pYrW dy ieauN Fyr l`g gey ijvyN Kyf dw
mYdwn iK`do KUMfIAW nwl BirAw hovy [ (Bwv rx BUmI ivc isr iK`doAW vWg Aqy l`qW bwhW
KuMfIAW vWg iKlrIAW peIAW sn [) gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ svwl krdy hn ik Aw^Ir lVweI
ivc iek`lI bhwdrI kI kr skdI hY jykr cwlI AwdmIAW au`qy Axigxq POj h`lw kr dyvy [
ie`Qy ies g`l v`l ivSys qOr qy iDAwn dyxw bxdw hY ik gurU jI AOrMgzyb nUµ jW aus dI
POj nUµ isr& mYdwn-ie-jMg ivc hI mwq nhIN dy rhy sgoN aus nUµ Drm Kyqr (kurwn dI JUTI shuM
Kwx krky) Xu`D Kyqr (AswvIN jMg iek pwsy cwlI qy dUsry pwsy l`KW dI &Oj) nYiqk p`Dr
vwAdw i^lw&I krn qy vI AOrMgzyb nUµ pUrI qrHW inh`Qw Aqy kwier is`D kr rhy hn[ gurU swihb
iblkul s`cy su`cy rUp ivc Drm au`pr pihrw idMidAW ilKdy hn ik jo mnu`K kurwn dI ksm au`pr
Brosw krdw hY-prmwqmw aus nUµ rwh vI idKwauNdw hY Aqy r`b aus aùpr AweI hr musIbq nUµ twl
idMdw hY Aqy aus dw vwl vI ivMgw nhIN hox idMdw[ ies dy ault AOrMgzyb vI kurwn qy Brosw
kridAW kurwn dI ksm KWdw hY Aqy A`lwh qwAlw qy vI aus dw pUrw XkIn hY [ prMqU ieh sB
&ryb Aqy FONg hY [ l&zW ivc auh iek pwk muslmwn Aqy A`lwh qy Brosw krn vwlw hY-prMqU
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aus dy Aml dI p`Dr qy vyiKAW, auh Drm Aqy r`b dohW nUµ SrmSwr kr irhw hY [ gurU swihb ny
bhuq dlyrI nwl aus dy ies dMB nUµ nMigAW vI kIqw hY Aqy aus nUµ vMgwirAw vI hY [ dunIAw dy
swihq dy ieiqhws ivc ies qrHW dI sUrmgqI ivc A`Kr A`Kr gu`DI hoeI rcnw jo iek hMkwrI
Aqy k`tVpMQI, i&rkwpRsq bwdSwh nUµ llkwrn dw swihqk Aqy smwjk krm ieko vyly kr
rhI hovy- swnUµ bhuq hI G`t jW twvIN-twvIN vyKx nUµ imldI hY [ bwdSwh nUµ ieauN vMgwrnw- ieh
dSmyS ipqw hI kr skdy hn :
ndwnm ik eIN mrd-ey-pYmW iSkn
ik dOlq pRsqsq E-eImW i&gn [ (45)
mYnUµ (gurU jI nUµ) ieh pqw nhIN sI ik ieh iekrwr qoVn vwlw (AOrMgzyb) tky dw murId hY
qy Drm eImwn nUµ pry su`t dyx vwlw hY [
AOrMgzyb dI swihqk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`Dr 'qy jo durgq gurU swihb ny Awpxy Agly
iSAr rwhIN kIqI hY- ies nwl gurU swihb dI rOSn-zmIr Aqy rOSn idmwgæsoc dI AnMqqw dw
AMdwzw lwauxw swDwrn b`D mnu`KW dy v`s qoN bwhr hY [ dunIAwdwrW dy rsmo irvwz Anuswr jy
AsIN nyVy qoN nyVy dy dosq nUµ vI jy koeI s`cI g`l kihxI hovy qW AsIN ihMmq nhIN jutw pwauNdy
blik keI qrHW dy ivMg vlyvyN pw ky AwpxI g`l kihx dw koeI sOKw qy FukvW ijhw rsqw
qlwS krdy hW [ gurU swihb dI dlyrI, spStqw Aqy bwdSwh dy mUMh qy aus dI igrwvt v`l
iDAwn idvwaux dI ieiqhwsk dlyrI, gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy ih`sy hI AweI hY[ Awp ny ic`ty
idn vWg sw& bwdSwh nUµ aus dIAW krqUqW dw SISw ivKwieAw hY[ prMqU aus qoN vI v`fI
pRwpqI ieh ik 'sc suxwiesI sc kI bylw' dI gurbwxI prMprw nUµ A`gy qoridAW, AOrMgzyb leI
iksy ApSbd jW kOVy bcn nUµ klm dy nyVy nhIN Fukx id`qw [ Awp &urmwauNdy hn ik :
nw eImW pRsqI n AOjwie dIN
n swihb SnwsI n muhMmd XkIN
hr AW ks ik eImW pRsqI kund [
n pYmW KudS pyS-E-psqI kund [ (46-47)
AOrMgzyb nw qUµ Drm au`qy kwiem hYN qy nw hI SrIAq dw pwbMd hYN [ nw qYnUµ r`b dI pCwx
hY Aqy nw hI qyrw hzrq muhMmd swihb au`qy Brosw hY [ jo mnu`K Drm qy clx vwlw huMdw hY auh
kdy vI Awpxy vwAdy qoN nhIN iPrdw [ gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ gMBIrqw pUrvk ieh qwkId
krdy hn ik BwvyN qUµ sO bwr kurwn dI ksm KwvyN, mYnUµ qyry auqy rqw vI ivSvws nhIN [ kurwn
mjId ivc ^ud muhMmd swihb sUrw pMj (Al mwiedw) Awieq 89 ivc ^brdwr kridAW
&urmwn idMdy hn ik 'qusIN lok ijhVIAW inrwrQk shuMAW Kw lYNdy ho auhnW auqy A`lwh quhwnUµ
nhIN PVdw, pr ijhVIAW shuMAW qusIN jwx buJ ky KWdy ho auhnW auqy auh quhwnUµ zrUr PVygw...
AwpxIAW shuMAW dI rwKI kirAw kro [ ies qrHW A`lwh Awpxy AwdyS quhwfy leI spSt
krdw hY Swied ik qusIN DMnvwd kro ['28 iek hor ZlqI dw Aihsws krwauNidAW, gurU swihb
ilKdy hn ik jy qYnUµ rb Aqy kurwn SrI& au`qy Brosw huMdw qW qUµ kmrksw krky myry nwl lVn
leI nw AwauNdw [ gurU swihb Amn-Amwn nUµ ikMnw ipAwr krdy sn- ies dw AMdwzw ies
q`Q qoN ho jWdw hY ik AOrMgzyb nwl lgwqwr lVweI ivc pey rihx dy bwvjUd gurU swihb
ilKdy hn ik lVweI krn dI QW qUµ myry kol ie`zq nwl AwauNdw Aqy AsIN ipAwr nwl
g`lbwq kr skdy sI, so ies bcn bwry qyrw ieh &rz bxdw hY ik qUµ Awpxy kOl iekrwr Aqy
ksm qy kwiem rhyN [
gurU swihb dI ilKq qoN ieh vI zwihr huMdw hY ik AOrMgzyb ny Awpxy iksy BrosyXog eylcI
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
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rwhIN gurU swihb nUµ ilKqI p`qr ByijAw sI Aqy g`lbwq krn dw Brosw vI id`qw sI [ iesy
kwrx gurU jI curMjvyN iSAr ivc ilKdy hn ik 'qyrw iliKAw hoieAw ^q Aqy zubwnI sunyhw mYnUµ
imilAw [ qYnUµ cwhIdw hY ik hux qUµ ies kMm nUµ TIk qrHW isry cwVH dyvyN ['
iek hor iSAr rwhIN gurU swihb ny AOrg
M zyb dI sON cuk
` I zmIr Aqy aus dy dMB nUµ vMgwridAW
Awpxy jIvn-drSn nUµ ieauN pyS kIqw hY :
hmUµ mrd bwXd Svd su^nvr [
n iSkmy idgr dr dhwin idgr ] (55)
mrd nUµ cwhIdw hY ik auh bcnW dw pUrw hovy [ ieh auicq nhIN ik idl ivc hor Aqy mUMh
qy kuJ hor hovy [ bwbw &rId jI ny Awpxy iek Slok ivc ies s`c dw pRgtwvw bwrHvIN/qyrHvIN
sdI ivc krky ieh sQwipq kr id`qw ik pMjwbI siBAwcwr ivc dMB krn vwly mUMhoN kuJ hor
Aqy idloN kuJ hor krn vwly ivAkqI nUµ ie`zq dI ingHw nwl nhIN vyiKAw jWdw irhw hY [ gurU
swihb ny AOrMgzyb dy iesy doglypn nUµ nMgw krn dw kmwl AwpxI klm nwl kIqw hY [
auprokq iSAr dw ArQ hY ik mrd nUµ cwhIdw hY ik auh bcnW dw pUrw hovy [ ieh auicq nhIN ik
idl ivc hor Aqy mUMh qy kuJ hor hovy [ bwbw &rId jI dw slok vI iesy dMB Aqy duPyV nUµ swfy
swhmxy nMigAW krdw hY :
idlhu muhbiq ijµn syeI sicAw [[
ijn min horu muiK horu is kWFy kicAw [[2]
(Awsw, syK PrId jIau, Aµg 488)
AOrMgzyb nUµ gurU swihb ny jIvn dy hr Kyqr ivc mwq id`qI [ gurU jI ny ieh vI iliKAw
ik ijs kwzI dy h`Q qUµ ksmnwmw ByijAw sI [ Agr qUµ auh vI dyKxw cwhuMdw hY qW auh
ksmnwmw vI myry kol hY [ jy qUµ ies nUµ dyKxw cwhuMdw hY qW mYN ies ksmnwmy nUµ, qYnUµ ivKw vI
skdw hW [ ies qoN v`fI nYiqk nmoSI AOrMgzyb leI hor kI ho skdI sI [ ijhVw bwdSwh hox dy
nwl-nwl Awpxy Awp nUµ iek s`cw muslmwn vI smJdw sI [
iek hor ieiqhwsk ngr kWgV dw izkr kridAW gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ &urmwauNdy hn
ik Agr qusIN cwho qW kWgV dy sQwn qy swfI dohW dI AwpsI mulwkwq ho skdI hY [ gurU swihb
kihMdy hn ik jy qUµ ^udw pRsq hY qW ies kMm ivc dyr nw krIN Aqy jldI Aw ky mYnUµ iml- ie`Qy
qYnUµ koeI ^qrw vI nhIN ikauNik swrI bYrwV kOm myry kihxy ivc hY [
dfbjij dl>z fsq bVplji@ #wj;g V[ u' dHwijiVjqj wpijV sg duvs RpKa[ dvt w[
WjsLJh r,Dv'G dvbJsj lg@ Rph Fjr[G qPv iPf dry ljc[ \fsq| fjl Vhk@ fi.aP epiP ljdhW fjl
wJeC fhp.yS r[v[ a,w quPs lg m dHl[ wiw[ RpV%J ;`ØiVjq[ dry WjsLjh s[ dZbjV e'yi[
wiV vHg Rph ljigbJ LiaJ yji dLbiJ LiaJ yji dLbiJ dry wvqW.s wiw[ Rpl } F[u
ds,agbJ lV m RpV%J lj` dvdtbj ] dw u[wi aplk wpijV sg duvs RpKa[ dvdtbj Rph #wlqVjqj$
s[tSj yjhp.s[ h' aJ q{G aphj} F[u ds>sj hJ ^
qurw gr bbwXd AW kauly kurW
binzdy Sumw rw rswnm hmw [ (57)
ies 'ksmnwmy' ivc cwr motIAW g`lW sn :
1.
qusIN (AwnMdpur C`f ky) kWgV qSrI& lY jwE, ies ip`CoN hI bwdSwh nwl mulwkwq ho
skygI [
2.
quhwnUµ mwlvy dy jMglI ielwky v`l Awaux dw koeI ^qrw nhIN, ikauNik bYrwV kOm swfy
ADIn hY [
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3.
4.
jy qusIN ieDr Aw hI jwE qW zubwnI g`l krky hmdrdwnw FMg nwl swrw mwmlw inptw
leIey [
ieDr Awaux qy quhwnUµ 'Xk Asp' (iek GoVw r`Kx dw h`kdwr svwr) 'iek hzwrI' dw
AiDkwr vI hwisl hovgw [
ieh cwry g`lW jo hkUmq dI pySkS sn ienHW nUµ siqgurW hyT ilKy iSArW ivc klmbMd
krky bwdSwh v`l iBjvwieAw hY :
ik qSrI& dr ksbw kWgV kund ]
vjW pws mulwkwq bwhm Svd ] (58)
n z`rh drIN rwhy ^qrw qurwsq ]
hmh kOim bYrwV hukmy mrwsq ] (59)
ipAwrw isMG pdm ienHW iSArW dy ArQ ieh krdy hn ik ieh Sbd gurU swihb v`loN
ArMgzyb nUµ nhIN sgoN ijhVI ic`TI Aqy zubwnI sunyhw kwzI rwhIN gurU swihb nUµ AwieAw sI-aus
Anuswr bwdSwh ArMgzyb ny gurU jI nUµ s`dw id`qw sI ik qusIN kWgV Aw jwE [ ieh QW swfI
mulwkwq leI suKwvIN rhygI ikauNik quhwfI (gurU swihb dI) jwn nUµ ie`Qy koeI Kqrw nhIN hovygw
ikauN ik swrI brwV kOm swfy kihxy ivc hY [ pdm swihb ies dy do kwrx ibAwn krdy hnpihlw ieh ik kWgV ksbw rwey joD ny vswieAw sI Aqy ieMnHW dI irSqydwrI Akbr bwdSwh
nwl sI [ dUsry rwey joD dy vMSz lKmIr Aqy smIr, qKqm`l Awid gurU swihb leI ivSyS SrDw
r`Kdy sn [ qIsry kWgV phuMcx qIk gurU swihb dw brwVW dy BweIcwry au`pr koeI ^ws pRBwv
Aqy SrDw Ajy nhIN bxI sI [ so ^q dy ieh ArQ izAwdw shI, XQwrQk Aqy qrksMgq lgdy
hn [ ieh vI Xwd r`ØiKAw jwvy ik AOrMgzyb nUµ gurU swihb dI ih&wzq dI koeI loV nhIN sI
ikauNik auh ^ud bhuq v`fI slqnq dw sulqwn sI [ hr ivsqwr leI vyKo (ipAwrw isMG pdm,
z&rnwmw, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr 2013 pMny 17-18)
gurU swihb dI ilKq dI iek hor ^UbsUrqI Aqy kwmXwbI ies q`Q ivc vyKI jwxI bxdI
hY ik auh bwdSwh nUµ iksy hor dy kihx 'qy iksy aùpr A`ØiqAwcwr krn nUµ cMgw nhIN smJdy [ iPr
AOrMgzyb dI iek bwdSwh Aqy mulk dy srdwr vjoN bhuq ie`zq krdy hn prMqU nwl hI ibnW
iksy iek vI mMdy jW kOVy l&z dI vrqoN krn qoN, bVy hOsly nwl ieh vI kih idMdy hn ik
ijhVy kMm qUµ kr irhw hYN, ieh inMdxXog Aqy iGRxq kMm hn- bwdSwhW Aqy srdwrW nUµ ieho
ijhy nIc kMm SoBw nhIN idMdy [ mulwhzw PrmwE :
qU msnd nsIN srvr-ie-kwienwq [
ik Ajb Asq iensw& eIN-hm-is&wq
ik Ajb Asq iensw& E dIN prvrIN [
ik hY& Asq sd hY& eIN srvrIN [ (62-63)
qyrw ieh iensw& Aqy Drm pwlxw AjIb ijhI g`l hY [ qyrI ies srdwrI aùqy A&sos hY,
sO vwrI A&sos hY [
Awpxy duSmx nUµ ijs Adb Aqy Swn nwl gurU swihb ny sMboiDq kIqw hY-sMswr swihq
dy ieiqhws ivc ieh iek v`fw swihqk cmqkwr hY-ijs dw swnI hor koeI swihqkwr Swied
nw hovy [ Awpxy isr v`FvyN vYrI ijs ny gurU swihb dy cwry swihbzwidAW nUµ ShId krn dI
Axmnu`KI kwrvweI Aqy izMmyvwrI nUµ Awpxy isr 'qy sjwieAw hovy, aus nwl vI ieMnw bw-Adb
slUk ieh pMjwb dI im`tI dI iek mhwn prMprw Aqy swfI Swndwr ivrwsq dI kdy nw imtx
vwlI iek dwsqwn bx geI hY [ jy pMjwbI dy TyT lok muhwvry ivc kihxw hovy qW kihxw
bxdw hY ik bwdSwh nUµ ikhw vI kuC nhIN Aqy bwdSwh dw C~ifAw vI kuC nhIN [
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
23
A`goN iPr by-pRvwh Aqy srbklw smr`Q prmwqmw dI is&q slwh kridAW AOrMgzyb nUµ
gw&lqw ivcoN inkl ky prmwqmw v`loN drswey s`cy rwh au~pr qurn leI pRyirAw hY [
gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj ny prmwqmw dIAW byAMq is&qW kIqIAW hn [ jwpu swihb ivc
prmwqmw dy nwvW dw mINh pYx lw id`qw hY prMqU swfI nzr ivc r`b nUµ SsqrW nwl joV ky
pUjxXog bxwauxw 'nmo ssqR pwxy [[ nmo AsqR mwxy ]' (jwpu swihb) [ 'bicqR nwtk' dw AwrMB
vI pRBU dy KVg rUp nUµ nmskwr kridAW, 'nmskwr sRI KVg ko krON su ihqu icqu lwie' nwl
krdy hn [ ies pRkwr cMfI dI vwr dw AwrMB vI 'pRQm BgauqI ismr kY' dy mhWvwk nwl krdy
hn Aqy sB qoN v`D gurU swihb dy r`b dw 'grIbul invwz hYN' Aqy 'grIbul prsqY" hoxw do
AijhIAW is&qW hn ijnHW dI sB qoN izAwdw mwqrw ivc vrqoN gurU goibMd isMG jI dI bwxI
ivc hI kIqI geI pRwpq hMudI hY [ Drm-Swsqr Aqy AiDAwqimk Kyqr dy ivdvwnW nUµ ienHW do
fUMGIAW rmzW dy ArQW nUµ smJx leI aus vyly dy BwrqI smwj ivc AOrMgzyb dI Dwrimk
k`tVpMQI, qMg-idl ieslwm pRsqI Aqy Awm lokW au`pr hox vwly hkUmqI jbr Aqy Awm
jnqw v`loN ies jbr Aqy zulm dw ivroD krn dI QW, ies A`gy lMmy pY jwxw, auh smwjk Aqy
ieiqhwsk pRsMg Aqy kwrx hn, ijnHW ivcoN gurU swihb ny SsqrW nUµ r`b dw rUp dy ky pUjxXog
bxw id`qw Aqy ieh sMdyS vI id`qw ik Drm dy leI Dwrimk ikRAwvW dI pwlxw kridAW,
ijhVI mukqI mnu`K nUµ keI jnmW ivc msW pRwpq huMdI hY, zulm dy ivru`D lVidAW ShIdI
pRwpq krky mnu`K ausy vkq mukqI nUµ pRwpq kr lYNdw hY [ AMimRq Ckwaux dI mhwn prMprw vI
mnu`K nUµ mOq dy BYA qoN pUrI qrHW mukq krn dI iek ieiqhwsk dyx vjoN dyKI jwxI cwhIdI hY [
ZrIbW pRqI gurU swihb Aqy aunHW dy sMklpy prmwqmW dw ipAwr ieho ijhw hY, ies dI iek
imswl ies iSAr ivcoN vyKI jw skdI hY :
ik aU rw cU iesm Asq Awijz nvwz [
ik aU by ispws Asq aU by inXwz [ (70)
aus dw nW ZrIb invwz hY [ aus nUµ iksy vI ^uSwmd dI loV nhIN [ auh bVw bypRvwh hY [
gurU swihb bwdSwh nUµ ^brdwr kridAW ilKdy hn ik bwdSwh hox kwrn iqrI ieh izMmyvwrI
bxdI hY ik qUµ kurwn dI KwDI hoeI ksm au~pr pUrw auqryN Aqy Awpxw vwAdw pUrw kryN [
gurU swihb ny iek kmwl dy XoDy vWg muZl swmrwj nwl AwpxI AsUlI lVweI jW jbr
ivru`D lVy gey Xu`D dw nqIjw pyS kridAW AOrMgzyb nUµ ^brdwr kIqw ik ieh mq smJ ik qUµ
myry cwr b`cy ShId krky bhuq v`fI m`l mwr leI hY, sgoN qyry leI ^wlsy dy rUp ivc iek v`fI
musIbq qW qyry nwl do h`Q krn leI bwkI bYTI hY [ ies musIbq ny bhuqw smW nhIN bIqx
id`qw [ bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI AgvweI ivc ijs srihMd ivc vjId Kwn ny Coty swihbzwdy
ShId kIqy sn, au~Qy hI 12 meI 1710 ivc vjIdy nUµ soiDAw igAw Aqy pihly is`K rwj dI
nINh r`KI geI [
auNj qW bwdSwh dIAW A`KW KolHx leI gurU swihb ny pihlW vI koeI mOkw h`QoN nhIN jwx
id`qw prMqU swihbzwidAW qoN bwAd kuMflIdwr ^wlsy dw bwkI bcy rihxw-AOrMgzyb dI Biv`K
ivc vI nINd ^rwb krn leI iek hor Asqr ikhw jw skdw hY :
ichW Sud ik cUM bc`gW kuSq cwr
ik bwkI bmWdsq pycIdw mwr (74)
auprokq iSAr vI z&rnwmy dy bhuq mh`qvpUrn iSArW ivcoN iek pRvwn kIqw jWdw hY [
ies dw ArQ hY ik 'kI hoieAw jy myry cwr b`cy mwry gey [ Ajy qW kuMflIdwr BuJMgI (Bwv ^wlsw)
bwkI hY [ AwpxI dlIl nUµ hor A`gy qoridAW gurU swihb Agly iSAr ivc ibAwn krdy hn
24
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
ik ic mrdI ik A^gr ^moSW kunI [
ik AwiqS dmW rw Purozw kunI [ (75)
cMigAwiVAW nUµ buJwaux ivc qyrI kI bhwdrI hY jd ik qUµ iek pRcMf jvwlw nUµ hor
BVkw irhw hYN [ ies dw spSt ArQ ieh sI ik cwr mwsUs b`ØicAW nUµ ShId krky qUµ ieh Brm
nw pwl bYTIN ik jbr ivru`D swfw sMGrS ^qm ho igAw hY [ qyry zulm nwl is`Jx leI Ajy
^wlsw pMQ dw sMgTn (pycdwr s`p) qyry nwl do h`Q krn leI bwkI hY [ gurU swihb ny AOrMgzyb
nUµ spSt sMdyS id`qw ik jy qUµ kurwn SrI& dIAW sO ksmW vI KweyN qW mYnUµ aunHW au`qy rqw vI
ieqbwr nhIN [ iksy bwdSwh leI ies qoN v`fI lwhnq hor kI ho skdI hY [ aunHW r`b au`pr
Awpxw Brosw pRgt kridAW iPr ikhw ik mYN nw qW qyry kol AwvWgw nw ies rwh pvWgw [
prmwqmw ny mYnUµ ij`Qy r`ØiKAw mYN au`Qy hI rhWgw [ ieh sunyhw ilKqI rUp ivc bwdSwh dI s`qw nUµ
is`DI vMgwr hY [ bwdSwh nUµ SryAwm JUTw, byieqbwrw Aqy kOl qoN mukrn vwlw, kurwn dI ksm
qoVn vwlw, kihx dI sUrbIrqw Aqy dIdw dlyrI dsm pwiqSwh dI klm dI krwmwq hI ho
skdI hY [
Swier auh jo klm cu`kx bwAd duSmx nwl vI byiensw&I nw kry [ pMjwbI dy hrmn
ipAwry Swier gurU nwnk swihb ny pihlW hI ieh isDWq sQwipq kr id`qw sI ik 'kUV inKuty
nwnkw EVik sic rhI' (AMg 953) pMjwbI dy mhwn Swier vwirs Swh ny vI AwpxI mhwn
rcnw hIr ivc iliKAw hY ik 'Aw^r s`c dw s`c hI inqrygw koeI dyS nw vsdy JUiTAW dy' [ gurU
swihb ny AOrMgzyb dI iek sUrbIr, inpuMn XoDy, isAwxy Aqy dUr-AMdyS bwdSwh vjoN qwrI& vI
isry dI kIqI hY [ koeI Gwt jW qoVw nhIN r`ØiKAw [ pRSMsw krn vyly vI gurU swihb dI klm ny
nvyN, ivl`Kx Aqy AnUTy pUrny pwey hn [ bwdSwh dI is&q aunHW Awpxy klwm dy iSAr nM.
85,86,87,88,89 pMj iSArW ivc kIqI hY [ ivsqwr qoN bcx leI AsIN isr& iek iSAr nUµ
mUl rUp ivc pwTkW nwl sWJw kr rhy hW :
ik husn-aul-jmwl Asq-E-rOSn zmIr ^udwvMd mulk Asq swihb AmIr [ (87)
ik b^iSS kbIr Asq-E-dr jMg koh [ mlwiek is&q cUM sur`Xw iSkoh [ (89)
hy AOrMgzyb qUµ sohxw, suMdr Aqy isAwxw vI hYN [ qUµ mulk dw bwdSwh Aqy hwkmW dw
srdwr hYN [ qUµ bKiSS dwn krn ivc v`fw hYN qy jMg ivc phwV vWg Afol rihx vwlw hYN [ qUµ
&irSiqAW dy guxW vwlw Aqy au`cI Swn vwlw hNY [
ie`Qy Awm pwTk leI ieh duibDw KVHI ho jWdI hY jW ho skdI hY ik iek pwsy qW gurU
swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ JUTw, m`kwr, pYmwn-iSkn (bcn qoV) Aqy kurwn mjId dI ksm Kw ky
mukrn vwlw kih ky BMf rhy hn [ dUsry pwsy iek bwdSwh Aqy sUrbIr vjoN aus dI qwrI& vI kr
rhy hn [ gurbwxI dI smùcI igAwn prMprw jW drSn pRxwlI ivc Aijhy svY ivroD bhuq QwvW
qy nzr AwauNdy hn [ imswl dy qOr 'qy 'Awsw dI vwr' ivc iek QW gurbwxI dw &urmwn hY ''kUVu
rwjw kUVu prjw kUVu sB sMswr'' [ (pMnw 468) dUsry pwsy Awsw dI vwr ivc ieh vI iliKAw
imldw hY ik 'scy qyry KMf scy bRhmMf [[ scy qyry loA scy Awkwr [[ (pMnw 463) bhuq swry ivdvwn
qrk sMgq FMg nwl ies duibDw dw h`l iksy kQn dy pRsMg ivc r`K ky TIk dwrSink idRStI
qoN kIqI ivAwiKAw nwl ies dw h`l suJwauNdy hn [ ievyN hI ie`Qy gurU swihb ny AOrMgzyb nwl
duSmx huMidAW vI aus nwl koeI byiensw&I nhIN kIqI [ AOrMgzyb dI kQnI qy krnI ivc ijQy
pwVw-AMqr ivroD Aqy dMB hY, aus QW au~pr nw kyvl auNgl hI r`KI blik bVI gMBIrqw Aqy
sUrbIrqw nwl aus dy JUT nUµ nMigAW vI kIqw hY [ sMswr dy swihqkwrW leI iek klwisk rol
mwfl bxidAW Aqy s`c au~pr pihrw dyx Aqy duSmx nwl vI AiqAMq siBAk BwSw Aqy
au~qm mnu`KI siBAwcwrk vrqwE kIqy jwx dI AmIr swihqk prMprw dI vI mzbUq nINh r`KI
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
25
hY [ pMjwbI dy isrmOr ivdvwn igAwnI lwl isMG Awpxy iek lyK gurU goibMd isMG jI dI
gurmiq swihq nUµ dyx ivc ilKdy hn ik aunHW v`loN ilKy p`qr dw iek-iek iSAr AxK,
svYmwn qy pRBU ivSvws nUµ jgwauNdw hY [ iesy klwmeI bwxI dw pRBwv sI ik Bwrq dy ikrqI
ikswn muZl swmrwj dy i^lw& auT Kloqy Aqy sdIAW dI ZulwmI dIAW jMzIrW qoVn ivc
s&l hoey [29 BwSw dy klwqimk, dwrSink Aqy suhjwqimk pRgtw ivc iksy klmkwr nUµ ikMnw
sucyq, eImwndwr, inrp`K Aqy sUJvwn hoxw cwhIdw hY, ieh mhwn gux z&rnwmw vrgI mhwn
rcnw dy hr& hr& ivcoN pRkwSvwn krky gurU swihb ny dyg Aqy qygædy nwl-nwl AwpxI
klm dI zulm au~pr &iqh rwhIN ies rcnw nUµ iek ieiqhwsk Aqy sMswr p`Dr dI klwisk
rcnw bxw id`qw hY [ (sMsikRq dw iek Slok hY ik jy rqn nUµ kIVw l`g jwvy qW kOfIAW qoN Kotw
nhIN huMdw [ gurU swihb ny bhuq muh`bq nwl ieh g`l idRV krvw id`qI hY ik hr mnu`K ivc gux
Aqy AOgux dovyN huMdy hn [ AOrMgzyb iek pwsy kMnW dw k`cw, Dwrimk qOr qy k`tVpRsq, dUsirAW
dy Drm Aqy AwzwdI nUµ brdwSq nw krn vwlw Aqy Awm lokW aùpr zulm krn vwlw bwdSwh
hY [ dUsry pwsy Swndwr S^sIAq dw nkSw gurU swihb dI klm ny pyS kIqw hY ik AOrMgzyb
suMdr, sohxw, nIqIvwn, isAwxw, phwV vrgw Afol XoDw, b^iSSW krn vwlw mhwn bwdSwh
hY [ ieauN gurU swihb dI mhwn pRwpqI ieh hY ik bwdSwh dy gunwh ignwaux vyly Aqy aus dI
bxdI is&q krn vyly ijs mhwn lyKk Aqy lyKxI siBAwcwr dw muzwhrw AwpxI zbwndwnI
Aqy BwSw pRXog rwhIN, AwpxI rcnw ivc pyS kIqw hY, swDwrx qoN swDwrx Aqy pRbu`D Aqy
ivdvwn pwTk vI ies dI SlwGw kIqy ibnW Aqy ies qoN AnMidq hoey ibnW nhIN rih skdw [
klm dI ies krwmwq Aqy qwkq dw izkr gurU swihb qoN bwAd hox vwly swihqkwrW Aqy is`K
ieiqhwskwrW ny Awpxy-Awpxy gRMQW ivc bVI pRbùDqw, pRmùKqw Aqy pRmwixkqw nwl pyS kIqw
hY [ AsIN swDwrx mnu`K qW BweI nMd lwl dy SbdW ivc bulbulw smuMdr dI Qwh ikvyN pw skdw
hY-vwlI SrDwlU ibrqI dy pWDI hW [ gurU swihb ny AwpxI klm dI qwkq nwl AOrMgzyb nUµ
cVHw cVHw ky su`ØitAw hY [ ieh rcnw iksy iek hI lYA, sur Aqy qwl ivc b`JI hoeI nhIN vihMdI [
ies ivc bhuq auqrw cVHw-SWq vihx Aqy qU&wnI lihrW idRStImwn huMdIAW hn [ imswl dy
qOr qy 85 qoN 89 pMj iSArW ivc AOrMgzyb nUµ AwpxI ilKq rwhIN 'zyb' q^q nUµ sjwaux vwlw
bxw id`qw hY [ iPr aus dy kIqy bury krmW v`l aus dw iDAwn iK`cidAW gurU swihb AOrMgzyb dy
h`f 'qy mwridAW, klm dw iek hor BrvW vwr vI kr idMdy hn :
SihnSwh-ey-AOrMgzyb AwlmIN [
ik dwrwie dOr Asq-E-dUr Asq dIN [ (90)
pr hy AOrMgzyb ! BwvyN qUµ dunIAw dw SihnSwh hYN qy smyN dw hwkm vI hYN, pr qUµ s`cy Drm
qoN bhuq dUr hYN [ ieQy vyKx vwlI g`l ieh hY ik ijhVw muZl bwdSwh Awpxy Awp nUµ sB qoN
s`cw Aqy pwik muslmwn mMndw hovy, ieslwm nUµ ihMdusqwn dw ieko iek Drm bxwaux qy
quilAw hovy- gurU swihb ny ilKqI Aqy zubwnI sbUqW nwl AOrMgzyb nUµ bwdlIl huMidAW,
Aihsws krvw id`qw ik auh s`cw muslmwn iblkul nhIN Aqy Asl ieslwm jW dIn nwl vI
aus dw koeI bhuqw vwh-vwsqw nhIN hY [ iksy bwdSwh nUµ iT`T krn leI ies qoN v`fI inrwdrI
vwlI g`l hor kI ho skdI hY [ ieh inrwdrI gurU swihb dI sohxI zubwn ivc nhIN sgoN AOrMgzyb
v`loN kIqy zulmI kwrnwimAW Aqy gunwhW ivc ivdmwn hY [ pRo&Ysr ik&wieqaulHw vI swfy
auprokq ivcwrW nwl imldy juldy ivcwr hI pyS krdy hn [ Awpxy iek mh`qvpUrn lyK
'z&rnwmw-ij`q dw pRcMf rUpW' ivc Awp ilKdy hn ik z&rnwmw ies g`l dI sw^I Brdw hY ik
Drm dI pwlnw iek SihnSwh leI vI auNnI hI zrUrI hY ik ijMnI iek swDwrx mnu`K leI, sgoN
iek SwSk leI qW Drm dw pwlx vDyry zrUrI hY ikauN jo 'XQw rwjw qQw prjw' Aqy AYnwsuAlw
26
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
dIin mlUikhmW (prjw ausy Drm nUµ ApxwauNdI hY ijhVw rwjy dw huMdw hY) Anuswr iksy Swsk
dw koeI ksb, jwqI jW ivAkqIgq nhIN rihMdw sgoN smUhk ho jWdw hY Aqy iesy kwrn jy rwjy
nUµ vyK ky prjw ivgVdI hY qW aus dw gunwhgwr vI rwjw hI huMdw hY ['30
AOrMgzyb nwl qW gurU swihb ny auh kIqI ik iek lok kQw ivc iksy ipMf ivc vMgW
vycx vwlw vxjwrw kpVy ivc vMgW dI PyrI/g`TVI bMnHI bYTw sI [ bwhroN j`t AwieAw zor dI
slMG mwr ky kihMdw AYhdy 'c kI AY? vxjwrw kihMdw iek hor mwr kuS vI nIN,'ivroDI isr&
qygW qy qlvwrW nwl hI nhIN v`Fy jWdy, aunHW nUµ mwrn dy hor suhjwqimk Ssqr vI huMdy hn [
pMjwbI dI mShUr khwvq hY 'guV id`ØiqAW jy mrdw hovy, mhurw iPr ikauN dyeIey' [ ies krwmwq nUµ
gurU swihb ny z&rnwmw nUµ klmb`D krky kr ivKwieAw hY [ mYdwn-ie-jMg ivc ijvyN koeI
sUrbIr Aqy isAwxw jrnYl mYdwn dy swry pwisAW qoN ^brdwr huMdw hY Aqy swry pwisAW qoN
hmlw krdw hY [ iesy qrHW gurU swihb klm dy mYdwn ivc vI AOrMgzyb leI koeI pwsw ^wlI
nhIN C`fdy [ gurU swihb qOhId iek eISvrvwd-iek prmwqmw qoN ibnW hor koeI vI pUjxXog qy
srbSkqImwn s`qw nhIN dy isDWq ivc XkIn r`Kdy sn [ aunHW AOrMgzyb nUµ svwl kIqw ik
phwV dy bweIDwr rwijAW nwl AsIN lMby smyN qoN lV rhy hW [ ikauNik auh rwjpUq rwjy ihMdU hox
kwrn bu`q pRsqI jW bu`q pUjw ivc ivSvws r`Kdy hn [ AsIN iek prmwqmw ivc XkIn r`Kdy
hW [ dUsry pwsy qyrw mzhb ieslwm vI qOhId Bwv iek eISvrvwd A`lwh iek hY- muhMmd
swihb aus dy rsUl hn [ ies ivcwrDwrw ivc p`kw XkIn r`Kdw hY [ bxdw qW ieh sI ik qUµ
aunHW phwVI rwijAW dy i^lw& swfw swQ idMdw ikauNik is`K Drm Aqy ieslwm dI iek
eISvrvwdI ivcwrDwrw sWJI hY [ prMqU qUµ swfw swQ dyx dI QW ieslwm ivroDI kw&r phwVI
rwijAW dI ip`T QwpVdw irhw Aqy aunHW dI shwieqw krdw irhw [ ieauN qUµ AwpxI ivcwrDwrw
nUµ Awp hI ^qm kIqw hY [ ikauNik mYN bu`q iSkn hW bu`q pRsqI ivc myrw koeI XkIn nhIN, qUµ
Awp hI d`s ik myry i^lw& lVn dw qyry kol kI AwDwr jW kwrx hY ?
iek qoN v`D ivdvwnW ny phwVI rwijAW Aqy AOrMgzyb dI qMg nzr i&rkwpRsqI Aqy
phwVI rwijAW dy ihMdU Aqy bu`qpRsq hox dy bwvjUd dovyN AwpxI jmwqI sWJ kwrx gurU swihb
dy i^lw& sWJw morcw bxw ky lVweI iv`Fdy hn ikauNik gurU swihb dw imSn nIvIAW jwqW dy
lokW nUµ isr auTw ky AxK Aqy AwzwdI nwl ijaux dy ienklwbI rwh pwaux dw iek ieiqhwsk
imSn sI [ pRis`D is`K ivdvwn swihb isMG vI swfy ies ivcwr dI bhuq Kry SbdW ivc pRoVqw
Aqy pYrvI krdy hn [ swihb isMG Anuswr 'gurU goibMd isMG jI koeI v`Krw rwj kwiem nhIN sn
kr rhy, koeI m`lW nhIN sn m`l rhy, koeI bZwvq nhIN sn kr rhy [ iPr pMjwb dy hwkmW Aqy
phwVI rwijAW nUµ kI qklI& sI [ isr& iehI ik sdIAW qoN ilqwVy hoey lok gurU pwiqSwh dI
qwlIm dI brkq nwl DOx au~cI krky qurn l`g pey sn [ auh hux v`fy-v`fy jwbrW dy h`QoN
AwpxI Asmq dw rulxw shwr nhIN sn skdy ['31
gurU jI dI &rw^æidlI ieh hY ik ieMnHW phwVI rwijAW au`pr jdoN 1745 ibkrmI ivc
rusqm KW dI AgvweI hyT muZlW ny hmlw kIqw qW gurU jI ny pihly swry vYr ivroD Bul ky
phwVI rwijAW dI mdd kIqI Aqy ies lVweI ivc aunHW dy iqMn sO jvwn BweI sMgInw jI dI
kmwn hyT Swiml hoey [ ies ieiqhwsk q`Q dw vyrvw iksy hor ny nhIN iek mMny-pRmMny AwrIAw
smwjI ivdvwn dOlq rwey ny AwpxI pRis`D pusqk 'swihby kmwl gurU goibMd isMG' ivc kIqw
hY [32
qlvwr dy zor nwl ihMdUAW nUµ D`ky nwl muslmwn bxwaux dI jo hmwkq AOrMgzyb ny
kIqI, ies hmwkq nUµ kurwn mjId dI pRvwngI jW hzrq muhMmd swihb dI is`ØiKAw dI
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
27
AnuswrI nhIN ikhw jw skdw [ swfy iek ivdvwn pRo&Ysr qwirk ik&wieqau`lHw jI dw iek
bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn lyK 'kurAwn kI Aqy iks leI?' pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw dI iek
pusqk 'ivSv Drm bwnI, gRMQ, sMpRdwie Aqy icMqn' (Bwg dUjw) ivc CipAw hY [ jbr Aqy D`ky
nwl Drm pirvrqn kIqy jwx bwry kurAwn mjId dw jo sMdyS hY, auh ieh hY ik Drm dy mwmly
ivc iksy qy koeI jbr nhIN (2:256, nwl hI 10:99 Aqy 109 10-6 iesy ivSy 'qy hn) Aqy nw
hI iksy nUµ dUjy dy ieSt nUµ mwVw AwKx dI AwigAw hY, muslmwno ! ijhVy lok A`lwh qoN Cut
dUijAW nUµ Awpxw ieSt mMn ky pukwrdy hn qusIN aunHW nUµ mwVw nw AwKo Aijhw nw hovy ik auh
AigAwnqw ivc A`lwh nUµ mwVw AwKx [ (6:108)33
iek hor mh`qvpUrn hvwlw ^ud muk`ds kurAwn ivcoN hI vyiKAw jw skdw hY [ jykr qyry
r`b dw Bwxw ieh huMdw (ik DrqI qy swry eImwn vwly qy AwigAwkwr hI hox) qW smUh Drq vwsI
eImwn lY Awey huMdy [ Pyr kI qUµ lokW nUµ mjbUr kryNgw ik auh eImwn vwly bx jwx ? koeI pRwxI
A`lwh dI AnumqI qoN ibnW eImwn nhIN ilAw skdw Aqy A`lwh dw qrIkw ieh hY ik ijhVy
lok Akl qoN kMm nhIN lYNdy auh aunHW qy gMdgI pw idMdw hY [ (10 sUrq XUns, Awieq 99100)34[ AOrMgzyb dw Drm dy nW qy kIqw igAw jbr kurAwn dI mwnvvwdI is`ØiKAw dy nyiVEN
vI nhIN lMGdw [ ienHW ArQW ivc auh kw&r hI ikhw jw skdw hY [
jdoN phwVI rwjy gurU jI h`QoN keI jMgW hwr gey qW aunHW rl iml ky &Yslw kIqw ik id`lI
jw ky bwdSwh AOrMgzyb nUµ ies au~T rhI nvIN SkqI bwry sUicq Aqy sucyq kIqw jwvy [ sMKypqw
nUµ iDAwn ivc rKidAW igAwnI igAwn isMG Awpxy pMQ pRkwS gRMQ ivc phwVI rwijAW Aqy
AOrMgzyb dI AwpsI mulwkwq bwry do mh`qvpUrn q`QW dw vrxn ieauN krdw hY :
nwmu guibµd isµG hY bfbMkw
Apnw cihq bjwXo fMkw
rcXo pµQ iek iqsny Bwrw [
ihµdU qurk duihn qy inXwrw
swco Swih Awp kihlwvY
qum ko JUTy Swih bqwvY [
dys mWih bf gdr mcwXw [
Ab cwihq id`lI pr AwXw [
sun hvwl sB nOrµg SwhY [
kop hoie ADkY mn mwhYN [
jwlMDr swrMd lhOrYN
jwrI kry Purmwn su gOrYN [
(pµQ pRkwS 266-67)
ie`Qy ieh vI d`sxw zrUrI hY ik ihMdU mnUvwdI/jwqpwqI aUc-nIc nUµ mMnx vwly phwVI
rwjy ies krky vI gurU swihb dy i^lw& sn, ikauNik auh smwj dy nINvyN qbikAW nUµ s`qw dy ivc
mwilk bxwauxw cwhuMdy sn [
pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS dy krqw rqn isMG BMgU ny ies pRsMg ivc Awpxy ivcwr ieauN pyS kIqy
hn :
luhwr qRKwx huq jwq kmInI [
CIpo klwl nIcn pY ikRpw kInI [
guj
` r gvwr hIr kmjwq [
kMboie sUdn koie puCy n bwq [
28
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JIvr nweI roVy GuimAwr [
swiexI suinAwry cUVHy cimAwr
B`t AO bwhmx huqy mµgvwr
bhurUpIey lubwxy AO GuimAwr
ien gRIb isµGn ko dXo pwiqSwhI
ey Xwd r`KYN hmrI guirAweI [
(pµnw 41)
gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy AinMn syvk Aqy drbwrI kvI BweI nMd lwl jI 'goXw' ny vI
gurU swihb dy idl ivc ZrIbW Aqy d`by kucly lokW leI by-pnwh muh`bq dw izkr Awpxy
klwm ivc ieauN kIqw hY ik ieh iSAr hr pMjwbI dI zbwn qy svwr ho igAw hY:
kwidir hr kwr gur goibµd isµG
byksW-rw Xwr gur goibµd isµG [[36[[
ies dw Bwv hY ik gurU goibMd isMG hr kwrj dy smr`Q hn [ gurU goibMd isMG inAwsirAW
dy Awsrw hn [35
AOrMgzyb Aqy gurU swihb dI ivcwrDwrw ivc v`fw AMqr ieh sI ik gurU swihb qn, mn,
Dn prmwqmw nUµ Arpx krky ijauN rhy sn [ aunHW dw r`b au~pr Brosw AMiqm Aqy s`cw su`cw sI [
AOrMgzyb nUµ AwpdI sMswrk dOlq, rwj-s`qw dI qwkq Aqy AwpxIAW Axigxq &OjW dI
qwkq au`pr mwx Aqy inrBrqw sI [ gurU swihb ny mOq dy swhmxy rihMidAW vI prmwqmw dI
imhr Aqy h`Q nUµ hmySw Awpxy AMg sMg mihsUs kIqw [ iksy AOrMgzyb dI qyZ, qwkq Aqy
SkqI dI kdI vI pRvwh nw kIqI [ mulwhzw &rmwE :
ic duSmn kund imhrbW Asq dosq
ik bKæiSµdgI kwr-ey-b^iSµdw Esq [ (94)
jd dosq (r`b) imhrbwn hovy qW duSmx kI kr skdw hY [ aus b^Sxhwr pRBU dw kMm hI
b^iSS krnw hY [ ies dI hor ivAwiKAw kridAW Agly iSArW ivc &urmwauNdy hn ik ijhVw
mnu`K s`cweI qy huMdw hY, ikRpwlU vwihgurU aus auqy b^iSS krdw hY [ AOrMgzyb Aqy AwpxI
ivcwrDwrw, ivSvws Aqy idRStI ivc &rk spSt kridAW gurU swihb ny iliKAw hY ik 'jy
qyrI nzr AwpxIAW &OjW qy dOlq dy ^zwinAW auqy hY qW swfI ingwh aus prmwqmw dy
Sukrwny v`l hY [' ie`Qy pRo&Ysr ik&wieqau~lHw dy hvwly nwl eySIAw dy v`fy Swier fw. muhMmd
iekbwl dw iSAr gurU swihb dy klwm dI Awqmw nUµ bhuq ^UbsUrq AMdwz ivc pyS krdw hY :
kwi&r ho qo qlvwr py krqw hY Brosw
moimn ho qo byqygæ BI lVqw hY ispwhI [[
(Koj p`ØiqRkw pMnw 54)
zPrnwmy dy ilKy jwx qoN pihlW cmkOr dI jMg ivc v`fy swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI qoN
bwAd vI gurU jI v`loN AwpxI A`K ivcoN iek vI hMJU vhwaux dI QW, A`lwh Xwr KW jogI
rihmwnI v`loN AwpxI rcnw 'gMij-ShIdW' ivc gurU swihb v`loN Shwdq qoN bwAd vI prmwqmw
dw Sukr kIqy jwx dw izkr bhuq hI kruxwmeI rUp ivc kIqw igAw pRwpq huMdw hY :
XwkUb ko XUs& ky ibCVny ny rulwieAw [
swbr koeI km AYsw, rsUloN myN hY AwieAw [
ktvw ky ipsr cwry, iek AWsU n igrwieAw [
ruqbw gurU goibµd ny irSIEN kw bVHwieAw [ (115)
A`lwh Xwr KW ny Bgvwn ikRSn dy gIqw sMdyS Aqy gurU swihb v`loN id`qI lwswnI
kurbwnI nUµ vI bhuq ^UbsUrq AMdwz ivc pyS krn dI pihl kIqI hY:
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
29
ktvw idXY iSS 'Swm' ny gIqw ko sunw kr
rUh PUMk dI goibMd ny AOlwd ktw kr [ (116)
sMswr dI nwSmwnqw dw sMdyS idMidAW Awp ny AOrMgzyb nUµ Awpxy Drm dI pwlxw qurMq
krn dI pRyrxw Aqy aupdyS id`qw [ iSAr nM. 104, 105, 106, 107 rwhIN bhuq swry mhwn
ieiqhwsk bwdSwhW Aqy XoiDAW dw hvwlw dy ky ijvyN ^usro, jmSyd, Awdm, PrIdU, bihmn
Aqy iesPMædXwr, dwrw, dwrwb, iskMdr, Syr Swh, qYmUr Aqy bwbr, hmwXUM Aqy Akbr bwdSwhW
bwry pu`ØiCAw igAw hY ik auh A`j ik`Qy hn [ koeI aunHW dw nwm lYx vwlw vI nhIN hY [ ieauN ieMnHW
hvwilAW nwl AOrMgzyb dI su`qI zmIr nUµ klm nwl jgwaux dw mhwn Aqy mwnvvwdI au`dm
gurU swihb ny kIqw hY [ iksy klmkwr dI smwj ivc ho rhy zulm dy pRsMg ivc-ieiqhwsk
BUimkw Aqy AgvweI dy isDWq nUµ ies mhwn rcnw ny iek At`l s`cweI bxw id`qw hY [ ZrIbW,
mzlUmW, inmwixAW, inqwixAW Aqy zulm Aqy jbr dy iSkwr hzwrW mwsUm BwrqIAW dy h`k
ivc AwpxI Awvwz bulMd kridAW z&rnwmy dy AMqly iSArW ivc gurU swihb ny nwbr
bwdSwh nUµ JMjoVidAW aumId kIqI hY ik :
qU gr jbr Awizz KrwSIN mkun
ksm rw bw qySw qrwSI mkun [ (109)
jy qUµ qkVw jwbr vI hYN qW ZrIbW nUµ nw sqw Aqy AwpxI KwDI ksm nUµ qysy nwl nw
iC`l ArQwq qUµ Awpxw bcn BMg nw kr [ z&rnwmy ivc gurU swihb ny Awpxy swihbzwidAW
dI Shwdq qy nw hI hMJU vhwey Aqy nw hI AwpxI jwbr hkUmq ivru`D lVweI nUµ iek pirvwrk
lVweI bxn id`qw [ aunHW qW Bwrq dI jbr dy suMmW hyT ilqwVI jw rhI mwsUm Aqy lwcwr
lokweI dI jbr qoN mukqI leI ieh lVweI iv`FI sI [ iesy pRsMg ivc hI qlvMfI swbo ivKy mwqw
jIqo v`loN swihbzwidAW bwry pu`Cx qy aunHW &rmwieAw sI 'cwr mUey qo ikAw hUAw jIvq keI
hzwr' prmwqmw ivc Awpxy At`l XkIn nUµ idRV krvwauNidAW zPrnwmy dy AMiqm iSAr ivc
AwpxI rcnw dI smwpqI ieauN kIqI hY:
^sm duSmnI gr hzwr Awvurd
nw Xk mUie aU rw Azwr Awvurd (111)
jy vYrI hzwrW duSmnIAW vI kry qW vI aus dw vwl ivMgw nhIN kr skdw [
iSArW dI igxqI 111 hox qoN BwrqI prMprw Anuswr ieh tONk igxqI sMpUrn lgdI hY [
prMqU gurU swihb ny ijvyN ies rcnw dI smwpqI kIqI hY- aus qoN ieauN Bwsdw hY ik ijvyN Ajy
ies rcnw dI sMpUrnqw nUµ prp`k rUp ivc idRStmwn krn vwlw iSAr ieh nhIN jwpdw [ prMqU
jdoN qIk koeI hor pRmwixk ieiqhwsk sRoq jW gurU swihb dI koeI h`Q ilKq pRwpq nhIN huMdI
audoN qIk swfy kol iesy iSAr nUµ rcnw dI sMpUrnqw kr dyx vwly iSAr vjoN pRvwn krn qoN
ibnW koeI hor cwrw nhIN hY [ z&rnwmy dy kwiv rUp Aqy CMd bwry pRo&Ysr ikPwieqaulHw dy ivcwr
jwxnXog hn [ swrI rcnw nUµ &wrsI ivc msnvI dI prMprw nwl joVidAW Awp ilKdy hn ik
swfy ivcwr Anuswr &wrsI ivc p`qr ilKx leI vI keI hdwieqW nUµ swhmxy r`ØiKAw jWdw
sI [ ies ivc vI hmd, munwjwq, nwAq Awid dy iSAr ausy qrHW SurU ivc AwauNdy sn ijvyN ik
msnvI ivc rKy jWdy sn [ z&rnwmw jy hmd nwl SurU hoieAw hY Aqy ies ivc nwAq dy iSAr
vI hn qW ies qoN ieh g`l swibq hMdI ik ies nUµ p`qr rUp ivc nhIN, msnvI rUp ivc ricAw
igAw sI [ iPr ieh vI koeI pwbMdI nhIN ik p`qr leI msnvI dw kwiv rUp vriqAw nhIN jw
skdw [36
ihMdI swihq dy isrmOr ivdvwn Aqy mhwn icMqk hzwrI pRswd dvydI jI ny gurU swihb
dI z&rnwmy dI isrjxw rwhIN kIqI klmI krwmwq nUµ s`jdw kridAW AwpxI AkIdq dy Pu`l
30
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ieauN pyS kIqy hn, 'gurU goibMd isMG jI CMdW dy bwdSwh sn [ auh mnu`KI sMvydnw dy mhwn cuMbk
sn... Asl ivc aunHW dI Adu`qI s&lqw dw iek mh`qvpUrn kwrn aunHW dw kvI ihrdw sI [
auh mnu`K nUµ aus dy bwhrly prdy htw ky vyK skdy sn... auh dyS Aqy kwl dI sImw dw aulMGx
kr skdy sn... aunHW dI S^sIAq bVI sMquilq sI [ aunHW ivc kvI dI sMvydnw, suihrd dI
gRihxSIlqw, vIr dw auqSwh Aqy sMq dI sv`C idRStI dw AnoKw myl hY ['37
Bwrq dy sdIAW qoN ilqwVy jw rhy ZrIb Aqy nINvyN lokW nUµ j`QybMd krky ijhVI smwjk
Aqy rwjnIqk kRWqI, swihby kmwl gurU goibMd isMG jI ny lY ky AWdI aus bwry pRis`D Aqy pRbu`D
is`K ivdvwn jspwl isMG jI dy ivcwr bhuq stIk SbdW ivc ies ieiqhwsk pRwpqI dw
izkr krdy hn [ 'iek ilhwz nwl ikhw jw skdw hY ik dsm ipqw gurU goibMd isMG ny gurU
nwnk duAwrw AwrMBI ivcwrDwrk muihMm nUµ hI mukm
M lqw pRdwn kridAW, j`Qb
y d
M k rUp idMidAW,
^wlsw j`QybMdI kwiem kIqI sI [
BwvyN ies ienklwbI kMm leI aunHW nUµ ihMdUAW dy au`c vrg Aqy muZl hkUmq dohW dy
sWJy muhwj dw s^q ivroD Jlxw ipAw [ pr gurU swihb ny gurU nwnk duAwrw AwrMBy, d`by kucly
Awm AwdmI dy kilAwx dy ieiqhwsk kMm nUµ bw^UbI nypry cwiVHAw [ ...scmu`c ieh pirvrqn
hr ilhwz nwl bhuq mh`qvpUrn sI Aqy BwrqI smwj ies pirvrqn dy ienklwb dy moFI
srbMsdwnIN gurU goibMd isMG dw hmySw irxI rhygw [38
smu`cy rUp ivc gurU swihb dI ies mhwn rcnw nUµ AwpxI SrDw dy Pu`l Byt kridAW AsIN
AwpxI ivrwsq au`qy mwx kridAW kih skdy hW ik 'z&rnwmw' gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dI
auh mhwn rcnw hY, ijs rwhIN aunHW ny swihqk, klwqmk, rUpwqmk, BwSw pRXog, dwrSink,
ivcwrDwrk, nYiqk Aqy XùDnIqk p`K qoN sMswr swihq nUµ AmIr kridAW iek 'klwisk' rcnw
rc ky sMswr swihq dI AmIrI ivc vwDw kIqw hY Aqy ieh ilqwVy lokW v`loN jrvwixAW qoN
Awpxy ih`sy dI s`qw mMgx leI nhIN, Kohx leI kIqy jwx vwly sMGrS dI sMg-ie-buinAwd jW
nINh p`Qr hY [ hr qrHW dy ivqkry Aqy hkUmqI jbr dy i^lw& ilKq dy rUp ivc lihrw irhw ieh
prcm, scmu`c hI klm dI zulm au`pr &iqh dw kdy vI nw-Cupx vwlw iek klmI sUrj hY [
hvwlw Aqy it`pxIAW :
1.
pRwcIn sO swKI, isMG bRdrj, AMimRqsr, 2014, pMnw 87
2.
kwnH isMG nwBw (BweI), gurmq mwrqMf, Bwg dUjw, SRm
o xI gurduAwrw pRbD
M k kmytI, AMimRqsr, 1998
3.
kvI sYnwpiq ricq, sRI gur soBw, gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw
4.
auhI, pMnw 86 dw Aqy pMnw 87, vyKo &u`t not,
5.
auhI, pMnw 106 (vyKo Pu`t not)
6.
kuier isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI dsvIN, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1986, pMnw 218
7.
dsm gRMQ drSn, pMnw 138
8.
auhI, pMnw 224
9.
srUp dws B`lw, mihmw pRkwS, BwSw ivBwg pMjwb, 2003, (sMpwdk au`qm isMG BwtIAw) pMny
857 qoN 860
10. mihmw pRkwS, pMnw 860
11. srUp isMG kOiSS, gurU kIAW sw^IAW, ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) isMG bRdrj, AMimRqsr,
2014, pMnw 165
;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs
sMvwd-04
31
12. su`Kw isMG, guriblws pwqswhI 10, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1989, pMnw 344
13. auhI, pMnw 345
14. auhI, pMnw 346
15. auhI, pMnw 350
16. rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, BweI vIr isMG (sMpwdk) BweI vIr isMG swihq sdn,
nvIN id`lI, 1998, pMnw 64
17. auhI, pMnw 64
18. kvI cUVwmxI BweI sMqoK isMG, sRI gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ (ijld cOdvIN) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb,
1992, pMnw 5978-79
19. gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ, pMnw 5979
20. auhI, pMnw 6128
21. igAwnI igAwn isMG, pMQ pRkwS, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970, pMnw 303
22. qvwrI^ægurU ^wlsw (Bwg pihlw) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970, pMnw 1033-34
23. nirMjn isMG swQI, crn clau mwrig goibMd, lwhOr bu`k Swp luiDAwxw, 2010, pMnw 505
(ivsqwr leI vyKo z&rnwmw qy AOrMgzyb, AiDAwie 113)
24. auhI, pMnw 505, (dovyN sMKyp ^q lyKk ny pRis`D ieiqhwskwr sRI munI lwl ricq pusqk
'AOrMgzyb' (AMgRyzI) ivcoN ley hn[)
25. crn clau mwrig goibMd, pMnw 506
26. dfbjij dl>z fsq@ slq e+.o siLV@ dl>z W+si;@ b>dq+ali@ 2008@ f>Vj 137!
27! slq e+.o siLV@ f>V[ 137-38
28! kurAwn mjId, (pMjwbI Anuvwd), pMjwbI ieslwimk pblIkySnz, mwlyrkotlw, 2002, pMnw 209
29. cj! hdiFuV dl>z ba[ h'i@ \l.fj!| f>yWBg l.s[L@ cj! WvWgi dl>z ljdha w[Gsi s[hijsPVj@
vol. 36, issue 2, April-June 2014, f>Vj 12
30! t'u fda=,wj@ b>w 48 \f+eBI' ?jvlj@ drL[L b>w@ f>Vj 52|
31! f+'x{li ljdhW dl>z@ ugrV dW+aJa@ l+g epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug@ dl>z W+si;@ b>dq+ali 2009@
f>Vj 28
32! s"va ijH[@ ljdhW[ wqjv@ epiP e'dW>s dl>z@ epiqda ljdha y{igB[Wv B=lB@ b>dq+ali@ 2010@
f>V[ 138-39!
33. srbijM d r isM G (sM : ) ivSv Drm bwnI, gR M Q sM p rdwie Aqy icM q k, Bwg dU j w, pM j wbI
XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 2011, pMny 96-97
34. kurAwn mjId, (s`Xd Abul Awlw mOdUdI) pMjwbI ieslwimk pblIkySnz, mwlyrkotlw,
2002, pMnw 372
35. gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), BweI nMd lwl gRMQwvlI, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 2009, pMnw 158
36. Ajmyr isMG (sM:) (pRgtXo ^wlsw ivSyS AMk) sqMbr 1998, AMk 48, pblIkySn ibaUro,
pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, pMnw 52
37. pMc btI sMdyS, jnvrI-mwrc 2014, pMnw 12
38. jspwl isMG (fw.) is`K ivrwsq : isDWq qy ivhwr, nvXug pbilSrz, nvIN id`lI, 2010,
pMnw 79-80
hvwlw pusqkW :
•
32
Alh Xwr KW 'jogI' rihmwnI, hkIm imrzw, gMij ShIdW ArQwq swkw cmkOr, Drm pRcwr
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kmytI, SRomxI gu: pR: kmytI, sRI AMimRqsr, 2004
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
srUp isMG kOiSS, gurU kIAW swKIAW, ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2014
srUp dws B`lw, mihmw pRkwS, Bwg dUjw, auq
` m isMG BwtIAw (sMpwdk) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 2003
swihb isMG (pRo&Ysr), jIvn ibRqWq : sRI gurU goibMd isMG, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2009
su`Kw sMG, guriblws pwiqSwhI dsvIN, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1989
sYnwpqI (kvI), sRI gur soBw, gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw [
sMqoK isMG (BweI), sRI gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ, ijld cOdvIN, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb 1992
kwnH isMG nwBw (BweI), gurmq mwrqMf (Bwg dUjw), sRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, sRI
AMimRqsr, 1998
•
•
kuier isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI dsvIN, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw 1986
•
kysr isMG iCbr, bMswvlI nwmw dsW pwqSwhIAW kw, rwey jsbIr isMG (sMpwdk), gurU nwnk
dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr, 2011
•
•
•
•
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•
•
•
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igAwnI igAwn isMG, pMQ pRkwS, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970
kurAwn mjId, s`Xd Abul Awlw mOdUdI (Anuvwdk) pMjwbI ieslwimk pblIkySnz,
mwlyrkotlw, 2002
igAwnI igAwn isMG, qvwrI^ gurU ^wlsw (Bwg pihlw) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970
gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), BweI nMd lwl gRMQwvlI, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw 2009
jspwl isMG (fw.), is`K ivrwsq : isDWq qy ivhwr, nvXug pbilSrz, nvIN id`lI, 2010
dOlq rwey, swihby kmwl, gurU goibMd isMG jI, gurmiq swihq cYrItybl tRst, AMimRqsr, 2010
nirMjn isMG swQI, crn clau mwrig goibMd, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw, 2010
ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk), pRwcIn sO swKI, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2014
ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) dsm gRMQ drSn, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2008
ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) z&rnwmw qy pMj hor nwmy, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr 2013
blbIr kOr (sMpwdk), byksW-rw Xwr gurU goibMd isMG, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb
rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, BweI vIr isMG (sMpwdk), BweI vIr isMG swihq sdn,
nvIN id`lI, 1998
Koj rswly Aqy mYgzIn :
•
Ajmyr isMG (sMpwdk), Koj piqRkw, sqMbr 1988, AMk 48 (pRgtXo Kæwlsw ivSyS AMk),
pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw [
•
srbijMdr isMG (sMpwdk), ivSv Drm bwnI gRMQ, sMpRdwie Aqy icMqk, (Bwg dUjw), pMjwbI
XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 2011
•
hirBjn isMG Aqy hor (sMpwdk), pMc btI sMdyS, fw. blbIr isMG swihq kyNdr dyhrwdUn,
vol. 36, issue 2, April-June, 2014
²
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sMvwd-04
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[email protected]
34
sMvwd-04
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uv.Zig \1839-1923 Hg!|@ hsjdHaRpKvj \1838-1929 Hg!|@ bwWi
dAsirg \1835-1934 Hg!|@ rvjdHa Ljh@ bwWi Ljh@ dqhi bvg
Ljh e'vC% Lig` \1859-1937 Hg!|@ hwgq l`si bvg Ljh vpwqjVrg
\1896-1952 Hg!|@ hjug qph.qs sgV Qpvjq qlwgV epuijag \1857
uVq|@ q"vj Ljh V"Ljhg \1867-1941 Hg!|@ bWsp,vj bWsg w{liLjhg
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lij`a V"Ljhg \1907- 1983 Hg!| ba[ qjZ' Ljh dyLag \18861984 Hg!| bjds lP`g wrgbJ V[ dHl v'w-dha{Lg wjdr fi.fij }
lpiuga iKdtbj m u[ f>ujWg lP`g wjdr fi.fij dry qjN[ s[ dl,t bjdi`J
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a,w x{vsg V;i bjMsg h{ m Feag vdhi s[ l.a ljdha rJe f>ujWg
lP`g wvjq V[ bqV@ FjHgyji[@ lJNgrjvaj@ Zjidqw ir%jsjig@
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 34-48)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
35
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ISSN : 2395-1273
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Gorakh Nath and Medieval Hindu Mysticism (1946), An Introduction to Punjabi
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sMvwd-04
37
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sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
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40
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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Insofar as Sikhism and Punjabi Sufism were movements of protest against
denominationalism, priestly ritualism or dogmatism. Punjabi poetic tradition also
flourished as a movement of cultural renewal of medieval Punjab in opposition
to the tradition of classical literature whether Sanskrit or Persian and the
formalism to which those movements have been reduced. Adoption of the spoken
language itself was in the nature of radical departure from the Sanskrit tradition.
Import of folk- motifs and folk-forms in the poetic structures evolved in the oral
poetry further testify the spirit of revolt against the rigid conventionalism of the
older tradition. Spirit of devotionlism, mysticism and protest permeating the
religious ideology of Sikhism or Punjabi Sufism found its objective correlatives
in the lyrical abandon of the tunes borrowed from folk-music.
(Secularization of Modern Punjabi Poetry p. 44)
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42
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ISSN : 2395-1273
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44
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
iljHg lP`g q,a s[ qPv li'a e+.oJ a,w lg@ dwRpGdw Rph RpisP@ `jilg a[ biWg bjds FjLjrJ s[
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l.fjsa fplaw #qlv[ L[? `igs w[$ \1962@ 2004| qh,arfPiV hV m #fiygbJ$ dry yji lP`g
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sMvwd-04
45
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2016
dVW.Z rg dvt[ m epiqda ljZVj-qjie s[ fCjrJ a[ lP`gbJ s[ iPhjVg qpwjqJ dryvg lJN Wji[
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 49-54)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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] m u[wi fdirji dry dHw b,Z q{GWi v.qj h'r[ dxi dHh b,v Vhk f{Gsg m
26| W"dSbJ s[ ^ u[wi dwl[ fdirji s[ Whpa[ qis q{GWi A'B[ w,T s[ h'S aJ Rpl fdirji vHg
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27| dWdvbJ s[ ^ u[wi dwl[ fdirji s[ dHw a'G r,Z ugb dW,vgbJ b,tJ rjv[ h'S aJ bduh[
fdirji } #dWdvbJ s[$ dwhj uJsj ] m
28| WhPqjiJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji V[ bjfS[ qp>c[ sg WhP sh[u z,B dvbjRpS wjiV qji ds,ag lg@
dul wjiV df>c s[ v'wJ V[ RpV%J s[ fdirji sj Vjq #WhP qjiJ s[$ fj ds,aj m bduhg b,v
sg ria'G a[ f+Fjr } h[n dvt[ rjiajvjf dry s[dtbj uj lwsj ] ^
_ blk hiVjq dl>z s[ zi ujSj ug@ RpV%J sj zi dwhCj ] (
_ ljc[ df>c s' hiVjq dl>z V[ dHw debjVg hiVjq dl>z ]@ sPuj WhP qjiJ sj hiVjq
dl>z@ aplk dwls[ zi ujS{ (
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_ dHh #WhP qjiJ s[$ sj wg qavW ] (
_ dHV%J V[ ug r,c[ qp>c[ sg WhP sh[u dfA[ qji ds,ag lg m
_ b,Aj ug ) x[i blk bjfSg wpCg dHl zi Vhk drbjrJe[ m
29| WjigbJ s[ ^ l.ajvg s[ WBrji[ a'G Wjbs Whpa lji[ v'w f,Aqg f>ujW s[ Wji s[ dHvjdwbJ
a'G RpujC[ sj dLwji h'w[ fPiWg f>ujW dry bj rl[ m bduh[ fdirjiJ } #WjigbJ s[$ sg
b,v Vjv WpvjdHbj uJsj ] m
30| VdrbJ s[ ^ u[wi dwl[ df>c dry w'Hg fdirji Wjhiv[ df>c'G bjw[ rl ujr[ aJ bduh[
fdirji } #VdrbJ s[$ sg b,v Vjv l,Ddsbj uJsj ] m
31| b,e v,eg rjdvbJ s[ ^ dwl[ s[ zi } dHw rji b,e v,e eHg lg m Rpl zi s[ q'hig
\vjS[sji| s[ Vjv-Vjv dqvs[ upvs[ Vjq df>c dry h'i rg lV m v'wJ V[ b,e[ a'G RphVJ
} h'iJ Vjv'G r,tdibjRpS vHg #b,e v,eg rjdvbJ s[$ wdhSj LpiP wi ds,aj m dHh b,v Rpl
fdirji Vjv dfAv[ yjvg ljvJ a'G y,vg bj ihg ] m dHw h'i df>c dry rg dHhg b,v dHw
fdirji vHg W'vg uJsg ] m dHo[ wjiV r,tij ] m Rpl fdirji s[ ugbJ } hi lq[G Whpag
wjhvg wiV sg bjsa ] m Rph dHl ai%J F,u[ V,n[ dxis[ idh>s[ hV dur[G b,e WpNjRpS r[v[
v'w F,u-V,n wis[ hV m v'wJ V[ RphVJ s[ fdirji Vjv #b,e v,eg rjdvbJ s[$ sg b,v
u'C ds,ag m
32| ujqS rjdvbJ s[ ^ dwl[ s[ drhC[ dry ujqS sj RpKyj `vsji si,ta v,ej h'dHbj lg m
df>c s[ W,Dy[ RpV%J s[ drhC[ dry ujqSj a'CV uJs[ lV m W,DdybJ V[ RpV%J s[ fdirji sg
b,v #ujqS rjdvbJ s[$ fj ds,ag m Wjbs dry us'G dHh si,?a w,B ds,aj debj aJ h"vg
h"vg dHh b,v rg z,B riag ujS v,eg m h"vg-h"vg ?aq hg h' eHg m
33| wjqi[cJ s[ ^ f>ujW dry y,vgbJ wdqRPdVlB vdhiJ Vjv df>cJ s[ fdirjiJ s[ fdirji
f>ujWg b,vJ ^ bio@ wjiu ba[ dliuS f+dwdibj
sMvwd-04
S
53
upC[ ih[ hV m bduh[ fdirjiJ } #wjqi[cJ s[$ sg b,v Vjv Ijs wgaj uJsj ] m
34| b`liJ s[ ^ dHw WjfP } rji rji dHh wdhS sg bjsa lg dw q{G aJ bjfS[ qp>dcbJ }
b`li WSjRp m qp>c[ wjvu fC%s[-fC%s[ dreC eH[ m Rph WjfP sg dH,Aj qpajdWw b`li
Vhk WS lw[ fi v'wJ V[ #b`liJ s[$ vwW RphVJ s[ fdirji } W?L ds,aj m dHl ai%J
b`li Vj WSV s[ WjruPs WjfP s[ qp>c[ v'w ugrV dry b`li WS[ ih[ m
35| debjVgbJ s[ ^ df>c dry Whp-deSag zi dl,tJ s[ lV fi.aP dHw fdirji h'iJ s[ qpwjWv[
dl,tg idha qdiIjsj Vjv rZ[i[ updCbj h'S wjiV #debjVgbJ s[$ bjtw[ WpvjdHbj
uJsj lg m dHl fdirji s[ lji[ ugbJ V[ b>dq+a Adwbj h'dHbj lg m b"iaJ w[lwg
lujMsgbJ lV m wHg df>cJ dry bduh[ fdirjiJ } dl,tJ s[ uJ dl>zJ s[ rg dwhj uJsj
]m
dHl f+wji b,vJ f>ujWg ugrV L{vg sj dHw drv,tS fdhvP hV m dHV%J s[ bdZb{V ijhk
f>ujWg lpFjb s[ e,DpN[ F[a lqN[ uj lws[ hV m dHV%J sg FjLjHg WSai dry l;j ba[ lVqjV s[
b>LJ s[ Ljqv h'S wjiV dHV%J sj lqju Ljlaig bdZb{V f>ujWg lqju s[ drv,tS fdhvPbJ }
ljhqS[ dvbj lwsj ] m lqJ WgaS Vjv b,vJ W'vyjv sj ldhu b>e WS uJsgbJ hV fi.aP
dHh ws[ Vj ws[ l'yS vHg quWPi ;iPi wisgbJ hV m
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f>ujWg b,vJ ^ bio@ wjiu ba[ dliuS f+dwdibj
sMvwd-04
54
gurmiq sMgIq ivc qMqI swzW dI mh`qqw
sMgIq dI pirBwSw
bol-cwl dI BwSw AMdr sMgIq nUµ kyvl gwien hI smiJAw
jWdw hY, ikMqU sMgIq-jgq AMdr gwien, vwd Aqy inRq iqMnW dy smUh
nUµ sMgIq kihMdy hn [ ies qrHW nwl sMgIq dy iqMn mùK AMg hoey:- gwxw,
vjwxw Aqy nwc [ p`CmI dySW AMdr sMgIq nUµ kyvl gwien Aqy vwdn
hI smiJAw jWdw hY [ au~Qy nwc nUµ sMgIq dI vMngI AMdr nhI r`ØiKAw
igAw [ gwien, vwdn Aqy inRq ienHW iqMnW dw Awps ivc bhuq
gihrw sMbMD hY [ ieh iqMnoN iek dUsry dy pUrk hn [ gwauNdy-vjWdy smyN
BwvW nUµ ivAkq krn leI QoVw-bhuq h`Q clwauxw, gwauNdy smyN mMUh
dI koeI AwikRqI bxwauxw Awid inRq dy ivAwpk ArQ khy jw skdy
hn [
hux qk sMgIq dy iviBMn AMg d`sy gey hn, pr pirBwSw nhI [
sMgIq dI pirBwSw ies qrHW nwl kIqI jw skdI hY:- sMgIq auh lilq
klw hY, ijs ivc sur Aqy lYA duAwrw AsIN Awpxy BwvW nUµ pRp`k krdy
hW [”1 hr iek klw ijvyN sMgIq, mUrqIklw, ic`qrklw, vwsqU klw
AMdr mnuKI BwvnwvW nUµ ivAkq qW kIqw jWdw hY, prMqU swirAW AMdr
ausdw mwiDAm bdl jWdw hY [ jykr rMg, pYNisl, kwgz Awid duAwrw
BwvW nUµ ivAkq jIqw jwvy qW ic`qrklw dI rcnw hud
M I hY [ ies hI qrHW
jykr sur-lYA duAwrw Awpxy BwvW nUµ pRgt kIqw jwvy qW sMgIq dI
rcnw hud
M I hY [ so ieh g`l qW s`pSt hY ik klw dw mwiDAm bdldy swr
hI klw dw nW vI bdl jWdw hY [
sMgIq nUµ lilq klw vI ikhw jWdw hY [ lilq klw dI SyRxI
AMdr pMj klwvW AwauNdIAW hn:- sMgIq, kivqw, ic`qrklw,
mUrqIklw Aqy vwsqUklw [ ienHW lilq klwvW AMdr sMgIq nUµ sB qoN
aupr mMinAw igAw hY [ ies qrHW nwl sMgIq swrIAW klwvW qoN srbau~c
hY [
cj! wqvuga dl>z
bdllB{B f+'`{li
f>ujWg drFje@
dsbjv dl>z wjvu@
ds,vg
09811483440
[email protected]
55
sMvwd-04
jIvn Aqy sMgIq
jIvn qoN Bwv mnu`KI jIvn nwl hY, iksy jnOr dy jIvn nwl
nhIN Aqy sMgIq qoN Bwv kyvl SwsqrI sMgIq hI nhIN, sgoN Bwv
sMgIq, i&lmI sMgIq, lok sMgIq Awid nwl vI hY [ BwrqI jIvn
AMdr pYr-pYr ‘qy sMgIq ivAwpq hY [ ieh jnm qoN mOq qk swfy nwl
bixAw rihMdw hY [ ijs GVI bwl ies sMswr AMdr pihlI jwx-pCwx
pRwpq krdw hY qw auh sMgIq duAwrw (rox dy rUp ivc) Awpxw ABwr
ivAkq krdw hY Aqy ijs smyN mnuK ies sMswr qoN ivdwiegI lYNdw hY
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 55-59)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
qW sMgIq dy rwhIN ausnUµ rwm-nwm jW vwihgurU dI mihmw d`sI jWdI hY [ ieMnW hI nhIN, mn`uKI
ieiqhws AMdr jdoN BwSw dw jnm qk nhI hoieAw sI, aus vyly Awps ivc BwvW dw Awdwn pRdwn sMgIq duAwrw hI sMBv sI [
swfy jIvn AMdr ivAwh, bwl dw jnm, mOq dw smW jW Aijhw koeI vI auqsv hovy,
auhnW dw ArMB Aqy AMq sMgIq nwl hI hud
M w hY [ Aijhw koeI vI iqauhwr nhI, ijs ivc sMgIq
nw hovy [ sgoN sMgIq dy ibnW iqauhwr ADUrw rih jWdw hY [ Cotw-v`fw koeI vI auqsv mnwieAw
jwvy, aus ivc sMgIq lwzmI huMdw hY, BwvyN sMgIq Dwrimk Ardws qweIN hI ikauN nw sIimq
hovy [ idn Br dy kTor imhnq qoN bwd Swm vyly iksy vI qrHW dy sMgIq dI iek mDur DunI srIr
dw swrw QkyvW mukw dyNdI hY [
sMgIq kyvl suxn dI hI vsqU nhIN, sgoN ieh Aijhw AnMd hY ijs rwhIN swnUµ Awqm suK
dI pRwpqI huMdI hY [ ies leI sMgIq BgqI dw AiBMn AMg hY [ ijqny vI Bgq swihbwn hoey hn,
auh sB sMgIq pRymI Aqy sMgIq swDk sn [ ies leI sMgIq mn dy itkwE Aqy SwqI leI
srvo~qm swDn bx jWdw hY [
sMgIqk p`DqIAW
Bwrq AMdr mùK rUp ivc do qrHW dw sMgIq pRcilq hY, ijsnUµ sMgIq p`DqI AwiKAw jWdw
hY, auh hn au~qrI jW ihMdUsqwnI sMgIq p`DqI Aqy d`KxI jW krnwtkI sMgIq p`DqI [
au~qrI sMgIq p`DqI:- iesnUµ ihMdUsqwnI sMgIq p`DqI vI ikhw jWdw hY [ ieh p`DqI
au~qrI ihMdUsqwn AMdr pMjwb, bMgwl, ibhwr, auVIsw, au~qr prdyS, hirAwxw, gujrwq, jMmUkSmIr Aqy mhwrwStr pRWqW AMdr pRcilq hY [
d`KxI sMgIq p`DqI:- iesnUµ krnwtk sMgIq p`DqI vI ikhw jWdw hY [ ieh qwimlnwfU,
mYsUr, AWDrw prdyS Awid d`Kx dy pRWqW AMdr pRcilq hY [ ieh dovyN p`DiqAW Alg huMidAW
hoieAW vI bhuq smwnqwvW dIAW DwrxI hn [2
sMgIq dy rUp
hr iek klw dy mu`K do rUp huMdy hn- ikirAw Aqy Swsqr [ ikirAw dy AMqrgq ausdI
swDnw ivDI Aqy Swsqr dy AMqrgq ausdw ieiqhws, pirBwiSk SbdW dI ivAwiKAw Awid
AwauNdI hY [ sMgIq dy vI do rUp hn :ikirAwqmk rUp:- sMgIq dw ikirAwqmk rUp auh hY, ijsnUµ AsIN kMnW rwhIN suxdy hW jW
A`KW rwhI vyKdy hW [ dUjy SbdW AMdr ikirAwqmk sMgIq AMdr gwxw, vjwxw Aqy n`cxw
AwauNdw hY [ gwien Aqy vwdn nUµ AsIN suxdy hW Aqy nwc nUµ vyKdy hW [ ikirAwqmk rUp AMdr
rwg, gIq dy prkwr, Awlwp-qwn, srgm, Jwlw, rylw, tukVw, Awmd, gq, mINf Awid dI
swDnw AwauNdI hY [ sMgIq dw ieh p`K bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY [
Swsqr p`K:- ies AMdr sMgIq sMbMDI iviSAw dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY [ iesdy do
prkwr hn-ikirAwqmk Swsqr Aqy Su`D Swsqr [ ikirAwqmk Swsqr AMdr ikirAwqmk
sMgIq dw AiDAYn AwauNdw hY, ijvyN rwgW dI jwx-pCwx, gIq dI sur ilpI ilKxw, qwnAwlwp, imldy-juldy rwgW dI qulnw, tukVw, rylw Awid [ ies Swsqr duAwrw ikirAwqmk
sMgIq ivc v`fy Xogdwn dI pRwpqI huMdI hY [ Su`D Swsqr AMdr sMgIq, nwd, jwqI, AwrohAvroh, sur, lYA, mwqrw, qwl, KwlI Awid dI pirBwSw, sMgIq dw ieiqhws Awid dw AiDAYn
AwauNdw hY [
gurmiq sMgIq : jwx-pCwx
is`K Drm ivc gurmiq sMgIq nUµ pRDwnqw pRwpq hY [ gurmiq sMgIq rwhIN hI AjokI
56
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
mnu`Kqw bwxI, kIrqn nwl juVdI hY [ gurmiq sMgIq p`DqI is`K Drm ivc iek ivSyS prMprw
dy rUp ivc ivksq huMidAW Sbd/kIrqn dy srUp rwhIN iek invyklI qy ivl`Kx p`DqI vjoN
sQwpq hoeI[ gurmiq sMgIq dI AmIr ivrwsq “sRI gurU gRMQ swihb” ivc mOjUd hY Aqy gurmiq
sMgIq dw vjUd jW pwswr ies qoN ibnW sMBv hI nhIN sgoN nwmumikn hY [ swihb sRI gurU gRMQ
swihb dI bwxI dw sMkln pMjvyN gurU swihb sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1604 eI. ivc kIqw Aqy
ies AMdr Swiml kIqI bwxI nUµ 30 rwgW ivc drj krvwieAw [ AgWh cl ky swihb sRI gurU
goibMd isMG jI ny nOvyN gurU swihb sRI gurU qyg bhwdur jI dI bwxI nUµ swihb sRI gurU gRMQ swihb
ivc AMikq kridAW ies ivc jYjwvMqI rwg nUµ drj kIqw [ ies nwl swihb sRI gurU gRMQ
swihb ivc rwgW dI igxqI 31 ho geI [ gurmiq sMgIq dI prMprw BwrqI sMgIq dy q`qW aupr
AwDwrq sI [ ies dy nwl hI gurU gRMQ swihb AMdr drj bwxI dw AwDwr vI rwgwqmk hY [ ies
ivc drj bwxI 31 rwgW Aqy CMdW Awid dy sumyl nwl suSoibq hY [
gurmiq sMgIq prMprw dw AwrMB cOdvIN sdI ivc swihb sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI qoN hoieAw
mMinAW jWdw hY [ aus vyly qoN hI ieh iek ivl`Kx sMgIq prMprw rUp ivc auBr ky swhmxy
AweI [ ies g`l dw AMdwzw sihjy hI ies nwl vI ho jWdw hY jdoN swihb sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI
ikhw krdy sn ‘mrdwinAw ! CyV rbwb bwxI AweI hY’3 Aqy iesdy nwl mrdwny dy rbwb vjwx
’qy gurU nwnk dyv jI AweI ielwhI bwxI dw gwien AwrMB kr idMdy sn [
gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj bwxI dy gwien leI v`K-v`K SYlIAW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY [
ienHW SYlIAW dw audyS klwqmk qW huMdw hI hY prMqU ies dy nwl-nwl iesdw mUl mnorQ
AiDAwqmk AnMd dI pRwpqI krwauxw vI huMdw hY [ iesdy pVHx, suxn Aqy gwien nwl iek
ivSyS rs Aqy AnMd dw AnuBv hoxw iek lwzmI g`l hY [
iesy qrHW nwl gurmiq sMgIq ivc BwvyN BwrqI sMgIq prMprw dI mOjUdgI srvivAwpk
hovy, pr lok-sMgIq dI pRqI DunIAW dI BrpUrqw vI ies ivc suxweI idMdIAW hn [ lok-sMgIq
dy AMqrgq Awaux vwlIAW gwien SYlIAW GoVIAW, muMdwvxI, AlwhuxI, pihry, iQqI, vwrW,
bwrwmwh, CMd Awid Aijhy kuJ pRcilq rUp hn jo ik gurU gRMQ swihb AMdr drj hn Aqy iesdy
nwl hI pVqwl Awid bwxIAW nwl ies g`l dw pqw cldw hY ik ieh bwxIAW qwl-b`D vI
hn [
mUl rUp ivc gurmiq sMgIq dw audyS sm`ucI kwienwq nUµ AnMd dI pRwpqI krwaux dy
nwl-nwl prmwqmw dw AnuBv krwauxw hY [ ies qrHW nwl ieh g`l sihjy hI sp`St ho jWdI hY
ik ieh AmIr kIrqn prMprw sB nUµ prmwqmw Aqy prm AnMd nwl joVdI hY [
gurmiq sMgIq dy moFI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny AwpxI bwxI AMdr sMgIq nUµ hmySw qrjIh
id`qI hY [ aunHW Anuswr jo mnu`K ‘nwd’, ‘byd’, ‘gIq’, ‘rs’ qoN vWJy huMdy hn Aqy sUJ-bUJ qoN hIxy
huMdy hn jW A`Kr Byd nUµ jwxn v`l ruicq nhIN hMudy, auh AslI Koqy (Asl Kru) dy smwn hn [
ies g`l dI puStI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj aunHW dy slok rwhIN sihjy hI ho jWdI hY :ieknw nwd n byd n gIA rsu rs ks nw jwxMiq ]
ieknw suiD n buiD n Akil sr AKr kw Byau n lhMiq ]
nwnk sy nr Asil Kr ij ibnu gux grbu krMiq ]Ä] 4
gurmiq sMgIq dI mhwnqw dw Jlkwrw sihjy hI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc vyKx nUµ imldw hY [
ies prMprw ADIn gurU swihb gurU gRMQ swihb dy AMq ivc ‘rwgmwlw’ isrlyK hyT bwxI nUµ drj
krky rwgW nUµ vifAweI bKSdy hn [ ‘rwgmwlw’ bwxI ivc rwgW, rwgxIAW Aqy aunHW dI
bMswvlI dw klwqmk vrxn mOjUd hY [ ijvyN ik:epiqda l.ega s[ b>aiea a.ag lj;J sg qh,aaj
sMvwd-04
57
rwgmwlw
rwg eyk sMig pµc brMgn ] sMig Alwpih AwTau nMdn ]
pRQm rwg BYrau vY krhI ] pµc rwgnI sMig aucrhI ]...
Kst rwg auin gwey sMig rwgnI qIs ]
sBY puqR rwgMn ky ATwrh ds bIs ]Ã] 5
AwDuink kwl q`k phuMcidAW hoieAW gurmiq sMgIq dy AMqrgq Awaux vwlI sMgIq
prMprwvW dw ivkws pUrn rUp ivc ho cuikAw sI [ ies ivc inrMqr pirvrqn huMdy rihxw
suBwvk g`l sI [ gurU swihbwnW smyN ieh sMgIq prMprw gurUAW duAwrw jwxn-bUJx qy is`Kx dI
rhI hY prMqU AwDuink kwl ivc AwauNidAW swr hI iesdy ivc kuJ qbdIlIAW Aw geIAW [
ies dOrwn keI swDnW dw ivkws hoieAw Aqy nwl hI AwDuink kwl ivc gurU rUp ivc gurU gRMQ
swihb dI prMprw hoNd ivc sI [ iesnUµ smJx-bUJx leI inrMqr hoey ivkws swDnW Aqy gurU gRMQ
swihb ivc drj bwxI qy qrqIb dy sumyl rwhIN hI iesdy ivc hoey pirvrqn Aqy ivkws dy
mwpdMfw nUµ aulIikAw jw skdw hY [ ies sumyl nwl Avlokn kridAW ieh g`l sihjy hI
s`pSt ho jWdI hY ik AwDuink kwl ivc gwien SYlIAW ivc pirvrqn AwieAw Aqy aunHW
nwl v`jx vwly vwd jW sMgq krn vwly swzw dI rUp ryKw ivc vI bdlwA Aw igAw [
AijhIAW qbdIlIAW dw Aw jwxw smyN dI mMg Anuswr suBwvk huMdw hY [
gurmiq sMgIq Aqy qMqI swz : jwx -pCwx
qMqI-swz:- qwrW rwhIN ijnHW swzW ivcoN Avwz jW DunI auqpMn hud
M I hY, qMqI-swz AKvwauNdy
hn [ gurmiq sMgIq prMprw ADIn qMqI swzW AMdr sB qoN pihlW rbwb bwry g`l krnw zrUrI ho
jWdw hY, ikauNik rbwb pihly pwqSwh swihb sRI gurU nwnk swihb vyly BweI mrdwnw jI pwsoN
vjweI jWdI sI [ gurU Arjn dyv jI srMdy dw vwdn krdy sn Aqy swihb sRI gurU goibMd isMG
jI duAwrw qwaUs nUµ pRXog ivc ilAwieAw jWdw sI [ gurU kwl vyly ienHW qMqI swzW dw pRcln
Awm sI [ prMqU Ajoky smyN qMqI swzW nUµ is`Kx jW isKwaux dw ruJwn idn-b-idn Gtdw jw
irhw hY [ A`j keI nvIn swzW dy hoNd ivc Awaux nwl qMqI swzW v`l lokW dw ruJwn GitAw
hY [ iehnW nvIn swzW nUµ isKxw vI sOKw hI huMdw hY [ nwl hI Ajoky smyN kIrqnIey vI rwgwqmk
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58
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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C.R. Day, The music and musical instruments of Southern India and the Decan,
page-127
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 60-63)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
61
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drVjL Fjr fpijSg drv[u Hgwjv'ug s[ ?jaq[ ijhk Vrk f[GcP l.r[sVLgvaj s[ bjeqV vHg
lf[l dabji wisj ] m drv[u Hgwjv'ug } w[rv q{Bgigbv uJ l'Lv Hgwjv'ug a,w zBj w[ Vhk
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
rZ[i[ lqNS rjvg e,v dHh ] dw l.r[sVLgvaj sg dHh w.lBi,wLV@ cg-w.lBi,wLV
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63
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AwpxI BwSw ivc punr kQxw huMdw hY [ dUsry pwsy imQ ivc kuJ vI
nvW nhIˆ huMdw, kvI ny AwpxI kwiv kuSlqw nwl Awpxy pwTkW leI
kuJ nvW isrjxw huMdw hY [ ies smyN kvI kol iqMn rwh bcdy hn [ sB
qoˆ pihlW imQ ismrnw, Bwv ijvyN imQ mOjUd hY, aus nUµ ausy qrW hI pyS
kr dyxw Aqy Awpxy swry klw hunr dw jor kQw kihx dy AMdwz Aqy
aus nUµ kwiv AlMkwrW nwl sjwaux ivc Krc kr dyxw hY [ dUsrw FMg
kQw nUµ ivsqwr dyx dw hY ijs ivc kvI imQ dw ivsqwr krdw hY,
iek qrHW nwl Kud imQ isrjdw hY, imQ dy K`py Brdw hY [ AspSt Aqy
sMkyqk ArQW nUµ Awpxy smkwlI Xug-boD Anuswr spSt kridAW
khwxI lok-mnW ivc muV p®clq krdw hY [ qIsrw FMg imQ dy mMfn
jW mMfnI ivsqwr dI QW KMfn krn dw hY ijs ivc kvI p®c`lq imQ
nUµ isr Bwr kr idMdw hY [ Aijhw krn leI kvI nUµ v`fw ijgrw cwhIdw
hY Aqy ieh ijgrw aus dw ivAkqIgq nhIN huMdw sgoN ieh aus dy
smkwl dI cyqnw dw prqO huMdw hY [ audwhrn vjoN kwdrXwr ny pUrn
Bgq dw ik`sw p®c`lq rvwieqW Anuswr hI iliKAw Aqy ies nUµ keI
hor kvIAW ny vI duhrwieAw, pUrn isMG ny khwxI qW auhI r`KI pr aus
ivc Awpxw rMg Br id`qw sI jdoN ik iSv kumwr ny khwxI dw qrk hI
aultw id`qw sI [
'koxy dw sUrj' dI sMKyp khwxI ies qrHW hY ik auqkl mOjUdw
auVIsw rwj dy 13vIN sdI dy rwjy nrisMh dyv ny sUrj dyv dw mMdr
fw. rwijMdr pwl isMG
bnwauxw sI ies leI aus ny pujwrI S®yxI jW hwkm SRyxI dy kihx qy
p®oPYsr
swry iSlpIAW nUµ mMdr bnwaux smyN b®hmcwrIAw Dwrn krn Bwv
pMjwbI ivBwg, pMjwbI
kwm-vwSnw qoN dUr rihx dy AwdyS id`qy sn [ ies ivSwl mMdr dw
XUnIvristI,
inrmwx hoieAw Aqy ieh Bwrq dy 7 AjUibAW ivc Swml hY [ ies
pitAwlw [
09815050617,
pusqk dIAW dovyˆ kQwvW iesy mMdr dy inrmwx ieiqhws dy ipCokV
[email protected] ivcoˆ jnm lYNdIAW hn [
64
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 64-69)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
rwjy dw AwdyS sI
mµdr dy bxn qIk Aµg su`cy r`Kxy
g®ihsQ qoN pUrI qrHW sinAws sI
ies qrHW hI dyvqy ny rIJxw
rwjy nr isµh dw ivSvws sI
iSlpI dI dSw kuJ hor sI
b`cy nUM vyKx qy kIhdw jIA nhIN krdw
(pMnw 18-19)
swfw lyKk rwjy dy iSlpIAW nUµ g®ihsQ qoN dUr r`Kx dy PYsly nUµ AinAWpUrn smJdw
hY, auh pqI-pqnI, p®ymI-p®yimkwvW dy duv`ly ibrhoN du`K nUµ p®gtwauˆdw hY [ hux sB qoˆ pihlw
mslw pYdw huMdw hY ik kI ieh rwjy dw PYslw sI ? pujwrI S®yxI dw PYslw sI jW rwjw S®yxI dw
PYslw sI Aqy sB qoN v`D ies PYsly dw ADwr kI sI? swry hI DrmW ivc G`t jW v`D nrmweI jW
sKqweI nwl srIrk ieMdirAwvI suK nUµ duinAwvI KwihSW smJ ky p®hyj r`Kx dI slwh id`qI
jWdI hY [ kuJ DrmW Aqy iPrikAW ivc ieh bMDyj sKq hY ijvyˆ jogIAW ivc [ pr AsIN ieh vI
jwxdy hW ik smu`cI vsoN dI kwm-ik®Aw aupr mukMml pwbMdI sMBv nhIˆ, ieh gYr p®ikrqk hY [
ies leI hr Drm jW pujwrI S®yxI ny CotW vI dy r`KIAW hn [ AwiKr ieh rwjw, pujwrI Aqy
s`qwDwrI kwm aupr pwbMdI ikauN lgwauNdy hn [ ies dw pihlw p®Sn ieh hY ik kwm-SkqI nUµ
p®ikrqk isrjxw nwl sµbµDq hox dy bwvjUd GtIAw Apiv`qr, glIj ikauˆ smiJAw jWdw
sI, ieh ivroDwBws ikauˆ sI? v`D qoN v`D ieh ivAwiKAw id`qI jWdI hY ik ies kwm SkqI nUµ jy
rok ilAw jwvy qW hor isrjxwqimk (jW qbwhI) dy kMmW ivc vrqI jw skdI hY [ siQqI dI
ivfMbnw hY ik ieh PwrmUlw swrI AwbwdI aupr qW lwgU nhIˆ kIqw jw skdw pr hwkm S®yxIAW
AMSk AwbwdI ^ws krky p®iqBwSwlI lokW aupr ies nUµ jbrdsqI lwgU krdIAW hn [ iek
pwsy sUrbIrW, BlvwnW, POjIAW vrgy srIrk blSwlIAW nUµ Aqy dUjy pwsy klwkwrW, DrmAcwrIAW vrgy bOiDk kMm krn vwilAW aupr sKqweI kIqI jWdI rhI hY [ Swied ies dw
kwrn ieh sI ik kwm nwl ivAwh Aqy AOlwd juVI hoeI hY [ AOlwd nwl bMdw b`J jWdw hY
ikauNik AOlwd nUµ dUijAW ivAkqIAW aupr Aqy hor kwrjW qô pihl dyxI kudrqI p®ivrqI hY [
suqyis`D hI ivAkqI iksy musIbq smyN rwjy Aqy rwj dI QwvyN AOlwd nUµ cux jWdw hY [ ies leI
ieh rwjw S®yxI dy ihq ivc sI ik SkqISwlI, p®iqBwSwlI, klwkwr Aqy bOiDk ivAkqI
AOlwd qoˆ dUr rihx [ ies duinAwvI loV aupr AiDAwqimk k`jx pw ky ies nUµ mukqI nwl
joV ky ivAwiKAw id`qI jWdI hY [ p®ymI joVy qW suBwA qoˆ hI bgwvqI huMdy hn [ auh rwj, Drm
Aqy smwijk sMsQwvW nUµ Awpxy ipAwr (p®ikrqk jzby) A`gy qu`C jwxdy sn [ iesy leI swry
hI smwj ies qy is`DIAW jW Ais`DIAW, sKq jW nrm rokW lgwauNdy sn [ ieiqhws ivc
POjIAW nUµ pirvwr qoˆ dUr r`ØiKAw jWdw sI [ v`fy sMq mhWpurS pirvwr nUµ iqAwg idMdy sn jW
Aws kIqI jWdI hY ik iqAwg krn [ koeI ieh iqAwg AMSk krdw sI, koeI pUrn krdw sI
Aqy koeI c`kr ivc krdw sI [
kI kwmnw SwhkwrI dy rwh ivc Atk hY?
kI imln suhj dy rwh dI rukwvt hY?
kI sONdrX dy rsqy ivc mmqw phwV hY?
(pµnw 21)
pihlI kQw ivc iSlpI ivsU mhWrwxw dI pqnI grBvqI hY pr aus nUµ rwjy dy hukm
Anuswr pqnI C`f ky mMdr inrmwx leI jwxw pYˆdw hY [ iesy smyN drimAwn pu`qr Dmpd pYdw
huMdw hY [ v`fw huMdw hY Aqy ipqw nUµ imlx clw jWdw hY [ A`gy mMdr mukMml hox vwlw hY, isrP
w'S[ sj lPiu ^ dq,o sgbJ drivJ $y fH[ dWiaJa sg wdraj
sMvwd-04
65
isKr aupr guMbd itkwauxw bwkI hY [ auh guMbd itk nhIN irhw [ pu`qr AwpxI jugq nwl guMbd
itkw idMdw hY Aqy iPr auh ipqw dy gOrv kwiem r`Kx leI mMdr dI C`q qoN cMdrBwgw ndI ivc
Cwl mwr ky Awqm-h`ØiqAw kr lYNdw hY [ ies kQw ivc ibrhoN dw p®gtwvw qW sihj hI hY [ ies
ibrhoN nUµ pYdw krn vwly AinAW nUµ mohnjIq ny sMvydnw nwl icqrq kIqw hY [ aus dy kuJ
ibrqWqk p®sMgW ivc KUbsUrq p®gIq pYdw huMdw hY [ ies ivc koeI S`k nhIN ik BvnW, mMdrW dw
inrmwx qW Awm lokW dI imhnq Aqy iSlpIAW dI klwkwrI nwl huMdw hY pr aus dw nW rwjy
dy Kwqy pYNdw hY [ Aijhw kridAW Awm lokW aupr jo srIrk mwnisk qS`dd huMdw hY aus nUµ lyKk
ny mwrimk FMg nwl icqirAw hY [
ikrqIAW ny KwihSW ieCwvW mwr ky
p`QrW ivc rUh dI kivqw ilKI hY [
(pµnw -22)
iSlpIAW dw nwm nhIN huMdw
klw huMdI hY jW ikrq
imsr dy iprwimfW dy iSlpI kOx sn
mYksIko dy mwieAw BvnW dy ikrqkwrW nUM kOx jwxdY
kOx sn cyiqAw BvnW sqUpW qy iSlwlyKW
imnwrW AjMqw, Alorw AYlIPYNtw hor lwTW sqMBW KujwrwhoN
qwjmihl dy ausr`eIey?
kOx nhIN jwxdw
nwm rwijAW hwkmW qwnwSwhW jwrW dy huMdy ny
(pµnw 65)
pr mYnUµ jwpdw hY ik rwjy dy julmW, ikrqI dy nW dw nw hoxw, ibrhoN dw icqrn ieh kQw
dy mUl srokwr nhIN hn [ imQ dw mUl srokwr imQ dI guMJl Aqy ies dw sulJwE hY [ ipqw mhwn
iSlpI hY, rwjy dy AwdyS dw pwlxhwr vI hY, swry kwrj l`gBg mukMml vI kr lYNdw hY pr
AwKrI isKrI Coh tIsI qy guMbd itkwaux ivc AsmrQ rihMdw hY [ ieh kwrj aus dw pu`qr
krdw hY [ ieh krnw suBwivk sI, aus AMdr iSlpI dw KUn sI, aus ny iesy klw dI is`ØiKAw
leI sI Aqy sB qoN v`D mhwn kMm krn dI p®yrnw sI [
Dmpd p`Qr drwSdw/in®q klw vI is`K irhY
hwv Bwv dw Byd pw irhw/lokW ivc ivcrdw hY
DunW dw guhj pw irhw/lokW dw mrhm smJdw
mrm isrjxw dI rUh hY/ Aµdr dw rh`s jgw irhw
ies qoN vI A`gy lyKk ny iliKAw hY
(pµnw 30)
ivSU iSlpI AwgU sI/dUr AMdyS brIkbIn jugqmµd
p`QrW dI rmj sJxdw/suBwA p®ikrqI rMg rUp
ieh sB g`lW pu`qr nUM d`sIAW
(pµnw 57)
iksy kwrj leI vMS, vwqwvrn qy p®ry nw hI muK
` kwrk mMny jWdy hn [ ies ivc njwiezævI
kuJ nhIN sI sgoN ieh klw prMprw dI lgwqwrqw sI [ pr pu`qr ipqw dw nW au~cw r`Kx leI
kurbwnI idMdw hY [
lok ivSvws hY/bwp ivsU dy gOrv leI
Dmpd ny mµdr dI C`q qoN/cMdrBwgw 'c Cwl mwrI
66
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
jl jl smwDI leI/smJ nhIN AwauNdI
(pµnw 64)
ieh iks iksm dw dbwA sI? ieh ikhVy mu`l p®bMD dI d`s pwauNdw hY ? ij`Qy pu`qr jy
ipqw dy ADUry kMmW nUµ pUrw kr dyvy qW aus nUµ sul`g jW spu`qr kihx dI QwvW p`g qy dwg
smiJAw jwvy ijs dy is`ty vjoN aus nUµ Awqm-h`ØiqAw krnI pvy[myry qô ieh guMJl h`l nhIˆ hoeI [
ikauˆik iek pwsy qW lyKk dw m`q hY ik
sWJ dI jY sI/muVky dI iqAwg dI jY
sbr dI jY/Dmpd qW mwiDAm sI isrP iek nW...
swirAW dw imlxw hI koxwrk sI
(pµnw 64)
BISm ny ipqw dI kwm-KuSI leI sdw leI b®hmcwrI rihx dI ksm Kw leI sI [ rwm ny
Awpxy bwp dsrQ dy vcn inBwaux leI Kud bxvws Dwrn kr ilAw [ r`b A`gy iebrwhIm ny
iezwk dI kurbwnI dy id`qI sI [ hrIS cMdr ny Awpxy hI pu`qr nUµ dPnwaux qoN ienkwr kr
id`qw sI [ ienHW swry hI p®sMgW ivc Drm iek v`fy mu`l p®bMD vjoˆ hwzr hY [ ipqw dI KuSI dI
ie`Cw, p®clq ivDwn, r`b dI mrjI mh`qvpUrn hY pr ies imQ ivc qW pu`qr Awp hI ipqw dI
kIrqI vDwaux leI mr jWdw hY [ ieh imQ iks cIjæv`l sMkyq krdI hY? mYN smJ nhIN sikAw [
ij`QoN qk b®hcwrX dI Dwrnw nUµ inrwrQk swbq krn Aqy ies nwl aupjdI ibrhw nUµ icqrn
Aqy Ap®oK rUp ivc AinAW ivru`D Avwj auTwaux dw p®Sn hY lyKk ny kmwl kr id`qI pr
lyKk ny ies p®Sn nUµ AxgOilAw kr id`qw ik AwiKr pu`qr dI kurbwnI ikauN? ies p®Sn ny ies
pusqk dy AMiqkw lyKkW nUµ vI qMg nhIN kIqw [ mYnUµ ies p®Sn ny bhuq qMg kIqw hY [ mYN AwpxI
qMgI quhwfy nwl sWJI kr id`qI hY [ qusIN A`goN qMg huMdy ho jW nhIˆ ieh quhwfy qy inrBr hY [ ieh
kQw kI iksy purwxy p®mwixk pwT dw vI ih`sw hY jW ieh kyvl gweIf dI GVI khwxI hY [ ijvyN
hr ikly ivc surMg dw hox Aqy ikly dy bxn smyN iksy dI kurbwnI dw ijkr gweIf Aksr hI
krdy rihMdy hn jdoN ik ieiqhwsk Aqy aus smyN dy iemwrqswjI Anuswr bhuqIAW iemwrqW
ivc surMgW nhIˆ sn [
dUsrI kQw dw sµbµD vI BwvyN ausy koxwrk mMdr Aqy ausy b®hmcwr vwlI kwm vrjxw
nwl hY pr aus dI guMJl ivAwh qoN iqMn idn pihlW hI rwjy dy AwdyS kwrn ivAwhy jwx vwly
joVy kml mhWrwxw Aqy cMdrBwgw ivc pYx vwlw ivCoVw hI nhIN sgoN aus kQw dI mUl guMJl
qW rwj-in®qk s®Id`q dI pu`qrI iSlpw dw Awpxy GridAW qoN corI Aqy ieh vI su`Jdw hY ik sB
qoˆ corI dyvdwsI (dyvdwsI p®qIrUp bx skdI hY) nw huMidAW vI mMdr dI mUrqI leI p®qIrUp
bxnw hY [ ieh corI rwjy Aqy rwjy dy Aihlkwr ijnHW ivc aus dw ipqw dI Swml hY, qoN qW ho
skdI hY pr swQI iSlpI klwkwrW qy p®qIrUp bxn Aw rhIAW hor dyvdwsIAW qoN vI hovy, ieh
sMBv nhIN jwpdw [ hwl dI GVI ieh mMn vI ilAw jwvy qW mu`K g`l isrP eynI hI rih jWdI hY
ik kI iSlpw Aqy iSlpI Awps ivc ipAwr ivc sn jW aus iSlpw AMdr isrP bu`q rUp ivc
siQr ho ky Amrqw g®ihx krn dI illk sI [ ijs dw pqw l`gx aupr aus nUµ ies dI kImq
dyS inkwly vjoˆ hMFwauxI pYNdI hY [ mYN ies kQw nUµ kwm, kwmnw Aqy ipAwr qoN pry Amrqw dI
illk vjoN dyKdw hW [
Awid mnu`K qoN lY ky A`j qk hr smyN hr cIz nUµ sonw bxw dyx vwly pwrs p`Qr Aqy iek
vwr Kw lYx nwl sdw leI Amr ho jwx vwly Pl dI ie`Cw mOjUd rhI hY [ Amr hox jW G`to G`t
dIrG AwXU qW A`j qk ivigAwnIAW dI iK`c dw kwrn bxI hoeI hY [ pr jy Awp ijauNdy nw rhy
qW iesy illk dw dUjw p`K Awpxw sdIvI inSwn C`fx dw hY ijs nwl j`g qy rih jy g`l [
ieh Bu`K pUrI krn leI iek pwsy inauN jVH kwiem r`Kx dw rwh qW sMqwn auqpqI dw hY, dUjw
w'S[ sj lPiu ^ dq,o sgbJ drivJ $y fH[ dWiaJa sg wdraj
sMvwd-04
67
sdw cyiqAW ivc rih jwx vwlI sdIvI Xwd bxn leI huMdw hY [ XwdW nUµ siQr r`Kx leI
sQUl vsqW shweI huMdIAW hn [ sQUl vsqW (bu`q, Bvn, qsvIrW) Drvws idMdIAW hn [ sQUl
vsqW nwSvwn srIrW Aqy srIrW AMdr vwpr rhy mwnisk ik®AwvW dw is`Dw jW p®qIkwqimk
AiBivAMjn hY [ AwDuink Xùg ivc vI ieh Bwv mOjUd rihMdw hY [ sYlPI iesy dI isKr hY [ sYlPI
qoN vI A`gy Ajoky Xu`g ivc sMnI ilEn vrgI Adwkwr dI ngn iPlmW qoN ihMdI isnymy vwieAw
ib`gbOs ivc dwKly dI khwxI vI rldI imldI jwpdI hY [ ikqy nw ikqy Awqm moh hY [
nwriszm ies svY-moh dw bOiDk ivSlySx hY [ ies bwry bhuq kuJ iliKAw ivcwirAw igAw hY [
ieh Awqm moh Awpxy leI SISw l`Bdw hY [ ieh SISw p®ymI hI ho skdw hY, Awm p®ymI p®ym plW
ivc SISw huMdw hY [ p®qIibMb sur`ØiKAq nhIN kr skdw [ p®ymI dy dUr hMuidAw hI sB kuJ CweImweI ho jWdw hY [ klwkwr (kvI, ic`qrkwr mUrqIkwr, AwDuink kYmrwmYn, inrdySk) aus
p®qIibMb nUµ icrsQweI kr idMdw hY [ iesy krky klwkwr-p®ymI p®qI AwkrSn vDyry ho jWdw hY [
iSlpkwr qW kQw mwmly ivc Alp ik®irAwSIl hY [ smwijk dbwE Aqy ivAkqIgq lukwE
bwry Prwief swnUµ bhuq igAwn idMdw hY [ swrI Gtnw dw pqw l`gx qy iSlpkwr nUµ szw nhIN
hoeI, mUrqI nhIN qoVI geI pr iSlpw nUµ dyS inkwlw dy id`qw jWdw hY [ jy kQw ieQy Kqm ho
jWdI qW kQw sDwrn rih jWdI hY [ kQw dw mh`qvpUrn Bwg ieh hY ik dyS inkwly smyN jhwz
ivc jwx Aqy qUPwn qoˆ bcwE leI jdoN auh kurbwnI idMdI hY qW aus dI kurbwnI prvwn pY
jWdI hY Bwv auh jq-sq dI p`kI sI, kI aus AMdr kyvl kwm Kyf dI QW Amr hox dI lwlsw
sI ? ieh p®Sn iDAwn dI mMg krdw hY [
rwjs`qw dy Awpxy inXm hn [ iksy dI Xwd bxn nhIN idMdI [ iksy dI jbrdsqI
bxwauNdI hY [ pitAwly dy mhwrwjy ny hrm ivc Awaux qoN ienkwrI iek Dobx nUµ jbrdsqI cùk
ilAWdw [ aus ny KudkSI kr leI qW mhwrwjy ny aus dI ngn AvsQw dw bu`q SryAwm bwrWdrI
ivc g`f id`qw sI [ smyN bwAd kuJ Bwg 'qy k`pVw pw id`qw igAw [ KwVkU lihr smyN auh bùq bMb
nwl aufw id`qw igAw [ so sQUl inSwnIAW kyvl Amrqv dI lwlsw ivcoN iek pwisauN nhIN
jwgdIAW sgoN ieh s`qw dy dmn nUµ icqrq krn leI vI hoNd ivc AwauNdIAW hn[
ibnw S`k mohnjIq ny imQ-BMjnw nhIN kIqI pr aus ny imQ ismrnw vI nhIN kIqI [ aus
ny m`D-mwrg cuixAw hY [ aus ny imQ dy ivc mOjUd K`ØipAW nUµ Awpxy ArQW nwl BirAw hY [
pihlI kQw ivc aus dw zor ibrhw icqrn aupr hY Aqy ies ivc auh sPl vI hY [ ikqy nw ikqy
ies kQw ivc ipClI sdI dy pihly A`D dy p®gqIvwdI ivcwrW dI p®qIDunI vI suxweI idMdI hY
ik AwiKr ivSwl klwik®qW dI isrjxw qW mnu`KI h`Q hI krdy hn pr aunHW dI bjwey nW hmySw
rwijAW dw pYNdw hY [ ibrhw icq®x Aqy rwijAW dy AinAWSIl ivvhwr dy nwlo nwl ies rcnw
ivc mMdr dI Swbidk icqrkwrI vI hY ijs ny mMdr nhIN vyiKAw Aqy auh ies dIAW qsvIrW
vI nhIN vyKxw cwhuMdw auh mohnjIq dy SbdW ivcoN mMdr dI klw vyK skdw hY [ ies kQw dw
isKr qW pu`qr dw mrnw hY [ socx vwlI g`l hY ik ieh mrnw ipqw leI hY? rwjy leI hY? jW iPr
ieh hzwrW iSlpIAW leI hY ?
dUjI kQw p®clq nYiqkqw-AnYiqkqw qoN pry ivcrdI hY [ iSlpI dI p®yimkw ijsny
pqnI bxnw sI, ibrhw mwrI qW hY auh s`s v`loN durkwrI vI hY [ aus dI durkwr ip`Cy s`c jW JUT
p®yimkw dI durwcwrnw hY [ kuJ p®Sn lyKk ny Awpxy hI FMg nwl C`f id`qy hn jW kih lE ik
AwpxI hI ivAwiKAw dy id`qI [ kvI Anuswr cMdrBwgw dy sµbµD ivc s`s v`fI doSI jwpdI hY
jdoN ik ikqy nw ikqy iSlpkwr v`fw doSI hY [ pihlW cMdr Bwgw nUµ klpnw qoN bu`q ivc skwr
krdw hY, iPr auhI iSlpw nUµ bu`q rUp ivc GV ky vI bygunwh mwsUm rihMdw hY [ pr AMq jdoN auh
68
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
cMdrBwgw nUµ pCwx ky vI nhIN ApxwauNdw qW auh v`fw doSI swbq huMdw hY pr jwpdw hY ik
kvI ikqy mrdwvyN smwj dI Awm Dwrnw dw iSkwr hoieAw hI ilK jWdw hY :
bySk kml nUM mW ny ikhw sI ik mr cu`kI hY
s`s qW eyho cwhuMdI hY/eyho aus ny ikhw hY
auh ibrhn dI rg nUM nhIN pihcwn
nhIN jwxdI sucm kI huMdI hY
kMvwrwpx kI huMdw hY
vwh nI iksmqy ijs nUM vyiKAw eI nhIN
aus sMg p®xweI geI
ijs nUM kdy Aµg nhIN lwieAw
aus nwl ivAwhI geI
cMdr Bwgw dI ieho hoxI hY
nwrI hI nwrI dI duSmx hY [
(pµnw 108)
ibnHW S`k aus dy ibrqWq ivc AwauNdI ibrhw dI p®gIqk vydnw ivSyS iDAwn mMgdI
hY [
Aw nI sKIey/vyK nI sKIey
kOx p®whuxw AwieAw
nwly swfw ic`q lY igAw
nwly lY igAw kwieAw
(pµnw 74)
ieh kwiv kQw iek icr sQweI p®Sn nUµ vI muV-muV jgwauNdI hY ik klwkwr dw XQwrQ
nwl sMbMD ikho ijhw huMdw hY [ klpnw ivc AslIAq Aqy klw ivc klpnw dw kI Xog hY?
ieh rh`s nUµ nij`Tx dw kwrj ieh kwiv kQw krdI hY [ koxy dw sUrj pusqk rwhIˆ mohnjIq ny
koxwrk mMdr nwl juVIAW do imQk khwxIAW nUµ pyS kridAW keI mUl BUq p®Sn auTwey hn [
pUrv AwDuink Xu`g ivc iemwrqW, mMdrW, mInwrW, BvnW dw inrmwx aunHW dy aupXogI jW
vpwrk p`K nwloˆ vDyry rwj s`qw dy p`K nUµ sQwpq krnw sI [ Aijhw kridAW rwjw S®yxI l`KW
ikrqIAW, kwrIgrW qô nw kyvl srIrk muS`kq hI krwauNdy sgoN aunHW dw mwnisk auqpIVn vI
krdy sn ijs dw isKr mMdr bnwaux smyN b®hmcwrX dw pwlx krnw sI [ ieh p®Sn vI
auTwieAw igAw hY ik ienHW ivSwl iemwrqW dy isrjxhwr qW Awm ikrqI klwkwr sn pr nW
lOikk jW AlOikk rwjy dw hI v`jdw sI [ ieh vI p®Sn auTdw hY ik mMdr dIAW dyvdwsIAW
kOx Aqy ikvyN bxweIAW jWdIAW sn, kI AmIr auckul dIAW AOrqW vI dyvdwsIAW bxdIAW
sn jW nIvIN kul dIAW lVkIAW nUµ hI rwjw S®yxI Aqy pujwrI S®yxI dw gTjoV AwpxI srIrk
syvw leI mwnisk qOr qy gulwm bxwauNdw sI [ ieh Aqy ies iksm dy p®Sn mwrksvwdI Aqy
sbwltrn icMqn dy hn pr ieh kQwvW pVHidAW kuJ hor p®Sn vI auTdy hn [ ijvyˆ iSlpw dw
dyvdwsI nw huMidAW vI Amr hox dI lwlsw ADIn p®qIrUp bxnw hY [ klwkwrW dy AMdr rwjy
dw AwdyS mMnx dI mzbUrI dy nwlo nwl AwpxI klw dy jOhr ivKwaux dI ie`Cw vI kMm krdI
hY [ ieMj ieh pusqk koeI bMd b`Dy-ru`Dy ArQW dI QwvyN nvyN p®Sn pYdw krdI hY [ iek qrHW kvI ny
p®wpq kQw dy K`ØipAW nUµ qW BirAw hY nwl dI nwl nvyN p®Sn vI pYdw kIqy hn [ mYN kvI dw ies
kQw nUµ pMjwbI ivc sWJI krn leI DMnvwd krdw hW [
²
w'S[ sj lPiu ^ dq,o sgbJ drivJ $y fH[ dWiaJa sg wdraj
sMvwd-04
69
AwDuink pMjwbI swihq dI smwijk swrQkqw
swihq Aqy smwj dI AMqr-sMbMDqw qy AMqr-sMbwidqw sjIv
suBwA vwlI hY ijs dy is`ty vjoN ieh dovyN iek duUjy dy suBwA, sMvydnw
Aqy swr dI pCwx leI shweI huMdy hn ikauNik swihq AwpxI k`cI
sm`grI (vsqU-rUp ivc) smwj ivcoN hI gRihx krdw hY, ies leI ieh
ijQy Awpxy smyN dy jIvn-s`c qy soc ivcly AMqr-ivroDW dw AwBws
krvwauNdw hY, auQy Awpxy prqvyN rUp ivc ieh Awpxy smyN dI smwijk
cyqnw dy ivkws qy smwijkI qbdIlI ivc vI Awpxw bxdw Xogdwn
pwauNdw hY [ ieauN, swihq mnu`K dy inry suhj-suAwd jW mn-prcwvy dy
swDn vjoN hI nhIN, sgoN smwijk pirvrqn dI qOr qy qrIikAW ip`Cy
kwrjSIl qy pRvwhmwn pdwrQk qy ieiqhwsk loVW, pRBwvW Aqy dbwvW
Awid dI jwxkwrI dy iek ivSvws Xog qy pRmwixk sRoq vjoN vI
Awpxw mu`l Aqy mh`qv r`Kdw hY [
sMq, sUrmw qy ShId pMjwbI suBwA dw Aijhw iqRvyxI-sMgm hY
ijhVw pMjwbI mwniskqw ivc iek srvoqm qy ApxwauxXog mu`l
vjoN pRvwn hY [ ieho hI kwrx hY ik pMjwbI jIvn ivc jdoN vI iksy
sMkt smyN ies dI prK GVI AweI hY qW pMjwbIAW ny ies mu`l dI
sQwpqI dw sbUq id`qw hY [ pMjwb dw gOrvmeI ieiqhws, gurU swihbwnW
dw sMq, sUrmy qy ShIdI vwlw jIvn Aqy m`DkwlIn pMjwbI swihq
dIAW iviBMn kwiv-DwrwvW ivclw kwiv-ibMb ies dI pRwmwixkqw ƒ
pu^qw rUp ivc sQwipq krdw hY [ AwDuink simAW ivc vI pMjwbI
suBwA dI AijhI ivl`Kx ivBUqI dI klwqmk ibMbwkwrI AwDuink
swihq dy iviBMn rUpW ivc aupl`bD hY, ijhVI Awpxy prqvyN rUp ivc
hr vMgwr, ibpqw Aqy ivprIq siQqIAW ivc vI swfI pRry xw dw sroq
bxdI rhI hY [ ieauN Awpxy AwrMB qoN hI pMjwbI swihq ijQy AwpxI
smkwlI sMvydnw ƒ sMBwln dw dsqwvyzI mu`l r`Kdw hY [ auQy ies dI
mu`K-sur mnu`K dI hoNd Aqy h`kW auqy Cwpw mwrn vwly s`qw dy hr qrHW dy
dwby, dmn Aqy SkqI dy ivroD pRiqroD vwlI rhI hY [
fw. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr
pR&
o sY r
pMjwbI ivBwg, pMjwb
XUnIvristI,
cMfIgVH [
9855059696
[email protected]
70
sMvwd-04
pMjwb ivc AwDuinkqw dIAW jVHW 1849 eI qoN bwAd lgxIAW
AwrMB hoeIAW jdoN Bwrq dy Aw^rI rwj auqy vI brqwnvI swmrwj dw
kbjw ho igAw [ p`CmI siBAwcwr, p`CmI is`ØiKAw Aqy p`CmI swihq
dy pRBwv rwhIN jo nvW igAwnvwd ieQy phuMicAW, aus pRqI pMjwbI
icMqn dI phuMc-idRStI AMnHI SrDw jW AMnHy Anukrn vwlI nhIN rhI,
sgoN sMbwidqw vwlI sI [ iehdI XQwrQ-boD dI ivigAwnk qy
qwrikkqw vwlI idRStI ƒ AwpxI prMprw Aqy ieiqhws dI punr-Koj
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 70-76)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
Aqy punr-ivAwiKAw leI vrqdy hoey, ies rwhIN AwpxI prMprw dIAW audwrvwdI, mwnvvwdI
qy mu`lvwn kdrW-kImqW Aqy jIvn-SYlI ƒ srl Aqy suKwvW bxwaux vwlIAW mwnvqwvW,
DwrnwvW Aqy ivhwr dI pCwx krdy hoey ienHW dI sWB-sMBwl Aqy AmlI rUp ivc ienHW dy
Apxwey jwx dw qrk pyS kIqw [ dUjy pwsy, AwpxIAW smwj-siBAwcwrk sImwvW dI pCwx
krdy hoey ienHW ƒ iqAwgx dI vkwlq vI kIqI [ qIjw, pMjwbI icMqn ny p`CmI icMqn ƒ iek
viFau iqRskwirAw nhIN sgoN ies icMqn dy aunHW p`KW, rUpW sMklpW Aqy ivDIAW ƒ gRihx krn
dI ihmwieq kIqI ijhVIAW swfy sUJ-sMcwr, SKsI AwzwdI Aqy ivAkqIgq qy smUihk
S^sIAq dy ivkws ivc shweI huMdIAW hoeIAW swfIAW smkwlI sm`ØisAwvW dy sulJwaux ivc
shweI ho skdIAW sn [ cOQI g`l, pMjwbI icMqn ny Awpxy klwqmk mwiDAmW, ivSyS krky
pMjwbI swihq dy iviBMn rUpW, rwhIN pMjwbIAq ƒ kyNdr ivc r`Kdy hoey rwStrI cyqnw ƒ auBwirAw,
ijs dy PlsrUp pMjwbIAW ny jMgy-AwzwdI ivc pihlkdmI vI kIqI Aqy rwStrI-AMdoln
ivc Awpxw BrvW sihXog Aqy blIdwn vI id`qw [
BwrqI ieiqhws ivc 1857 dw vrHw auh kRWqIkwrI vylw hY jdoN brqwnvI swmrwj ivrùD
pihlw ibgul bjwieAw igAw [ pMjwb dI rjvwVwSwhI ny BwvyN Awpxy in`jI ih`qW leI AMgryzW
dw sQw id`qw, prMqU 13 ApRYl 1857 ƒ kUikAW dy AwgU bwbw rwm isMG jI ny ‘sMq Kwlsy’ dw
pRkwS krky iek AijhI lihr pYdw kIqI ijs ny brqwnvI hwkmW dI nINd hrwm kr id`qI [
bwbw rwm isMG jI ƒ jlwvqnI Aqy iesdy pYrokwrW ƒ BwvyN qopW dy goilAW nwl bMnH ky ShId
kIqw igAw, prMqU ienHW duAwrw ijhVw nw-imlvrqn dw rwh ApxwieAw igAw, iehI rwh
bwAd ivc kWgrs duAwrw clwey gey mhwqmw gWDI dy SWqmeI AMdoln dw AwDwr bixAw [
kUkw/nwmDwrI lihr dw pMjwbI swihq dI auswrI ivc vI swrQk Xogdwn irhw hY [ gaUh`ØiqAw qy bu`cV KwinAW dw ivroD, AMgryzI swmrwj ivru`D iq`KI n&rq, srkwr nwl nwimlvrqn Aqy svdySI, vsqW dI vrqoN ƒ Apnwaux dy nwl-nwl kUikAW dy swihq ivc
rwStrI cyqnw, AwzwdI dI lgn, Awpxy jlwvqn kIqy gurU bwbw rwm isMG jI pRqI AQwh
ibrhw qy SrDw, smwijk burweIAW dI inMdw, srl izMdgI dI is`ØiKAw, AOrq dI kdr Awid
QIimk pwswrW vjoN swkwr hoey sn [ bwbw rwm isMG jI ny Awpxy jlwvqnI dy smyN ijhVy
hukmnwmy AwpxI sMgq ƒ Byjy aunHW ny pMjwbI BwSw qy gurmuKI ilpI ƒ Awpxwaux dI pRyrxw
id`qI [ bwbw cMd isMG dy bwrwmwh, inhwl isMG dw bwrmwh Awid mu`FlI rcnwvW hn [ ies qoN
ielwvw ies lihr qoN pRBwivq hor vI swihq pRwpq hoieAw hY ijs dI muK-sur auprokq suBwA
vwlI hY [ ieauN nwmDwrI swihq ny rwStrI cyqnw Aqy prMprw dI pCwx dw mu`Flw qy mu`lvwn
pRvcn auswrn qy pRcwrn ivc Aihm BUimkw inBweI [
19vIN sdI dy A`TvyN dhwky ivc swmrwj dIAW BwrU nIqIAW, p`CmI sMsikRqI dy vDdy
pRBwv Aqy eIsweI imSnrIAW dIAW v`D rhIAW gqIivDIAW dy pRqI au~qr vjoN pMjwb ivc jo
punr surjIqI dIAW lihrW pYdw hoeIAW, auh pMjwb dy m`D vrg dI jwqI bxqr qy jwqI ih`CW
krky suBwA p`KoN BwvyN sOVI soc qy qMgidlI dIAW iSkwr ho geIAW, prMqU ^uSiksmqI vwlI
g`l ieh hoeI ik bhuq jldI hI pMjwbIAW ny AwpxIAW ienHW sMsikRqk sImwvW ƒ smJ ilAw [
pMjwb dy Aijhy sMktmeI ieiqhwsk dOr ivc jdoN iek pwsy pMjwb smu`cy Bwrq smyq brqwnvI
swmrwj dIAW SoSxkwrI qy dmnkwrI nIqIAW ivru`D jUJ irhw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy auh AwpxIAW
smwj-siBAwcwrk sImwvW qy kmzorIAW dw burI qrHW iSkwr sI, qW pMjwbI icMqn AwpxI
Dwrimk sOVI soc ivcoN inkl ky pMjwbI dI lMmyrI qy ivSwl prMprw ivc peI aus nroeI qy
mu`lvwn soc ƒ ApxwauNdw hY ijs dw suBwA mwnvvwdI qy audwrvwdI hY [ pMjwbI soc qy icMqn
dw ieh pRvwh aus smyN dy ivksq ho rhy smUh pMjwbI swihq rUpW ivc sp`St idKweI idMdw hY,
bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj
sMvwd-04
71
ijs ny AwpxyN prqvyN rUp ivc brqwnvI swmrwj ivru`D iek ivAwpk p`Dr ’qy jnqk qy
siBAwcwrk muhwj auswrn ivc AwpxI mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBweI [
is`KI AsUlW dI pUnr-surjIqI leI pMjwb ivc 187 eI. ivc isMG sBw lihr dI sQwpnw
hoeI [ ies lihr ny is`KI dy Drm pRcwr, smwj qy siBAwcwrk suDwr, ividAk aunqI, pMjwbI
BwSw dw pRcwr qy pRswr, p`qrkwrI Aqy swhiqk KyqrW ivc j`Qb
y D
M k qy sucq
y rUp ivc mh`qvpUrn
kMm kIqw [ pMjwbI BwSw ƒ is`ØiKAw dw mwiDm bxwaux, skUl/kwlj Awid KolHx dy nwl-nwl
A^bwrW, rswly, pYNPilt, pusqkW dI CpweI Awid ƒ hor pR&uilq kIqw [ pMjwbI swihq dy bhuqy
mu`Fly ausr`eIey iesy lihr dI dyx hn [ ienHW dI sB qoN v`fI smwijk pRwpqI ieh hY ik ienHW
duAwrw isrjy swihq ny ijQy is`K jgq ivc nvIN jwigRqI pYdw kIqI, auQy Drm qy smwj suDwr
dy iviBMn iviSAW rwhIN smwijk qbdIlI ivc Awpxw bxdw Xogdwn pwieAw [ BweI id`q
isMG, BweI vIr isMG, mohn isMG vYd, crn isMG ShId, swDU dXw isMG Awid kuJ Aijhy
pRiqinD lyKk hn ijnHW pMjwbI swihq dI smwjk swrQkqw dy nwl-nwl AwDuink swihq
rUpW dIAW rUpgq sMrcnwvW dy klwqmk mwflW ƒ inrDwrq krn ivc vI pihl-kdmI
kIqI [
gdr lihr pMjwbI icMqn qy cyqnw dw Aijhw kRWqIkwrI pRgtw sI ijhVw bwbw sohx
isMG Bknw, bwbw gurid`q isMG, krqwr isMG srwBw qy pRo. lwlw hridAwl Awid dy XqnW
nwl AmrIkw dy Sihr swn-PRWissko ivc 1912-13 ivc gdr pwrtI dI sQwpnw nwl
Acwnk jW sMXog nhIN, sgoN ies dI ip`T-BUmI ivc brqwnvI swmrwj dIAW auh dmnkwrI qy
soSnkwrI nIqIAW sn ijnHW dy PlsrUp pMjwb dI CotI ikswnI dI kMgwlI qy mMdhwlI vwlI
hwlq bxI [ SwhUkwr qy srkwrI krjy dy boJ ny ies dI AwriQk kMgroV qoV C`fI sI [ AijhI
sMktgRsq hwlq ivc ies kol do hI ivklp sn- pihlw, K`tx-kmwaux leI ivdySW ivc
jwieAw jwvys dUjw, brqwnvI POj ivc BrqI hoieAw jwvy [ iek AMdwzy Anuswr AijhI
durdSw qoN bcx leI pUrbI pMjwb qy keI ijilAW dy kuJ is`K ikswnW ny dys iqAwg ky dUrpUrb dy mulkW Aqy AmrIkw qy kYnyfw Awid DnI mulkW ivc jwxw SurU kIqw [ 1904-05 qoN
1906-07 ivckwr lgBg 2950 ikrswn bwhr jw cuk
` y sn [ 1914 eI. q`k bwhr gey BwrqIAW
dI ku`l igxqI vIh l`K sI, ijnHW ivc is`K ikrswnI dI igxqI bhuq izAwdw sI [
ienHW mulkW ivc jw ky pMjwbIAW ƒ Awzwd mulkW dI Awzwd i&zw dw Aihsws hoieAw [
ieauN, gurbq, iglwnI qy gulwmI BrI izMdgI qoN Cutkwrw Aqy AwzwdI dI qWG hI gdr lihr
dy pRry xw sroq bxy [ gdr pwrtI vloN jnvrI 1914 ivc gurmuKI pRs
Y kwiem krky gdr gurmuKI
ivc CwipAw jwx l`gw [ BwvyN ieh lihr iek qoN izAwdw kwrxW krky kwmXwb qW nhIN ho
skI, prMqU ies lihr dIAW isAwsI kurbwnIAW, ieiqhwsk rol Aqy swihq-siBAwcwrk dyx
auswrU qy auqSwhjnk rhI [ ies lihr dy pRBwv vjoN jo swihq pYdw hoieAw, ausny pihly sMswr
Xu`D qoN bwAd pMjwb ivclyy Dwrimk, rwjsI Aqy smwijk AwzwdI leI ivFy GolW ivc nvIN
rUh Aqy SkqI Br id`qI [ gdr dI gUMj, b`br gUMj, gdrI qy kwmw, b`br kwiv-sMgRih, mUnSw isMG
: jIvn qy rcnw, fwierI bwbw hrI isMG ausmwn, dyS BgqW dI bwxI Awid kuJ Aijhy sMgRih hn
ijnHW ivcoN swƒ AwpxI gdrI dyS BgqW dI brqwnvI swmrwj ivru`D auTI bvwgq dI juJwrU
sur pRwpq huMdI hY [ ienHw sMgRih ivcoN iek`ly gdr dI gUMj (spqwihk qy mwhvrI p`qr) dIAW s`q
pusqk lVIAW, ijnHW dI igxqI 1,21,000 bxdI hY Cwp ky gdr pwrtI ny dunIAW dy swry
dySW ivc, ijQy vI pMjwbI vsdy sn, mu&q vMfIAW [ Aijhw kRWqIkwrI qy juJwrU swihq dySipAwr qy lok-ih`qW dw pRyrk bixAw Aqy iesny Aijhy swihq dy hor ivkws leI zmIn vI
iqAwr kIqI, ijsny smwj dIAW lokrwjI prqW dy kRWqIkwrI jzibAW ƒ pRiqibMbq vI kIqw
72
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
Aqy pRyrnw vI id`qI [ srdwr Bgq isMG vrgy kurbwnI dy puMj Aqy jMgy-AwzwdI ƒ nvW moV
dyx vwly ShId sUrimAW ny ies lihr ivcoN AwpxI AwrMBlI pRyrxw gRihx kIqI [
iesy Arsy dOrwn 1917 eI. dy rUsI ienklwb ny dunIAW Br dIAW ikrqI qy Soisq kOmW
Aqy mulkW ivc AwpxI gulwmI dw jUlw auqwr ky vgwh mwrn leI ivigAwnk smwjvwdI
cyqnw dw sMcwr kIqw [ BwrqI icMqn, BwrqI swihq qy klw Aqy Bwrq dy suqMqrqw AMdoln
auqy ies kRWqI dw ivAwpk pRBwv ipAw [ ienHW ivcwrW ny gdrI bwibAW Aqy pMjwb dI
nOjvwn ikrqI qy ikrswn vrg auqy vI Awpxw gihrw Asr pwieAw [ pMjwb ivc sohx isMG
joS Aqy srdwr Bgq isMG ny mwrksvwd dIAW jVHW p`kIAW krn Aqy mwrksI siBAwcwr ƒ
v`D qoN v`D lokW q`k phuMcwaux ivc sB qoN v`D mh`qpUrn BUimkw inBweI [ 1928 eI ivc pMjwb
AMdr ikrqI ikswn nW dI pwrtI hoNd ivc AweI [ ikrqI nW dI iek pMjwbI h&qwvwr rswlw
AwrMB kIqw ijhVw bwAd ivc 1925 ivc sMgiTq hoeI BwrqI kimaUinst pwrtI dy ivcwrW
qy pwilsIAW dw pRcwr krdw irhw [ pMjwbI p`qrkwrI dy Kyqr ivc ijvyN hVH Aw igAw [
PulvwVI, kvI, pRIqlVI, prBwq, lwl FMforw Awid Aijhy h&qwvwrI qy mwisk p`qr hn ijhVy
1935-36 eI. qk pRkwiSq hoxy SurU hoey [ ies qoN ielwvw kuJ hor swihqk sMsQwvW hoNd ivc
AweIAW ijnHW ny swihqk cyqnw, pwTk vrg ’c vwDw Aqy AgWhvDu smwijk ivcwrDwrw dw
ivsqwr kIqw [ ienHW ivc pRYs qoN ielwvw kvI drbwrW dw AwXojn, p`CmI swihq dw pRBwv,
AwDuink FMg dy pusqkwly Aqy ivigAwnk Koj-sMsQwvW Awid dI sQwpnw Swiml hY [ smwijk
qOr ’qy ies smwijk qy bOiDk cyqnw ny hr qrHW dy smwijk AinAW, BUpvwdI smwj, rUVHIvwdI
siBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW Aqy swmrwjI soSx dw f`tvW ivroD, sMqiu lq smwj qy ivAkqIqv
dI auswrI Aqy suqMqrqw dI Bwv-cyqnw ƒ hor qIbrqw qy pRcMfqw pRdwn kIqI [ ies dy nwlnwl AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr ’qy dUjy ivSv XùD dw mMflw irhw BYA, &wsIvwd qy nwzIvwd dI qMgnzr kOm pRsqI, pUMjIvwdI audwrvwdI lokqMqr ƒ pYdw hoieAw Kqrw Aqy smwjvwdI blwk
ivSyS krky rUs ƒ Kqm krn dIAW swizSW Awid Aijhy kwrn sn, ijnHW ny prspr AMqrsMbiM Dq hud
M y hoey AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr auqy jn-ih`qkwrI ivcwrDwrwvW qy mh`qv ƒ idRV krvwieAw
Aqy aus dy qrk-sMgq pRgtw dy nvyN pRiqmwn isrjy [ ivSv Amn qy sihhoNd dI Bwv-cyqnw ƒ
jgw ky jMgW-XùDW ivrùD Awvwz ƒ buld
M kIqw [ iesy swihq ƒ pRgqIvwdI swihq ikhw igAw [
Bwrq ivc Aijhy swihq dI mMg pRgqISIl lyKk sMG (1936) dI sQwpqI smyN ies dy sMsQwpkW
vloN jwrI mYnIPYsto ivc kIqI geI [ swihq ƒ mwnv-ihqYSI kImqW nwl joVn Aqy swihqkwrW
ƒ swihq ivc ivigAwnk qrkSIlqw dw vwDw krky dyS ivc krWqI dI Bwvnw dy ivkws dI
hmwieq krn dI ApIl kIqI geI [ ienHW pRBwvW sdkw pMjwbI swihq ivc vI pRgqIvwdI
ivcwrDwrw dw pRBwv lgwqwr vDx l`gw [ 1960 eI q`k pMjwbI dy Anyk nvyN qy purwxy lyKkW
ny pRgqIvwdI swihq isrjnw dy iesy mwfl ƒ ApxwieAw ikauNik ieh swihq smwjk mnorQW
ƒ Awpxw pRXojn bxwky isrijAw igAw, iesy leI iesny smwijk cyqnw dy auBwr qy pRswr
ivc swrQk kwrj kIqw [ ies swihq dI buinAwdI ivDI qy idRStI XQwrQvwdI sI [ ies krky
ies ny pMjwbI smwj dIAW ivAkqI qoN lY ky smwijk sm`ØisAwvW ƒ aunWH dy smwj-siBAwcwrk
pRsMgW ivc inrUpq krdy hoey ienHW ivcly AMqr-ivroDW dI inSwndyhI vI krvweI [ swfI
jwqI-jmwqI qy ip`qrI smwjk-AwrQk bxqr, swfIAW siBAwcwrk qy smwijk ruUVHIAW,
swfy smwj ivclw ilMgk ivqkrw ivSyS krky AOrqW nwl, pirvwrk msilAW Awid dy nwlnwl rwjsI cyqnw Aqy AwzwdI qoN bwAd swfI s`qw Aqy dysI srmwieAwdwrI dw jmwqI
ikrdwr, sMprdwiek rwjnIqI Aqy hor Aijhy AnykW, smwijk, AwrQk qy rwjnIqk msilAW
dI BrvIN ibMbwkwrI ies swihq dI ivSyS pCwx qy pRwpqI hY [ ies ny nwl-nwl jmwqI cyqnw
bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj
sMvwd-04
73
qy jmwqI sMGrS rwhIN jmwq rihq smwj dI isrjnw dw tIcw vI imiQAw [ ieauN, pMjwbI dy
pRgqIvwdI swihq ny lµmy smyN qk swfI smwjk qy rwjsI cyqnw dy ivAwpk pwswr leI
Awpxw bxdw ih`sw pwieAw [
1960 eI q`k dy smu`cy swihq dIAW iviBMn rUp ivDwvW ivc ijhVy swihqkwrW ny BrvW
qy vrxnXog Xogdwn pwieAw aunHW ivc BweI vIr isMG, pRo. pUrn isMG, lwlw ikrpw swgr,
DnI rwm cwiqRk, ibRj lwl SwsqRI, pRo. mohn isMMG, AMimRqw pRIqm, bwvw blvMq, dIvwn isMG
kwlypwxI, nwnk isMG, gurb^S isMG pRIqlVI, gurmuK isMG muswi&r, sujwn isMG, sMq isMG
syKoN, krqwr isMG du`gl, kulvMq isMG ivrk, sMqoK isMG DIr, nvqyj isMG, suirMdr isMG
nrUlw, jsvMq isMG kMvl, sohx isMG sIql, AweI. sI. nMdw, fw. hrcrn isMG, blvMq
gwrgI, joSUAw &zldIn, ipRM. qyjw isMG, ipRM. joD isMG, lwl isMG kmlw AkwlI, kpUr isMG,
fw. blbIr isMG Awid dy nW Swml hn [
1960 qoN bwAd dy simAW ivc keI qrHW dy pirvrqn vwpry [ cIn qy pwiksqwn dy
hmly, rwjnIqk p`Dr ’qy kimaUinst pwrtIAW ’c duPyV, nkslvwdI lihr dw hiQAwrbMd
ienklwb dw nwhrw, Bwrq ivc rwjnIqk qy siBAwcwrk isstm dy fUMGy ho rhy sMkt, pMjwb
ivc AiqvwdI i&rkU lihr dw auBwr, rwjnIqI ivSyS krky s`qw dI rwjnIqI dy suAwrQ,
KyqrI pwrtIAW dI sOVI rwjnIqI Aqy ies dy nwl nwl grIbI, byruzgwrI, iBRStwcwr, BweIBqIjwvwd Aqy kunbwpRsqI Awid Aijhy kwrn hn ijhnW ny swfI vsqU-siQqI ivc swfw
bu`DIjIvI ies dy sulJwau dw koeI ivvykmeI mwfl pyS krn qoN AsmrQ irhw [ auh jW qW
AMqrmuKI ho igAw Aqy jW inj-suAwrQ, prMqU ienHW ivc swfw swihqkwrW dw vrg sI ijs ny
ies qrHW dI jmUd bxI siQqI dI iBAwnkqw ivc swfw mwrg drSn kIqw [ pMjwbI swihqkwrW
ivc Aijhy swihqkwr A`gy Awey ijnHW ny AwpxIAw rcnwvW ivc koeI mn-ieiCq rumWs isrj
Fky swDwrn bMdy ivc pYdw ho rhy ienHW siQqIAW pRqI ros, roh jW ivdroh dI bycYnI ƒ KuMFw nhIN
kIqw, sgoN qnwau hMFwau¤dy swDwrn bMdy ƒ AwpxIAW rcnwvW dy kyNdr ivc rK ky aus dw
smUrqn ausdy smwj siBAwcwrk pRsMgW ivc ausdy glpI-ivvyk ivc kIqw [ dUjy ArQW ivc
ies swihq ivc pyS hoieAw [ mnu`K BwvyN qnwau-qRwsdI hMFwauNdw hY prMqU ies dy kwrn ausdy
in`jI ivAkqIqv dI Kot ivc nhIN, sgoN ivvsQw dI Kot ivc hn [ ieauN ieh swihq BwvyN is`Dy
rUp ivc koeI syD nhIN idMdw, prMqU pwTk vrg ivc AijhI ivvsQw pRiq n&rq pYdw krky
aus ƒ ausdy h`l leI bycYn krdw hY [ ieauN ies swihq ny BwvyN ^ud iksy nwiek dI isrjnw
nhIN kIqI prMqU pwTk vrg ivc nwiek dI sMBwvnw jgwauNdw hY [ pMjwbI nwvl, khwxI,
kivqw, nwtk Aqy vwrqk dy dUjy hor mùK rUpW ivc Aijhy Bwv-boD dw hI pRiqibMbn hoieAw hY [
guridAwl isMG, krmjIq isMG ku`sw, rwm srUp AxKI, dlIp kOr itvwxw, virAwm sMDU, mohn
BMfwrI, AjIq kOr, AYS qrsym, gurbcn isMG Bu`lr, pRym pRkwS, Ajmyr isMG AOlK Awid
swihqkwrW ny swihq isrjn dy auprokq mwfl dI qrjmwnI kIqI hY [ ies smyN dOrwn kuJ hor
swihqkwr hn ijnHW ivc pwS, hirBjn isMG hlvwrvI, sMq rwm audwsI, jgqwr, AmrjIq
cMdn, surjIq pwqr Awid Swml hn ijnHW ny Awpxy swihq ivc smwjk pirvrqn leI
hiQAwrbMd kRWqI dw ivvyk isrijAw hY [ aunHW ny swfIAW lotU, zwlm qy lok-Gwqk SkqIAW
dy Axmnu`KI ikrdwr Aqy kwr-ivhwr ƒ AwpxI juJwrU kwivk sur ivc vMgwirAw [ srkwrI
dmn Aqy lok-hmwieq dI Gwt kwrn BwvyN ieh lihr m`TI pY geI prMqU swfI smwijk cyqnw
ƒ pRcMf krn ’c ies ny, inrsMdyh, Xogdwn pwieAw hY [ pMjwb dy dihSqgrdI vwly kwly
simAW ivc vI pMjwbI swihq dI mu`K sur mwnvvwdI audwrvwdI suBwA vwlI rhI ijsny
Aijhy Asur`ØiKAq qy AsuKwvyN mwhOl ivc BweIcwrk sWJ dw sMdyS id`qw [
74
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
AwriQkqw dy ivSvIkrn, in`jIkrn qy audwrIkrn dy smkwlI dOr ivc iek pwsy
ivigAwn qy qknwlojI qy KyqrW ivc igAwn qy auqpwdn dw ivsPot ho irhw hY Aqy dUjy pwsy
sUcnw dy pRcwr qy pRswr leI ibjleI swDnW ny ienklwbI p`Dr qk Awpxw pRBwv pw r`ØiKAw
hY Aqy ienHW rwhIN Kpq siBAwcwr dIAW sqrMgIAW qy cuMiDAW dyx vwlIAW roSnIAW dy
pRdrSn rwhIN bMdy dI soc qy rucI ƒ Brmwaux qy luBwaux leI pYsy qy pdwrQ ƒ AMiqm mu`l vjoN
sQwipq kIqw jw irhw hY [ auqr AwDuinkqw dy nW ’qy cyqnw dy swry rUpW ƒ ivSvI-AwriQkqw
dy AnuswrI bxwieAw jw irhw hY [ ieiqhws, qrk qy mhW-ibrqWq dy ^qm hox dy AYlwn ies
soc dw ivcwrDwrk pYNqVw hY [ ies smu`cy vrqwry dI mwr hyT hr Cotw ikswn, kwmw, kMmI,
krmcwrI, kwrKwnydwr jW dukwndwr/vpwrI Aid hY [ siQqI dI ivfMbnw ieh hY ik ienHW ivc
mwl-klcr dI smr`Qw nhIN Aqy Awpxy Coty nwl aunHW dw ruzgwr dw guzwrw nhIN [ swfy sucyq
swihqkwrW ny ies qrHW AmwnvI vrqwry dy AMqr ivroDW qy qnwvW ƒ Awpxy smkwlI swihq
dw ivSw qy vsq bxwieAw hY Aqy ivSvIkrn qy audwrIkrn dI idK vwly Kol ivc Cupy
swmrwjI ifzwienW dy Aml dI kUt-nIqI qy rx-nIqI dy swr qy suBwA dw prdw&wS vI
kIqw [ iesy krky pMjwbI dw ieh smkwlI swihq AwriQkqw dy ies swmrwjI ivSvIkrn
dIAW SoSnkwrI qy dmnkwrI nIqIAW pRqI ivroD-pRiqroD dw klwqmk ivvyk isrjdw hY [
bldyv isMG, im`qr sYn mIq, kyvl klotI, Avqwr bilMg, jsbIr Bu`lr, suKvMq kOr mwn, ky
AYL grg, AqrjIq, bldyv DwlIvwl, AwqmjIq, gurSrn isMG, Ajmyr AOlK Awid Aijhy
swihq dI pRiqinDqw krdy hn [
prvwsI pMjwbI swihq dI Dwrw vI hY [ rGubIr FMf, rivMdr rvI, qrsym nIlgIrI,
svrn cMdn, AmrjIq cMdn, drSn DIr, hrjIq Atvwl, jrnYl isMG, Amn pwl swrw,
vInw vrmw, prvwz sMDU, inrMjn isMG nUr, AjYb kMvl, Ajmyr rofy, dyv, SsI smuMdrw, mihMdr
isMG Awid Aijhy swihqkwr hn ijnHW ny Awpxy swihq ivc prvwsI jIvn dy aus XQwrQ ƒ
mUrqImwn kIqw hY ijQy AwpxI AwpxI loV qy mjbUrI ivc &isAw bMdw prvws dw qnwau¤
hMFw irhw hY [ ieh qnwau AwpxI DrqI pRiq moh qy audryvyN dw hI nhIN, sgoN prvws ivc
rihMidAW pIVI-pwVy krky siBAwcwrk mu`lW dy tu`tx dw vI hY [ auQy ieh lok nsl ivqkirAW
dy iSkwr hn, ruzgwr qy vyqn ivc vI ivqkry hn [ ies qoN ielwvw aunHW dIAW mjbUrIAW,
sm`ØisAwvW, ivAkqIgq kmzorIAW, pirvwrk irSiqAW ivc AwieAw ivgwV, Drm qy sMsQwvW
dy nW auqy AwpixAW dI hI lu`t, AOrq dI vsqU bwxI siQqI Awid prvwsI jIvn dy Aijhy
BrvyN rUp ivc prvwsI swihq ivc rUpmwn hoey hn [
ieauN, pMjwbI swihq Awpdy AwrMB qoN hI inrMqr gqISIl qy pRvwhmwn irhw hY [ aus dw
ieh byrok pRvwh ijQy swihq dI vsq, ivDI qy idRStIAW p`KoN vMn-suvMnw hY, auQy ieh hmySw hI
Awpxy smwijk mnorQvwd nwl prnwieAw irhw hY [ hux q`k pMjwb ivc auTIAW lihrW, pYdw
hoey sMkt Aqy loVW ivc ies dI BUimkw sjIv qy swrQk suBwA vwlI rhI hY [ pMjwbI swihq dI
iek vrnx-Xog ivl`Kxqw Aqy ies dw mIrI gux ies dI audwrvwdI qy mwnvvwdI rcnwidRStI hY ijsny hmySw Awpxy swihqk krq`v ƒ sOVI soc jW sMprdwiekqw q`k Gtx nhIN
id`qw [
pusqk sUcI :
1.
aupwiDAwey, ivSv im`qr, Bwrq dI AwzwdI dI lihr qy rUsI ienklwb, nvXu`g pbilSrz,
id`lI, 1980
2.
krmjIq isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv-DwrwvW dy ivcwrDwrweI AwDwr, gurU nwnk dyv
XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr, 1982
bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj
sMvwd-04
75
3.
ikRpwl isMG ksyl, primMdr, pMjwbI swihq dw ieiqhws, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw
4.
joigMdr isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI swihq dI rUp ryKw 1850-1970 (Bwg qIjw), pMjwbI
XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1982
5.
qwrw cMd, BwrqI suqMqrqw AMdoln dw ieiqhws (Bwg dUjw), BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, pitAwlw,
1974
6.
dvySvr, suirMdr kumwr, pRgqIvwd, lokgIq, pRkwSn, cMfIgVH, 2010
7.
-------------, smwj, s`qw qy smkwlI nwvl, lokgIq pRkwSn, cMfIgVH, 2005
8.
Attar Singh, Secularisation of Modern Punjabi Poetry, Punjabi Prakashan, Chandigarh,
1988
9.
Bipen Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India, People's
Publishing House, New Delhi, 1972
10.
Rai, Satya, M., Punjabi Heroic Tradition 1900-1947, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1978
²
bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj
sMvwd-04
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9417275147
[email protected]
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 77-86)
julweI-dsµbr
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78
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
79
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dur[G zi-fdirji dry'G Vusgwg diLdabJ drywji bI'e l.W.Z h'Sj m$15
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80
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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wjiV hg bjRpGsg h{ m lpiga a[ dfbji[ sj dfbji drbjh h'dHbj h'S s[ WjruPs dfbjij Wjhi
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a'G avjw rg VhgG v{Sj yjhp.sg fi avjw sjdHi wiw[ Rpl} bsjvaJ dry tpbji wiw[ bjfSj
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sMvwd-04
81
fdhvj hg Rphsg iPh wpivj Rpnsg m lji[ ljw l.W.ZgbJ@ q'haWiJ $y'G w'Hg rg Rplsj
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82
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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The family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to
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In one form or another marriage has existed almost as long as civilization itself. Marriage is
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right and duties of the partner. Comptan's by Britannica, Vol 14, Page 14
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 87-98)
julweI-dsµbr
1 2016
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88
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
89
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90
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
91
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92
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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94
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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94644-18163
[email protected]
99
sMvwd-04
(a)
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>. 99-115)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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SkqISwlI aucwr auhnW kvIAW dw l`gdw hY ijhVy vrqmwn pRsiQqIAW Aqy svY AMdr c`l
rhy mwnisk dvMdW dy mnoivigAwnk ADwrW nUµ pwrdrSI kwiv-BwSw ivc pRgt kr rhy hn [
ieh kwiv svY-sboDnI huMdw hoieAw smUh dy sMktW nUµ mu^wiqb hY [ kwiv-jugqW Aqy suhjSwsqrI nzrIey qoN vI iehnW kvIAW ivc iviBMnqw Aqy vMn-suvMnqw hY [ svY-ktwKS Aqy
zihrI ivAMg qoN lY ky dwrSink sihjqw dI kwiv-BwSw ies kivqw dy kwiv-Swsqr ivc
Swiml hY [ pRqIroDk sur ivc ieh kvI BwvyN is`Dy qOr ’qy rwjsI Gol jW ivklpI sunihry smwj
dI sQwpnw dy rumwnI supny nhIN isrjdy pr ijs ifkMstrkSn dI BwSw dw inrmwx ieh kvI
kr rhy hn, aus ivcoN mwnvI sMvydnwvW Aqy sU^m AihswsW dI pySkwrI rwhIN, vrqmwn mMfI
jgq ivcoN nvyN mwnv dI qlwS dy bIj dI sMBwvnw nzr AwauNdI hY [ bMdy dI mkwrI/svwrQI/
lwlswmeI/aupBogI rucI qoN lY ky smwj ivc Gt rhy mkwnkI vrqwry dIAW Alokwr GtnwvW
dy idRS ic`qr isrj ky, ieh kivqw pRmu`K rUp ivc icMqnI hY, ies leI iesdw mnBwauNdw
rUpwkwr vI nzm hY (ie`QoN q`k ik pRm`uK pRgIqk rUpwkwr Zzl dy rUp ivc vI ieh kivqw
nzmIAq nUµ pyS krdI nzr AwauNdI hY) ies p`K qoN ies nvIN kivqw ny AwpxI nvIN/nvyklI
kwiv-BwSw vI iejwd kr leI hY [ surjIq pwqr qoN ielwvw mohnjIq, pRimMdrjIq, jsvMs
dId, drSn bu`tr, jsvMq z&r, AmrjIq kONky, AMbrIS, rivMdr, dyvnIq, gurpRIq, fw.
mnmohn, gurdyv cOhwn, ivSwl, nvyN kvIAW ivcoN rwjivMdr mIr, jspwljIq, rivMdr,
rwijMdrjIq, pMmdIp Aqy prvwsI kvIAW ivcoN dyv, nvqyj BwrqI, Ajmyr rofy, suKpwl,
AmrjIq cMdn, fw. gurmyl, primMdr soFI, drSn buld
M vI, kulivMdr suKivMdr kMbj
o , suiKMdr,
rivMdr shrwA, svrgI drSn ig`l, Avqwr lMfn, mohn ig`l, Awid pRmùK khy jw skdy hn [
jsvMq dId ‘b`cy qoN frdI kivqw’ qoN lY ky ‘Awvwgvxu’ q`k ie`k Aijhy mh`qvpUrn
kvI dy qOr ’qy sQwipq hoieAw hY ijsny nvIN pMjwbI kivqw ivc AwpxI nvyklI svY-ktwKSI
kwiv-BwSw nUµ isrijAw[ dId dI kwiv-BwSw nMgI hY, pwrdrSI hY, bxwautI k`jxW nUµ auh
AwpxI kwiv-BwSw ivc kol Fu`kx nhIN idMdw pr ikauNik auh jo dyKdw hY, Awpxy Aqy Awpxy
Awly-duAwly nwl GtidAW, ausdy bwry pRSnW dy Gyry ’c rihMdw hY, iehI kwrn hY ik ausdI
kwiv-BwSw ivAMg rwhIN jSn nUµ fIkMstrkt krky pwrdrSI s`c ’qy ADwirq ho jWdI hY,
nwtkI sMbwd, khwxI-numw ibrqWq, kwtvW ivAMg Aqy svY-ivAMg Awid kwiv ivDIAW dId
dI kivqw nUµ SkqISwlI bxw idMdIAW hn [ ies kivqw dI BwSw pwTk nUµ ckwcOND krky
pRBwv isrjdI hY [ nvIN-kivqw ivc jsvMq dId dI kivqw nUµ pwTk mwxdw vI hY Aqy aus
bwry SMky vI auTwauNdw hY [ dId smwj Aqy svY nUµ bwhrI sq`hI qOr ’qy pyS nhIN krdw sgoN auh
bMdy dIAW Dur-AMdrlIAW mhIn qYhW Aqy vwvroilAW ’c auqrx vwlw kvI hY [ (s`cmu`c auh
SbdW dw ifzwienr hY; Aijhw pwrKU hY ij`Qy mnu`K dI spwt nzr nhIN pu`jdI, isr& klp pu`j
skdy hn, dId auhnW ishwA KuMdrW ’c SbdW dy dIvy jgwauNdw hY - ‘Awvwgvxu’ pusqk dy
ipCly kvr qoN) [ ies kwiv-pusqk ivclI nzm ‘qwVIAW nhIN plIj’ ivcly ivAMg nUµ dyKdy
hW :
100
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mYN eyQy
quhwfy mnorMjn leI iblkul nhIN AwieAw
jy qusIN soco/ik myrI kivqw ’coN
huxy koeI rwm au`Tygw/jo quhwnUM hsweygw
jW ruAweygw
mYN qW Ajy kbIr dI aulJI qwxI vwLI K`fI
sulJwauNxI hY
nwmdyv dy Twky Amry dI brIk bUtI
quhwnUM dKwauxI hY/qy qusIN su`qy-su`qy
dwd dyeI jWdy ho/vwh-vwh khI jWdy ho!
lau mYN/AwpxI kivqw smyq
vwps muVdw hW
-jsvMq dId (Awvwgvxu)
(A)
mW qW isr& Ardws kr skdI sI
kIqI/pu`q mgr blwvW hI ieµnIAW sn
ik mW nUM smJ nw Awvy
ausdI Ardws Aµdr ksr ik`Qy sI?
AwKr mW ny CwqI sWBI
Bry sMdUk ’coN k`ØiFAw
qWby vwLw KwlI pYsw/sUt k`ØiFAw
pu`q ny ijhVw id`qw sI pihlI qnKwhy!
jw gurU dy crnI bYTI
gurU dI A`K ’c A`K jw pweI
lY geI mW/Asrdws ’c Brky qwkq swrI
A`j jo cwhy kr skdI hY mW !
-jsvMq dId (Awvwgvxu)
ie`k pRqIb`D juJwrvwdI kvI dy qOr ’qy AwpxI pCwx bxwaux vwlw AmrjIq cMdn
ie`kIvIN sdI dI nvIN pMjwbI kivqw ivc vI (bdldy pRsMgW ivc) nvIN kwiv-BwSw dw mohrI
kvI bixAw hY [ prvws hMFwky AmrjIq cMdn ny ivcwrDwrk lckqw gRihx kIqI hY [ koeI
S`k nhIN jVHW (1995), bIjk (1996), guVqI (2000) Aqy AMnjl (2006) dIAW AnykW
kivqwvW AwpxI rihql/jVHqw bolI Aqy nroey srokwrW dy hyrvy nUµ pRgtwauNdIAW hn [ guVqI
qoN bwAd AMnjl ausdI hor mh`qvpUrn kwiv-pusqk swhmxy AweI hY, ies kwiv-sMgRih dIAW
kivqwvW prvwsI jmIn ’qy Awpxy ivrsy dIAW qmwm proeIAW kImqW dIAW ismrqIAW rwhIN
pMjwbI gOrv nUµ AgrBUimq krdIAW hn [ siBAwcwrk pCwx dI ieh SwierI hyrvy dI nhIN
sgoN AwpxI rihql nUµ pCwxn dI hY, pMjwbI irSqy, BweIcwrk sWJW, pMjwbI ipMf, pMjwbI
BwSw, pMjwbI sMgIq, pMjwb dy Drm, pMjwb dIAW rhu-rIqW Aqy pMjwbI mohprk irSiqAW nUµ
ieh kivqwvW sMvydnw dI kwiv-BwSw nwL pyS krdIAW hn :
dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
sMvwd-04
101
ipqw nwL g`lW
qusW isKwieAw mYnUM aUVw ilKxw/KuS-KuS krdw h`Q imrw
Awpxy h`Q ivc lY ky/qusW isKwieAw kYmrw PVnw [
qusIN kYsy prlok isDwey/muVky iPr nw Awey
hux ik`Qy ho/kI krdy E
Aw jwau qW Cu`tI lY ky
mYN iK`cWgw qsvIr quhwfI nwL ibTwky A`K dy iSkwry
Xwd hY AwpxI aus qsvIr
jo kYmry Awpxy - AwpUµ iK`cI
qusIN bYTy mYN gL nwL lweI g`lH nwL g`lH Chwky
-AmrjIq cMdn (Aµnjl/11)
pMCI
pµCI ny im`tI ivc SwhblUq dw bIj bIijAw
ru`K dy &l dw bIj/pµCI ny ru`K bIijAw
………
pµCI ny AgnI bIjI/irzk pkwauNdI qn TwrdI
pµCI ny AwlHxw pwieAw/Awpxy Gr muV AwieAw pµCI
sB kuJ hr&oN bwhrw hoieAw
pµCI ny jd Sbd bIijAw
-AmrjIq cMdn (Aµnjl/26)
jsvMq z&r smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw dw inrMqr ilKx vwLw mh`qvpUrn kvI hY [ AsIN
nwnk dy kI l`gdy hW kwiv-sMgRih dI pRkwSnw nwl crcw ivc AwieAw jsvMq z&r, ‘ieh
bMdw kI huMdw’ kwiv-pusqk ivc ijs bMdy dI qlwS dw pRvcn isrjdw hY aus pRvcn dI ivDI
ivrycnI (fIkMstrkSn) Aqy ivSlySxI hY [ vrqmwn bMdy dIAW PwieltlweInz ’qy auNgl
Drky, ausnUµ ivsrijq (fIkMstRkt) krky hI iksy AwdrS bMdy dI qlwS dw pRvcn auswrdw hY [
sB qoN v`fw mslw qW z&r leI vrqmwn bMdy dw hI hY [ z&r ies smu`cy kwiv-sMgRih ivc
AwdrSk bMdy dI ijhVI pirBwSw GVdw hY auh ies pusqk dI pihlI kivqw ‘bMdw’ qoN SurU ho
ky AMiqm kivqw ‘koeI iek`lw kivqw nhIN ilKdw’ q`k inrMqr &YldI rihMdI hY, ies pirBwSw
’c z&r fwielOjIkl ivDI nUµ vwr-vwr vrqdw hY, AwpxI pihlI kivqw ivc hI z&r
AwpxI sMbwdkI (fwielOjIkl) kwiv-BwSw dw ivl`Kx pRXog swfy swhmxy pyS kr idMdw hY
ikauNik auh ijs bMdy dI qlwS kr irhw hY, auh qlwS inrMqrqw ivc, aus ivc pwTk vI
Swml ho jWdw hY [ mu`Fly qOr ’qy auh pRikRqI dy smiv`Q ho ky iesdI pirBwSw krn dw Xqn
krdw hY [ bMdw pRikRqI dy swhmxy hY, pRSnW ’c iGirAw hoieAw hY [ pRikRqI/kudrq ie`Qy gqI ’c
hY; jykr gqI hY qW sMsikRqI hY, bMdw BwvyN ie`k siBAwcwrk pRwxI jW kih lvo cyqn hoNd vjoN
kudrq dy krm nUµ jwxdw hY—pr kudrq dy krm nUµ jwxnw hI jrUrI nhIN ausnUµ gRihx vI krnw
hY— kudrq qoN is`Kky, kudrq dy krm (gqI, vihxw, gihrweI, SWq rihxw Awid) nUµ gRihx
krn dy lkS qoN auh AwpxI pirBwSw dI SurUAwq krdw hY :
mYN smuµdr v`l vgdy dirAw nUM pu`ØiCAw
ikvyN vg lYNdw hY lgwqwr ?
A`goN dirAw ny pu`ØiCAw/vgxw kI huMdw ?
102
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dirAw nwL quridAW/smuµdr kol pu`ØijAw
jo cMd v`l v`Kky hI h`s irhw/aus nUM pu`ØiCAw
eynw gihrw ikvyN hoieAw?/smuµdr kihx l`gw
gihrweI kI huMdI hY?/iPr mYN cMd nUM pu`ØiCAw
eynw SWq ikauN hYN?/cMd ny hYrwn ho pu`ØiCAw
ieh SWqI kI cIz hoeI?/rwqIN myry supny ’c
dirAw smuµdr qy cMd Aw ky kihMdy
bMdw bx/mYQoN prq ky pu`C nI huMdw
ieh bMdw kI huMdw ?
-ieh bMdw kI huMdw, pMnw : 13
ies kivqw dIAW AwKrI qukW bMdy dy krm ’qy hI pRSn icMnH lwauNdIAW hn[ ‘bMdw bx’ dy
SMdS
y nUµ auh AwpxIAW AglIAW kivqwvW ivc ivsQwrdw hY [ sB qoN pihlW qW z&r vrqmwn
bMdy dIAW l`BqW Aqy pRwpqIAW dy AhM (hMkwr) ’qy vwr krdw hY [ ie`k sMsikRqk hoNd v`loN
AwDuink qknwlOjI nwL ijhVI SkqI qy smr`Qw ausny pRwpq kIqI hY, z&r dy AwdrSk bMdy
nwL aus dw myl nhIN [ ausdIAW pRwpqIAW dw Kyqr kuJ hor hY qW SkqI nwL LY`s ies bMdy dw
ieh hwl hY :
vYsy qW bMdw/b`br Syr nUM vI qMg kr skdw
aus nUM ipµjry ivc bMd kr skdw
pr bMdy qoN blvwn/mu`Cr isµG Blvwn
m`CrdwnI ivc bMdy nUM kYd krdw
Awp Ku`lHI aufwn Brdw/gwauNdw bVHkW mwrdw
m`CrdwnI ivcly bMdy nUM llkwrdw/ik
bwhr inkl ky idKw v`ØifAw bdmwSw
-ieh bMdw kI huMdw, pMnw : 15
drSn bu`tr pMjwbI dI nvIN kivqw dw pRmu`K nwmvwr kvI hY [ KVwvW (2001), drd
mjITI (2006) qoN bwAd mhWkMbxI (2013) kwiv-sMgRih nUµ Bwrq swihq AkwdmI purskwr
nwL snmwinAw igAw hY [ mwnvI sMvydnwvW dIAW sU^m qYhW dI qlwS qoN lY ky vfyry smwijk
Aqy mwnvI srokwr ausdI kivqw dy Gyry ivc AwauNdy hn [ mhWkMbxI nvIN pMjwbI kivqw ivc
ie`k hor nvW kwiv-pRXog hY ijs ivc drSn bùtr ny icMqn dI kwiv-BwSw nUµ isrijAw hY [ ies
kwiv-sMgRih dI kwiv-ivDI mwnvI jigAwsw Aqy gurUdyv dy sMbwd dy rUp ivc swhmxy AweI
hY [ jigAwsw Aqy gurUdyv koeI rvwieqI gur/iSS nhIN ij`Qy ie`k iDr mOn huMdI hY qy dUjI iDr
suxdI hY; sgoN ieh kivqw jIvn dy Tos p`KW dw dupwsI icMqnI sMbwd hY [ ies pusqk dI ^UbI
ieh hY ik ieh Awpxy kwiv-sMbwd nUµ qorx leI ijnHW do iDrW ‘jigAwsw Aqy gurUdyv’ nUµ
mwiDAm bxwauNdI hY aus iksy AiDAwqmk is`ØiKAw jW iksy iekihry ivcwrDwrk pRvcn nUµ
nhIN isrjdI sgoN ies pusqk dy ivivD QImYitk pwswr icMqkI BwSw ivc jIvn, pRikRqI,
mwnv nwL sµbµiDq sdIvI srokwrW nUµ mu^wiqb huMdy hn; BUq/vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K ies kwiv
ivc ie`ko ibMdU ’qy siQq ho ky mwnvqw dI qlwS dy ivivD rsqy qlwSdy nzr AwauNdy hn :
jigAwsw
suMlGdw sMvwd/ gurUdyv !
mYN Awpxy ggmgwauNdy swey smyq
dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
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103
qyrIAW ivSwl cwxnIAW dy
rUbrU huMdI hW/pYrW hyToN KurdI jw rhI
BurBury ivSvwsW dI ryq/mYN muµqizr hW
qyrI mu`TI ivclI c`pw ku zmIn dI
guru dyv
hy sKI/s`c dI pirBwSw nUM
loV nhIN Sbd jwl dI
qb swirAW dI idlkS iqbwrq
nhIN hY jIvn dw &ls&w
muswiPr iek`lw nhIN huMdw
jo koeI ‘bol’ hms&r ’c ivcrdy
su`cy Sbd/msqkW nUM cIr ky rwh l`Bdy
ie`kIvIN sdI dI smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw ivc dyvnIq ny AwpxI pusqk hux stwiln cùp
hY rwhIN ie`k AijhI nvIN kwiv BwSw dw inrmwx kIqw hY ijs ivc vrqmwn msilAW/sMktW/
qxwvW dw kwiv-ibrqWq pwTkW dw iDAwn iK`cdw hY [ BwvyN ik SurU qoN hI dyvnIq v`KrI Aqy
ivl`Kx kwiv-BwSw dw isrjk sI kwgz Aqy kMdrW, XwqrI iDAwn dyx, p`Qr ’qy peI sYksoPon
kwiv pusqkW rwhIN aus ny smkwlI nvIN kivqw ivc ivSyS pihcwx bxw leI sI pr stwiln
hux cu`p hY dI kivqw rwhIN dyvnIq ny ijs kwiv-BwSw dw inrmwxw kIqw hY auh aus dI ies qoN
pihlW inrimq kwiv BwSw qoN jy iqlWjlI nhIN qW v`KrI zrUr hY [ ies kwiv-BwSw ivc AYbsriftI
Aqy Awqm-m`uKqw gwieb hY [ kwiv ibrqWq vrqmwn sMktW nUµ ivAMg, ivfMbnw, Aqy auphws
kwiv-ivDIAW rwhIN pyS krdw hY [ inkt smkwl ivc ivSvIkrn dI pRikRAw ny ipCly qIh
swlW ivc jo siQqI pMjwb dy m`D-vrg hyTly vrg Aqy CotI ikswnI dI bxweI hY ausdy Asly
nUµ dyvnIq ny iek pRBwvSwlI kwiv-ibrqWq Aqy kwiv-idRSW rwhIN pyS kIqw hY [ ijvyN ik ies
ikqwb dw isrlyK hux stwiln cùp hY vrqmwn ieiqhws ivcoN mn&I ho rhy sMGrS dy pRvcnW dw
sMkq
y hY Aqy vrqmwn bMdw bzwr Aqy mMfI dy qilsm ivc PisAw XQwrQ nUµ smJ hI nhIN irhw :
ausdy h`Q trYktr dw
styirµg PVw idµdw hY/kihµdw hoieAw;
vyKIN Pyr au~fdI PulkwrI
ausnUM nhIN pqw
ikSqW ikvyN bxdIAW
ikvyN tu`tdIAW hn
auh qW bs/ ikSqW tu`tdw vyKdw hY
vyKdw hY
-hux stwiln cu`p hY/28
sdIAW qoN
kMjk mzdUr Gr bxwauNdw Aw irhw hY
hr Gr dI hr ie`t ’qy
104
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auhdI CUh-Cwp
ie`tW, gwry ’c auhdI ijsm dI gMD
FUly, r`sy...
auh Awpxy bxwey Gr koloN
AiB`j lMG irhw hY
isDwrQ kbIr, nMjn ’coN kOx
v`fw hY/mYN nMjn nUM v`D jwxdw hW
-hux stwiln cu`p hY/36
ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw ivc AMbrIS ny idRS ibMbW dI nvIN kwiv-BwSw nUµ isrj
ky Awpxy-Awp nUµ ie`k ivl`Kx kvI dy qOr ’qy sQwipq kIqw hY [ AMbrIS nw qW Awpxy kwivsuhj ivc AlMkwrW nUµ jVdw hY, ivAMg vI ies kwiv-BwSw ivc icMqnI suBwA dw hY [ Asl
ivc AMbrIS ie`k Aijhw inpuMn PotogRw&r hY ijs nUµ Sbd-ic`qrW ivc ArQ Brxy AwauNdy hn [
kudrq, bnspqI, pSU, pMCI, mwnv, vrqmwn smwj ivc ivAwpq bzwr nUµ iks kony qoN pyS
krky kivqw ivc ArQ Brny hn, iesdI dwrSink soJI AMbrIS nUµ hY [ AMbrIS dI kivqw nUµ
pihlI pVq ivc pwTk sihjy hI pVH jWdw hY pr iPr ausdw iDAwn kuJ AijhIAW sqrW ’qy
pYNdw hY ijhVIAW pwTk dy icMqn cyqnw nUµ JMjoVdIAW hn [ AMbrIS dIAW kivqwvW bMdy nUµ
icMqn-mnx ivc pwauNdIAW hn [ pwTk ArQW dIAW AnykW prqW nwl Awpxy-Awp nUµ joVn
dw Xqn krdw hY ikauNik AijhI kivqw dw inrmwx iekihrI ArQ sMrcnw nwl nhIN hoieAw
huMdw so ArQW dIAW prqW ivc pwTk dI soJI nUµ vI spys iml jWdI hY [ rMg qy ryq GVI Aqy
bRhm-kml ausdIAW dI AijhIAW mh`qvpUrn kwiv-pusqkW hn ijhnW dI hr kivqw kwivsuhj nwL BrpUr hY Aqy fUMGy mwnvI ArQW dI isrjnw krdI hY [ AMbrIS dw ivcwrDwrk
pRvcn mwnvqw dI qlwS ’qy itikAw hoieAw hY; mwnvqw leI ijs kyNdrI gux nUµ vwr-vwr
pyS krdw hY auh hY sMvydnw [ Asl ivc vrqmwn aupXogI, aupBogI, KpqmeI soc ny bMdy dI
sMvydnw au`qy hI hmlw kIqw hY [ AijhIAW pRsiQqIAW dy smwnqr pRqIroD dw jo pRvcn bxdw
hY auh sMvydnwvW ’qy hI hoieAw hY [ aus dI ie`k mh`qvpUrn kivqw ‘SwipMg mwl AMdr’ dy
ivcwrDwrk pRvcn nUµ dyKdy :
SwipMg mwl AMdr
isr& DV cwhIdw
pihxwA skIey ijhnUµ
byqrIn k`pVy dI is`lI
cwkU dI Dwr ijauN iq`KIAW
krIzW vwLI
bySkImqI pqlUn
qy aus qoN vI kImqI kot ie`k
rldI nYktweI rySmI
qy kmIz luBwauxy rMg vwLI
isr n loVINdw hux
cmcmWdy aus ivSwl
dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
sMvwd-04
105
Swipµg mwl Aµdr
sUt-bUt ’c s`ØilAw puqlw som dw
sufol sohxy DV vwLw
byisr
AµbrIS (bRhmkml/21)
ie`k hor pMf
ipµfoN bwhr k`ØiFAw igAw AwdmI
murdw ipAw
iPµf dI iFkrI qoN
bwhrlI Fwb
ijs qrHW vs jWdy
smuµdr sqHw qoN dIvy
ipµf Sihr dys pUry
ijs qrHW vs jweygI
ieh DrqI swrI
sOr-mµfl iksy
glYksI iksy hor
AwdmI iks vwsqy
bcI nw ipµf Aµdr jgHw
murdw ipAw Fwb
auswry aus p`DrI QW ’qy hux
in`kI koTVI koeI AwpxI
bc leygw QW zrw ku
gW bMnHx leI
ikAwrI ik`kI ie`k
gyNdy gulwb myQI leI
inAwxy dy ryVw clwaux leI vI
QW QoVHI ijhI inkl hI AweygI
ipµfoN bwhr inkl AwieAw AwdmI
nINh Dr irhw
ie`k hor ipµf dI
-AµbrIS - (rµg qy ryq GVI/23)
nvIN pMjwbI kivqw dy ipV ivc gurpRIq ie`k Aijhw Swier hY ijhVw AwpxI pihlI hI
kwiv-pusqk SbdW dI mrjI dI pRkwSnw nwL crcw ivc Aw jWdw hY [ Akwrn (2001) Aqy
ausdI huxy CpI isAwhI GulI hY (2011) dI kwiv-BwSw dI smr`Qw Aqy ivcwrW dI dwrSinkqw
pwTkW dw iDAwn iK`cdI hY [ ausdI kivqw dy pRqIk Aqy kwiv-ibMb, rUpk Aqy mubwlgy ieMny
mOilk hn ijhnW dw pihlW pRXog nhIN hoieAw [ inrsMdyh, Ajmyr rofy dy SbdW ivc gurpRIq
vsqW qoN sDwrnqw dI ijlHb lhwauNdw hY [ vsqU XQwrQ qoN sDwrnqw dI ijlHb lwhx dw
106
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2016
krm Asl ivc dwrSinkqw bxdw hY ijhVw gurpRIq dIAW kivqwvW dIAW AMqrIv qYhW
ivc PYilAw hoieAw hY [ gurpRIq vwrqk muKI kwiv-BwSw ivc nzm ilKdw hY pr ausdI kwivBwSw ivclI sMvydnw, sU^mqw Aqy AWqirk irdm ies kivqw nUµ pRvwBSwlI bxw idMdw hY,
ikqy-ikqy ieh kivqw pRgIqk bx ky Awpxw pRBwv isrjdI hY [ sDwrn Aqy Awm vsqW nwL
sbMiDq Sbd ausdIAW kivqwvW dy isrlyK hn pr kivqw ivc ieh Sbd Aw ky nvyN ArQ
gRihx kr lYNdy hn [ isAwhI GulI hY kwiv-pusqk ivc auh pRBwvSwlI ibRqWqk kivqw ilKx
ivc s&l hoieAw hY :
myry kol pVHn AwauNdy b`cy
myry kol pVHn AwauNdy
b`ØicAW dy kuVqy
Aksr pwty huMdy
kwjW kwlrW jybW koloN ...[
myry kol pVHn AwauNdy b`cy
ikµny Boly is`Dy swdy
Awpxy vrgy Awp
nhIN iehnW kol
koeI slIkw slUt
mw& krnw DMnvwd
auh mUµh P`t ny
ijvyN jIA Awvy
boldy ny gwlHW k`Fdy
qurdy ny p`QrW nUM Tu`fy mwrdy
Kyfdy ny nsIbW dI gyNd dw kYc C`fdy
lVdy ny glmy ivc h`Q pw lYNdy
ipAwr krn dw ieho FMg
myry kol pVHn AwauNdy b`ØicAW dw
rih rih ky
moh ikauN Aw irhw hY
A`j
gurpRIq (isAwhI GulI hY/26-27)
gurpRIq dI kivqw dw mwnvvwd ieiqhws, im`Qhws Aqy vrqmwn ivcoN Aijhy nwiek
Aqy vyrivAW dy hvwly cuxdw hY ijhVy ausdy ivcwrDwrk pRvcn nUµ pRp`k krdy hn [ ‘isAwhI
GulI hY’, ‘rbwbI BweI lwl jI’, ‘qwieAw nwQI rwm’, ‘ipAwr’, h`spurw 3 iklomItr’, ‘ipqw’,
pihlI pulWg’, ienklwb dUr nhIN’, ‘klw’, ies p`KoN dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn :
rbwbI BweI lwl jI
rbwbI BweI lwl jI
slwm qyrI AwSkI
dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
sMvwd-04
107
rbwb nUM
Avwz nUM
qUM gw ikqy vI
hr QW ausy dw Awsx
ijs nwL
qyry puriKAW isdk inBwieAw
BweI lwl jI
qUM CyV rbwb
jo jwxn qyry poitAW dI Cuh
Coh Aµdr Akwr lYx rwg
rwgW Aµdr ausy dI bwxI
ausy dI AwigAw AMdr
BweI lwl jI iDAwn Dr
bMdy dI jwq qoN ibnW
nw jwxy koeI jwq
kOx ihµdU kOx is`K kOx muslmwn
rbwbI BweI lwl jI
qyrI AwSkI nUM slwm...!!
smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw ivc mohnjIq ie`k pRmK
`u suhj isrjI Swier hY [ fUG
M I ivcwrDwrk
huMdI hoeI vI ausdI kivqw Sbd- iSlp dy suhj au`qy itkI huMdI hY [ BwrqI ieiqhws, im`Qhws,
drSn Aqy klw dw ausnUµ fUMGw igAw hY [ sihkdw Sihr, qurdy-iPrdy msKry, vrkvrIk,gUVI
ilKq vwLw vrkw, fwtW vwLy bUhy, auhly ivc auijAwrw, hvw ipAwjI Aqy koxy vwLw sUrj rwhIN
ausdI klm dw s&r inrMqr pRvwhmwn hY [ auhly ivc auijAwrw kwiv-pusqk ivc auh
‘lIlHwvqI’ nW dI kivqw ivc mohnjIq AOrq dI dyh nUµ vsq ivc rUpWqirq krn dI bjwey
AOrq nUµ sKI dy ichn rwhIN cyqnw dy puMj ivc rupWqirq kr idMdw hY [ Asl ivc mohnjIq
mrd AOrq dy irSiqAW dI ivAwkrn dy buinAwdI suhj Aqy sMvygW dw mwihr kvI hY [ svwl
ieh nhIN ik ‘lIlHwvqI’ kivqw ivc lIlHwvqI nUµ sMXog nsIb nhIN huMdw sgoN KUbsUrqI qW ieh
hY ik lIlHwvqI nUµ AwpxI pIV dw Aihsws hY [ ‘cu`p dI mrzI nhIN huMdI’ dy kQn rwhIN
mohnjIq ieiqhws Aqy imiQhws ivc AOrq nUµ mUUk bxwaux vwLy pRvcnW v`l vI ieSwrw kr
idMdw hY :
mYN qW gRMQ prnweI sW
mYN qW A`Kr ivAwhI sW
aumrW dy rws mµc ’qy
‘ieiq’ dI lIlHw vyKx AweI sW
mrzI ?
mYN qW bIqI hW, irKIvr !
qy bIqI dI mrzI nhIN huMdI
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Awrzw dI r`uq huMdI hY, munIvr !
Awrzw ru`s jwey qW fUMGI cu`p huMdI hY, pqIvr !
qy cu`p dI mrzI nhIN huMdI
mohnjIq, (auhly ivc auijAwrw)
mohnjIq ny BwrqI smwj ivc ivAwpq Ax-mnu`KI duSvwrIAW Aqy sMktW dy hzwrW
ic`qr mwnvI idRStI qoN AwpxI kivqw ivc isrjy hn [ jdoN mohnjIq AijhIAW duSvwrIAW
Aqy Ax-mnu`KI GtnwvW dy hvwilAW rwhIN kivqw isrjdw hY qW auh A`j dy AKOqI ‘siBAk
mwnv’ swhmxy pRSn ltkw idMdw hY :
ieh kYsw mwrkw hY
ik pihlW Gr swVdy ny
vDI nUM koeI bc jwey qW kYNpW ivc qwVdy ny
kMvwrIAW dw sq lu`tdy ny
grBvqIAW nUM nMgw krky
pyt nUM cIk krdy ny
b`ØicAW nUM briCAW CvIAW ’qy Drdy ny
kYNp nUM sUx-^wnw AwKdy ny
ieh ikµny mzhb ny
glW ivc twier pw ky PUkdy ny
m`ØiQAW ’qy iqlk lw ky SUkdy ny
koeI pu`Cy Drm dw nW lY ky kUkdy ny
ieh kYsy iskMdr ny
mohnjIq (hvw ipAwzI)
mohnjIq jdoN lokDwrw Aqy im`Qk jgq ivcoN khwxIAW nUµ AwpxIAW kivqwvW ivc
lYNdw hY qW auh iehnW ip`Cy Cupy AmwnvI ibrqWqW nUµ AYkspoz krky, iehnW khwxIAW dw
ivcwrDwrk rUpWqrx kr idMdw hY [ ausdI 2012 ivc CpI kwiv-pusqk koxy dw sUrj ivc auh
koxwrk mMidr nwL juVI ieiqhws/im`Qhwsk khwxI nUµ kwivk ibrqWq ivc Fwldw hY [ ies
khwxI ivc rwjw nr isMG ie`k Aijhy ivSwl mMidr dw inrmwx krnw chuMdw hY ijsdw koeI
hor mukwblw nw kr sky [ ieh sUrj Bgvwn dw mMidr hY [ iesnUµ bxwaux vwLy ijhVy do klwkwr
rwjw nr isMG cuxdw hY iehnW ivcoN ie`k auh hY ijsdI pqnI grBvqI hY Aqy dUsrw klwkwr
auh hY ijsny AwpxI pqnI dy huusn bwry Ajy suixAw hI hY Aqy ivAwh krvwauxw hY [ iPaUfl
inzwm ivc klwkwrW dI mrzI nhIN huMdI, auh rwjy dy hukm ivc bMnHy huMdy hn [ mohnjIq
AwpxI ies lMbI kivqw ivc ijhVy ibrqWq nUµ pyS krnw cwhuMdw hY auh ibrqWq aus ibrhw dy
ibrqWq hn ijhnW ivc iehnW donW klwkwrW nUµ AwpxI pqnI Aqy mihbUbw nwL bwrW
virHAW leI imlx dI mnwhI sI jdoN q`k mMidr dw inrmwx sMpUrn nhIN ho jWdw :
b`cy dI Aws nwL idl ivc aulws sI
pr Aµdr audws sI
ibrhw dw pl vI phwV hY
ieh qW bwrW virHAW dI aujwV sI
rwjy dw AwdyS sIdH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
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109
mMdr dy bxn q`k AMg su`cy r`Kxy
gRihsQ qoN pUrI qrHW sMinAws sI
ies qrHW hI dyvqy ny rIJxw
rwjy nr isMh dw ivSvws sI
iSlpI dI dSw kuJ horsI
b`cy nUµ vyKx ’qy kIhdw jIA nhIN krdw
AwpxI pihlI AOlwd nUµ!@
mn byqwb huMdw hY
ik aus nUµ CUh ley
pqnI nUµ ih`k dy nwL lwey
mohnjIq (koxy dw sUrj 18-19)
smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw ivc pRimMdrjIq ie`k Aijhw kvI hY ijs ny ilKqum pRimMdrjIq
(1981) qoN bwAd myrI mwr&q (2000), bcpn Gr qy mYN (2005), myry kuJ hwsl (coxvIN
kivqw 2007), qn qkIAw (2010) dI isrjnw nwL ie`k pROVH kwiv-BwSw Aqy dwrSink
kwiv-pRvcn nUµ sQwipq krn ivc pRmu`K kvIAW ivcoN hY [ pRimMdrjIq dI kivqw Awpxy
Awly-duAwly iKlry rh`sW sMktW Aqy qxwvW nUµ icMqnI sUJ nwL mu^wqb huMdI hY [ ausdI
kivqw ivclw ivAMg dwrSink iksm dw hY [ pRimMdrjIq dI kwiv-sMvydnw mwnvI sMvygW
dIAW AWqrIv qYhW ivcoN mwnvqw dI qlwS nwL juV jWdI hY [ svY-duAwly inrimq huMdw
hoieAw vI pRimMdrjIq dIAW kivqwvW dw QmYitk pswr smwj, ieiqhws, smwijk-sMsQwvW,
sMsikRqk dy jIvMq msilAW Aqy rwjnIiqk srokwrW nUµ ie`k ivSyS idRStI qoN pRgt krdIAW
hn[ ie`kIvIN sdI ivclI ivSvIkrn dI pRikRAw ny mnu`K dy sMvygW Aqy sMvydnwvW ’qy pRhwr
hI nhIN kIqw sgoN sMsikRqk jIvn dIAW buinAwdI AWqirk sMsQwvW au`qy vI svwlIAW
inSwn lwieAw hY:
(a)
Gr hY
irSqy hn
&rz hn, rsmW hn
pUrn-ApUrn KwihSW
mn dI vrqoN
qn dI vrqoN
nwg dy hoTW ’qy bMsrI
A`g dy pYrW ’c GµugrU
Gr ’c mOsm nhIN
mOsmW dI pYr-cwp AwauNdI
GrW ’c bMdw
jIaUNdw nhIN
jIivAw jWdw
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AwpxI nhIN
dUijAW dI jUn Bogdw
GrW ’c irSqy nhIN
irSiqAW dy mYly ilbws rihµdy
qn dI im`tI nUM Bogdy
mu`k jwvy bMdw
pr kwiem rihµdy
ieh ilbws
vyly kuvyly dI vrqoN leI
(A)
GrW vrgw
keI GrW ’c
huMdIAW ny in`kIAW v`fIAW
loVW QuVW
keI kuJ nhIN huMdw
pr hor huMdw hY bVw kuJ
keI GrW ivc
bVw kuJ huMdw ey
loVW dy Akwr qoN ikqy v`fw
pr keI kuJ huMdw hI nhIN
GrW ’c
GrW vrgw hI kuJ hovy
qW Gr bxdy
pRimµdrjIq (bcpn, Gr qy mYN 46/51)
BwvyN ik buinAwdI qOr ’qy pRimMdrjIq mwnvI irSiqAW dw kvI hY; Gr, pirvwr, svYmuhbq Aqy irSiqAW nwL sbMiDq ausdIAW sYNkVy kivqwvW dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn pr
iehnW kivqwvW dIAW sU^m qYhW ivc aus mnuK
` dI qlwS hY jo Zlby (Hegmony) dI ivcwrDwrw
dy smWqr mUl mwnvI guxW nwL BrpUr hY [ ausdI ies qlwS nUµ mYN pRimMdrjIq dIAW AnykW
kivqwvW ivc dyiKAw hY [ ausdy kwiv-sMgRih qn-qkIAw (2010) ivc AnykW kivqwvW
AijhIAW hn ijs ivc ausdI ies pRgqISIl kwiv-idRStI nUµ dyiKAw jw skdw hY :
(a)
kivqw ilKW-lorI ijhI
ibrD h`QW dI fMgorI ijhI
b`cy nUM skUloN imly
pihly sbk ijhI
DIrj Brosy isdk ijhI
dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
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rwhIAW dI ipAws leI pwxI ijhI
izµdgI nUM jIx dy cwvW dy hwxI ijhI
myrI kivqw hovy
inh`Qy dI lVweI ijhI ’c auh hiQAwr
ibdoSy dy h`k ivc id`qI gvwhI hovy
auh iksy vihSI dy h`Q ivc PVy ^Mjr nUµ
auhdI hI ih`k ivc moV sky
golI nwL ivµnHI iksy inh`Qy dI loQ kol
ausdy kwql dy isrnwvyN sxy bih sky
rok sky auh nPrqI XwqrwvW
KrUdI hjUm qy jrvwxIAW socW dw qil`sm qoV sky
Awpxy h`kW leI inkly jlUs ivc Awml hovy
(A)
myrI kivqw nhIN suhjvMqI
morpµKI
kUlI kUlI BwSw sqrMgI
dyh dIAW qYhW ’c nhIN auqrdI
myrI kivqw
(e)
BwvyN mYN iksy jn Aµdoln ivc Swml nhIN
nw hI iksy jlUs rYlI ivc nzr AwvW
iksy Drny Bu`K hVqwl ivc nw hovW SrIk
nhIN qxdIAW iksy nwAry nwL
myrIAW bwhvW
h`kW leI lVI jw rhI iksy jMg dw
mohrI vI nhIN mYN
mYN AwpxI iekweI ivc bYTw hjUm hW
byS`k ies sB kuJ ivc
nhIN BwgIdwr myrw ijsmwnI vjUd
pr myry Aµg sµg rhy
myry ih`sy dI i&krmµdI
myry i&krW ’c Swml ey
juiVAw auh sB kuJ
jo bMdy nUM bMdy ’coN hI Kordw ey
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julweI-dsµbr
2016
(A)
ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw ivc dilq kwiv-pRvcn ie`k pRmu`K kwiv-aucwr dy qOr
’qy swhmxy Aw irhw hY, BwvyN ik ies kwiv-aucwr dIAW keI ivcwrDwrk idSwvW hn pr sB qoNo
pRmu`K mslw qW ieh hY ik kivqw dilq kivqw vjoN AwpxI ijhVI pCwx bxwauNdI hY ausdy
kI kwrn hn? BwvyN ik ies kivqw nUµ ‘dilq kivqw’ vjoN sQwipq ho jwx dy AnykW ivkoilqry
kwrn pCwxy jw skdy hn pr iehnW ivc iqMn pRmu`K khy jw skdy hn :
1.
2.
3.
mhW-ibrqWqW qoN moh BMg
ivSvIkrn
dilq rwjnIqI
mhW-ibrqWqW qoN moh-BMg hox dI pRikRAw nUµ mYN au`qr-AwDuinkqw nwL joVn dI bjwey
ivSv dI aus siQqI nwL joVnw cwhud
M w hW ijsny eySIAweI mulkW dy pRg
o rYisv Aqy hwiSAwgRsq
lokW dy supny nUµ BMg kIqw [ ieh smW 1990 qoN bwAd dw hI hY jdoN sovIAq XUnIAn dy ivgTn
nwL ivSv p`Dr ’qy smwjvwdI Aqy kimaUinst pwrtIAW dI qwkq nUµ v`fw D`kw l`gdw hY [
koeI S`k nhIN ik Bwrq ivc dilq AMdoln dI SurUAwq ikqy pihlW ho cu`kI sI pr qW vI
dilq srokwr pRgqI jW pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw dy bYnr hyT hI pRgt huMdy rhy, iehdw kwrn
BwrqI, ^ws krky pMjwbI swihq dy pRsMg ivc mwrksvwdI mhW-ivcwrDwrw dw pRBwv 194080 q`k pMjwbI kivqw dy ieiqhws ivc ie`k jW dUjy rUp ivc smo jWdw hY [ 1980-90 q`k dw
smW pMjwbI kivqw leI pMjwb dy qRwsidk sMkt nUµ pyS krn dw hY— ies smyN vI sMXukq
pMjwbI siBAwcwr dy nwAry Aqy mwnvqwvwd dy bYnr hyT pMjwbI kivqw pRgqISIl hI rhI
BwvyN pRXogvwd Aqy AwDuinkqwvwd Awpo Awpxy ipVW ’c isrjnw krdy rhy [ pr n`by qoN bwAd
supny dw BMg hoxw Aqy BwrqI ArQ-ivvsQw dw Ku`lHI mMfI ivc qbdIl ho ky ivSvIkrn dw
suAwgq krn dI hkIkq ny swihqk Kyqr ivc vI nvIAW vMgwrW KVIAW kr id`qIAW [ svY dI
kivqw, jSn dI kivqw jW dyh dI kivqw dI SurUAwq ies dIAW imswlW hn [ dilq srokwr
ijhVy juJwrU-kwiv Aqy pRgqIvwdI-kwiv ivc pRgt ho rhy sn, ny nvW rUp gRihx krnw SurU kr
id`qw [ dilq lyKkW Aqy icMqkW nUµ ie`k vwr iPr AMbd
y krvwdI jW dilq dI AwpxI ivcwrDwrw
ivc dilq sMkt dy h`l nzr Awauxy SurU hoey [ XUnIvristIAW, kwljW, swihqk AkwdmIAW
Aqy sBwvW ivc dilq swihq nUµ punr-pirBwiSq kIqw jwxw SurU hoieAw[ ies pRkwr mwrksvwdI
ivcwrDwrw qoN moh BMg dI siQqI ny pMjwbI dI dilq kivqw nUµ ies smyN ie`k v`KrI pihcwx
id`qI [ BwvyN pRgqIvwd jW juJwrvwd vWg ieh kivqw Ajy suqMqr pRivRqI qW nhIN bxI pr
ies qoN ienkwr nhIN kIqw jw skdw ik AjokI pMjwbI kivqw dI ipV ivc dilq kivqw ie`k
mh`qvpUrn sur bx rhI hY ijhVI swihq icMqkW leI irjYkSn dw nhIN sgoN Koj dw ivSw
bxnI cwhIdI hY [
dUjw v`fw kwrn ivSvIkrn dI auh pRikRAw hY ijsny in`jIkrn rwhIN dilq vsoN qoN auh
shUlqW vI Koh leIAW ijhVIAW irzrvySn dI nIqI rwhIN srkwrI AdwirAW ivc auhnW nUµ
imldIAW sn [ BwvyN ik ies pRikRAw ny Biv`K ’c hor sMkt pYdw krnw hY pr pVHI-ilKI dilq
SRyxI ies pRikRAw dy Aml dy is`ØitAW qoN cyqn hY [ dilq kwiv-pwT ivc ivSvIkrn pRqI
krVI pRqIroDk sur dyKI jw skdI hY [ ies pRikRAw pRqI dilq swihq nUµ auBwrn ivc hor bl
bKSdI hY [ dilq swihq dI ieh aUrjw aus pVHI-ilKI nOjvwn pIVHI dI aUrjw hY ijhVI
sMGrS krky nOkrI-pySy ivc AweI hY— ies pIVHI ’coN vI skUl, kwlj Aqy XUnIvristI
AiDAwpk Aqy lyKkW dI v`D rhI igxqI dyKI jw skdI hY [ n`by qoN pihlW dilq pCwx
dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%
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pMjwbI kivqw ivc igxvyN-cuxvyN kvIAW ivc sI pr hux ^ud dilq lyKkW dI qdwd kw&I
vDI hY ijhVy dilq swihq dI pCwx nUµ punr-pirBwSq kr rhy hn [
qIjw kwrn BwvyN swihqk hlikAW ’c Awpxw bhuqw Asr qW nhIN r`Kdw pr ies qoN
ienkwr vI nhIN kIqw jw skdw ik dilqW dw ie`k au`c-vrg dilq rwjnIqI nUµ swihqk
Kyqr ivc iljwauxw cwhuMdw hY pr ie`Qy ie`k vwr iPr ieh sp`St hox dI jrUrq hY ik koeI
rwjnIqk muhwj iksy Dwrw ivSyS nUµ v`KrI pCwx dyx ivc Awpxw rol jrUr inBwauNdI hY
pr swihqkwr aus rwjnIqI nUµ ieMn-ibMn AwpxI tYkst ivc pyS kr dyvy sMBv nhIN [
Swied iehI kwrn hY ik smkwlI dilq kivqw nUµ pCwx qW iml rhI hY pr ies ny
AwpxIAW jVHW Ajy mwnvqwvwd Aqy pMjwb dI siBAwcwrk rihql ivc jmweIAW
hoeIAW hn [
(e)
ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw ivc nwrI kwiv-pRvcn ie`k mh`qvpUrn kwiv-aucwr dy
qOr ’qy swhmxy Aw irhw hY [ fw. vnIqw, suKivMdr AMimRq, fw. pwl kOr, mnjIq itvwxw,
mnjIq ieMdrw, fw. mnjIqpwl kOr qoN ielwvw kuJ hor mh`qvpUrn kivqrIAW swhmxy AweIAW
hn ijhnW ivc AmrjIq GuMmx, nIrU AsIm, ieMdrjIq nMdn, ismrq ggn, rwxI nigMdr,
fw.jgdIS, Aqy nIqU AroVw pRmu`K khIAW jw skdIAW hn[ kuJ audwhrxW :
(a)
mhWvwk
myrI piv`qr kbr nUM
nw FwA
au~gx dy ies ’qy bUty
iKVn dy kMifAW ’c Pu`l
jr lvWgI hwV dI qpS mYN
bs ! cu`p rihx dy mYnMU [
pRkrmw nw kr qUM
nw mu`Kvwk suxw
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114
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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[email protected]
116
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dsvylfg Fdibj wjiu h{ m
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 116-122)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
117
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118
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
119
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uJs[ hV m q>cg sj aiw ljig e,v VP. w.Bi'v wisj h{ m q>cg sg drL[Laj dHl e,v dry fHg hp.sg
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blPvf+lag q>cg s[ dHl Ip,e dry dHwKn[ dVFS[ VjqpqwV hV m u[ q>cg dry sjtv h'r'e[ aJ
blPv rg q>cg s[ h'Se[@ aiw rg dHlsj h'r[ej ba[ dsLj rg dHl rKv'G hg dViZjia wgag
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RpKlisg h{ aJ #VsgV$ whjSg dry dHhg fdif[t f>ujWg firjl vHg bfSjH[ h,ow.dcbj s[ iPf
dry RpKFisj h{ m dHl whjSg dryv[ f>ujWg fjai bjfS[ bjfS[ T.e Vjv tfa riajdibJ
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120
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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wiV sj lW,W f{sj wisj h{ m dHY f>ujWg whjSg r,cg Ajv qjidsbJ drLrg f+l.eJ s[ h'i V[C[
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sMvwd-04
121
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bVpiPf l.ziLLgv dZiJ sg lpi rg Rplsg hi whjSg dry lpSjHg ds>sg h{ m dHh lpi Fjr[G q,Zq
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fVfsj h{ m dHl wjiS hg Rplsg whjSg sj fjn FifPi zqljV ldoagbJ dry rg fjnwg
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122
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[email protected]
123
sMvwd-04
"Those who forget History find themselves condemned
to repeat it."1
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 123-134)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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hV@ RpKo[ Wpi[ ldqbJ dry y.debJ sg y.debjHg s[ l.ziL/e"ir VP. rg Rpujei wisgbJ hV m
wojrJ ijhgG dliua y.debjHg sj dHh l.ziL/e"ir hg lsq[ dry e+l[ riaqjV VP. duRpSu'ej
WSjRpS sj lW,W WSsj h{ m
\2|
s[L-r.c sg lqN dh,a hpS a,w duhCg l.yji-drZg rZ[i[ iPf dry riag uJsg ihg h{@
Rpl sgbJ qpt iPf dry s' dsLjrJ hV m fdhvg dsLj dHl VP. ijuVgaw f+W.Z bZgV b>ei[;J
sg fjC' ba[ iju wi' sg Vgag spbjv[ w[Gsia wisg h{ ba[ sPlig dHl VP. bjf-qphji[ sptJaw
dh>ljaqw zBVj-*q ru'G f[L wisg h{ m fdhvg drZg qpt iPf dry dHdahjlw fjnJ sg lqN
ba[ dliuSj r[v[ riag uJsg h{ ba[ sPlig ljdhaw dWiaJaJ sg drRpGawjig r[v[ m W[L,w
s'r[G hg drZgbJ bda qh,arfPiV hV@ fi dHh s'r[G hg drZgbJ hpS bjfSgbJ lgqjrJ sg
s,l fj yp,wgbJ hV m VrgbJ drZgbJ sg wvfVj ba[ RpV%J sj Rps{ Vrg lqN r,v dHLjij wi
dihj h{ m dHl lqN ijhgG Vj w[rv FPa s[ lsdqbJ Vjv dHwlpiaj dWnjHg uj lwsg h{ le'G
FPa sg riaqjV a,w vejajiaj s[ drdF>V f+l.eJ/f+wjiuJ VP. rg lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m
VrgG drZg s[ VwL bv' w F, v j s[ t' u -f, a i Memory, History and Fictional
Representations of the Partition, Matti Hyvarinen ba[ h'iJ spbjij l.fjsa dwajW Beyond
Narrative Coherence ba[ Molly Andrews s[ t'u-fKai Beyond narrative : The shape
of traumatic testimony s[ l.I'uV dry'G avjL[ uj lws[ hV m bv'w FKvj bjfS[ t'u-f,ai
dry dvts[ hV dw ##q{G bjfS[ bVpFr dHl aigw[ siu wiVj yjh.sj hJ dw Rph dHh lpNjRpS
dw s[L-r.c s[ wjv[ ljvJ dry rg@ ljZjiV v'wJ sgbJ bjfSgbJ bSdeSa w'dLLJ Rpy[igbJ
wsiJ VP. duRpGdsbJ i,tS vHg wjiuLgv lV m$$7 dHl[ t'u-f,ai s[ bev[ dhKl[ dry Rph
dvts[ hV dw ##q{G dHl a,o VP. f+qjdSa wisj hJ dw bduh[ Whpa lji[ v'w lV duV%J sPdubJ
sg lhjdHaj vHg bjfS[ bjf VP. sjb a[ vjdHbj a[ duhC[ dHl qjqv[ dry h'HgbJ hjiJ
wjiV lwa[ dry ih[ m$$8
bv'w F,vj s[ dHh Rpyji s[L-r.c wojrJ s[ bdZb{V dh,a s'hig ds+LBg sg dliuSj r,v
l.w[a wis[ hV m dHh ds+LBg dHw fjl[ Fjiag/f>ujWg W.s[ sgbJ bfijZfPiV rdhLg hiwaJ VP.
idulBi wi[ ba[ sPli[ fjl[ Rpl sgbJ RpV%J l`v/bl`v w'dLLJ/hqsisgbJ VP. RpFji[@ duV%J
s[ yvdsbJ l.wBwjvg ldqbJ dry rg y.debjHg hjig VhgG lg m9 bv'w F,vj ijhg qjlPq i;j
s[ Vjrv bjZj ejYG dry siu dHl woV sj dw "The tales of riots were concluded, and
the stories of life began-these are the stories which never end" hrjvj ds>s[ lpNjRpGs[ hV
dw s[L-r.c wojrJ VP. dh>lj ba[ V`ia s[ l.siF s[ lqjVJai qph,Wa ba[ Rpy[igbJ qjVrg
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wsiJ s[ l.siF dry rg s[dtbj ujSj yjhgsj h{ m s[L-r.c wojrJ dry'G dh>lj/sdhLa s[
lqjVJai us'G qph,Wa ba[ qjVrg wsiJ s[ l.ziL VP. avjLSj h'r[ aJ dWiaJa VP. dliuS ba[
fC%V sg fi.fijea drZg ila[ sj i'Cj WSsg h{ m fi.fijea bioJ dry dWiaJa bduhg
l.ena h'Gs h{@ dulsj dHw dVLya bjds@ qKZ ba[ b>a hp.sj h{ ba[ duhCg dHw d;.seg VP.
wjiV-wjiu sg vCg dry fi'Gsg l.edna bio/bioJ sj l.yji wisg h{ m Beyond Narrative
Coherence fplaw s[ f.Vj 148 $a[ dHh dryji siu h{ dw dWiaJa sg dHl ai%J sg WSai
Vjv lsdqbJ sg woj Vj aJ whg uj lwsg h{ ba[ Vj lpSg uj lwsg h{ m ljZjiVaj lsdqbJ
VP. wojwjig dry fjRpSj dHV%J VP. dHwdhig biofPiV dHwjHg dry W.VSj h' uJsj h{@ duhCg
dHV%J dry qPvaj hp.sg hg VhgG m lsdqbJ sg d`aia dWiaJawjig rJe lj` ba[ bio-FifPi
VhgG le'G blfLB ba[ bio-dri'Zg h{ m10 dHl wjiV u[ lsdqbJ s[ hrjv[ Vjv s[L-r.c sgbJ
wojrJ VP. dliuSj ba[ fC%Vj h{ aJ dWiaJawjig sg lojdfa f+jfa lqN a'G fjlj r,BSj h're
[ j
ba[ dHl ai%J sg dWiaJawjig sg wvfVj wiVg h'r[eg duhCg l.edna bioJ s[ evW[ bZgV
Vj h'r[ m s[L-r.c wojrJ VP. hpS us'G lqwjvg l.siF dry s[tSj h{ aJ f+jfa wojrJ s[ RpV%J
f,tJ VP. avjLSj h{ duhC[ f+Fjrg l.edna bioJ Vjv sr.s dry hV ba[ duV%J sg d`aia
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\3|
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ZjiVg fjn hV m l.V 1974 dry Af[ Vjrv #aql$ VP. 1975 sj Fjiag ljdha bwjsqg sj
fpilwji f+jfa h'dHbj lg m d`vq #aql$ l.V 1988 dry sPisiLV s[ ijLBig y{Vv a'G B{vgwjlB
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FpeaS a'G Wjbs s[L-r.c s[ lq[G sg RpKyaq d`vqwjig ru'G lrgd*a hp.sg h{ m Vjrv #aql$
ba[ d`vq #aql$ sj rjfiV lqJ 1947 sg s[L-r.c a'G `"iV fdhvJ sj h{ m dHh Rph lqJ h{
us'G s.debJ sj rjfiVj LpiP h' ypKwj lg m rjfiV lojV fjdwlajVg f>ujW sj r,cj Ldhi
\ijrvdf>cg| ba[ Rpl s[ bjv[ spbjv[ `{v[ df>c hV h{ m dHh aqjq dHvjwj qplvqjV WhpdeSag sj h{@ dh>sP ba[ dl,t z,B deSag dry hV m #aql$ sj LjWdsw ba[ d`vq fjn s.debJ
sg woj wdhS dh,a Vpwaj-V;i bjq drbwag sj riasj h{ m #aql$ dh>lj s[ ldqbJ dry
qjVrg ugrV s[ y.debjHg vHg wga[ l.ziL sg ejoj h{ m #aql$ sj fjn dHl e,v VP. Whpa
dL,sa Vjv RpFjisj h{ dw s.debJ/dh>lj dry VpwljV hq[LJ bjq bjsqg sj hp.sj h{ m bjfS[
dV,ug qp`jsJ dh,a dh>lj/s.debJ VP. f{sj wiV rjvgbJ H[vgB dZiJ bwli lpiKdtba WygbJ
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WS[ dHl vHg dfbji whjSgbJ hg v'CgGsgbJ VhgG le'G Wga[ dry dh>lj VP. bfSj v{S s[ fAajr[
sgbJ whjSgbJ rg v'CgGsgbJ hV m #aql$ dHl fdiojdH Ijs i,tS I'e ljdhaw/ldFbjyjiw
fjn h{ m dh>lj ba[ RpujC[ sg Ijaij Fjia sg s[L-r.c sj bduhj sp?s fdhvP h{@ dul sg f[Lwjig
#aql$ sg w[Gsig lpi h{ m Vjrv ba[ d`vq #aql$ dHw qjVrg slajr[; h{ m dHh RpV%J v'wJ sg
whjSg h{ duV%J Ziq s[ VJ a[ FCw[ s.debJ s"ijV bSwh[ sis h.TjH[& dHh whjSg h{ RpVJ% fvJ sg
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RpujC[ Vjv bjidow fKt'G wKt'G h"v[ h'H[ RpV%J v'wJ sg duV%J w'v r.c wjiV dliu[ ujS rjv[ Vr[G
bjaq ba[ Vr[G s[L sg w'Hg wvfVj VhgG lg m dHh whjSg h{ RpV%J v'wJ sg duV%J dh>lj Vjv Fi[
ldqbJ dry rg dh>lj VP. hJ Vj whg m dHh whjSg h{ RpVJ% aqjq v'wJ sg@ duhC[ y.e[ ba[ Wpi[ sgbJ
lojdfa V{daw wsiJ VP. A,c bjfS[ V.e[ bjf[ s[ iPWiP h'H[ m
#aql$ whjSg h{ VKoP sg@ duhCj lqjduw siu[W.sg dry W[L,w Whpa Vgr[G lojV $a[ lg
fi duhCj qVp<tg e"ir sg V{daw siu[W.sg dry Rpyaq lojV sj ZjiVg WSsj h{ m Rpl sj
h'Sj d;>seg s[ qjlPq@ dViAv@ dfbji[ h'S sg Ljhsg Fisj h{ m Rpl w'v dwl[ rg dwlq s[ Rpei
u;dWbJ sj w'Hg u?gij VhgG@ Rpl VP. wpiWjVg/qi-dqBS sj rg wpN faj VhgG@ Rph Wl duRpSj
ujSsj h{@ dril[ dry'G dqvgbJ wsiJ VP. l.Fraj dVFjRpGdsbJ m epVjh wiVj aJ sPi Rpl VP. aJ
Rpl epVjh sj bdhljl hg duRpS VhgG ds.sj@ duhCj blv dry Rpl V[ wgaj rg VhgG hp.sj m12
V,oP sj h'Sj RpV%J aqjq v'wJ a[ daKtj drb>e h{ duV%J bV[wJ qVpKtg ujVJ ba[ u;W[ dWV%J dwl[
bjadqw W'N s[ fvJ dry wav wi dsKa[ m V,oP qph,Wag h{@ Rpl sg qphKWa bjfSg qJ Vjv rg
h{ ba[ bjfSg eiFrag faVg Vjv rg m bjfS[ fdirji VP. WyjRpS vHg Rph dul wsi
aC`sj h{13 Rpl a'G qVp<tg d;>seg s[ W[Lwgqag h'S sj bdhljl l.yjdia hp.sj h{ m V,oP s[ Vjv
Vjv dHh whjSg hiVjq dl>z sg rg h{ dul vHg bjfS[ hqljdHbJ $y'G RpuCVj fdhvj sptJa
lg@ RpujC[ sg Ijaij sPuj ba[ VrgG oJ a[ rlSj aguj sptJa lg m Rpl sj sptJa qpC-rl ujS
Vjv taq VhgG hp.sj@ le'G drAC[ zi ba[ drAC[ ljwJ sg Ijs s[ iPf dry lsj-lsj vHg Rpl
s[ y[dabJ dry rl uJsj h{ m RpGN RpujC[ sg Ijaij V[ hiVjq dl>z VP. ci/t"` ba[ dryjieg s[
Vjv-Vjv iju' ba[ b,vjhtjV s[ iPf dry y.debjHg sj bdhljl rg ds,aj lg m14 fP>ug s[ VJ $a[
hiVjq dl>z w'v Whpa[ aJ lsq[ hg lV fi wpN wp Rph IjsJ rg lV@ duV%J dry RpV%J v'wJ sg
Ijs rg lg duV%J Rpl VP. a[ Rpl sg faVg W.a' VP. l.wB sgbJ zCgbJ dry WyjRpS vHg bjfSg
ujV u'd?q dry fjHg lg m15
#aql$ wigq tjV VJ s[ Rpl fjai sg whjSg rg h{@ duhCj dh>lj sg FjiP hV[ig s[ ipt
bVplji Vj rdebj a[ dul V[ bjfS[ dl,t s'la hiVjq dl>z ba[ Rpl sg faVg W.a' sg ujV
lhg lvjqa #sPli[$ s[L VP. drsj wgag m dHh whjSg Rpl dl,t b"ia sg rg h{ duhCg slr[G
fjaLjh spbjij WtLg avrji Vjv bjfS[ epbJT dry rls[ dHw qplvqjV drbwag VP.
WyjRpGsg h{ m16 dHh whjSg iju' ba[ Rpl s[ zi rjv[ bv,hji,tj sg rg h{ duV%J d`iwP ldqbJ
dry d`iwP hp.dsbJ rg wpN fv dHh' duh[ Wyj vH[ duV%J dry RpV%J #wj`iJ$ \hiVjq dl>z ba[
Rpl sg faVg W.a'| VP. WyjRpS vHg bjfSj bjfj sjb $a[ vj ds,aj m dHh whjSg b,vjhi,tj s[
V"urjV fp,ai s[ Zpi b>si ldhwsg Rpl dHVljVgba sg rg h{ dul s[ wjiV Rph dli[ sj s.eHg
h'S s[ WjruPs hiVjq dl>z sj wav VhgG wi fjRpGsj m dHh whjSg uiV{v VJ s[ Rpl fjai sg
rg h{ duhCj W[t"` ba[ u;W[-FifPi lg@ dul V[ bjfS[ l'y[ VP. Vj w[rv duRpGdHbj le'G Rpl vHg
ujV aKw wpiWjV wi ds,ag m dHV%J aqjq fjaiJ s[ hrjv[ Vjv dHh whjSg h{ WBrji[ s[ l.wB
lq[G Wyg ihg lJNg FjHgyjiw ugrV-ujy sg h{ m dHh ugrV-ujy l.wB lq[G a'G fdhvJ wpN dHw
lgqjrJ s[ WjruPs zp,egG rlsg lg m17 dHh whjSg qVp<tg ugrV sg Rpl bio-FifPi lsgrg
a.s sg rg h{@ dul sj lji-lPai ugrV dry'G y.debjHg sg avjL Vjv Wjrlaj h{ m l.wB
ldqbJ dry d;>seg W[L,w c'vsg doCwsg h{ fi wpN dyi Wjbs dHh dV,z ba[ lJN Vjv
vWi[; h' lJrg l.apva a'i apisg h{ m dHh woj w[rv Wga[ sg hg woj VhgG le'G ljc[ b,u sg rg
woj h{@ Rpl b,u sg duhCj tpLgbJ ba[ dV,z Vjv duRpSj yjhp.sj h{ fi dul sgbJ tpLgbJ VP.
d`iwP ijuVgag sj e+dhS vKdebj h'dHbj h{ m
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#aql$ Vjrv ba[ d`vq sg woj dHw fjl[ lJNg ldFbjyjiw fAjS VP. f[L wisg h{ ba[
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ba[ wpN h'i dh>sP/dl,t l.enVJ sj i'v rg lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m fi duhCj i'v ljZjiV uVqjVl V[ dh>lj VP. hJ wdh V[ dVFjdHbj@ Rph Whpa udBv h{ m dHh Wga[ wjv ba[ lqwjv s'rJ s[
hrjv[ Vjv ljc[ ldFbjyji sg lF a'G RpvNrgG sptsjdHw a.s h{ m dul lJNg ldFbjyjiw
ldFbaj sgbJ blgG lji[ dfAv[ v.q[ lq[G a'G WjaJ fjRpGs[ VhgG o,ws[@ Rpl sj bjvq dHh h{ dw
dHl VP. wpN qp,ng Fi v'w Ziq s[ VJ a[ riaS dry wjqIjW h' uJs[ hV m dHh qp,ng Fi v'w hg
V"urjV rie VP. d`iwP #Wgiaj$ sj fjn fC%jRpGs[ hV m #aql$ sj qjlPq a[ Vj;pw iSrgi drd*a
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vHg cdibj/epVjheji qdhlPl wisj h{ m fi Rpl s[ ljogbJ rKv'G dHw tjl ai%J sg FjLj ijhgG
ds,ag h,vjL[ig dw aP. WCj Ziq sj w.q wgaj h{@ Rpl s[ ci ba[ epVjh VP. qjS dry Wsv ds>sg
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#aql$ sg dWiaJawjig w'v w'Hg RpKai VhgG m dHl VP. lqNS uJ lqNjRpS vHg #aql$ sg
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lqNsjig h{ dw blgG riajdibJ VP. dwr[G e+dhS wgaj ba[ dwr[G RpV%J $a[ bqv wgajm dHh aJ
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\5|
#aql$ Vjrv ba[ d`vq s'rJ wojrJ sg tPWlPiag h{ dw dHh hwPqa uJ dwl[ drbwag
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l.lojea iPf Vjv aJ rjlaj h{@ fi dul sj Zjidqwaj Vjv w'Hg rjlaj VhgG m dHl wjiV hg Rph
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ugrV sg Rpl ie a'G a'C ds.sg h{ dul dry vwgi dt,y w[ wpN rg VhgG hp.sj m
dHh e,v e"vSI'e h{ dw l,aj s[ fiuj Vjv l.W.Z dHwdhi[ VhgG hp.s[@ Rpl sgbJ bV[wJ
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wisg h{ m diyic s.debJ s[ FCw ujS WjWa lF ujSsj lg@ fi Rph dHV%J VP. i'wS vHg wpN rg
wiV a'G dHVwjig hp.sj h{ m Rph Rps'G a,w yp,f W{nsj h{@ us'G a,w r,c[ f,Zi a[ ujVg a[ qjvg
VpwljV VhgG h' uJsj& us'G a,w dHh d`iwjf+lag FjiagbJ s[ dy,a dry lsj lsj vHg f+r[L
VhgG wi uJsg m #aql$ dry b>ei[; hwPqa spbjij s.ej fgCa t[ai dry RpCjH[ dHw uhj;
Vjv us'G v'w LJa h' uJs[ hV aJ bduhj h'Sj lfLB l.w[a wisj h{ dw u[ b>ei[; hwPqa
yjhp.sg aJ Rph s.debJ VP. Whpa bjljVg Vjv i'w lwsg lg m s.debJ s[ ipw ujS a'G Wjbs
diyic v'wJ vHg wpN wiV dhKa aafi V;i bjRpGsj h{ m Rpl sg dHh aafiaj s'hij fjlji
i,tsg h{ m fdhvj@ uV-qjVl s[ epKl[ ba[ bj*'L s[ ci dry'G eagLgv hp.sj h{ ba[ sPlij@ l,aj
b>si b>dLw iPf dry q"uPs y.debjHg sg FjrVj bZgV m dHV%J s'rJ fjljiJ s[ yvdsbJ hg
s.debJ a'G Wjbs diyic rie[ b`liJ s[ ijhgG b>ei[; hwPqa dHw rji d`i a'G Fjiag uVqjVl VP. bjfS[ wjWP dry wi v{S dry wjqIjW h' uJsg h{ m
\6|
#aql$ sj dHw qh,afrfPiV bdZbjdH df>c lIsfpi s[ dry dl,t b"iaJ s[ tPh dry cp,W
qiV Vjv lW.dZa h{ m s[L-r.c s"ijV b"ia Whpa rKc[ f,Zi a[ dh>lj ba[ sdhLa VP. h.TjRpGsg h{ m
sPu[ VP. VgrJ dstjRpSj vHg sPu[ sgbJ b"iaJ VP. qjiVj@ RpZjvSj a[ tijW wiVj s[L-r.c
s"ijV rjfdibj bjq riajij h{ m s[L-r.c s[ dHdahjlw ba[ ljdhaw/d`vq fjnJ dry b"ia
sg a+jlsg sg f[Lwjig dVePSg h{ m Whp-deSag fjn qis sg a+jlsg spbjv[ hg w[Gsia hV m
duV%J fjnJ dry b"ia-a+jlsg VP. f[L wgaj rg debj h{@ RpV%J dry a+jlsg VP. lqNS ba[
l.wvfW,Z wiV sg ds+LBg dfaj-fpitg l.iyVjrJ sg bVpljig h{ m dHl ai%J h'S wjiV b"ia
s[L-r.c sptJa sg bduhg dZi h{@ duhCg bjfS[ sptJa WjWa FjiP iPf dry bjf aJ tjq'L hg
ihg h{ m u[ w'Hg Rpl WjWa W'dvbj h{ aJ Rph b"ia-h'Gs s[ f+qjdSw Vpwaj-V;i a'G W'vS sg
WujdH dfaj-fpitg l.iyVj s[ Vpwaj V;i a'G hg W'dvbj h{ m dHl f+l.e dry #aql$ sg
dWiaJawjig rg bfrjs VhgG m dHh e,v blgG lji[ ujSs[ hJ dw w'Hg rg zBVj ba[ Rpl sg
f[Lwjig qjlPq VhgG hp.sg@ Rpl Vjv dryjiZjiw a.ai updCbj hp.sj h{ m #aql$ dry dlKt b"iaJ
spbjij tPh dry cp,WS sg zBVj QjdvW dryjiZjiw a.ai bVplji dl,t b"iaJ sj u;W[ Fdibj
sv[ijVj wjiu h{ m #aql$ Vjrv ba[ #aql$ d`vq s'rJ dry dHl zBVj VP. wpN dHl aigw[ f[L
wgaj debj h{ dw dHl ai%J h'Sj sptJa VP. aJ RpFjisj h{ fi dHl sptJa VP. dV>sSI'e dl,Z wiV
sg WujdH dHl VP. e"irqHg dl,Z wisj h{ m Ziq ba[ bSt vHg ds,ag dHw bduhg wpiWjVg s[
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ngw VhgG lg ( dxi dHh duRpGs[ idhSj W[L,w RpZjv[ uJ tpbji h' ujS a'G Wjbs hg f+jfa hp.sj m
wg ugrV sg dHl a.s dry'G bjl qpwj s[Sg rjduW h{ dw ugrV ws[ rg y.debjHg a'G fPig ai%J
qpwa VhgG hp.sj( bKu us'G ljc[ w'v dHl riaji[ s[ v'CgGs[ f+qjS hV dw dw RpZjvgbJ eHgbJ
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hp.ejij dwl ai%J sj h'Sj yjhgsj h{( l,yjHg dHh h{ dw WjruPs dHV%J f+qjSJ s[ dH,;a tjai
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h'Sg yjhgsg h{ \duhCg RpGN $aql$ dry'G RpFisg VhgG| m duRpSj a[ duRpG dw l.ziL wiVj@ qiV
uJ qji s[S Vjv'G hq[LJ rKcj hp.sj h{ m d;>seg sg dHl l.FjrVj a'G w"S dHVwjig h' lwsj h{ dw
y.e[ rwa bjRpS[ hg hp.s[ hV uJ sPli[ LWsJ dry W.s[ V[ dliu hg v{S[ hp.s[ hV m dHl a'G dWV%J
dHh rg aJ ljVP. faj hg h{ dw dH;a/bSt s[ aqjq riaji[ wvf[ hg aJ h'H[ hV@ d;>seg dry
bjloj WSjHg i,tS vHg dHV%J VP. qpC a'G r,ti[ aigw[ Vjv wvdfbj uj lwsj h{ m dHl wjiV
s[L-r.c wojrJ dry qis-l.iyVjrJ s[ dsls[ bdsls[ sjW[ h[n b"iaJ r,v'G bjfS[ bjf VP.
qjiV uJ #bjfdSbJ$ hKo'G ypKf-yjf qi ujS s[ f+le
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h'S[ yjhgs[ hV@ duV%J sj dli` qjaq wgaj uj lwsj h{@ qjS VhgG m WBWji[ s"ijV lqPdhw
bjaq-hKdabj s[ riaji[ VP. bSt a[ dH;a s[ hrjv[ Vjv qjS wiVI'e lpi s[Sg qjVrg
wsiJ VP. df,Av-tpig a'iV rjvg eKv h{ m
\7|
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ijuVgaw ydi,ai VP. rg RpFjisgbJ hV m s[L-r.c s[ r[v[ Fjia/f>ujW dry b>ei[;@ wJeil
ba[ qpldvq vge da>V f+qpt ijuVgaw dZiJ wjiuLgv lV m b>ei[;J sg fjC' ba[ iju' wi' sg
Vgag Fjia/f>ujW sg qplvqjV vgcidLf ba[ bjq ljZjiV qplvqjV uV-qjVl s[ qV dry
dHh e,v fjRpS dry wjqIjW hp.sg h{ dw wJeil dh>sPbJ sg uqja ba[ qpldvq vge qplvqjVJ
sg h{ m qpldvq vge sj aiw lg dw qplvqjV Fjia sg bduhg z,B deSag h{ dul s[ dh,a
bj;js Fjia dry lpiKdtba VhgG hV m dvhj;j qpldvq vge Ziq s[ bjZji a[ bduh[ r,ti[
qpvw sg q>e wisg h{@ duKo[ qplvqjV lpa.ai h' w[ ugb lwS m21 qpldvq vge duKo[ Lp,Z iPf
dry Ziq bjZjdia fjiBg ru'G wjiuLgv hps
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22
wiV sj sjbrj wisg h{ m wJeil fjiBg s[ dHl sjbr[ s[ WjruPs dHl e,v a'G dHVwji VhgG
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sMvwd-04
129
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qpvw sg q>e VP. bqv dry dvbjRpS dry wJeil fjiBg V[ dw>Vj ba[ dwl ai%J sj i'v bsj
wgaj@ dHh bj;jsg a'G v{ w[ hpS aKw y,vgbJ v.qgbJ ijuVgaw WdhlJ sj qlvj h{ m Wdhihjv
H[o[ dHl sj d;wi dHl ZjiVj sg f[Lwjig dh,a h{ dw s[L sg bj;jsg sg dlbjla hg fdhvj
q"wj lg us'G Ziq drdF>V ijuVgaw fjiBgbJ/l.enVJ s[ ijhgG Fjia sg ijuVgag dry
LwagLjvg hdobji ru'G ridabj ujSj LpiP hp.sj h{ m dHl hdobji sg da,tg Zji s[ yvdsbJ Vj
w[rv Fjia s[ s' dhKl[ hp.s[ hV@ le'G Fjia s[L lsj lsj vHg Ziq bjZjdia ijuVgag s[ yp.ev
dry xl uJsj h{ m Ziq s[ VJ a[ h'Hg r.c a[ r.c s"ijV h'dHbj wav[bjq Fjia sg ijuVgaw
f+>fij sj bduhj bji.F lg duhCj dxi dHl a'G Wjbs bV[wJ rji d`iwP s.debJ s[ iPf dry
Fjia sgbJ rKt'-r,t ojrJ $a[ wiPiaj Vjv sphijdHbj debj h{ m
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i'wS vHg fPig rjh vjHg lg m #aql$ Vjrv ba[ #aql$ d`vq s'rJ dry dHl fjiBg sgbJ
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dhKa dHl fjiBg sgbJ dryjiZjiw lgqjrJ/spdWZjrJ VP. oJ ds.sj h{ m #aql$ sg woj dry us'G
s.e[ h' ih[ hp.s[ hV aJ dHw qplvjqV wjqi[c uqgv sj drLrjl fjiBg a'G Bp,B uJsj h{ m Rpl sj
fjiBg a[ dHaij; dHh h{ dw fjiBg s.debJ sj wjiV w[rv b>ei[; VP. q>Vsg h{ a[ Rph dHh
lqNS a'G dHVwjig h{ dw dHh lojVw v'wJ sgbJ Zjidqw ba[ ;jagea FjrVjrJ sj f+da`v
h{ m fjiBg s`ai dry dWijuqjV wjqi[c bjeP s[rs,a V"urjV wjqi[c sg dHl dB,fSg a'G
W"tvjb23 uJsj h{ a[ RpKai dry dH>Vj hg wdh fjRpGsj h{ dw ##uvsWj;g $y w'Hg w.q Vj wi'
ljog@ blgG qKZrie s[ v'w hJ@ q,Zrieg l.lwjiJ sj ljc[ a[ cP.zj f+Fjr h{ m qusPi rie s[
hpd. sbJ aJ a{V.P dh>sP qplvqjV sj lpbjv fi[LjV VhgG wisj m$$ qplvqjV wjqi[c uqgv wjqi[c
bjeP s[rs,a sg e,v sg firjh Vj wisj fjiBg Vjv'G Vjaj a'C w[ ydvbj uJsj h{ m wjqi[c
vgci dHh wdh dw ljog sj dryjiZjiw bjZji w,yj lg a[ ljVP. Rpl s[ yv[ ujS sj b`l'l
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qplvjqV tps bjf d;.q[rji hV@ uJ Rpl sj dHh wdhSj dw ##wjqi[c aplgG dHl qpvw dry wsg
rg l'Ldv;q VhgG dvbj lws[@ du>Vg s[i a,w aplgG H[o'G s[ quhW ba[ ;jagea TJy[ VP. fPig ai%J
lqN VhgG v{Gs[$$24@ qPv'G hg eva VhgG hV m Fjia s[ dry w.q wisgbJ wdqRPdVlB fjiBgbJ
sg dHw rKcg lgqj ihg h{ dw Rph Fjia s[ ;jagea ba[ Zjidqw TJy[ ba[ Fjia s[ v'w-qjVl
sg u;Wjag q?lPlgba VP. l.W'dZa VhgG h' lwgbJm LjdHs dHl[ wjiV #aql$ dry WjruPs
ujV-qjirgbJ w'dLLJ s[ wjqi[c l'hS dl>z@ lIsfpi s[ dl,tJ s[ qVJ dry'G ba[ wjqi[c
qgisjs@ qplvqjVJ s[ qVJ dry'G d`iwP d?bjvJ ba[ NPngbJ b`rjhJ s[ bli VP. taq VhgG wi
fjRpGs[ m dHh Fjiag W.s[ sg drv,tS ai%J sg u;Wjagba sj hg f+da`v lg dw s.debJ s"ijV
Rph b`rjhJ VP. rKc[ f,Zi a[ dliusj hg VhgG le'G lrgwji rg wisj h{ m VagujaV b`rjhJ
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s.debJ VP. `{vjRpS sj lF a'G r,cj li'a WSsgbJ hV m blv dry Ziq ba[ u;Wja Fjiag
uV-qjVl s[ ydi,ai sg bduhg cP.zg ih,lqHg a.s h{ dul sj f+I'e Fjiag uV-qjVl s[
ydiKaiw Wsvjb vHg wgaj uj lwsj h{ m ljqijurjs sg lqN vj;qg h{@ fi dHl lqN VP.
uV-qjVl sg lqN dry fdiridaa wiV vHg uV-qjVl sgbJ Zjidqw ba[ u;Wjag WSaiJ
Vjv lJN fjRpSg vj;qg h{ m #aql$ Vjrv sj LjWdsw ba[ d`vq fjn dul ldhuaj Vjv@
dWV%J dwl[ Rpvji s[@ dHl a,o VP. lpNjMsj h{@ Rpl VP. Fjiag dWiaJawjig sg dHw r,cg f+jfag
ru'G s[dtbj ujSj WSsj h{ m
\8|
#aql$ Vjrv s[ LjWdsw ba[ d`vq fjn sg yiyj sj b>daq fCjb #dh>lj$ sg ba[
#qplvjqV bsi$ sg f[Lwjig Vjv l.W.dZa h{ m fdhvJ #qplvqjV bsi$ sg f[Lwjig sg e,v
wis[ hJ m s[L sg bj;jsg vHg vC[ l.ziLJ s[ b>av[ s"i dry qplvqjV lqPh dHw z,B-deSag
lqPh ru'G l.wvfa hp.sj h{ m dHh l.wvfVj ijLBi dViqjS sg Rpl v'C dry'G uVq v{Gsg h{@ dul
bZgV ijLBirjs bjfSg w[Gsigbaj dliuS vHg z,B-deSagbJ sg l.wvfVj wisj h{ m25
r.c a'G Wjbs r.c sj ljij d;>qj hg qplvqjV z,B deSag s[ dli F.dVbj uJsj h{ m s[L-r.c
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hV m Rph hq[LJ qplvqjV hg hV m duV%J s' q"dwbJ a[ dh>sP lqPh hqvj wisj h{@ RpV%J dry'G dHw
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hrjv[ a[ dB,fSgbJ ^
1.
2.
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Quoted in film Tamas
"As over ten million ordinary people - Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims- were dislocated from
their homes and became refugees, at least a million were killed in retaliatory violence
undertaken by members of all three communities while thousands of women were abducted,
raped, and in many instances, forced to commit suicide to preserve the 'honour' of their
communities.", Priyamvada Gopal, The Indian English Novel: Nation, History, and
Narration, Oxford University press, 2009, p-69.
The events of 1947 not only violently uproot the characters in Partition fiction but suddenly
estrange them from those simple words like 'friendship', 'neighborhood', 'peepul tree', 'parrot',
'well', 'Imambara', 'hope', 'love', 'god', which they had carefully nurtured for generations to
craft their world, no matter how difficult it may have been to do so. These words that had
once helped them create their communities are now lost in the bewildering mazes of refugee
towns. Alok Bhalla, Partition Dialogues, Oxford University Press, 2006, p-8.
IhPsg uV-l.zji s[ f+l.e dry dwhj dHh woV s[L-r.c s[ qjqv[ dry rg e"vSI'e h{@
"Before Auschwitz we were children in our imagination of evil; after Auschwitz we are no
longer children,", Moly Andrews, "Beyond Narraitve: The Shape of Traumatic testimony",
in Beyond Narrative Coherence, Matti HyVarinen, et al. (eds.), John Benjamins Publishing
Company, Amsterdam, 2010, p-162.
FgLq ljhVg s[ Vjrv #aql$ sg dliuSj sj wjiV qp>WHg dry dFrJcg VJ s[ lojV a[ h'H[
s.e[ WSs[ hV m dHh s.e[ RpV%J VP. Rpl s"i sg Ijs dsrj ds>s[ hV@ dul VP. dwl[ rwa RpV%J V[
h.TjdHbj lg a[ duhCj WC[ dyiJ a'G W'v VP. Fjv dihj lg m RpirLg WpBjvgbj vHg 1984 sj
ds,vg dl,t wav[bjq fjiBgLV WjWa dvtS sj lWW WSsj h{ m Rph bjfSg lpf+dl,Z dwajW
The Other Side of Silence : Voices frome the Partition of India s[ f>Vj 6 $a[ dvtsg
h{@ "… It took 1984 to make me understand how ever-present partition was in our lives too,
to recognize that it could not be so easily put away inside the covers of history books. I
could no longer pretend that this was a history that belonged to another time, to someone
else."
"While time and narrative are always intricately bound to one another -and if, what and how
trauma is narrated will be influenced by the distance of time from the event - time alone
neither create nor erases the narrative impulse of trauma survivors." Moly Andrews, Ibid,
p-151.
Alok Bhalla, "Memory, History and Fictional Representations of the Partition",
www.jstorg.org
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"The central dilemma for many survivors of trauma is that they must tell their stories, yet
their stories cannot be told. The experience which they have endured defy understanding;
the very act of rendering them into narrative form lends them a coherence which they do not
have… burden is bearable if it can be put into a story; but perhaps the psychological reality
is more complicated."" Moly Andrews, Ibid, p-148.
FgLq ljhVg "Random thoughts on Tamas", Indian Express, 15-2-1988
qpijs bvg VJ sj dHw drbwag duhCj Vjrv ba[ d`vq dry s.debJ VP. f{sj wiV rjv[
s[L-r.c wojrJ sj lqwjvg l.siF ba[ #aql$
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13!
14!
15!
16!
17!
18!
19!
20!
21!
22!
23!
24!
25!
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lPi lv'aig ljdhW VP. cjwBig wjiu vHg yjhgsj h{ m fi us'G V,oP qi[ lPi VP. lr[i[ qldus s[
ljhqS[ dlKdBbj s[tsj h{ aJ Rpl VP. dHh v,eS v,esj h{ dw Ldhi dry d`iwP ;dhi FiV
vHg Rph tps bjf d;.q[rji h{ m
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qJ h{ ba[ Vj hg Rpl sg faVg wiq' eiFrag h{ m d`vq l[ lgwpb{Gl dry dHl ai%J LqPvgba
ijhgG d`vq l.wB ldqbJ dry dV,z s[ Wy[ idhS VP. h'i dL,sa Vjv RpzjCsg h{ m
dHl ai%J s[ bdhljlJ sg woj di`RPug w{GfJ dry hiVjq dl>z a[ wpN h'iJ rKv'G rji-rji
whg uJsg h{ m
dHl ijl-fP>ug sj d;wi Vjrv ba[ d`vq dry Rpl lojV $a[ dqvsj h{ us'G w{Gf dry RpuC
w[ fhp.y[ v'w bjfS[ h'H[ VpwljV sj dWYij s[S r[v[ bjfS[ RpujC[ sgbJ wojrJ wdh>s[ hV m
hiVjq dl>z bjfS[ Wy bj ujS vHg fdhvJ bjfS[ s'la wigq tJ sj d;wi wisj h{ ba[
d`i fVjh s[S rjvg b"ia v,u' sj m
dHh lgwpb{Gl Vjrvg fjn dry siu VhgG h{ m
aql@ f.Vj-107-108
FgLq ljhVg@ Rphg
"Overriding all these was a violence that was hirrifying in its intensity, and one which knew
no boundaries; for many women, it was not only 'miscreants', 'outsiders' or 'marauding
mobs' that they needed to fear-husbands, father, brothers and even sons, could turn killers."
quoted in "Recovery, Rupture, Resistance : Indian State and Abduction of Women during
Partition" by Ritu Menon, Kamla Bhasin, www.jstor.org, Accessed : 19/12/2015
dHl s[ f+qjS vHg diaP q{VV ba[ wqvj FjlgV s[ t'u-f,ai ##Recocovery, Rupture,
Resistance : Indian State and Abduction of Women during Partition" df,A[ idh eHgbJ b"iaJ
} dqv w[ bjHg b"ia s[ hrjv[ Vjv siu dHh woV Rpv[tI'e ]@ "Of the 25-30 women she
met, she informed us that only one could be said to be unhappy and in unfortunate
circumstances. All the others, though nostalgic and distressed at not being able to meet their
natal family freely, seemed to her to be settled and held in regard both by the community
and their new families. And their were a few among them whose circumstances had in fact
improved. "After all", she remarked "where is the guarantee of happiness in a women's life
anyway?" www.jstor.org, Accessed : 19/12/2015.
FgLq ljhVg@ aql@ f>Vj ^ 36-37
Rphg@ f>Vj-36
#W"tvjb$ LWs sj f+I'e Vjrvwji spbjij wgaj debj ] m f>Vj - 165
dHh Rpyji Vjrv dry siu Vhk@ w[rv d`vq dry ] m
"Partition be read as the culmination of the (Indian) nationalist effort to contain Muslims in
the role of national minority. Nationalism needs and produces its minorities- defined as
such-in order to reinforce and validate its own centre: the presence of oppressed minoritarian
groups is therefore crucial to the self definition of the majority group." Tarun K. Saint,
Witnessing Partition: Memory, History, Fiction, Routledge, 2010, p-43.
²
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prvwsI Aqy pMjwbI smwj:
smkwlI srokwr Aqy sMdrB
BwrqI lokW dI rl-iml jwx (Assimilation) vwlI prMprk
sUJ sdIAW qoN hI BwrqI mwniskqw ivc bhuq fUMGI bYTI hoeI hY qy iesy
kwrx hr vrqwry jW siQqI dy AnukUl Awpxy Awp ƒ Fwl lYx dI
rucI ies ivcoN vDyry auGVdI hY [ ieQy vwd-ivvwd qoN bwAd sMvwd
aupjdw hY [ ieho gux pMjwbI ƒ vI Awpxy Awp ƒ hr cOigrdy dy
AnukUl ho jwx leI pRyrdw hY [ pMjwbI jdoN prvws krky ivdySW ivc
vI gey qW auh kdI vI ies g`loN cyqMn nhIN sn ik aunHW ƒ smwjsiBAwcwrk qOr 'qy sMGrS dw dOr vI vyKxw peygw [ pMjwbI qW prvws
ivc jw ky auQoN dy lokW vrgw bxn Aqy aus smwj ivc rL jwx leI
pU r I qrH W iqAwr sI pr p` C mI smwj ijs sM G rS AwDwirq
siBAwcwrIkrn dy Aml ivcoN guzr irhw sI, auQy ivAkqI iksy nvyN
smwj dI auswrI vl ruicq nhIN sI sgoN Awpxy prMprk smwjsiBAwcwr dI pCwx ƒ brkrwr r`Kx leI i&krmMd sI [
The inevitable coexistence of diaspora and multiculturalism does
not, however, just remain a topic of public debate, however
provocative it may be. Diaspora presence in multicultural societies
has often been characterised by a clash of cultures ‘as people
wrestle with how to preserve their cultural identities in an
increasingly borderless commercial world.1
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[email protected]
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XUrpI dySW ny BwvyN eySIAw Aqy A&rIkw dy dySW ƒ bsqIAW bxw ky
aunHW aupr hkUmq zrUr kIqI sI pr aunHW bsqIAW ivc kyvl &OjI
Aqy pRSwsk SRyxI dy lok vDyry gey hoey sn [ Awpxy Gr Aqy Awpxy dyS
AMdr auh iksy dUjy siBAwcwr dy pRBwv ƒ mihsUs nhIN krdy sn [ ies
dy mukwbly pMjwbI BweIcwrw iek AwlmI siBAwcwr bxn Aqy bxwaux
dI smrQw rKx vwlw SkqISwlI BweIcwrw hY [ pMjwbI Ajoky smyN ivc
iek AijhI kOm bx cu`kI hY ijs dI id`K AMqr-rwStrI vI hY qy pyNfU
vI, Bwrq ivcoN sB qoN v`D imhnqkS mMny jWdy pMjwbI BweIcwry ny
dunIAw Br ivc AwpxI mOjUdgI dw Aihsws krvwieAw hY [ prvwsI
pMjwbI smwj dy siBAwcwrk pCwx dy msilAW ƒ smJx leI
siBAwcwrk AiDAYn dI smJ bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY [ ijvyN ik p`CmI
ivdvwn lwrMs grOsbrg dw kQn hY:
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 135-139)
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Cultural studies describes how people’s everyday lives are articulated by and with culture.
It investigates how people are empowered and disempowered by the particular structures
and forces that organize their everyday lives in contradictory ways, and how their (everyday)
lives are themselves articulated to and by the trajectories of economic, social, cultural, and
political power. Cultural studies explores the historical possibilities of transforming people’s
lived realities and reaffirms the vital contribution of cultural (and intellectual) work to the
imagination and realization of such possibilities.2
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ivc ies dI idSw brqwnIAw, au~qrI AmrIkw Aqy AmrIkw vl ho geI sI [ bsqIvwdI dOr dy
mu`k jwx qoN bwAd jdoN aunHW hI dySW dy lok hor vDyry igxqI ivc XUrpI Aqy AmrIkI dySW
ivc jwxy SurU hoey qW prvwsI Aqy myzbwn smwj ivckwr qnwE au~Brnw ArMB hoieAw [ iesy
leI ArMBk dOr ivc nslI ivqkry dI sm`ØisAw vyKx ƒ imldI hY [ iek Zulwm dyS ivcoN qur
ky Awpxyy swmrwjvwdI-bsqIvwdI hwkmW dy dyS ivc jwxw, kMm krnw, vsxw, ieh Aml
siBAwcwrIkrn dy iek kudrqI vrqwry qoN ault inrol dbwE vwlw ho in`bVdw hY [ prvwsI
Awpxy siBAwcwr aupr pRBwvW ƒ mihsUs krdy hn, kbUl krdy hn, ivroD krdy hn [ nYgS
o Ieyt
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smwjk, rwjnIqk, AwriQk dbwE ƒ mihsUs krn dw kwrx ipAw huMdw hY [ mUlvwsIAW dw
siBAwcwrk-pRvcn (dbdbw) BwrU rihMdw hY [
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U hn Aqy
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sI [ imswl dy qOr ‘qy jd BwrqI pMjwbI brqwnIAw gey qW pihloN pihl auh mzdUrI krky pYsw
kmwaux dy ierwdy nwl gey [ ies leI izAwdwqr pMjwbI iek`ly gey Aqy aunHW ivcoN vI jvwn
lokW dI qwdwd vDyry sI [ im`lW-kwrKwinAW ivc kMm krn qoN bwAd auh Awps ivc hI au~TdybihMdy sI ikauNik ienHW ivc vDyry igxqI Aijhy lokW dI sI jo AMgryzI nhIN jwxdy sn Aqy ies
leI sQwnk vsnIkW nwl myl-jol hox dI guMjwieS G`t rihMdI sI [ prvwsIAW AMdr hI aunHW
dw smwjk v`KryvW, jwq-pwq, Drm, bolI Awid, bsqIvwdI dbwE hyT Awqm-ivSvws dI
Gwt, AMgryzI siBAwcwr dI au~cqw dw Aihsws, AwpxI smwjk hIxqw nwl gRsq, Zulwm
mwniskqw Awid bhuq swrIAW g`lW prvwsI pMjwbI Awpxy nwl lY ky quirAw sI [
ivAkqIgq pCwx qoN smwjk pCwx qk phuMcx dI pRikirAw iviBMnqwvW Bry dOr
ivcoN dI guzr dI hY [ ivAkqIgq pCwx qbdIl huMdI hY qW koeI bhuqw ivroD auqpMn nhIN
huMdw pr jdoN smu`cI smwjk pCwx ivc bdlwv dw dOr cldw hY qW aus vyly myzbwn Aqy
prvwsI, dohW smwjW ivckwr qxwE dI siQqI bxI rihMdI hY [ myzbwn smwj sQwpqI dI
mwniskqw nwl gRsq rihMdw hY ies leI auh mwmUlI Aqy DImI r&qwr dy bdlwv ƒ vI bhuq
sMjmqw nwl kbUl krdw hY [ jdik prvwsI BweIcwry dI mjbUrI Awpxy Awp ƒ dUjy smwj
AMdr rlwaux dI vDyry huMdI hY [ ies ^wqr auh bhuq g`lW auqy smJOqy vI krdw hY [ ies qrHW dw
bdlwv bsqIvwdI dOr ivc hor vI sMvydnSIl irhw sI ikauNik aus vyly prvwsIAW dI
AwpxI koeI Awvwz nhIN sI [ bsqIvwdI gulwmI dy iSkwr nwgirk Awpxy mwlk dy mulk
ivc iesy qrHW dy AnuBv ivcoN guzry sn [ smwj-siBAwcwrk au~cqw dI mwniskqw nwl
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gRsq myzbwn smwj BwrqI-pMjwbI lokW ƒ BwvyN ihkwrq nwl nw vyKdw hovy pr aus dw
nzrIAw brwbrI vwlw vI nhIN sI [
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jdik kYnyfw Aqy AmrIkw ivc ies dw v`Krw rUp sI [ iesy qrHW d`Kx-pUrbI dySW Aqy A&rIkI
dySW ivc vI iviBMnqwvW nzr AwauNdIAW hn [ ieh iviBMnqwvW prvwsI BwrqIAW dIAW Awpo
ivclIAW iBMnqwvW Aqy myzbwn smwj dIAW vMn-suvMnqwvW krky vI zwhr hoeIAW hn [
ijMnW BwrqI prvwsI iek-dUjy nwloN KyqrI, BwSweI, Drm jW zwq Awid dIAW v`KrqwvW krky
myl-imlwp ivc sMkoc krdy sn, aunW hI myzbwn smwj vI ienHW BwrqI prvwsIAW nwl
imlx-vrqx qoN sMkoc krdw sI [ myzbwn smwj AwpxIAW hornW mwnisk siQqIAW kwrx
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Awqm-ivSvws pYdw krnw sI [ iesy leI bsqIvwdI dOr ivc gey pMjwbI prvwsI pihloN
pihl nw isr& AwpxI pCwx ƒ r`d krdy nzr AwauNdy sn sgoN vwps Awpxy ipMfW ivc c`kr
lwaux vyly auh isr& ivdySI siBAwcwr Aqy smwj dI au~cqw drswaux aupr hI zor idMdy
nzr AwauNdy sn [ ies dw pRgtwvw brqwnIAw ivc ilKy gey mu`Fly nwvlW Aqy khwxIAW
ivc vyKx ƒ iml jWdw hY [
bsqIvwdI dOr ivc jMmy-ply pMjwbI-BwrqI lokW AMdr svY-Brosy ƒ dbwaux leI ivdySI
hwkmW ny aunHW dIAW siBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW ƒ Aqy rvwieqW ƒ hIx qy p`CVIAW hoeIAW
swbq krn dw auprwlw kIqw sI ijs dw Asr fUMGweIAW qk hoieAw [ Awpxy ieiqhws Aqy
ivrsy dI AihmIAq qoN ivrvy Zulwm mwniskqw nwl Bry bwiSMdy jd kMm-DMidAW leI prvws
krky brqwnIAw jW AmrIkw-kYnyfw dI DrqI ‘qy pu`jy qW aunHW dw Awpxy Awp pRqI Aqy Awpxy
BwrqI-pMjwbI BweIcwry pRqI vrqwrw Aqy nzrIAw hwkmW dI ihkwrq nwl pRyirq ho ky hI
ivksq hoieAw [ ieho ijhI mwnisk siQqI ivcoN Awkwr lYx vwlw siBAwcwr iek idSw ivc
hI jWdw hY [ ikauNik vwd-ivvwd-sMvwd dIAW siQqIAW qk phuMcx qoN pihlW hI prvwsIAW
dI mnosiQqI hIxqw-gRsq sI [ prvwsI siQqIAW ivc rihx dw Bwv mUlvwsIAW nwl rihx
Aqy qwlmyl pYdw krn leI iksy sMvwdI siQqI qk phuMcx vwlw huMdw hY pr jd AwpxI
siBAwcwrk pCwx bwry isr& ihkwrq vwlIAW g`lW ƒ hI mUhry rKky prvws ivc ivcrx dI
siQqI bxI hovy qW prvwsI smwj dy Awpxy mUl siBAwcwr dy invykly pCwx icMnHW dw iv`sr
jwxw jW ivswr idqw jwxw sMBwvI ho jWdw hY [ iesy kwrx prvwsI siBAwcwrIkrn dw Aml
bsqIvwd dy iSkwr bwiSMidAW Aqy Azwd mulkW dy bwiSMidAW leI v`K-v`K AnuBv isrjdw hY [
ies gl ivc koeI do rwey nhIN ik prvwsIAW ny Awpxy myzbwn dySW dI AwrQkqw ƒ
mzbUq krn ivc bhuq Xogdwn pwieAw hY, ies gl ƒ myzbwn dyS kbUl krdy hn pr ijQy
ikqy prvwsIAW ƒ Awpxy smwj dw ih`sw bxwaux dw mslw pYdw hoieAw qW aunHW ny keI qrHW
dIAW nIqIAW GV ky prvwsIAW dI Awmd ƒ pwbMd r`Kx dw jqn vI ArMB kr idqw sI [ ies
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lwiek rih gey [ ieh iek qrHW dw inXMqRx vwlw prvws Aml irhw hY [ iek Aijhy vrg dw
prvws ijs qoN myzbwn smwj ƒ koeI v`fw ^qrw nhIN mihsUs hoieAw sI [ dohW ivc mukwblybwzI
nhIN sI ikauNik BwrqI smwj bsqIvwd dy AnuBv ivcoN AwieAw sI Aqy myzbwn smwj s`qw
dy mwlkW dw siBAwcwr sI, ijs dI mwnisk pRBus`qw prvwsI kbUl krn leI mjbUr sn [
prvwsI DrqI dy jMm-pl nwgirkqw pKoN BwvyN is`Dy hI myzbwn smwj dw ih`sw bx gey
Aqy auQy dI is`ØiKAw gRihx krkyy nwl-nwl kMm-DMidAw ivc vI lg gey pr myzbwn smwj ny
prvwsIAW ƒ Awpxw ih`sw kbUl nhIN kIqw [ ieh kOVI hkIkq ipCly dhwikAW ivc hoeIAW
kuJ AwlmI GtnwvW mgroN swhmxy Aw cu`kI hY [ prvwsIAW dw Awpxy Awp ƒ hI brqwnvI,
AmrIkI jW knyfIAweI smJ lYxw hI kw&I nhIN sI jd qk ik myzbwn smwj aunHW dy nsl,
rMg, Drm Awid dy vKryvyN ƒ kbUl krky, aunHW ƒ Awpxy smwj dw ih`sw nhIN mMn lYNdw [
pMjwbIAW ny BwvyN hr QW Awpxy Awp ƒ aus smwj dy AnukUl Fwl ky aus dw ih`sw bx jwx dw
AYlwn kIqw hY pr AwlmI dihSqvwd dy dOr ivc sB qoN v`D ihMsk GtnwvW BwrqI pMjwbI
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ny prvwsIAW ƒ hI inSwnw bxwieAw hY [ ies dlIl nwl koeI bhuqw &rk nhIN pYNdw ik koeI
is`K muslmwn l`gx kwrx ihMsw dI mwr hyT AwieAw hovy, ikauNik hmlw krn vwly rMg-nsl
jW Dwrimk ichnW rwhIN pCwx krky hmlw krdy rhy hn [
AijhI siQqI ny prvwsIAW dy swhmxy bhuq pycIdw hwlwq pYdw kr id`qy hn [ iek pwsy
qW auh pUrI qrHW myzbwn smwj dw ih`sw bxn leI bycn
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rhy hn [ dUjy pwsy hux AwpxI BwrqI-pMjwbI pCwx ƒ brkrwr r`Kx dw vI mslw bx igAw hY [
jd myzbwn smwj prvwsIAW ƒ v`KrqwvW kwrx dUjy p`Dr dw bwiSMdw mMndw hY qW iPr AwpxI
smwj pCwx ƒ iblkul imtw dyx dw koeI kwrx nhIN [ AmrIkw Aqy kYnyfw vrgy mulkW ivc
bwkwiedw muihMm clweI geI qW jo auQoN dy lok BwrqI-pMjwbI-is`KW dI v`KrI pCwx bwry jwxU ho
skx [ prvwsIAW leI AwpxIAW AmytvIAW v`KrqwvW ƒ kbUlidAW hoieAW, Awpxy smwj dy
v`Krypn dw pRcwr krnw iesy rwjnIqk mjbUrI dw ih`sw hY [ ies nwl iek pwsy BwvyN myzbwn
smwj ivc jwgrUkqw v`D rhI hY pr dUjy pwsy v`KrqwvW ivc vMifAw BwrqI smwj iPr qoN prvws
ivc vI v`KrqwvW Bogx dy rwh qur ipAw hY [ iek-dUjy qoN v`K hox dy dwiery v`Ddy-v`Ddy Drm,
jwq, bolI, vrg Awid qk phuc
M skdy hn [ prvws ivc ivcrdy Dwrimk grupW ivc k`tVvwd
iesy leI BwrU ho irhw hY Aqy myzbwn, prvws qoN bwAd Awpxy dyS ƒ vI pRBwvq kr irhw hY [
prvwsI smwj Aqy myzbwn smwj pRq`K rUp ivc do iDrW vWg pirBwSq ho igAw hY[ prvwsI
pMjwbI smwj ivc Swml ho rhI nvIN pIVHI, jo ies vyly prvws krky jw rhI hY AwpxIAW smwjsiBAwcwrk AwdqW Aqy kdrW-kImqW ƒ nwl qW lY jw hI rhI hY sgoN Awpxy qoN pihlW dy
prvwsI pMjwbI lokW ivckwr qwlmyl pYdw krn dI koiSS vI kr rhI hY [
siBAwcwr iksy iK`qy dIAW AwrQk-smwjk-Dwrmk Aqy rwjnIqk gqIivDIAW dy
Asr ivcoN aupjdw Aqy ivksq huMdw hY, ies leI ivdySW ivc prvws krky gey pMjwbIAW
leI bhuq G`t smyN AMdr bhuq kuJ bdl jwx dw AnuBv ipAw hY Aqy ies AnuBv ivcoN hwly
purwxy Aqy nvNy siBAwcwrk icMnHW dw inqwrw krnw kiTn kwrj hY[ Ajoky smyN ivc isrP ies
dI idSw vl ieSwrw kIqw jw skdw hY, ijs dy nwl ies g`l ivc mdd iml skdI hY ik
pMjwbI BweIcwry ƒ AwpxI siBAwcwrk pCwx hwsl krn dy rwh ivc iknHW msilAW ƒ
iDAwn ivc r`Kxw cwhIdw hY [ prvwsI pMjwbI smwjk gqIivDIAW dw Asr iek v`Kry AMdwz
ivc vyiKAw jw skdw hY jd ies gl dI crcw huMdI hY ik kYnyfw, AmrIkw, brqwnIAw jW
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inaUzIlYNf vrgy dySW ivc lok Awpxy prMprk idn-iqEhwr ieqnI ‘mirAwdw’ nwl mnwauNdy
hn ik pMjwb jW Bwrq dy hornW rwjW ivcly pMjwbI vI hux nhIN mnwauNdy [ ieh iek Aijhw q`Q
hY ijs aupr ivcwr kIqy jwx dI loV hY [
All too often cultures are condemned as being fossilised and retrograde versions of the
original. But they are actually modifications of the original and this transition had begun at
the point at which a culture went out of its traditional space into a fresh site. If they appear
to be backward and less progressive than what the culture at home has turned out to be it is
because there is a temptation to make such comparisions on a selective basis. The basic
point remains that these diasporic cultures too are a manifestation of transformation. The
trajectory they have taken is different from the trajectory the culture has taken back home ?3
ieh gl ieMnI sDwrx ijhI nhIN ik ijs ƒ vifAw ky C`f id`qw jwey [ mu`dw ieh hY ik
kI prvwsI pMjwbI ‘prMprk’ ivrsy ƒ Awpxy nwl hI lY gey qy hux ieQy dy pMjwbIAW dy rwhnumw
bx rhy hn? ies qoN vI A`gy jd AsIN prvwsI pMjwbIAW vloN pMjwb dy vsnIkW ƒ soSlmIfIAw rwhIN m`qW dyx jw aunHW ivc cyqnw jgwaux dy auprwilAW ƒ vyKdy hW qW ies dw
pRBwv bhuq gMBIr rUp ivc pYNdw jwpdw hY [ pMjwb ivc vsdw pMjwbI smwj AwpxI vrqmwn
siQqIAW-pRsiQqIAW qoN pUrI qrHW bw-^br hY qy aus dw mukwblw krn dy pUrI qrHW Xog vI hY [
ijnHW ieiqhwsk GtnwvW jW hwdisAW dIAW XwdW (mYmrIz) ƒ dubwrw jgwaux dw auprwlw ho
irhw hY, aus dy mnorQW dI idSw suKwlI nhIN hY [ pMjwb ijnHW hwlwq ivcoN Awpxy Awp ƒ
jIauNidAW rKky bwhr inkldw irhw hY, ausy hnyry ivc vwps prqx dw rwh vyKxw koeI auswrU
soc nhIN hY [ prdys ivc jw ky K`ulHIAW g`lW krn dI sOK nwl Aqy ieQoN dIAW siQqIAWpRsiQqIAW bwry vI ZYr-izMmyvwrwnw qrIky nwl pRqI-au~qr dyxw pMjwb dy smwj-siBAwcwrk
mwhOl aupr gMBIr Asr pwauNdw hY [ Aijhy pRBwvW ƒ Bog rhI vrqmwn Xuvw pIVHI ivc
idSwhIxqw vDx dw KdSw izAwdw hY [ bdly hoey AwrQk inzwm dy ruzgwr mOikAW ƒ hwsl
nwl krn dy ros Aqy ivdyS jwx dy supny dI pUrqI aupr lgdy pRSn-icMnHW dw swhmxw kr
irhw Xuvw vrg bhuq srlqw nwl gumrwh ho skdw hY [
ieQy iek svwl ieh vI pYdw huMdw hY ik prvwsI pMjwbI smwj pMjwb nwl iks qrHW
juiVAw hoieAw hY Aqy auh ieQy iks qrHW dw Xogdwn pw irhw hY [ ies msly ƒ ivcwrn leI
prvwsI smwj dI v`K-v`K QwvW 'qy bx rhIAW gu`tbMdIAW aupr iDAwn dyxw lwzmI hY [
prvws krn dy v`K-v`K qrIikAW, v`K-v`K kwrnW Aqy ivSyS krky prvws ivc bxy rihx dI
mjbUrI ƒ pUrw krn dI j`do-jihd Awid kuJ Aijhy msly hn jo bhuq sMjIdw bihs dI mMg
krdy hn [ ikauNik ienHW dy nqIjy vjoN jo kwrvweIAW prvwsI pMjwbI smwj ivdyS ivc
rihMidAW krdw hY aus dw Asr BwrqI pMjwbI smwj aupr pYxw lwzmI hY [ prvwsI pMjwbI
pMjwb qoN kdI vI nhIN tu`ØitAw Aqy nw hI tu`t skdw hY [ ies leI ienHW dohW juVy hoey smwjkBweIcwry ivckwr AMqr-sMvwd dI idSw Aqy dSw bhuq Aihm hY [
hvwly qy it`pxIAW :
1.
2.
3.
Rifkin, Jermey. Globalisation and identity: Cultures in Collision. Deccan Herald
(Benglore), 3 August, 10.2000.
Grossberg, Lawrence. "The heart of cultural studies". Cultural Studies in the Future
Tense. Orient BlackSwan, New Delhi. 2016.
Sharma K.L. and Renuka Singh (Ed.). Dual Identity: Indian Diaspora and other Essays.
Dipankar Gupta in From Site to Space. Orient Blackswan, New Delhi. 2013.
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 140-146)
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2016
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sMvwd-04
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lV m dur[G dw RpKfi l.w[a wgaj debj 1901 Hg! dry fjilg VjB-q>cvgbJ V[ f>ujW dry
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sg ds+LBg Vjv s[dtbj uJsj lg m dHl[ wiw[ hg RpV%J s[ bjfS[ rKv'G #ijuj vKt sjaj dl>z$ sj
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sjqVg sg dliuVj WC[ wvjaqw T.e Vjv wisj h{ m fi Rph rg VjBw s[ q>yV f+ag rZ[i[
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qp,Tv[ f>ujWg i.eq>y dry *Jagwjig q'C Rps'G bjRpGsj h{ us'G dsbjv dl>z wjvu vjh"i
s[ b>ei[;g s[ f+'x{li dxdvfl bjiV{lB diyci; sg faVg V"ij diyci; bj w[ drdsbjiogbJ
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V.sj s[ q>y sj lpbjv h{ Rph dlKZ[ a"i a[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sg iyVj ba[ ijulg
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sg ijulg qldvbJ a'G dViv[f idhS sg fpLBg Lhgs Fea dl>z spbjij 1928 s[ dwiag
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dry lBPc{GBl IPVgbV uJ drdsbjiog lFj rv'G drdsbjiog hxaj qVjdHbj uj dihj lg m RpKo[
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2016
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tl,c[@ fi cpei s[ Qpvjqg s[ l.ev bu[ aw rg Vj BpKB[!!! m10”
vjvj d*fj ljei s[ wjdrw epSJ wiw[ Rpl dry L{vg-W,Z rjiajvjf dvtS ba[
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dliuSj WC[ wvjaqw T.e Vjv wisj h{ m fi i.eq>y f+ag rZ[i[ Rpalpwaj VhgG drtjRpGsj m
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lpa.aiaj wjv s[ VjBwwjiJ dry'G dHKw'-dH,w VjBwwji h{@ dul V[ dlKZ[ a"i $a[ WiajVrg
ljqiju sj da,tj dri'Z wiV rjvgbJ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwg iyVjrJ sg dliuSj wgag
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hiyiV dl>z dHdahjl s[ fiAjr[G h[n ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw ijuj f'il \1938| sg iyVj
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sMvwd-04
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1942 Hg! dry lptiju dl>z sj VjBw y.siepfa q"iIj ljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{@ dul dry
dHdahjl s[ fis[ h[n hg WiajVrg ljqiju dri'Zg ijulg y[aVj } RpFjdibj debj h{ m fi dHl
VjBw sg dwl[ q>yg f+siLVg sg w'Hg ?Wi VhgG dqvsg m blv dry dHl s"i dry WiajVrg
LjLwJ rKv'G dH>Vg l?ag wgag eHg lg dw w'Hg VjBwwji uJ q>y dVis[Lw dHh u'?q Fdibj
wjiu wiV sj ljhl wiV sg w'dLL VhgG wisj m dHl e,v sj rg f+qjS dqvsj h{ dw 1921
dry qpvajV dry dHw ijulg VjBw ;?qg f>ujW 1919 s[ udv%bJ rjv[ WjQ wJc ba[ qjiLv
vjb sgbJ zBVjrJ sj f+agwiq lg@ liwjig qVjhg s[ WjruPs t[dcbj debj m dHh RpKFisg
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Njwg dH,w dry bjq bjsqg wpiWjVgbJ wiw[ hjdlv wgag bj;jsg s[ tp,l ujS a[ sp,t f+eB
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VPisgV ^ Wpij h'r[ dHV%J c'edibJ sj duV%J dHh drljhzja wiw[ qja f>ujW Vjv Zi'h
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fi dHh iyVj rg liwjig sqV sg sdhLa wjiV q>dya Vj h' lwg m dHl s"i s[ ijulg
y[aVj l.f>V VjBw f+ag liwji s[ sqVwjig ir,HgH[ sg dqljv ru'G blgG f+ga Vei s[ fPirlpa.aiaj wjv s[ i.eq>y Wji[ epiW?L dl>z f+gavCg s[ lfp,ai dhis[fjv sg dvta dry'G dHh s'
dqljvJ s[t lws[ hJ ^
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q'i$ RpKa[ bjZjdia lg@ q>dya wgaj debj aJ dHhV[ b>ei[; liwji } Wptvj ds,aj m Rpl
dfKA'G f+ga Vei sgbJ lF ljdhdaw a[ ldFbjyjiw lieiqgbJ } WC[ L,w sg V;i
Vjv s[dtbj ujS v,e dfbj m14
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ba[ Rpls[ drip,Z RpKFisg ijulg y[aVj } dHV%J LWsJ Vjv dWbjV wisj h{ ^
l.ega VjB s[ t[ai sg dHw hlag l+gqag Lgvj FjBgbj rKv'G w"qg FjrVj Vjv FifPi fi
dHlaig v'w egaJ } bjfSj li'a WSj w[ dabji wgaj debj ega VjB #hpKv[ hpvji[$
fdhvJ lJN[ f>ujW sg ijuZjVg vjh"i drt[ dHKo'G s[ i.eq>y RpKa[ wpN wp l{GwC[ siLwJ
ljhqS[ f[L wgaj debj m fi us'G dHh f+ga Vei dry l.V 1943 sg f+ga dqvSg lq[G wHg
h;jiJ sg deSag dry bjH[ siLwJ s[ ljhqS[ f[L h'dHbj aJ dHhs[ $a[ hjwq liwji b,eWePvj h' eHg m dHl f[Lwjig dry Fje v{S rjvgbJ wpCgbJ } v'wJ } FCwjRpS s[ s'L
bZgV w{s wi v{S sj hpwq ujig wi ds,aj debj fi dHl hpwq drip,Z u' qpdh>q dACg@
Rphs[ b,e[ liwji } b>a NpwSj dfbj a[ wpCgbj } quWPiV dihjb wiVj dfbj m15
dHl s"i dry f>ujWg VjBw ba[ ?jl a"i $a[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw } i.eq>y Rpl lq[G
f+jfa hp.sj h{ us'G lqjurjsg dy>aV Vjv l.W.dZa dHfBj vdhi RpKFisg h{ m
144
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2016
dHl s"i dry f>ujW s[ df>cJ aw u[ w'Hg r,cg VjB lieiqg fhp.ysg h{ m aJ Rph dHfBj
sgbJ VjB f+lapagbJ hg hV m dHfBj \dH>cgbV fgfv; ogH[Bi b{l'lgH[LV| Fjia dry
wdqRPdVlB vdhi Vjv updCbj ogH[Bi wvjwjiJ sj l.enV lg m dHl sj qwls wvj LwagbJ
sg ria'G wiw[ Fjiag uVaj } dVbJLgv lqju sg lojfVj vHg ujedia wiVj lg m dHh
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bji.Fw q{GWiJ dry df+org iju wfPi@ dWu[V F,Bj yjigbj@ diadrw zBw@ Rpafv s,a@ trjuj
bdhqs bjWjl@ ldvv y"Zig@ f>! irg L.wi@ uI'agdi>sij q'dHaij@ dVi.uV dl>z qjV@ a[ij
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dryjiJ s[ Vjv-Vjv bqV vdhi s[ f+yji-f+lji vHg r,cj I'esjV fjdHbj m dHfBj vdhi V[
duKo[ lqjduw *Jag } lLwa wiV sj Rpfijvj wgaj RpKo[ i.eq>y s[ t[ai dry rg dHVwvjWg
wsq RpnjH[ m RpV%J V[ v'w VjBwJ s[ iPf qpC lpiuga wga[ ba[ RpV%J dry Vr[G drL[ Fi[ m i.eq>y
ba[ siLwJ dryvg dr,o } taq wgaj a[ wlWg VjBw w.fVgbJ rKv'G rjZP lqN w[ A,c ds,a[
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dh>splajV dry Rpl r[v[ v'w b>e+[;g ljqiju sgbJ RpV%J VgagbJ s[ drip,Z vC ih[ lV
duV%J wi w[ W.ejv s[ qhJ wjv dry agh v,t bjsqg qi eH[ m lji[ s[l dry ep,lj lg m
dHl[ epKl[ Vjv v[twJ a[ wvjwjiJ V[ rg v'wJ sg spisLj } f+eBjdHbj m VjBw rg dHl
u;W[ Vjv Ft dihj lg m ugrV dry rjfi ihgbJ spizBVjrJ@ bqgiJ a[ QigWJ s[
drywji dsV' dsV rZ ih[ fjC[ V[ Vr[G-Vr[G drL[ lpNjH[ m VjBw ogH[Bi-ziJ dry'G dVwv
w[ Wjhi bj debj m wvjwji tpv%[ bjwjL h[n hi oJ VjBw t[cs[-evgbJ s[ q'C RpKa[@
ypejVJ dry@ fdi%bJ dry ba[ df>cJ a[ wldWbJ dsbJ odCbJ RpKa[ m siLw hpq-hpqj w[
dHh VjBw s[tS bjRpGs[ m t[cS rjdvbJ a[ s[tS rjdvbJ dry dHw' u;Wj w.q wisj
lg m VjB-wvj s[ dHh s' Fje-q>y a[ siLw- u' dyiJ a'G dVtC[ h'H[ lV@ qpC dHw lJN
dry fi'a[ eH[ m16
Rpfi'wa dryji-yiyj a'G dwhj uj lwsj h{ dw fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ VjBw sj i.eq>y
Fjr[G bjfS[ qp,Tv[ s"i dry hg lg ba[ liwjig sqV sj b>wpL rg wiPi lg fi dxi rg dHl s"i
dry ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sgbJ i.eq>yg f[LwjigbJ hp.sgbJ ihgbJ ba[ v'wJ rKv'G dHV%J
f[LwjigbJ sj f+Fjr rg wWPdvbj uJsj dihj m
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1!
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J.B. Priestlay, The Art of Dramatist, William Hernemann Ltd. London, 1957, P-14
RpZdia@ t'u fda+wj@ epiW?L dl>z f+gavCg LajWsg b>w@ qjiy 1996@ b>w 43@ f>Vj119
epiyiV dl>z ulPuj@ bZPij l`i@ ljdhdaw lr{-ugrVg@ f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@ fdBbjvj@
2006@ f>Vj-105
fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V f>ujWg VjBw sj i.eq>yg fdif[t
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ueq'hV dl>z \l.fj!|@ Lhgs Fea dl>z a[ RpV%J s[ ljogbJ sgbJ dvtaJ@ i{cgwv fWdvLi;@
q'ej 1985@ f>Vj-159!
HgLri y.si V.sj@ lji[ s[ lji[ VjBw@ f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@ fdBbjvj@ 1971@ f>Vj-441!
Rphg@ f>Vj 444!
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dwifj ljei@ cgc' u.qrjv@ dwifj ljei f+{l@ ijqevg vjh"i 1934!
f+'! hiyiV dl>z@ ijuj f'il@ dl>z W+si; vjh"i 1946@ f>Vj-92!
ldW>siuga ljei@ bji.dFw f>ujWg VjBw a[ i.eq>y^ ypS"agbJ ljhqS[ Bg!rg! ba[ f>ujWg
i.eq>y-WhpfKtg bdZb{V@ fWvgw[LV dWRPi'@ f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@ fdBbjvj@ 2002@ f>Vj21
e'fjv dl>z sisg@ b{Kq!H[!@ ijSg du.sJ@ f>ujWg wjvu WpKw dcf'@ ijrvdf>cg@ 1941@ f>Vj83
dhis[fjv dl>z@ f+ga Vei sj i.eq>y@ w[rv Zjvgrjv \l.fj!| b>dq+ali sj i.eq>y@ q>y
i.eq>y b>dq+ali@ dqaghgS@ f>Vj - 34
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nwtk 'bùlwH ' :
Awqmk-SùDI dw sMdyS vwhk
Swihd ndIm pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwtk dy Kyqr ’c jwixAW
prmjIq isMG mISw (fw.)
AisstYNt pRoPYsr,
post-gRYjUeyt pMjwbI
ivBwg, gurU goibMd
isMG ^wlsw kwlj,
srhwlI
9501944119
[email protected]
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pCwixAW nW hY [ bhuq swry cricq tI.vI. sIrIAlz qoN ielwvw kwlw
mYNfw vys, duKxI, tobw tyk isMG, nXw kwnUµn, ^smW KwxIAW, qIsrI
dsqk nwtkW kwrn auhdI v`KrI pCwx hI nhIN bxI sgoN iek pRqIb`D
nwtkkwr hox kwrn AmrIkI Fenchtwanger / Getty &Ylio Sp (2001)
vI ausnUµ hwsl hoeI [ 1978 ivc mwrSl lwA dI ivroDqw krn krky
ausnUµ bqOr tI.vI. pRofIaUsr dI nOkrI qoN k`F id`qw igAw Aqy jylH vI
jwxw ipAw [ 1999 ’c aus vloN ilKy bu`lHw nwtk ’qy pwiksqwn ’c
2001 q`k sYNsriSp l`gI rhI, ijhVI ies g`l dw sbUq hY ik ies
nwtk ’c zrUr kuJ Aijhw sI, ijhVw aus smyN dI srkwr nUµ hzm nhIN
sI ho irhw [ ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl v`loN ilpIAMqr hox auprMq ieh
nwtk 2004 ’c pihlI vwr BwrqI pMjwb ’c cyqnw pRkwSn vloN
pRkwiSq hoieAw [ Swihd ndIm dI hms&r mdIhw gOhr vloN clwey
jWdy ‘Ajokw QIeytr’ v`loN ies nwtk dIAW keI kwmXwb pySkwrIAW
Bwrq ’c ho cu`kIAW hn [
fw. krnYl isMG iQMd dw ivcwr hY ik 'ies nwtk ivc muZlSwhI
dI FihMdI klw Aqy mzHb dy nW 'qy KVHy kIqy JgiVAW nUµ smJx dI
koiSs kIqI geI hY ['1 pr nwtk pVHidAW ijhVI pihlI g`l myry
izhn ’c AweI auh ieh sI ik lyKk nUµ ieh nwtk ilKx dI loV
ikauN peI ? myrI jwcy pwiksqwn dI smwjk siQqI AijhI hY ik
auQy sQwpqI i^lw& bolx Aqy ilKx dI AzwdI nhIN hY [ rwjnyqw,
&Oj, A&sr, Dwrimk AwgU Aqy jwgIrdwr sQwpqI dy BweIvwl
hn [ ies leI iehnW i^lw& g`l Ais`Dy qOr ’qy jW pRqIkwqmk FMg
nwl hI kIqI jw skdI hY [ ijvyN myjr ieshwk muhMmd qy njm husYn
s`Xd ny ‘dul
` ’yH nUµ pRqIk vjoN vrq ky hiQAwrbMd bZwvq rwhIN smwjkqbdIlI dw sunyhw Awpxy nwtkW ’c id`qw hY, auvyN hI b`ulHy Swh dy
jIvn qy auhdIAW kw&IAW nUµ ADwr bxw ky Swihd ndIm ny ieh
nwtkI-sunyhw isrijAw hY [ pwiksqwn ikauNik iek ieslwmI mulk
hY, ies kwrn auQy Awm jIvn aupr Drm dI pkV eynI k`svIN hY ik
Awm lok Aqy Azwd soc r`Kx vwly AdIb ieh mihsUs krdy hn ik
muAwSry nUµ cMgw bxwaux leI ijhVy Sr`eI-kwnUµn bxwey gey sn,
A`j auhI kwnUµn smwj leI Azwb bx gey hn [ ‘bu`lHw’ nwtk Asl
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 147-153)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
’c Aijhy Dwrimk dbwA vwly Sr`eI kwnUµnW dy i^lw&, bu`lHy dy bolW dy rUp ’c, AvwmI ivdroh
dw, AdbI-iezhwr hY [
AdbI-iezhwr iblkul EvyN hI ijvyN purwxy simAW ’c bwdSwhW nUµ auhnW dy iksy Zlq
&Ysly dw ieSwrqn Aihsws krvwaux leI koeI svWg ricAw jWdw sI [ AOrMgzyb dI Dwrimk
k`tVqw bwry iksy isAwxy ny hI ieh bwq isrjI hovygI ik jdoN AOrMgzyb ny ‘rwg’ aupr pwbMdI
lgw id`qI qW izMdgI ivclI nIrsqw qoN A`k ky lokW ny bwdSwh nUµ smJwaux leI iek msnUeI
meIAq iqAwr kIqI Aqy ausnUµ bwdSwh dy mihl hyToN lY ky guzry [ bwdSwh v`loN pu`Cy jwx ’qy
lokW jvwb id`qw ik ‘bwdSwh slwmq ieh rwg dw jnwzw hY [’ bwdSwh auhnW vloN rcy svWg nUµ
smJ igAw pr auhny aultw ieh ikhw ik ‘iehnUµ eynw fUMGw d&nwE ik iPr bwhr nw Aw jwvy [’
kuJ ieho ijhI siQqI hI pwiksqwnI Avwm dI hY [ auQy cwhy lokqMqrI srkwr hovy jW &OjI rwj,
lokW dI Avwz nUµ dbweI r`Kx leI Drm-ADwirq kwnUn
µ W dI vrqoN hr srkwr ny kIqI hY [ AijhI
siQqI ’c Drm dw Asl rol kI hoxw cwhIdw hY, ieh g`l smJwaux leI Swihd ndIm ny bu`lHw
nwtk ricAw hY [
jykr auprokq siQqI nUµ iDAwn ’c r`ØiKAw jwvy qW ies nwtk dw ivSw ie^lwkIigrwvt vwly AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW dy Asl kohjy-cirqr qoN lokW nUµ jwxU krvwauxw qy ieh
g`l smJwauxw hY ik sU&I lok ‘kurwn SrI&’ dI Awqmw nUµ ipAwr krn vwly drvyS sn [
SrIAq dI AihmIAq nUµ smJx auprMq hI auhnW ny hkIkq dI mMizl dw s&r qYA kIqw Aqy
A`lHw dI zwq ’c ^ud nUµ PnHw kIqw sI [ iehnW sU&IAW dI Dwrimk phuMc dy ault mihz SrIAq
dI pwlxw nUµ hI A`lHw dI pRwpqI dw vwhd zrIAw smJx qy pRcwrx vwly kwzI, mu`lW jW mu&qI
lok Awpxy Awp nUµ Awlm drswaux Aqy Drm dy rKvwly swibq krn leI lokW nUµ r`b dy nW ’qy
frwauNdy hn [ ieMj krky auh hwkm jmwq dw is`Dy/ Ais`Dy qOr ’qy swQ dy rhy hn [ hkUmq
clwaux leI hwkmW vloN bxwey kwnUµnW nUµ SrIAq muqwibk vwjb Tihrw ky in`jI mu&wdW
^wiqr hwkmW dI jIhzUrI kr rhy hn [ Swihd ndIm ies nwtk zrIey svwl KVHw krdw hY ik
kI mzlUmW ’qy zulm krn vwilAW dy kwly-kwirAW nUµ vwjb Tihrwauxw Drm hY ? jW zwlm dy
zulm i^lw& KVHxw Asl Drm hY [
fw. hrdIp isMG dw ivcwr hY ik ‘Awm lokW leI bu`lHw ij`Qy s`c, ipAwr qy Amn dw
sunyhw dyx vwlw hY, auQy Drm pRqI mUlvwdI phuMc r`Kx vwly kwzIAW leI v`fw ^qrw hY,
ikauNik auh Dwrimk krmkwfW qy Poky rIqI- irvwjW nUµ BMfdw hoieAw AwpsI BweIcwrk sWJ
dw sunyhw idMdw hY [’2 smùcy nwtk nUµ pVHx auprMq ieh spSt ho jWdw hY ik zulm i^lw& Awvwz
bulMd krnw hI Asl ienswnI-smwjI-Dwrimk &rz hY, ijhVw bu`lHy Swh ny bVy spSt FMg
nwl qy TokvyN SbdW nwl inBwieAw hY [ Aijhw &rz inBwauNidAW BwvyN auhdw jIvn-pMD
kMifAW BirAw bx igAw pr ies pMD ’qy c`lidAW, mrn auprMq vI bu`lHw mirAw nhIN [ Bwv
bu`lHy Swh nUµ dunIAW auhdI ivcwrDwrw Aqy krmW krky mrn auprMq vI Xwd krdI hY Aqy
AgWh vI Xwd krdI rhygI [ ‘auh mr ky vI nhIN mirAw’ dy sunyhy nUµ drSkW nwl sWiJAW krn
leI nwtkkwr nwtk dw SuB-AwrMB:
bu`lHy Swh AsW mrnw nwhIN, gor ipAw koeI hor [ 3
sqrW rwhIN krdw hY [ ieh sunyhw Aijhy h`kI-krm krn dy nwl sµbµiDq hY, ijs dI
bdOlq mnu`K sdIvI ho jWdw hY [ Drm, ijsdw mu`K srokwr, mnu`K nUµ ienswn bnx ’c shweI
hoxw hY qy auhdy ie^lwk nUµ eynw au~qm bxwauxw hY ik ienswn dUijAW ^wiqr Awpxw swrw
jIvn vk& kr dyvy [ ieh nwtk ies sunyhy nwl SurU huMdw hY Aqy iesy nwl hI Awpxw Aw^rI sur
Alwpdw hY :
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julweI-dsµbr
2016
...qy iPr qwrI^ ny swbq kr id`qw ik kOx ijaUNdw irhw qy kOx gor ipAw [ 4
auprokq g`l nUµ swbq krn dy rwh ’qy c`lidAW nwtkkwr ny ijhVy msly Cohy hn, auh
G`t AihmIAq vwly nhIN [ msln bu`lHy Swh bwry AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW vloN ieh pRcwr krnw
ik auh SrIAq dw ivroDI sI Aqy ieslwmk srkwr i^lwP kw&IAW rwhIN lokW nUµ bwZI bxw
irhw sI [ bu`lHw qW Asl ’c ie^lwkI igrwvt dw iSkwr ho cu`ky kwzIAW jW mulwixAW nUµ
Awqmk-SùDI dw rwh A^iqAwr krn dI g`l AwpxIAW kw&IAW rwhIN kr irhw hY [ lokW nUµ pMjy
vkq nmwz pVHx, rozy r`Kx qy hor Dwrimk rIqW pUrIAW krn dIAW nsIhqW dyx vwilAW nUµ
Awpxy AMdr JwqI mwrn Aqy cMgy krmW rwhIN lokW vwsqy imswl kwiem krn dI slwh dy irhw
hY :
PUk mus`lw BMn su`t lotw nw PV qsbI kwsw sotw [ 5
DrmSwlw DVvweI rihMdy Twkur dvwry T`g
ivc msIq kus`qIey rihMdy AwSk rihx Al`g [ 6
B`T nmwzW ic`kV rozy klmy qy iPr geI isAwhI [ 7
lyKk spSt krdw hY ik bu`lHw SrIAq dI rihq mirAwdw dw ivroDI nhIN [ sgoN auh
SrIAq hMFw rhy pr AMdroN cMgIAW kdrW-kImqW qoN ivrvy auhnW Dwrimk AwgUAW qoN lokW nUµ
sucyq krky Asl Dwrimk Prz inBwA irhw hY [ ies bwbq fw. suKdyv isMG dw ivcwr hY ik
‘bu`lHy Swh dI vifAweI ies krky hY ik ausny Awpxy smyN dy ivlwsI, dmnkwrI hwkmW, nYiqk
AwdrSW qy mn`uKI &rzW qoN iQVky pujwrIAW, QoQy rIqIvwdI krmkWf Aqy vylw ivhwA cu`kI
snwqnI igAwn prMprw nUµ cxOqI id`qI [’8 bùlHy ny bcpn qoN jvwnI q`k A`pVidAW AOrMgzybIjlwl dw ijhVw srUp vyiKAw sI, auh SrIAq dI s^q pwbMdI nwl vwbsqw sI [ AOrMgzyb
(k`tV suMnI muslmwn) ny pRis`D sU&I srmd dw kql Aqy Awpxy Brw dwrw iSkoh (SIAw,
kwdrI sMprdwie nUµ ipAwr krn vwly) dw isr klm krvwieAw sI [ AOrgzyb dI mOq qoN bwAd
ausdy auqrwiDkwrIAW ny g`dI ’qy kwbz hox Aqy bxyN rihx leI ijhVw AiqAwcwr vwlw rwh
A^iqAwr kIqw ausny muZl smrwj nUµ hor FihMdIAW klw v`l qoirAw [ bu`lHw audoN Br jvwn
sI, jdoN bMdw bhwdr (nwtk ’c joigMdr isMG jogI) ny srhMd (1710) &qih kIqI [ jvwnI qoN
ADyV AvsQw v`l vDidAW ausny nwdr Swh dw Bwrq auqy hoieAw hmlw vI vyiKAw Aqy mOq
qoN iqMn swl pihlW (1758) AbdwlI dI lu`t vI vyKI [ nwtkI sm`grI ivc bu`lHy dy jIvn nwl
sµbµiDq ieh iqMno dOr PlYSbYk dI qknIk nwl isrjy gey hn [ pihlw dOr SrHw dI k`tVqw dy
rUp ivc bu`lHy ny audoN hMFwieAw jdoN ausny srmd qy mnsUr vwly AnAlh`k dy nwAry nUµ AwpxI
ivrwsq bxw ilAw Aqy AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW dy pwj auDyVny SurU kr id`qy :
Br ky vihdq jwm iplwieE
mnsUry nUµ msq krwieE aus qoN AnAlhk Awp khwieE
iPr sUlI pkV cVwieE eI suxo loko [
mYN A`lw vW [ 9
nwtk ’c AOrMgzyb dI hkUmq vyly ‘qOhIn-ey-^udw’ dy muk`dmy qoN ausnUµ ausdw pihlw
murSd hzrq mOlwnw gulwm mhIaudIn Ais`Dy FMg nwl bcw ky Swh Anwieq kwdrI dI syvw
ivc lwhOroN dInI pikAweI hwsl krn dI szw vjoN Byjx ’c kwmXwb huMdw idKwieAw igAw
pr vyiKAw jwvy qW Asl ’c ausnUµ ksUr Sihr dw Amn BMg krn dI vjHw krky szw vjoN ksUroN
k`ØiFAw jWdw hY [
dUjw dOr jdoN q^q dy dwAvydwr bhwdr Swh, jhWdwr Swh (171213), &rKusIAr
VjBw #Wp,v%j$ ^ bjaqw Lp,Zg sj l>s[L rjhw
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(1713-19), muhMmd Swh rMgIlw (1719-48) Aihmd Swh (1748-54) bxy qW auhnW dy muk`dm
k`uiqAW vWg lokW qoN tYks nocdy sn [ lu`tW-KohW dw bzwr grm sI [ d`Kx ’c mrh`ty, rwjsQwn
’c rwjpUq, ruhyl KMf dy ruhyly muZl swmrwj nUµ s^q cxOqI dy rhy sn qy ieDr pMjwb ’c is`KW
dy dsvyN gurU vloN QwpVw hwsl bMdw bhwdr (joigMdr isMG jogI) muZl slqnq nUµ kbr q`k
phuc
M waux leI hkUmq dI ie`t nwl ie`t KVkwaux vwlw rwh A^iqAwr krI bYTw sI [ nwtk ’c
jogI qy bu`lHy dI mulwkwq drswaux dw mksd dohW dI hkUmq i^lw& bZwvq ivclI sWJ nUµ
drswauxw hY [ jogI dw rwh zulm dw bdlw zulm nwl lYx vwlw hY [ A`g nwl A`g buJwaux
vwlw [ jogI qy bu`lHy dIAW g`lW ’coN BwvyN drSkW nUµ jogI dw FMg munwsb nhIN l`gdw pr jogI
dw qrk bhuq srl hY[ kI bybsI ’c ^wmoS rih ky zulm nUµ ^qm kIqw jw skdw hY ? iesy leI
jogI ny bu`lHy dy ault qlvwr nUµ hI AwpxI mwr&q bxw ilAw [ dUjw rwh ipAwr qy muh`bq
vMfidAW lokW nUµ pRc`Øilq AMDivSvwSW ’coN bwhr k`Fx Aqy Dwrimk krm-kwfW dy KoKlypx qoN
vwik& krwaux vwlw hY [ kwzIAW vloN momn qy kw&r dy kU-pRcwr rwhIN ijhVw smwjk ivqkrw
KVHw kIqw jw irhw hY, ausnUµ ‘SkloN momn krmoN kw&r’ dI g`l rwhIN ^qm krn vwlw hY [ Aijhy
idKwvy vwly Drm nUµ inMdn vwly rwh dw rwhI bu`lHw hY [
nwtk ’c jogI nwl hoeI dUjI mulwkwq vyly siQqI bdlI idKweI dyNdI hY [ pihlI
mulwkwq vyly jogI kol b`ulHy dy svwlW dy jvwb nhIN sn pr dUjI mulwkwq vyly bu`lHw cu`p
idKwieAw igAw hY [ ieh Swied ies krky ik ies guzry smyN dOrwn bu`lHy ny auh zulm ^ud hMFw
ilAw hY, ksUroN k`Fy jwx dI szw dy rUp ’c jW Dwrimk AwgUAW vloN kIqy kU-pRcwr dy rUp ’c [
nwtk ’c AijhI siQqI nwtkkwr ny Swied ies krky isrjI hY ik auhnUµ dohvyN rwh AwpoAwpxI
jgHw TIk l`gdy hn [ qwkq nUµ qwkq nwl qy ivcwrDwrw nUµ ivcwrW nwl t`kr dyx vwlw rwh
pr ivcwr qlvwr nwloN ikvyN izAwdw ^qrnwk hn, dw AMdwzw nwtk ivclI mu^wl& iDr dy
iehnW bolW qoN lwieAw jw skdw hY:
AYsy ^qrnwk S^s nUM izµdw jW murdw
hwlq ’c vI ieh mOkw nhI id`qw jw skdw
ik auh lokW nUM gumrwh kry [ 10
auprokq msilAW qoN ielwvw Swihd ndIm do hor Aihm msilAW nUµ ivsQwrdw hY [
pihlw mslw zwqpwq dw hY Aqy dUjw AOrq dI smwjk siQqI nwl Ais`Dy qOr ’qy sµbµiDq hY [
zwq-pwq dy msly nUµ nwtkkwr bu`lHy Swh vloN Swh Anwieq kwdrI nUµ murSd bxw lYx qoN
bwAd Awm lokW vloN auTwey ieqrwz Aqy AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW vloN ies msly nUµ Dwrimk
rMgx dyx nwl juVI siQqI isrj ky pyS krdw hY [ bu`lHy Swh dy jIvn nwl sµbµiDq ies msly nUµ
nwtk ivc CyVx dw mksd Ais`Dy qOr ’qy mOjUdw pwiksqwnI muAwSry nUµ ies vMf qoN sucyq
krnw hY [ A`j vI pwiksqwn ’c zwq pwq dw kohV purwxy vyilAW vWg pRcØ` ilq hY [ au~cy Grwxy
’c jnm lYx nwl bMdw au~cw qy hyTlI zwq dy Gr jMimAW bMdw hIxw [ lyKk bu`lHy Swh vrgy
AzIm sU&I drvyS dI aUc-nIc vwly q&rky nUµ qoVx leI ApxweI s^q phuMc nUµ nwtk ’c pyS
krky Avwm nUµ Awpxy AMdr JwqI mwrn Aqy ‘vhdq’ dy sMklp nUµ idloN Apxwaux dw sunyhw
dyNdw hY [
ieslwm Drm hzrq mhuMmd ny Arb dy b`dU lokW dy jIvn nUµ ie^lwkI qOr ’qy au~cw
cu`kx leI clwieAw sI [ ies leI ieslwm Drm ’c zwq pwq dy q&rky leI koeI jgHw nhIN [
bwAd ’c ikvyN lokW ny Awpxy Awp nUµ sRySt d`sx leI ieh q&rky bxwey Aqy sdIAW qoN iehnW
nUµ kwiem r`Kx vwlw pYNqVw ApxweI r`ØiKAw [
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ihMdusqwn ’c ieslwm Drm dy pRPu`Øilq hox dI v`fI vjHw hwkmW dI qlvwr nhIN sI,
sgoN Bwrq ivclIAW hyTlIAW zwqW dw bRwhmxvwd i^lw& pRqIkrm sI[ sU&I drvySW vloN
Drm pirvrqn auprMq imlx vwlI ie`zq qy au~cI smwjk pCwx dw ijhVw supnw pRcwirAw
igAw sI, auh A`j q`k swkwr nhIN hoieAw [ A`j vI pwiksqwn ’c hr qrHW dw smwjk q&rkw
nw isr& mOjUd hY, sgoN ies dw srUp iek dUjy pRqI n&rq krn vwlw hY [ ieslwm Drm AwpxI
sQwpqI dy 1400 swl bwAd vI SIAw-suMnI &swdW nUµ hMFw irhw hY [ AihmdIAw lokW nUµ
musmlwn mMinAw hI nhIN jWdw [ 1947 dI vMf qoN bwAd ihMds
u qwn qoN ihjrq krky pwiksqwn
gey lok s`qr swl bwAd vI muslmwn huMdy hoey muhwjr hI hn[ AijhI duKdweI sUrqyhwl nUµ
iDAwn ’c r`KidAW lyKk nwtk zrIey bu`lHy vloN zwq nUµ C`f ky ielm nUµ id`qI pihl dw mslw
lokW swhmxy ilAwauNdw hY [
bu`lHy Swh zwq dy s`Xd sn [ muslmwn s`Xd lokW nUµ pIr dw drjw ies leI dyNdy hn
ikauNik iehnW dw sµbµD hzrq mhuMmd dy jvweI qy ieslwm Drm dy cOQy ^lI&y hzrq AlI dy
pùqrW hsn/husYn nwl mMinAw jWdw hY [ qy bùlHy Swh dy murSd Swh Anwieq kwdrI ArweIN zwq
(ihMdU kMbo, sYnI zwq ’coN prvriq`q muslmwn) nwl sbMiDq sn[ iehnW dw ^UnI irSqw ArbI,
ierwnI, qurkI muslmwnW nwl nhIN sI [ ies krky iehnW nUµ bhuqI ie`zq dI ingwh nwl nhIN
vyiKAw jWdw sI [ nwtkkwr smJwauxw cwhuMdw hY ik bu`lHy Swh nUµ qW auhdy pihly murSd (hzrq
mOlwnw gulwm mhIAldIn ksUrI) ny hI dUjy murSd (Swh Anwieq) dy lV lwieAw sI [
SrIAq rUpI pihlI mMizl nUµ :
byd kurwn pVH pVH Q`ky isjdy kridAW Gs gey m`Qy nw r`b qIrQ nw r`b m`ky [ 11
dy kQn Anuswr bu`lHw pwr kr cu`kw sI [ qrIkq dI mMizl ’qy phuMcy bu`lHy nUµ Aijhy murSd
dI qlwS sI, ijhVw auhnUµ mwr&q (igAwn) dy rwz smJwey [ nwtkkwr ny bu`lHy dy jIvn nwl
sbMiDq pRc`Øilq swKI nUµ nwtk ’c swkwr krky AwpxI g`l smJweI hY [ pihlI mulwkwq vyly
Swh Anwieq vloN boly sihj bolW ny hI bu`lHy nUµ smJw id`qw sI ik r`b nUµ hwsl krn vwly rmz
Bry rwh dI AslIAq nUµ eyny sOKy FMg nwl koeI kwml murSd hI smJw skdw hY:
bu`ØilAw r`b dw kI pwauxw, eyDroN pu`txw qy auDr lwauxw [ 12
ArweIN zwq pMjwb ’c aus smyN AwriQk loVW ^wiqr KyqIbwVI jW sbzIAW augwaux dw
kwrj krdI sI [ gMiFAW dI pnIrI lwauNdy hoey murSd ny sihjy hI b`ulHy nUµ ieh g`l smJw id`qI
ik iek pwisEN pu`t ky dUjy pwsy vwhI qy suhwgI pYlI ’c pnIrI lwieAW Bwv AwpxI idl-rUpI
zmIn ’coN kUV nUµ bwhr k`F ky r`b dI pRwpqI dw i^Awl, pnIrI dy rUp ’c lwieAW r`b hwsl ho
skdw hY [
sU&I ivcwrDwrw ’c murSd nUµ ivSyS sQwn hwsl hY [ murSd hI murId dI mwnisk
kwieAw nUµ kMcn ’c qbdIl krn dy smr`Q hY[ murSd hI murId dy idl ’c r`b dI pRwpqI leI
ieSk dI icxg lwauNdw hY [ ieSk-ey-ielwhI ( A`lHw dI zwq nwl ieSk) sU&I swDnw dw
ADwr [ murSd nwl ieSk hI ielwhI ieSk dI SurUAwq hY [ Aijhy ieSk mjwzI dw Bwv
duinAwvI ipAwr nhIN, sgoN Aid`K r`b dy idKdy srUp murSd nwl ieSk qoN hY [ ies rwh ’qy
c`lidAW A`lHw nUµ hwsl krn leI bu`lHw Anwieq Swh ivc Awpxy Awp nUµ AByd kr lYNdw hY [
zwq-pwq, hMkwr, AnW, mYN dw AMq ho jWdw hY [ AijhI AvsQw ’qy phuMicAw auh ikvyN Awpxy
Awp nUµ au~cw qy murSd nUµ nIvW vyK skdw hY [ sgoN auh qW...
ijhVw swnMU s`Xd s`dy, doz^ imlx szweIAW,
jo koeI swnUµ rweIN AwKy, bihSqI pIGW pweIAW [ 13
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sMvwd-04
151
qy jld hI Swh Anwieq dI SwigrdI ’c bu`lHw
bu`ØilAw AwSk hoieEN r`b dw mlwmq hoeI lwK
log kw&r kw&r AwKdy qUµ Awho Awh AwK [ 14
vwlI siQqI hwsl kr lYNdw hY [ Swh Anwieq, ijsnUµ ^ud ksUr dy hwkm dI PokI AnW
kwrn ksUr C`fxw ipAw sI, hux Awpxy murId nUµ eynw cwhux l`g ipAw hY ik auhnUµ cu`p rihx
qy s`c nUµ hzm krn dI hdwieq krdw hY [ mnsUr, srmd jW Sms qbryzI vwlw rwh nw
Apxwaux dI slwh dyNdw hY [ pr bu`lHw qW bizd hY swirAW nUµ sohxy r`b dy drSn krvwaux
leI [ auhdy AMdr s`c BWbV bwl irhw hY [ auh r`b nwl AwSk qy mwSUk vwly irSqy nUµ hMfw irhw
hY [ aus nUµ kx-kx ’c r`b nzr AwauNdw hY [ pr lok qW r`b nwl ^lkq qy ^wlk vwly irSqy nUµ
hI smJ skdy hn [ ies leI r`b nwl Awpxy irSqy dw rOlw Awm jIvn dy zwbqy leI
nukswndwiek hY [ Asl ’c Swh Anwieq bu`lHy Swh nUµ gvwauxw nhIN cwhuMdw [ ies leI auh
ausdI hor AglyrI ividAw qoN iknwrwkSI kr lYNdw hY, ijsnUµ nwtk ivc pRc`Øilq swKI
Anuswr ieMj pyS kIqw hY ik Swh Anwieq Awpxy BqIjy dI cu`k ’c Aw ky bu`lHy vloN mUMh moV
lYNdw hY [
ies siQqI ’qy phuMicAw nwtk ijs Aihm msly nUµ CoNhdw hY, auh hY Swh Anwieq dI
nwrwzgI nUµ dUr krn leI bu`lHy Swh Awpxy murSd dy murSd gvwlIAr dy Swh muhMmd gop dy
crxIN pYxw [ ijQoN pRwpq hdwieq muqwbk bu`lHy Swh sMgIq smrwt qwnsYn koloN sMgIq Aqy
murwdI byZm (qvwie&) koloN nwc dI is`ØiKAw lY ky Swh Anwieq nUµ mnwaux qur pYNdw hY [ hux
q`k pwiksqwnI smwj swmMqSwhI qoN jwgIrdwrI pRbMD q`k dw hI s&r qih kr pwieAw hY [ qy
mOjUdw SihrIkrn ivcoN ijhVw pUMjIvwdI srUp Jlkdw hY, auhdw ADwr vI jwgIrdwrwnw srUp
vwlw hY [ jgIrdwrnw- zihnIAq vwly hwkmW ny aus rwj SYlI nUµ hI Apxwauxw, sQwpq
krnw jW pRPu`Øilq krnw hY, ijhVI auhnW dI mrd-pRDwn s`qw nUµ pRvwn krdI hY [ A`j vI
pwiksqwnI AOrq qwilbwnI-k`tVqw dy rUp ’c kbwielI smwj vwlIAW szwvW hMFw rhI hY [
lyKk Avwm nUµ bùlHy dI AOrq pRqI ApxweI phuMc dI audwhrx dy ky smJwauxw cwhuMdw hY ik bùlHy
ny r`b rUpI murSd nUµ hwsl krn leI AOrq nUµ Apxw murSd bxwieAw sI [ AsIN ikauN AOrq dy
guxW nUµ nzrAMdwz krn Aqy aus ’qy AiqAwcwr krn vwlw rwh cuixAW hoieAw hY [ nwtk
ies ivroDwBws nUµ vI bhuq vDIAw FMg nwl auswrdw hY ik iek pwsy SrIAq dI k`tVqw ’qy
pihrw dyx vwly mulwxy bu`lHy aupr nIvIN zwq vwly nUµ murSd bxwaux, qvwie& koloN inRq
is`Kx, ieslwm ivroDI qwkqW nwl nyVqw r`Kx dy ielzwm lwauNdy hn qy dUjy pwsy smwjk
idKwvy ^wiqr auhnW nUµ kurwn SrIP dI rUh nUµ ipAwr krn vwly sU&I drvySW dw drjw vI dyNdy
hn [ bu`lHy Swh ny hzrq mOlwnw mhIaudIn dy kihx ’qy hI Swh Anwieq nUµ murSd DwirAw sI [
bu`lHw lokW dy ieqrwz bwry socy jW pihly murSd dy hukm dI pwlxw kry [ qy jykr auh murSd nUµ
mnwaux leI msqI ’c n`cdw hY qW ieMj krn dw hukm vI qW SwhW dy Swh, murSd dy murSd,
Swh gop ny hI id`qw sI [ hux bu`lHw lokW dy myhixAW bwry socy, jw r`b rUpI murSd nUµ mxwvy [ Swh
Anwieq aus icSqI sMprdwie nwl sbMiDq sn, ijhVy smwA (ielwhI qwrI& ’c kwPIAW
gwaux) nUµ rUhwnIAq dI pOVI mMndy sn[ bu`lHy leI Swh Anwieq nUµ mnw lYxw, r`b nUµ hwsl kr
lYx brwbr hY [ ies leI bu`lHw swrIAW SrmW q`j ky, n`cdw hoieAw, ieh gwauNdw hY :
kMjrI bixAW myrI ie`zq nw GtdI [ 15
‘bu`lHw’ nwtk dy rcy jwx qoN 27 swl bwAd A`j vI pwiksqwn ’c Dwrimk mwhOl dw
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2016
srUp ausy k`tVqw vwlw hY, ijs k`tVqw kwrn bu`lHy nUµ ksUr Sihr ’c d&nwaux dI AwigAw
nhIN sI imlI [ A`j jdoN ies lyK dIAW Aw^IrlIAW sqrW bwry soc irhw hW qW mYnUµ ipCly
idnIN krwcI dIAW sVkW ’qy idn-idhwVy kql kr id`qy gey pwiksqwn dy mShUr kvwl
Amjd swbrI dI mOq ieh g`l kihx leI mjbUr kr rhI hY ik fYmokryitk ieslwmk styt vjoN
idKwvw krn vwly pwiksqwn ’c Drm dw kI rol hY? qwilbwnI-srUp vwly Dwrimk A`qvwd
kwrn mhIinAW b`DI (BKU MULTAN) XUnIvrstIAW bMd krnIAW pY rhIAW hn qy ijQy keI
Amjd swbrI Drm dy nW ’qy kql kIqy jw cu`ky hn, auQy Swihd ndIm vrgy h`sws AdIb bùlHw
nwtk nw ilKx qW hor kI krn !
hvwly qy it`pxIAW :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
fw. krnYl isMG iQMd, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dw sMKyp jwiezw, pblIkySn ibaUro, pitAwlw,
2006, pMnw 124
fw. hrdIp isMG, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwtk qy mMc prMprw, lokgIq pRkwSn, cMfIgVH,
2014, pMnw 122
Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,
pMnw 23
auhI, pMnw 79
auhI, pMnw 76
auhI, pMnw 76
auhI, pMnw 76
fw. suKdyv isMG, bu`lHy Swh dw pRym ngr: mnu`K hox dw sv`b, Awlocnw, AMk 223, ApRYlsqMbr 2010, pMjwbI swihq AkwfmI, luiDAwxw, pMnw 43
Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,
pMnw 27
auhI, pMnw 77
fw. pRIqm sYnI (sMpw.), klwm bu`lHy Swh, pblIkySn ibaUro, pMjwbI XUnIvrstI, pitAwlw,
2007, pMnw 15
Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,
pMnw 4
kwlw isMG bydI, bu`lHy Swh: Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn, pblIkySn ibaUro, pMjwbI XUnIvrstI
pitAwlw, 1987, pMnw 4
Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,
pMnw 56
auhI, pMnw 61
²
VjBw #Wp,v%j$ ^ bjaqw Lp,Zg sj l>s[L rjhw
sMvwd-04
153
ljdha@ dl,ZJa a[ bjv'yVj
auqr AwDuink p`CmI icMqn
p`Cm ’c plYto qoN lY ky pRbu`Dqw q`k AwauNidAW qy aus qoN
bwAd vrqmwn dOr ’c mnu`KI smJ ’c v`fw pYrwifgmYitk pirvrqn
vwpirAw [ dUjy/hor nwl pYdw hoey tkrwE ’c p`Cm dy srbs`qwvwdI
vrqwry Fih FyrI hoey [ ies Kory ’c ivigAwn, siBAwcwr, mwnvivigAwn
qy BwSw ’c hoeIAW KojW qy AiDAYnW ny v`fI BUimkw inBweI [ ies nwl
swihq dy isDWq qy ivhwr ’c vI nvIAW sMBwvnwvW pYdw hoeIAW [
ienHW nvIAW GtnwvW ny dujwqqw qy iPaUzn rwhIN inrpyKI
srbs`qwvwd, siBAwcwrk insic`qqwvW nUµ qoiVAw [ ieh nvWpn
dUjy/hor qy iviBMnqw v`l vI Ku`lHdw hY [ ikRsqIn dIdy jOhnsn iesnUµ
igAwnwqmkqw qoN mImWsw v`l dI qor kihMdw hY, jo AOfIpIAl ArQW
dw sQ`gn krdI hoeI nvINAW, v`KrIAW qy AkyNidRq mImWswvW leI
nvIN spys isrjdI hY [ koeI vI isDWq jW Aml sMBwvI AkyNdrIAqw
pRqI jIvMq rihx qoN ibnW ArQpUrn nhIN rih skdw [ hr nvyN
ieiqhwsk dOr ’c nvyN FMg qrIky pYdw hud
M y rihMdy hn [ sQwipq sMrcnwvW
iksy iek ieiqhwsk dOr dy ivsQwipq vrqwirAW qoN v`D kuJ nhIN
huMdIAW [ ipCly simAW ’c inrpyK nUµ qoVdy ikhVy ivsQwpqI vrqwry
vwpry, aunHW dw dipMdrjIq rMDwvw AwpxI ikqwb 'Unsettling
Boundries' ’c crcw krdI hY [
mnmohn (fw.)
AweI.pI.AY~s
cMfIgVH
9915068901
[email protected]
154
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vIhvIN sdI dI SurUAwq ’c kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn qy
AweInstIn dy swpyiKkqw dy isDWq nwl inrpyKvwd iqVkxw AwrMB
ho igAw [ inrpyK ’qy pihlw hmlw 1901 ’c mYks plYNk dy isDWq dy
Awaux nwl AwrMB hoieAw [ plYNk ny bRihmMf ’c ryfIAYNt q`qW dI Koj
kIqI [ aus Anuswr bRihmMf ryfIAYNt kwly puMjW ’coN inrMqr aUrjw dy
inklx qoN inrimq hoieAw hY [ ies Koj nwl bRihmMf sµbµDI sQwipq
idRStIkox ik ieh siQr sMrcnwvW dw sMgRih hY, bwry mu`K bdlwE
AwieAw [ plYNk dw ivcwr sI ik aUrjw kuAWqIikRq hY [ iesny nw
isr& ivigAwn dy mwdy, aUrjw qy kwrx pRBwv dy mUlk sMklpW nUµ
JMjoiVAw, blik smwj ivigAwnW qy mwnv ivigAwnW ’c vI v`fI
ihl ju`l pYdw kIqI [ inaUtn dy bRihmMf sµbµDI sMklp qy idRStIkox
’c vI v`fw pirvrqn vwpirAw [ bRihmMf hux mkwnkI nhIN, blik
gqISIl aUrijq rUp ’c dyiKAw jwx l`gw [ plYNk dy bRihmMf dy
kuAWqIikRq idRStIkox ’c nIlz bohr dy ies ivcwr nwl hor vwDw
hoieAw ik ieh aUrijq puMj JtikAW qy pulWGW ’c qurdw hY [ bohr dy
ies ivcwr ik bRihmMf kuAWqm ClWgW AnuBv krdw hY, ny bRihmMf
sµbµDI ryKkI ivcwrW nUµ ivsQwipq kIqw [
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 154-166)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
bRihmMf pRiq ies idRStIkox ik ies ’c ryfIAYNt puMj kuAWqm pulWGW ’c qurdw hY, ny
nvIAW sMBwvnwvW dI spys KolHI [ iesny ieh sQwipq kIqw ik bRihmMf gqISIlqw ’c c`ldw
hY nw ik iksy kwrqysIAn gixq ADIn [ bohr dy bRihmMf AMdr sMBwvI sMBwvnwvW dy isDWq ny
nw isr& bRihmMf sµbµDI DwrnwvW nUµ hI blik siBAwcwr qy Drm dy ivAwiKAw Swsqr sµbµDI
smJ nUµ vI muV srUipq kIqw [ bRihmMf dI inaUtn dy kwrn qy pRBwv dy ivcwr nUµ vI ivSrwm
id`qw [ kopnhYgn AiDAYn skUl dy bohr ijhy hor icMqkW ny pUrkqw dw ivcwr ilAWdw, jo
ArsqU dy sMBwvnwvW dy ivcwr dI Xwd idvwauNdw hY [
bohr dw isDWq ryfIAYNt puj
M W dIAW AMqrikirAwvW ’coN Aigxq hoxIAW dIAW sMBwvnwvW
dw rwh KolHdw hY [ ieh bRihmMf, ieiqhws, siBAwcwr Aqy swihq nUµ dyKx dy FMgW dIAW KojW qy
nv-ivDIAW qoN vI jwxU krvwauNdw hY [ ieh hux ryKkI qy insicq sMrcnwvW nhIN rih geIAW [
ieh siBAwcwr, piv`qr ’c isrjy AOfIpIAl ArQW ’c drwV pYdw krdIAW hn qW ik s`bjYkt,
ieiqhws, ilMg qy suMdr dIAW bhuvMdIAW m`DA`siQqwvW nUµ Awaux dyx [ ienHW GtnwvW nwl
prMprw dI smJ vI sucyq hoeI hY [ prMprw nUµ vI kwrx qy pRBwv sµbµDW dI bjwey keI pulWGW Aqy
JtikAW dy imSrx vjoN muV soicAw jw skdw hY [ koeI vI siBAwcwr qy ieiqhws ieMJ vsq dy
smwnWqr ^wlIkrn qy joVn dw inrMqr krm hud
M w hY [ ieh KojI nIqIAW dw guJ
M ldwr qwxw bwxw
hY, jo pwT, BwSw qy ArQW/isimEitks nUµ lgwqwr muV srUipq krdw hY [ koeI Cotw siBAcwr,
smUh qy in`jI bMdw keI sMBvwnwvW dw imlgoBw hud
M w hY, jo nvyN rUpW qy pRgtwivAW nUµ jnm idMdw
hY [ kuAWqm ivcwr dy ivkws ny muK
` pYrwifgmYitk qy dwrSink pirvrqn ilAWdy [
kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn dy ivkws ’c iek hor vwDw hIznbrg dy ivcwr nwl hoieAw
ik mwdy qy ryfIeySn ivc lihr qy kxW dy do gux huMdy hn [ hIznbrg dyS kwl dy isDWq Aqy
iesdy mwdy nwl sµbµDW ’c Ainsic`qqw dy sMklp qoN jwxU krvwauNdw hY [ kuAWqm mkwnkI,
inaUtn dy mkwnkI pRiq ivcwr qoN Al`g jw ky sMBwivqw dy sMklp nUµ suidRV krdw hY [
sMBwivqw dw ivcwr d`sdw hY ik s`c nUµ jwnx leI koeI AgwaUNpn jW ieMdrIAwvI ArQ nhIN
huMdw [ bRihmMf siQrqw ’c nhIN smiJAw jw skdw [ inrpyKI cOKty bRihmMf nUµ AgwaUN ArQW ’c
iviKAwauNdy hn [ AgwaUNpn hmySw ToisAw huMdw hY [ ieh Tosxw dUjy/hor dI v`Krqw nUµ jzb kr
lYNdw hY [ siBAcwr qy dyh dy bhuvMngI pRvwh nUµ id`qy ArQW/sMrcnwvW ’c GtwA id`qw jWdw
hY, ijs nwl v`Krqw qy bhuvMdIAW sMBwvnwvW KIx ho jWdIAW hn [ dUjy/hor dI inrMqr
sihBwigqw dI tkrwEmUlk spys nvIAW sMBwvnwvW pRdwn krdI hY [ dRStw qy vsqU ivckwr
AMqrikirAw nUµ smJx ’c hIznbrg dI smJ v`fI dyx hY [ dRStw pwqr vI hY qy drSk vI [
ieh iek pRkwr dI G`to Gt prpMcmUlkqw hY, jo ivigAwnk KojW rwhIN piricq hoeI hY Aqy ies
nwl hI swpyiKkqw qy mwnvI mn dI mh`qqw pYdw hoxI AwrMB hoeI [ hIznbrg ny dRStw dy
mwnvI mn nUµ siBAwcwr qy inAW dy rUp ’c vI crcw kIqI hY [ guJ
M ldwr mImWsk, igAwnSwsqrI
qy dwrSink spys ny cMgy mMdy dy pRqImwnW nUµ pirBwiSq kIqw hY [
isr& sMBwivqw dy isDWq rwhIN hI mOiKk, in`jI qy smwijkqw nwl jo rIqI irvwjW,
AwdqW Aqy prMprk sMsQwvW ’c guJ
` IAW hud
M IAW hn, nUµ ivAwiKAwieAw jw skdw hY [ hIznbrg
ny ivSvI cyqnw nUµ vI mh`qv id`qw hY [ iesdw Bwv hY ik dRStw v`loN pRXog kIqy vrgW, BwSw qy
spys nUµ vI ivcwrDIn r`ØiKAw jWdw hY [ hr siBAwcwr, ieiqhws, ivigAwn dI ivSyS
pYrwifgmYitk ip`TBUmI huMdI hY, ijs ’coN ieh augmdw hY [ ieMJ ivigAwnk inrIKx bhuqy p`DrW
’qy aupkrnW rwhI bVI G`t m`DA`sQqw r`Kdy hn [ pr ikauNik dRStw ny AMqr siBAwcwrk
sMvwd dI spys ’c Awpxy Awp nUµ r`ØiKAw huMdw hY, ies kwrx siBAwcwrk swpyiKkqw dw pqw
lgdw rihMdw hY [
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kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn ieMJ Ainsic`qqw Aqy sMBwivqw dy sµbµDW ivcwly bRihmMf
dIAW ryfIANYt aUrjwvW dy ivcwr rwhIN AMqr jW krOs siBAwcwrk igAwnW dy dwby qy sdIvqw
nUµ pRSn krdw hY [ kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn ny bRihmMf nUµ muV pirBwiSq kIqw hY [ ies ’c koeI
ryKkI progrwimMg nhIN huMdI[ ieh Ainsicq`qw rwhIN kwrj krdI hY [ ibjleI kxW dy kuAWqm
iksy ivAwiKAw Swsqr qoN ibnw ivcrdy hn, pr ieh dUjy nwl sµbD
µ W qy tkrwvW rwhIN sMrcnwvW
qy kyNdrW nUµ AkyNidRq krdy hoey nvIAW sMBwvnwvW isrjdy hn [ ies AkyNdrIkrn ’c isrjxI
aUrjwvW Aqy ienHW dy keI mh`qvpUrn rUp huMdy hn [ bRihmMf dI gqISIl aUrjweI pulWGW vjoN
ivAwiKAw bRihmMf dIAW siQr Aihl smJW nUµ ivsQwipq krdI hY [ ieMJ kridAW ieh piv`qr
qy siBAwcwrk ichn nUµ Ainsicq qy bhuvd
M I spys rwhIN dyKdI hY [ Drm, ieiqhws qy siBAwcwr
hux siBAwcwr qy ivSy ivSys rwhIN hI nhIN blik bhuvcnI pirpyK qoN vI GoKy jWdy hn [
mwrksvwd qy auqr mwrksvwd ny dUjy/hor dy dbwE ADIn smwj-rwjnIqk hoNd dy
isDWq dy krItIkl Aml kwrx inrpyKW nUµ qoVn ’c mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBweI hY [ ieMJ iek
qrHW nwl mwrksvwd ivroDwBwsI hY [ iek pwsy qW ieh ieiqhws dw audS
y ivigAwnk idRStIkox
idMdw hY pr ienklwb leI dUjy/hor pRqI inrpyKI vI hY [ inrpyKI audyS ivigAwnk idRStIkox
swry ivroDW qy tkrwvW nUµ ^qm krky proloqwrI dw dwbw sQwipq krnw cwhuMdw hY [ mwrks
jmwqI ivroD ^qm krky proloqwrI dI pRmu`Kqw dI g`l krdw hY [ mwrks Anuswr, "hr smwj
dI sMrcnw dvMdvwdI ivroDW dI bxI huMdI hY Aqy iesdw h`l isr& proloqwrI ienklwb hI hY [
ies nwl swry ivSv ’c jmwqI ivroD ^qm ho jwvygw [" mwrks qy eyNglz ny ieh ivcwr
kimaUinst mYnIPYsto ’c id`qw ik dySW AMdrly jmwqI ivroD dy ^wqmy nwl iek dyS dI dUjy
dyS nwl duSmxI vI ^qm ho jwvygI [ jmwqI ivroD dy h`l dw ieh bVw ryKkI qy iekihrw
idRStIkox sI [ ivroDwBwvW dI audS
y ivigAwnk smJ ieiqhwsW dI rlg`fqw qy bhu siBAwcwrk
siQqIAW dI smJ dI qSrIh nhIN kr skdI [ iesy vyly ieiqhwsk pdwrQvwd dy ivcwr rwhIN
mwrks hr ieiqhwsk dOr dIAW pdwrQk siQqIAW dIAW ivSySqwvW vI ilAwauNdw hY [
mwrks dw zor hY ik s`bjYkt dI cyqnqw smwijk auqpwdkI SkqIAW qy auqpwdn drimAwn
tkrwvW rwhIN srUipq huMdI hY [ smwj dIAW smwijk-ieiqhwsk ivSySqwvW nUµ ilAwaux kwrx
mwrks proloqwrI/jmwq dI pihcwx dy pwauVI pRbMD dy Awpxy hI inrpyK dw ivroD krdw hY [
ies qrHW mwrks ieiqhwsW, kRWqIAW qy klpnwvW nUµ bxwauNdIAW smwijk-siBAwcwrk
siQqIAW bwry sMvwd KVHw krdw hY [ vDIk kImq qy munw&y bwry ivcwr kridAW mwrks pUMjI
dIAW iviBMn jYivk bxqrW dI g`l krdw hY ik ikvyN Al`g-Al`g KyqrW dI ieko ijMnI qy ieko
ijhI pUMjI v`Kry munw&y kmwauNdI hY [ ieMJ mwrks Axjwxy hI if&rWs/v`Krqw bwry auqrAwDuink ivcwr nUµ pUrvBwisq kr irhw pRqIq huMdw hY [
mwrksvwdI smJ Anuswr, "pUMjI iek siBAwcwrk sroq hY jo smwijk-AwriQk sµbµDW
’coN pYdw huMdw hY [" ieh ivSySqw ‘Aiqinsicq ivroDWBwvW’ dy aus auqr mwrksvwdI ivcwr ’c
hor rUp ’c swhmxy AauNdI hY, jo AliQaUsr ny Prwief qy lwkw dy ivcwrW qoN pRBwivq ho ky
id`qI[ AliQaUsr smwijk ieiqhwsk SkqIAW dy vwDU iek`T rwhIN pYdw huMdy auBwr dI g`l
krdw hY [ ieh isr& AwriQk ivroD hI nhIN, jo ienklwb ilAwauNdw hY, blik ieh bhuvcnI
tkrwvI siQqIAW kwrx vI vwprdw hY [ ivroD nUµ ryKkI/iekihry pwswrW rwhIN nhIN dyiKAw jw
skdw, sgoN iesnUµ v`KrIAW qy iviBMn bhuvcnI ivAwiKAwvW rwhIN smJxw cwhIdw hY [
smwj-siBAwcwrk sMrcnwvW, pUj
M I dI mMg dy srUpW dIAW ivSySqwvW nUµ if&rWsI pirpyK
’qoN l`ØiBAw jwxw cwhIdw hY [ 'Anti-Oedipus' ’c auqr mwrksvwdI icMqk dYilaUz qy guAwqry
inrpyKI AOfIpIAl dw ivroD smwnWqr rUp ’c AwriQkqw dy pRvwh rwhIN KyqrIikRq, AKyqrIikRq
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s`bjYkt/dyh nwl krdy hn [ srbs`qwvdI rwjW dy AOfIpIAlkrn dw ivroD krn leI skIzo
AwpxIAW nIqIAW GVHdy hn [ ieh skIzo AOfIpIAl vMSvwd dw twkrw nwbrI aUrjwvW nwl
krdy hn [ ieh AKyqrIikRq mwrks dy ienklwb qoN iBMn hY [ auqr mwrksvwd ’c ienklwb qy
nwbrI jmwq/pwrtImUlk nhIN hn [ ivroD keI pRkwr dy lokW, smUhW Aqy in`jI bMidAW rwhIN
AOfIpIAl eyjs
M IAW dI spys ’c vV ky kIqw jWdw hY [ ieh AcyqnI lwvy dI isrjxwqmk spys
ArQW dw auqpwdn huMdw hY [ isrjxwqmk SkqI rwhIN lokW ’c sMGrS qy smwijk klpnw dy
pRgtwvy dI iek smUihk kwmnw pYdw huMdI hY [ smwijk spys dy swry p`DrW ’qy pYdw hoeI rYfIkl
klpnw nwl isrjI isrjxwqmk aUrjw isr& jmwq q`k hI sImq nhIN rihMdI [ ieh smwijk
klpnw hr pRkwr dy srbs`qwvwdI klpnwvW dy ivroD ’c siQq huMdI hY [ ieh sMGrS srkwrI
s`qw qy A&srSwhI qoN pwr jw ky smUihk smwijk Aml bx jWdw hY [ ieMJ ieiqhws cox qy
iviBMnqwvW dy iek`TW v`loN smwijk isrjxwvW qy rUpWqrx leI isrjI spys dw nqIjw ho
inbVdw hY [
mwrksvwd dy inrpyK nUµ qoVidAW, auqr mwrksvwd ieiqhws qy siBAwcwr dy auQl
puQl vwly dOrW dI Koj krdw hY [ ijQy mwrksvwd ivroDWBwvW dy h`l qlwSdw hY, EQy auqr
mwrksvwd ivroDW dy bhuvcnI rUpW nwl srUpy siBAwcwrW, ieiqhwsW qy lokqMqrW nUµ vI
smJx dw Xqn hY [ lwklwE Anuswr, "swrvBOimkqw qy ivSyS iek ivroDwBwsI spys ’c
ivcrdy hn [" AwpxI ikqwb 'Emancipations' ’c auh crcw krdw hY ik ienHW dohW ’c ipAw
ivDwnk Al`gpn srbs`qw nUµ ivsQwipq krdw hY [ jgq iksy iek swrvBOimkqw nwl nhIN,
blik bhuvcnI srUpW nwl bxdw hY [ ieh ivSvI Awaux jwx dI cwl bhuvcnI pihcwxW dy
pYdw hox nwl vwprdI hY [ ieh bRihmMf KwlI ichnk ’coN auBrdw hY [ AYNfrsn dw kihxw hY ik
kOmIAq lokW dy kYlMfrI kwl dy KwlIpn dI smrUpqw ’coN inkl ky kOm dw ivcwr pYdw krdI
hY [ lwklE ies pVydwv iekjutqw nUµ KuMJ gey Br`px vjoN lYNdw hY [ aus Anuswr, "swrvBOimk
ivSySqw ’coN ivsQwipq ivSyS pihcwx dy ApUrn idsh`dy ’coN auBrdw hY [ iviBMn smUh AwrzI
qOr ’qy Awps ’c sp`rDw ’c huMdy ny qW ik auh Awpxy ivSyS nUµ pRkwrjI swrvBOimk pRiqin`Dqw
dy skx [ swrvBOimk qy ivSyS ’c tkrwvI sµbµD smwnWqr rUp ’c ABwv qy Br`px bx jWdy
hn [ swrvBOimk Awpxy Awp ’c koeI Tos v`Q nhIN huMdw blik, ieh qW lokW dy iviBMn smUh
huMdy hn, jo swrvBOimk pRqIin`Dqw dy kwrj nUµ isry cwVHn leI Awps ’c mukwbly ’c huMdy hn ["
ieMJ swrvBOimk XUtopIAn sMBwvnw bx jWdw hY 'jo ik ZYrzmInI tkrwE vwlIAW
ivSySqwvW dI zmIn hY, jo purwxI snwqnI smJ Anuswr pUrn rUp ’c AOfIpIAl Aqy Zwilb
nhIN ho skdI [ dUjy nwl swhmxw hox kwrx srbs`qwvwdI hox dI pRivrqI Tu`s ho jWdI hY [
siBAwcwrk ichnkI mImWsw Aqy ivcwr isstmW nwl dUjw/hor inrpyKI ibrqWqW nUµ muV
GoKdw hY, ijs nUµ ilaUqwrd lGU ibrqWqW dI Asmmwpqw vjoN ichnq krdw hY [ ilauqwrd
PrWissI mwrksvwdI grùp dw kuJ dyr leI mYNbr irhw [ ivtjnstweIn dy ‘pirvwrk smrUpqw’
dy isDWq nUµ vrqidAW ilaUqwrd mhwibrqWqW dI Awlocnw leI ‘BwSw kRIVw dy kuqrk’ dI
smJ GVHdw hY [ ieMJ auh snwqnI/inrpyKI mwrksvwd dI srbs`qwvwdI phuMc nUµ ic`b pwauNdw
hY [
cWql mUPy AwpxI ikqwb 'The Return of the Political' ’c p`CmI qy eySIAweI
srbs`qwvwd dy AMq nUµ smJx dw Xqn krdw hY [ aus Anuswr, "ikauNik A`j lokqMqr ivSySvwd
dw ivsPot dyK rhy hn [ ies leI dUjy/hor nUµ ^qm kr pwauxw AsMBv ho igAw hY [ klwsIkl
mwrksvwd dw tIcw dUjy nUµ ^qm krnw hY Aqy keI pUMjIvwdI lokqMqr dUjy dI hwzrI nUµ
AigAwnqw ih`q nw mMnx kwrn ^qry ’c hn [ mUPy Anuswr 'AigAwnI bhuvcnvwd AwDuink
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lokqMqrW nUµ ivSySqw idMdw hY [ sMGrS/ivroD/nwbrI dI inSwndyhI hux s`bjYkt dIAW bhuvd
M IAW
siQqIAW qy smwijk klpnwvW nwl huMdI hY, nw ik isr& iek jmwq kwrn [' lwklwE qy mUPy
ny lokqMqrW nUµ tkrwvI bhuvMdqwvW nwl docwr hox vjoN pirBwiSq kIqw hY [ dUjy/hor ny
isrjxwqmk v`KrqwvW dI nvIN spys isrjI hY [ ieh AigAwnI kwivSwsqr v`KrqwvW dI
sihhoNd dI nvIN sMBwvnw hY [ siBAwcwr, ieiqhws Aqy piv`qr dI ivAwiKAw sMvwdI ivSySqwvW
dI v`KrqwmUlk spys qoN hoxI cwhIdI hY [
auqr mwrksvwd ny smwijk klpnwvW, swrvBOimk qy ivSyS drimAwn tkrwvI
sµbµDW nUµ kyNdr ’c ilAw ky jmwq dw ivklp id`qw hY [ klwsIkl mwrksvwd jmwq qy
pihcwx nUµ swrvBOimk krdw hY, pr auprokq nvyN ivcwrW nwl pRiqin`Dqv dI smJ ’c
bdlwE vwpirAw hY [ in`j/sbkYkt hux jmwq dI koeI ryKkI pihcwx nhIN rih igAw, sgoN
ausdI pihcwx bhuvMdI ho geI hY [ ijvyN sbjYkt hux Awpxy Awp nUµ pihcwx dy bhurUpy pRvwh
rwhIN dyKdw hY qW sMGrS, nwbrI, ivroD nvIAW qknIkW, ivigAwn, pUMjI Aqy siBAwcwrk
dujwqqw dI Awmd nwl siBAwcwrk ivSyS, ivSvI imSrx dIAW nvIAW spysW bxdy jw rhy
hn [ auqr mwrksvwd, mwrksvwd dI ies smJ nUµ mMnx qoN ienkwrI hY ik smwjvwdI
ienklwb nwl kOmI pihcwxW ^qm ho jwxgIAW [ mwrks dw kihxw hY ik iek dyS dI dUjy
dyS nwl duSmxI ^qm ho jwvygI [ pr keI mwnv ivigAwnIAW v`loN APrIkI, eySIAweI
ibrwdrIAW dy AiDAYn ieh sQwipq krdy hn ik siBAwcwrk qy kOmI pihcwxW kdy vI ^qm
nhIN ho skdIAW [
dYrIdw AwpxI ikqwb 'Of Grammatology' ’c logos nUµ svwl hyT r`KidAW v`Krqw dI
kRWqI dy ivcwr dI g`l krdw hY [ ichn nUµ ifPrWs rwhIN pUrq krn dy ivcwr nwl auh auqr
mwrksvwdI v`KrqwmUlk smwijk sMrcnwvW dy isDWq nUµ ivMnHdw hY [ dYrIdw dy sMrcnwvW dI
‘kRIVw’ dy ivcwr nwl ieh is`D huMdw hY ik koeI vI iek sMrcnw dy pRgtwvy vwlw pRvcn ho hI
nhIN skdw [ p`CmI pRvcn mUl rUp ’c msIhI hY jo ik logos dy kyNdr ’c bYTI sbjYkitv hwzrI
dw pRgtwvw hY [ dYrIdw hwzrI nUµ dUjy/hor dy trys/inSwndyhI nwl ivsQwipq krdw hY, ijs
nwl ArQ dI isrjxw sQ`gq/pUrq huMdI hY [ dYrIdw dw ichn ifPrWs qy trys dw inbyVn
bxdw hoieAw, klwsIkl inrpyKvwd dw twkrw krdw hY [ r`b, kudrq, kwrn siBAwcwr qy
suhj/sONdrX dy ZYr-logokyNidRq ivAwiKAw Swsqr nUµ rwh idMdy hn [ v`Kry dUjy/hor dI SkqI
nwl swry kyNdr ivsQwipq ho jWdy hn [
AYfvrf seId qy homI Bwbw ny Awpxy svY-bnvwsI jIvn AnuBvW rwhIN p`Cm dy
swrvBOimk qy iekihry pYrwfweImW ’coN bVy isrjxwqmk qy nvIN mh`qqw vwly ivcwr id`qy [
AwpxI ikqwb 'Orientalism' ’c seId ny p`Cm dy aunHW igAwn SwsqrI sMrcnwvW qy sMdW nUµ
pRSnDIn kIqw, jo p`Cm, pUrb nwloN AwpxI v`Krqw sQwipq krn leI keI qrHW dIAW
ivSySqwvW nUµ ikvyN CuitAw ky dyKdw hY [ ausny bsqIvwdI dOrW v`loN dUjy siBAwcwrW nUµ Fwh
lwaux vwly keI cOKitAW nUµ mwrksvwd, auqrbsqIvwd qy PrweIifAn pirpyKW rwhIN smiJAw [
seId d`sdw hY ik p`Cm ny AOrIAYNt qy AOksIfYNtl v`Krqw sQwipq krn leI ivDIpUrvk
mImWsk qy igAwnSwsqrI Xqn kIqy qW ik pUrb nUµ muV-sMircq krky aus ’qy Zwilb hoieAw
jw sky [ p`Cm AwpxI kwm pUrqI leI pUrb nUµ iek kwmuk rKyl Aqy kwmuk QW/BUgoilk spys
vWg vrqx l`gw [ p`Cm dI iekpwswrI qwrikkqw ny pUrb dy piv`qr qy sONdrX nUµ ivSyS
bOiDkqw dw ivSw bxw id`qw [ mwnv-ivigAwnk qy rwjnIqk cOKitAW rwhIN pUrb/AOrIAYNt nUµ
ivAwiKAwaux leI aus AMdr syND mwrI geI [ BUgoilk, siBAwcwrk Aqy smkwilk spysW dw
nw isr& ivroD kIqw igAw, blik aunHW dI rmzW nUµ seId dy SbdW ’c lukvyN FMgW nwl
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CyiVAw igAw [ kurwn qy Arb dI dUjqw/horpn nUµ p`Cm dI inZwh ’c GtwA ky pyS kIqw [
p`Cm qy pUrb dy sµbµDW nUµ mYN-qUµ dy nukqy qoN nhIN, blik s`qw dI idRStI qoN pirBwiSq kIqw
igAw [ pUrbI siBAwcwrW dy pRvwh qy ivSySqwvW nUµ p`CmI AiDAYnkwrW qy KojIAW ny kbzy ’c
kr ilAw [ seId ies ’c pUrb dI pRqIin`Dqw ’c swmrwjvwdI Xojnw dy nkS qlwSdw hY [
'Orientalism' ’c seId dI ies bwbq phuc
M pUrn rUp ’c dvMdmUlk hY pr auh siBAwcwrW
’c ivroD qy dwby dIAW Awr pwr PYlIAW spysW pRqI vI cyqn hY [ fwiesporW dIAW nwrwzgIAW
nUµ Awqmswq krdw auh homI Bwbw vWg kuJ suJwA vI idMdw hY [ seId dw ivSvws hY ik mwnvI
hoNd dw ivAwiKAw Swsqr siBAwcwrW dy sµbµDW/spysW dIAW JIqW rwhIN do-cwr hox v`l qurdw
hY [ aus leI siBAwcwrW ivclI AMqrikirAw iek sursMgqImUlk spys pRdwn krdI hY, ijs
’c siBAwcwr kdy vI iek`lw, Su`D nhIN, blik dujwqI Aqy bhurUpI huMdw hY [ AOrIAYNtilstW ’qy
Awpxy SkqISwlI pRhwr qoN ielwvw auh p`Cm qy pUrb dI siQr duv`lqw qoN vI pwr clw jWdw
hY [ ausdI mu`K dyx p`CmI ivAwiKAw p`DqIAW dI vsqUprkqw Aqy inrp`Kqw nUµ byprd krn
’c hY [ auh p`Cm dIAW insic`qI, kwbzI nIqIAW dI ausdy inrpyKI isstmW dy pirpyK qoN s^q
ivAwiKAw krdw hY [
seId ausy siBAwcwr ’c kMm krdy bhuigxqI pYrwfwiemW nUµ vI dyKx dIAW idRStIAW
pRdwn krdw hY [ bhuigxqI pYrwfweIm Tosy gey qy GtwEvwdI ho skdy hn [ dwby qy kbzy vwly
smUhW dy gupq hQkMifAW nUµ smJx leI mwnvivigAwnW, smwj ivigAwnW Aqy suhj qy
sONdrX nUµ muV socy jwx dI loV hY [ seId dIAW ilKqW swfw iDAwn bsqIvwd dy keI p`DrW
v`l idvwauNdIAW hn [ p`Cm dy sONdrX, suMdr qy swihq nUµ AOrIAYNilstW dIAW leI Fwh lwaU
qknIkW aupr seId dw pRhwr ieh d`sdw hY ik siBAwcwrW vwsqy ZYrkwbz, AigAwnI
drSn, suhjI qy vjUdI spysW dI s^q loV hY [
homI Bwbw siBAwcwrW qy kOmW dI inrpyKI ivAwiKAw nUµ AwpxI fwiespoirk ivsQwpqI
rwhIN cxOqI idMdw hY [ aus dIAW ilKqW ’qy PrWz Pwnn qy dYrIdw dw pRBwv hY [ Bwbw Anuswr,
‘kOmW iekihrIAW nhIN hud
M IAW [ fwiespoirk ivsQwpqI qy ivsPot qoN bwAd kOmW byislislIAW
smkwilkqwvW qy sMGrSI sbjYktW dw idRS bx jWdIAW hn [ koeI vI kOm jW siBAwcwr iek
AsmrUpqwvW dw sMgRih huMdw hY, jo is`ØiKAwSwsqrI qy inBwE dI tkrwvIN spys ’coN pYdw huMdw
hY [’ Bwbw Anuswr, is`ØiKAwSwsqr pUrv rUp ’c id`qy hoey ieiqhwsk mUl jW Gtnw nUµ
iekswrIikRqqw ’coN iekjùt krdw hY [ ieh inBwE s`qwvwdI SkqIAW ivcwly iek kwtvW kMFw
huMdw hY [ aus Anuswr, ‘kOmW/nySnz qy ibrqWq/nYrySnz inrMqr, iek`qirq smkwilkqwvW,
duhrwvW qy AwvrqnI nIqIAW dI duic`qI spys bx jWdIAW hn [ ies ivckwrIpn dI doPwVqw
’c sQwnk dI hwzrI tkrwE ’c pRvyS kr jWdI hY [ sQwnk smUhW dw tkrwvI ibrqWq
lgwqwr s`qwvwdI sImwvW nUµ qoVdw hY [ siBAwcwr/kOmW kdy vI inrpyKI FMg nwl nhIN
pRgtweIAW jw skdIAW [ dujwqqw, tkrwE qy do-cwrqw hI ienHW dw inrmwx krdIAW hn [
siBAwcwrW dw imSrx siBAwcwrk AsmrUpqwvW v`l lY jWdw hY, ij`Qy v`KrqwvW nUµ kdy vI
imtwieAw nhIN jw skdw, Bwbw siBAwcwrW dy do-cwr hox dI dujwiqqw leI ‘byislislIAW
smkwilkqwvW’ dw pd vrqdw hY [ ieh auqr-AwDuink AweInsqInI smJ muqwibk dyS kwl
juVy huMdy hn [
Bwbw dI kOm/siBAwcwr dI dujwqqw dI smJ AYNfrsn dI ‘kwlpink brwdrIAW’ dy
ivcwr dy lwgy hY, ijs ’c lok kYlMfrI cwl ’c siQq huMdy hn [ kOmW kwlpink smrUpqwvW dw
pRBwv huMdIAW hn, qW ik kOmW dI ^wlI spys BrI jw sky [ kOmW keI pirvrqnW dI bxq
Rpai bjZpdVw f,Aqg dy>aV
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huMdIAW hn, jo BwiSk qy siBAwcwrk pRgtwivAW rwhIN sbwltrn d^l AMdwzI ho inbVdIAW
hn [ siBAwcwrW dy JIqI ivckwrIpn nUµ ‘AnrQI spys’ rwhIN drswieAw jw skdw, jo ik
v`KrqvW dy iek`Tqw dI kwieAWqrxI spys huMdI hY [ ieh iek AgWvI sihhoNd huMdI hY, ij`Qy
kOmW, siBAwcwr iksy nUµ iekrUp/iekswr kIiqEN ibnw hI sihhoNdSIl huMdy hn [ Bwbw ieh
isDWq Pwnn dI ikqwb 'Black Skins White Masks' ijhy auqr bsqIvwdI AiDAYnW dy
psmMzr ’c GVHdw hY, ijs ’c bsqIvwdI siQqIAW AMdr kwly qy gory Awpo Awpxy siBAwcwrW
’c pirvrqn AnuBv krdy hn [ ieh iek qIjy siBAwcwr nUµ jnm idMdy hn, ijsnUµ &rWz
Pwnn ‘mYnIkInIAn fYlIrIAm/pRlwp’ kihMdw hY [
imSYl PUko dI p`CmI pRvcn dI purwq`qvqw nUµ ‘ieipstIm’ rwhIN Al`g krky dyKxw iek
v`fI dyx hY [ PUko Anuswr, ‘‘ieipstIm ‘ieiqhwsk AgwaUNpn’ hY, jo ivcwrW dy Acyqn qy bynwmy
rUp GVHdw hY [’’ PUko Anuswr, ‘‘hr ieiqhwsk dOrW vsqW nUµ hukm ’c ilAwaux leI Awpxy
ieipstIm pYdw krdw hY [ auh ies g`l qoN vI jwxU hY ik iviBMn ieiqhwsk dOrW ’c ieipstImk
auq pirvrqn vI vwprdy hn [’’ ausdw kihxw hY ik hr ieipstImk dOr ’c swry igAwn KyqrW
ivckwr kwieAWqrx huMdw hY [ auh hr ieiqhwsk ieipstImk auqpirvrqn dI ivSySqw qoN
jwxU krvwauNdw hY [ nwl hI auh keI s`qw inzwmW dy guMJldwr nYtvrk dI g`l krdw hY [ hr
s`qw qy inzwm dUjy nUµ Fwh lwaux leI Aqy kwmuk pRvwh nUµ AnuSwisq krn leI Awpxw
ivigAwnk inAWiek qMqr bxwauNdw hY [ mwnvI dyh iek idRS bx jWdw hY, ijs ’c drswey
kwnUµnW rwhI pRqImwnW AMdr rih ky igAwn dw auqpwdn kIqw jWdw hY [ s`qw dy dwby nUµ
clwaux leI dyh iek nIqI bx jWdI hY qy s`c vI s`qw dw h`QkMfw bx jWdw hY [ PUko dw kihxw
hY ik hr s`qw/rwj sMrcnw AwpxI mwknkI jugq dy ih`sy vjoN Awpxy ivSyS bu`DIjIvI pYdw
krdI hY Aqy iPr iesdy ivroD leI tkrwvIAW jugqW vI GVHdI hY [ PUko mnu`K vwsqy ienHW
ivGnkwrI AnuSwsnI pRxwlIAW qy AOfIpIAl qknIkW dy ivroD ’qy zor idMdw hY [ aus Anuswr
koeI vI ieipstIm swrvBOimk nhIN [ ieh swrvBOimkqwvW smkwlI qwxy bwxy dy sMigAwn
rwhIN qoVIAW jw skdIAW hn [ auh Aqrk qy kwmukqw jo ik pwZlpn qy ivp`Qn dy sroq hn,
rwhIN mukqI dI spys qlwS krdw hY [ PUko dw swpyiKk qy ieiqhws-ivSySI ieipstIm swrvBOimk
qy inrpyKI ieipstImW nUµ cxOqI idMdw hY [ auh bhujoVI smwDwnk nwbrI v`l vI ieSwrw krdw
hY [ PUko dI ies qrHW do qrHW dI mh`qqw bx jWdI hY [ ausdI hr ieiqhwsk dOr dI smJ, jo
ieipstImk auqpirvrqn dI Xogqw rwhIN, ies q`Q ’qy b`l idMdI hY ik ieiqhws qy siBAwcwr
siQr qy Aih`l nhIN huMdy [ PUko dI ilKqW ieh vI d`sdIAW hn ik styt mSInrI nUµ jwiez
Tihrwaux leI dyh iek idRS bx jWdI hY [ ilauqwrd dy kihx Anuswr, ‘‘ienHW nUµ kwlvwcI
auqyjnwvW nwl qoiVAw Aqy ivkyNidRq kIqw jw skdw hY [ jOrj bwq`eI iesnUµ mn`uK dI auh
Kmqw smJdw hY jo ‘vwD’ rwhIN swrIAW sImwvW qoN pwr jWdI hY [’’
jOrj bwq`eI jIvn qy mnu`K nUµ gixq AwDwirq sImq AwriQkqw dI A`K rwhIN dyKx
leI pUMjIvwdI qy qwrikk pRojYktW nUµ bVI qIbrqw nwl ivsQwipq krdw hY [ bwq`eI Anuswr
‘‘mwnvI hoNd vwDU aUrjw dy isDWq ’qy AwDwirq hY, ijsnUµ auh ‘kwmuk bhulqw’ kihMdw hY [’’ aus
Anuswr, ‘‘swry jIvMq mwdy dUjy pRiq kwmuk kwmnw nwl Bry huMdy hn, jo aunHW nUµ sImwvW nUµ pwr
jwx dI AwigAw idMdI hY [ kwmnw dI aUrjw dUjy/hor leI iek sMcwr sµbµD hY [ ieh sMcwr dUjy
leI audoN sB qoN auqm pRgtwvw bxdw hY, jdoN kwmuk aUrjw dUjy v`l vwDU rUp ’c PYldI hY [ ies
vwD nwl sImwvW Awpxy aulMGx dI AwigAw idMdIAW hn [ ies vwDUpn nUµ keI pRojYktW ny
Zlq FMg nwl pirBwiSq kIqw hY [’’ bwq`eI ies AMdrUnI AnuBv nUµ v`Krqw ivclI
AMqrivAwpqw’ kihMdw hY [ dUjy nwl ieh sMcwrI bhulqw jW vwD iksy vI pRojYkt nUµ q`j ky iksy
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vI qrHW dw bildwn dyx dI ie`Cw huMdI hY [ ieh swkwr Ku`lHypn dw swJW sMcwr huMdw hY [ kwmuk
bhulqw sImq AwriQkqw nUµ ivsQwipq krky svY qy dUjy nUµ eIroz dy plW ’c pw idMdI hY ijsnUµ
bwq`eI ‘piv`qr AnuBv’ kihMdw hY [ ies svY dI svwieqqw dw vI smW huMdw hY, ij`Qy swry tYloz
nkwry jWdy hn [ dUjy nwl ieh AMqrIvqw ZYr auqpwdnI aUrjw rwhIN aunHW swrIAW sImwvW nUµ
pwr kr jWdI hY, ij`Qy swry gixq br^wsq ho jWdy hn [ bwq`eI ies vwD nUµ jIvn dI aUrjw
Bwv ZYr auqpwdnI mihmw/SoBw’ kihMdw hY [ ies vwDU aUrjw ny &zUl ^rc hoxw huMdw hY Aqy ieh
isrjxwqmk vI huMdI hY qy qbwhkuMn vI [ bw`qeI dw ivcwr hY ik auqpwdn qy aupBog dI sImq
AwriQkqw ny swnUµ vsqW ’c GtwA id`qw hY [ ies vsqUikRqqw ’coN inklx leI swnUµ iesnUµ
kwmuk sMcwr dy AMqrIvI AnuBv rwhIN ivsQwipq krnw pvygw [ ieh ivsQwpn keI vwr bVw
ihMsk ho jWdw hY [ pr ieh ihMsw jW auQl puQl rwhIN hI guMm cu`kI AMqrivAwpI mihmw nUµ muV
sQwipq kIqw jw skdw hY [ bw`qeI Anuswr ‘‘ieh aUrjw isr& kwmuk bhulqw dy kwivk
pRgtwvy rwhIN hI muV sQwipq kIqI jw skdI hY [’’ aus dw ivSvws hY ik isrjxw dI vwpsI
sImwvW qoN pwr jw ky auQl-puQl qy ivsQwpn rwhIN hI sMBv ho skdI hY [ ieQy ieh d`sxw
mh`qvpUrn hY ik eIroz dI nYiqkqw q`k phuMcx leI bwq`eI vySvwvW dy kol jWdw sI qy aunHW
dy koiTAW nUµ ‘mMidr’ kihMdw sI [
bwq`eI dI ‘srwpy ih`sy’ dI smJ swkwry Ku`lHypn dI sWJI spys rwhIN aUrjw dy ^rc hox ’coN
inklI hY [ jykr ieh vwDU aUrjw mùkg
y I/^rc nhIN hovg
y I qW ies nwl keI ivrUpx pYdw hoxgy [
ijhVIAW brwdrIAW/kOmW ies vwDU aUrjw nUµ ^rc nhIN krdIAW, auh qbwhI pYdw krn
vwlIAW PwiSst bx jWdIAW hn [ dUjy v`l vwD ’c Ku`lHx nwl AsIN dUjy nUµ ausdy AjnbIpn
nwl sivkwr krn dIAW sMBwvnwvW vI KolHdy hW [ bwq`eI vloN GVHy ies vwD dy &ls&y ny
mwnvI hoNd dI bRihmMfI sihj pRivrqI nUµ muV sQwipq kIqw hY [ kwmuk gqISIlqw rwhIN
bwq`eI ny svY qy dUjy nUµ jwiezpn dy pRojYktW qoN mukqI dIAW sMBwvnwvW isrjIAW hn [ bwq`eI
dw mMqv hY ik sbjYkt kwmuk swhmxy nUµ s`qw dy swry sMGrSW rwhIN Ku`lHidlI qy Awrwm nwl
iqAwgx dI pYdw kry [ bw`qeI dIAW ilKqW AnuSwsn dIAW mImwswvW nUµ ivsQwpn krnw
isKwauNdIAW hn [ jykr hr AnuSwsn AwpxI bhuqlw ’c ArQnvwn hY, qW swrIAW sImwvW nUµ
ihMsk FMg nwl qoV ky isrjxw nUµ mUhry ilAWdw jwxw cwhIdw hY [
bwq`eI dI kwmuk bhulqw dI AwriQkqw nwl srUpI mwnvI smJ mwrks qoN v`KrI hY [
mwrks Awpxy aUrjw dy sOVy sMklp q`k hI sImq rihMdw hY [ ieh insicq hI mwnvI jIvn qy
siBAwcwr dy vwD rwhIN rUpWqrx dI bwq`eI vwlI smJ dI kmI hY [ bwq`eI dI mwnvI jIvn ’c
vwD dI iek v`KrI Koj hY [ ieh vwD swrIAW sImwvW nUµ pwr krdI hoeI mwnvI dyh dy eIroz nUµ
inXMqrq krdy swry pRojYktW nUµ q`jdI hY [
iemYnuAl lYvInws cyqnqw qoN pihlW iek v`KrI qrHW dI aUrjw dI g`l krdw hY[
lYvInws dw nYiqkqw dw sMklp drAsl nw ^qm hox vwly dUjy nwl nwl rU-b-rU sMvwd hY [
lYvInws dI mUlkqw dyh dI srIrk jW dYihk pltqw dI Koj krnw hY [ ijl stOPr qy bYltInw
brgo Anuswr, lYvInws qy nIqSy dovyN hI mihsUs krdy hn ik dyh iksy sMigAwn qoN pihlW hI
sMvydnw dw cVHwA AnuBv kr lYNdI hY [ qrk qoN pihlW dw sMvydnw dw auBwr dyh ’c auh vwD
invyS krdw hY, jo cyqnqw dy A`gy A`gy qurdI hY [ ArQ dI vwD kwrqysIAn soc qoN bhuq prHW
jWdI hY [ srIrk cwl hI &Yslwkun cwl huMdI hY, jdoN bMdw Biv`K qy BUq dy pRiqauqr leI
Biv`KlI Xogqw ’c siQq huMdw hY [ lYvInws leI dyihk ptlqw svY nUµ dUjy pRiq izMmyvwrI dI
nYiqkqw ’c sQwipq krdw hY [ srIrk vwD ’c svY inAwiek-sdwcwrk inXmW/kwnUµnW dy
qoVn dy smwnWqr dUjy dI AjnbIAq nUµ sivkwr krn leI pRqIikirAw krdw hY [ ipCly
Rpai bjZpdVw f,Aqg dy>aV
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simAW ’c dyihkqw ny AMqrivAwpI soc nUµ smJx ’c mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBweI hY [ nIqSy,
Prwief qy normn E brwaun ijhy icMqkW qoN pRBwivq PrWissI icMqkW ny dyh nUµ bVy mh`qvpUrn
FMg nwl KoijAw hY [ srIrk aUrjw dw ivcwr bw`qeI dy kwmuk bhulqw dy sMklp dy kw&I krIb
hY ijsny ivvykI pRojYktW nUµ ivsQwipq kIqw [ mwnvI dyh dy AMqrIv bwry ieh mh`qvpUrn Koj
Asl ’c r`b dI mOq qoN bwAd pYdw ^wlI spys nUµ ikvyN Brnw hY, dy pRSn ’coN pYdw hoeI [
sMigAwn qoN pihlW dI dyihk aUrjw byzmIny sbjYkt nUµ Drwql pRdwn krn dw Xqn hY [
lYvInws leI sbjYkt qy dUjw rU-b-rU sMcwr ’c ho ky ivnYXogqw nUµ cuxOqI idMdy hn [ svY qy dUjy
dw imlx ’c Awpxw jgq dUjy nUµ dyx dI Ku`lHidlI dy Aml dI drkwr huMdI hY [ ies imlwp ’c
dUjw ivnyXogqw dw AMdrUnI mwdw nhIN huMdw, blik dUjw Aijhw pRgtwvw huMdw hY, jo srbIkrn
dI AigAw nhIN idMdw [ lYvInws Anuswr, ‘‘srbIikRq ivvykI idRStI dy ivruD BwSw hI sMcwr
dw ieko iek mwiDAm huMdI hY [ lYvInws dI dUjy leI igAwnmUlk izMmyvwrI bhuvcnI hY Aqy
ies ’c srbvwdI idRStI dI koeI QW nhIN huMdI [’’ nIqSy Anuswr, ‘‘ieh jIvn suinsicqqw hY,
jo svY nUµ kwnUµnW qoN pwr jwx dI iejwzq idMdI hY [ AMqr-ivS`Ak jIvn SkqIAW jIvn dI
bhuvcnqw dw jSn mnwaux leI sImwvW nUµ lgwqwr qoVdIAW hn [’’
vIhvIN sdI ’c sQwnk dy ih`qW ’c v`fw cVHwA AwieAw [ kuJ mwnv ivigAwnIAW dy
Coty siBAwcwrW ^ws krky APrIkw Aqy eySIAw dy AiDAYnW ny sQwnk mImWswvW, ieiqhwsW
Aqy siBAwcwrW nUµ muV pRvcn ’c vwips ilAWdw [ mYlInovskI, mOs, lYvI strws, ivktr
trnr v`loN kIqy mwnv ivigAwnk AiDAYnW ny ieh sQwipq kIqw ik AwpxIAW siBAwcwrk
v`KrqwvW kwrx APrIkI qy eySIAweI siBAwcwrW nUµ v`KrIAW sMrcwnwvW vjoN smiJAw jwxw
cwhIdw hY [
pUMjIvwdI dy bsqIvwdI qy swmrwjvwdI dOr ’c sQwnk kbzy qy pRqIroD dovW dw sQwn
bx igAw [ pr ^ws qy srvBOimk ivcly tkrwv ny AwpxI BwSw, im`Q Aqy piv`qr dy pRvwh
nwl inrpyKI cOKitAW nUµ ivsQwipq krnw SurU kr id`qw [ bhusiBAwcwrk AnuBvW dy AMqrjoV
ny plYtOink srvBOimkqw nUµ ivsQwipq krnw SurU kIqw Aqy Asrbs`qwvwdI spys nUµ auBwr
pRdwn kIqw [ ivSvk qy sQwnk ’c smJOqy dy Xqn Aqy ‘ivSvI soco qy sQwnk kro’ dy nwAry
PylH ho gey [ pr iesny iek byislislI klpnw isrjI, jo srvBOimk pYrwfweImW ’c simlq
hox qoN ienkwrI sI, lyikn ieh dUjy nwl sMvwd leI Ku`lHI sI [ ies siQqI ’c klIPrf grItz
ijhy mwnv ivigAwnI ny ‘sQwnk igAwn’ dI smJ ivksq kIqI [ auh AwpxI ikqwb 'Local
Knowledge' ’c d`sdw hY ik igAwn sQwnk rUp ’c QwipAw huMdw hY Aqy ieh Awpxy sMdW Aqy
cOKitAW qoN Al`g nhIN kIqw jw skdw [ grItz sQwnk BwSw, ichnW Aqy piv`qr dI swmijk
pRsMgIkrnqw dI mMg krdw hY [ sQwnk AwpxI ^ws BwSw, im`Q Aqy ivcwr pRbMDW ’c hI
Awpxw Awp pRgtwauNdw hY [ grItz ny ieh smJ jwvw, bwlI qy mOrk
` o siBAwcwrW dI ivAwiKAw
kridAW ivksq kIqI [ ausny keI SbdW/ichnkW ijvyN bwiqn/lyAr (bwhrI/AMdrUnI), rwhIN
smwijk pRsMgIkrnqw nUµ sp`St kIqw [ bwiqn dyh qoN Al`g AiDAwqmkqw dw hvwlw nhIN
hY, pr ieh bMdy dI Bwvuk jIvn dw pRgtwvw hY [ auh keI hor SbdW, ijvyN-lyk, insbw, dw
izkr krdw hY, jo ik Awpxy ArQ smwijk pRsMg ’coN gRihx krdy hn [ ieh Sbd smwijk
jIvn dy smu`cy pYtrnW dw ih`sw hn [ ieh siBAwcwr smwijk sMgTnW dy mozyk isstm hn,
ijnHW dI ivAwiKAw swr BOimkqw qoN nhIN ho skdI [ AwpxI ivSyS BwSw Aqy AnuSTwnW rwhIN
sQwnk nw imtx vwlIAW siBAwcwrk ivSySqwvW ’qy b`l idMdw hY [ ieMJ sQwnk iksy vI
AOfIpIAl ZwlbI qwxy bwxy ivru`D sbwltrn pRqIroD dI spys bx jWdw hY [ sQwnk nUµ
siBAwcwrk mh`qqw dI spys vjoN smJxw iek Aijhw Xqn hY, jo nw isr& siBAwcwr dI
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ryKkI iviAwiKAw nUµ muV pirBwiSq krdw hY, blik ausnUµ AMqrrwStrI idRS ’c vI smJx dw
pRXws hY [ sQwnk dIAW siBAwcwrk ^wsIAqW ny swrIAW inrpyKI srvBOimkqwvW nUµ cxOqI
id`qI [ ieh cxOqIAW rwjnIqk ivcwrW ijvyN- mOPy qy lwklE dy ivcwrW ’c vI swhmxy
AweIAW [
Alwn ilE AwpxI ikqwb 'Local Transcendence' ’c nvIN qrHW dw ‘sMXogI/FoeI
kwiv-Swsqr’ ivksq krdw hY [ nvyN/auqr AwDuink ieiqhwsvwd dI ivAwiKAw kridAW,
auh ies nUµ ihkwieq kihMdw hY jo ‘byqk
u IAW insic`qqwvW Aqy insicq byqk
u IAW dw ivroDwBws’
hY [ ieiqhws nUµ iF`ly AMqW qy SurUAwqW dw sµbµDkI sUcnWvI AwDwr dw ieiqhws smiJAw igAw
hY [ ilE sMXogI ieiqhwsvwd nUµ insic`qqwvW Aqy ieiqhws ’qoN plwiex dI smwnWqr kRIVw
dw moNqwj kihMdw hY [ ieh gMuJl sMBwvnwvW dy dUjy KyqrW dI Koj dI spys idMdI hY [ ilE dI
sUcnWvI AwDwr dI phuMc auqr-mwrksvwd Aqy sUcnw qknIk dw imSrx hY [ ausny ieiqhws
nUµ smyN, spys, qknOlojI Aqy sUcnw dy bhuprqI ivsQwpn ’c siQq kIqw, ijs ’c sbjYkt
Awpxy ieiqhws nwl juiVAw vI hY Aqy ausy qrHW aus qoN bcwE dw rwh vI loVdw hY [ auqrAwDuink Aqy auqr audXogI qknIkvwd ny ieiqhws dI ryKkI smJ dw AMq kr id`qw hY [
auqr-AwDink ieiqhwsvwd tkrwvI Aqy bhuprqI hY, jo iksy tYloz rwhIN nhIN c`ldw [ ieh
fobU vI hY qy siBAwcwr nUµ ies qoN bcx dI AwigAw vI idMdw hY [ ieh siBAwcwrW nUµ ieiqhws
nwl juVn dI Ku`lH vI idMdw hY Aqy ies qoN mukq vI krdw hY [ A`j ieiqhws AwpxI ZYrhwzrI
qy mOq ’c ijaUNdw hY [ ieiqhws byqk
u IAW ivsQwpnwvW Aqy ZYrhwzrI rwhIN pRgtwieAw jw irhw
hY [ ivSySqw Awpxw Awp AivSySqIkrn rwhIN ivAkq krdI hY [ ilE ny Awpxw sMXogI
kwiv-Swsqr eI.AYP kof dy AweI. bI. AYm. ’c kIqy kwrj ’qy AwDwirq kIqw hY [ kof dI
sµbµDkI ivDI BOiqk Aqy qwrikk sUcnw inrBrqw qoN pwr jWdI hY [ blik ieh qW sµbµDkI
Aljbry ’qy AwDwirq hY [ sµbµDkI ivDI sUcnw nUµ XQwrQ vloN TosI sImW qoN mukq krdI hY [ kof
dI sUcnw AwDwirq ivDI nvIAW sMBwvnwvW dI Koj hY [ jdoN ieh ivDI sONdrXI Aml ’c
Anuvwidq huMdI hY, ijvyN ik ilE ny vrzvrQ dI rcnw 'Prelude' dI ivAwiKAw kridAW
kIqI qW ieh pwT dI auh ivAwiKAw ho inbVdI hY, jo ies nwl k`svyN sµbµDW ’c nhIN b`JI huMdI [
ieh AMqr/kwtvIN siBAwcwrk qy AMqrAnuSwsnI ho skdI hY [ ilE Anuswr, ‘‘ieiqhws isr&
swfIAW sMXogI qy AwphudrIAW ivAwiKAweI siQqIAW qoN ivAwiKAwieAw jwxw cwhIdw hY, jo
sMXogI klpnw leI QW pRdwn krdw hY [’’ ilE dw ieh sUcnw qy auqr AwDuink ieiqhws dw
Koj BrpUr imSrx kwivSwsqr qy swihqk ichn nUµ muV Kojx ’c mdd krdw hY [ jykr ieiqhws,
siBAwcwr Aqy swihqk pwT nUµ ilE dy sMXog qoN smiJAw jwvy qW inrpyKI insic`qqwvW leI
koeI QW nhIN rih jWdI [ Awpxy isDWq qy ivhwr ’c swihqk ichn dw ienHW byquky sMXogW Aqy
dyh qy siBAwcwr dI vwD rwhIN mnn kIqw jWdw hY [ ieh vwD dI swimAk pRiqin`Dqw dw nvW
Avqwr hY [
ilE dI ieiqhws dI smJ tkrwvI hY Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk q`qW dI iF`l dw sMXg
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jo ik AOfIpIAlIikRq hox qoN ienkwrI hY [
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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167
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 167-177)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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168
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
169
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170
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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sMvwd-04
171
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
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174
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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175
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julweI-dsµbr
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1.
16.
17!
18.
Edward Said, The Edward Said Reader, (eds.) Moustafe Bayomi, Andrew Rubin, New
York, Vintage Books, 2000, p. 64-65
Edward Said, Orientalism, London, Penguin, 1991, p. 253
Ibid, p. 228
Oh, East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stand
presently at God's great Judgment Seat; 'Rudyard Kipling' John McGivering (June 27,
2010). "Notes on "The Ballad of East and West". The New Readers' Guide to the works of
Rudyard Kipling (The Kipling Society). Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Dennis Porter, Orientalism and its Problems in 'The Politics of Theory', (eds.) Peter
Hulme, Margaret Ivason, Diane Loxley, Colchester, University of Essex, 1983, p.180.
e'fg y.s Vji.e@ l.iyVjrjs@ Rpail.iyVjrjs ba[ fPiWg wjdr Ljlai@ bVp! ueWgi dl>z@
VrgG dsKvg@ ljdha bwjs[qg@ 2002@ f>! 434!
quoted in Gurbhagat Singh, Western Poetics and Eastern Thought, Delhi, Ajanta
Publications, p. 6
Ibid, p. 6
Ibid, p. 6-7
Ibid, p. 7
Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, Doctrine and Dynamics of Sikhism, Patiala, Punjabi University,
2001, pp. 15-18
LWsjio epip e+.o ljdhW@ \f'og y"og|@ b.dq+ali@ L+'qSg epispbjij f+W.Zw wq[Bg@ 2002@ f>!
1059!
Mohammed, Akomolafe Akinola, A Critique of Descartes' Mind-Body Dualism. http:/
/www.kritike.org/journal/issue_11/mohammed_june2012.pdf
lpts[r dl>z@ f>ujWg wdraj^ fpVil.rjs@ y.cgeC%@ v'wega f+wjLV@ 1984@ f>! 58!
Ram Nath Sharma, History of Westren Philosophy, Kedar Nath Ram Nath Publications,
2002, p. 40.
Ibid. p.122.
epiyiV dl>z biLg@ lqgdtbj ds+LBgbJ@ VrgG dsKvg@ bjilg fWvgw[LV@ f>! 63!
Quoted in Wihelm Halfbass, India and Europe, New Delhi, Moti Lal Banarsi Dass
186
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5.
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12!
13.
14!
15!
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19.
20.
21!
22.
23!
24!
25!
26!
27!
28!
29!
Publications, 1990, p. 402.
Ibid, 167.
Gilles Delueuze, Felix Guttri, Anti Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Tr. Hurle,
Seem, Lane, The Anthlole Press, London, 1984, p. 145.
LWsjio epiP e+.o ljdhW@ f>! 663!
Gurbhagat Singh, Western Poetics and Eastern Thought, p. 9
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 188-192)
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ie`k pwsy ‘ieMfIAw' dw AmIr m`D-vrg hoNd ivc AwieAw Aqy dUsry pwsy ‘grIb Bwrq' ivc
vsx vwly byshwrw grIb, byruzgwr qy imhnqkS lok rih gey[ ienHW v`K-v`K vrgW dy AwpsI
tkrwE nUµ rokx Aqy lok-sMGrSW nUµ dbwaux vwly kwly-kwnUµn vI ies dOr ivc lwgU hoey [ ies
smyN dOrwn hI bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW, pUMjIpqIAW, vpwrIAW Awid nUµ is`Dy ivdySI invyS dI mnzUrI
id`qI geI [ keI jnqk AdwirAW nUµ srmweydwrI kol kOfIAW dy BwA vyc id`qw igAw [ ies
kwly-kwrobwr ivcoN swfy bhuq swry nyqwvW ny v`fw kimSn qy ihsydwrI pRwpq kIqI [ rylvy Aqy
hor Aihm jnqk AdwirAW ivc pRweIvyt pwrtnriSp dy nW 'qy isDy pMUjI invyS nUµ vDw id`qw
igAw [ imswl dy qOr 'qy bImW Kyqr ivc AY~P.fI.AweI 26 pRqISq qoN vDw ky 49 pRqISq kr
id`qw igAw [ pRcUn Kyqr, mIfIAw qy POj Awid ivc vI AY`P fI. AweI nUµ vDwaux leI pUrIAW
KulHW dy id`qIAW geIAW [ is`ty vjoN swfy kudrqI swDnW, vpwr, Anwj, BMfwrW, KyqI-bwVI,
nOjvwn SkqI, qknIk, srmwey Awid 'qy ivdySI SkqIAW kwbz hox leI XqnSIl hox
l`gIAW [ ies qoN ielwvw AMqr-rwStrI mudrw koS, jo A`q-AmIr mulkW dy v`fy bYNkW dy ihqW dw
pUrk hY, pihlW hI krzy dy boJ hyT dby Bwrq nUµ nvIAW SrqW 'qy krzy dyx l`gw [ Bwrq aupr
ijauN-ijauN ieh krzw v`D irhw hY iqauN-iqauN aus dIAW sUrqW vI s^q huMdIAW jw rhIAW hn [
190
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
swfIAW srkwrW 'qy jnqk KricAW qy sbisfIAW 'qy hor k`t lgwaux leI dbwA pwieAw jw
irhw hY [ hux qW krzw dyx vwlIAW v`fIAW ivqI qy vpwrk sMsQwvW isDy jW AisDy qOr 'qy
srkwrW bxwaux, qoVn Aqy nvIAW nIqIAW qy AKOqI lok lihrW nUµ GVn ivc l`gIAW
hoeIAw hn [ ienHW sMsQwvW ivc AMqr-rwStrI mudrw koS qoN ielwvw ivSv-bYNk, ivSv-vpwr
sMgTn, AMqr-rwStrI smJOiqAW leI bxI sMsQw E.eI.sI.fI. Awid Swiml hn [ ieh sMsQwvW
AmrIkw Aqy hor A`q-AmIr mulkW duAwrw kMtrol kIqIAW jWdIAW hn [
ivSvIkrn dIAW nIqIAW dy dbwA hyT swfIAW srkwrW ny ijQy smwijk KricAW ivc
byh`d ktOqI kIqI au~Qy audXoigk-sMsQwvW dw Kwqmw, vpwrk bMdSW ivc ktOqI Aqy mwlI
ktOqIAW dy nwl-nwl ivdySI AdwiegIAW qy Awmdn qoN vI kMtrol htw ilAw hY [ ies sB
kwsy ny ivSv mMfI dy mwlkW dIAW SkqIAW nUµ hor SkqISwlI bxwaux ivc Aihm rol Adw
kIqw hY [ ies dy ault swfy smwj ivc rwjkI srmwey dw d^l nWh dy brwbr hoieAw hY [ swfy
mulk ivc nvyN pYdw kIqy gey mOikAw rwhIN iv`qI-pUMjI dy ruqby nUµ au~cw cu`kx dy Xqn hoey hn [
AY~P.fI.AweI qy iv`qI-pUMjI ny swfy dysI audXog dy ih`qW nUµ v`fy p`Dr 'qy Fwh lweI hY [ is`ty vjoN
mulk ivc s`tw-bzwrW dw bolbwlw hoieAw hY [ iv`qI-pUMjI dy mwlkW ny Awpxw pYsw auqpwdn
ivc lgwaux dI bjwey s`tw bwzwrW ivc lgwauxw SurU kIqw hoieAw hY, ij`Qy SyArW dw vpwr
huMdw hY [ ies qoN ielwvw iv`qI-pUMjI dy mwlkW ny AwpxI pUMjI krzy Aqy ivdySI mudrw vtWdry
ivc lgwauxI AwrMB hoeI hY [ ies dy PYlwE nwl swfy vrgy ivkwsSIl mulkW dI rwjkI pUMjI
suMgVn l`gI hY [ ies kwrn swfy audXoigk Kyqr Aqy ruzgwr nUµ gihrw Jtkw l`gw hY [ ijauNijauN iv`qI-pUMjI dI dunIAW Br ivc srdwrI kwiem ho rhI hY iqauN-iqauN ies ny Bwrq vrgy
mulkW ivc iv`q-mu`KI swSn dw rwh vI p`Drw ho irhw hY [ iv`q-mu`KI Swsn ny ArQivvsQw
ivcly auqpwdn Aqy inrp`K vMf dw ivroD krnw AwrMB kIqw hY [ ies qrHW iv`qI-pUMjI ny
srkwrW nUµ aunHW dIAW buinAwdI izMmyvwrIAW qoN dUr kr id`qw [ ieho kwrn sI ik Bwrq ivc
ivSvIkrn dIAW nIqIAW qoN bwAd audXogIkrn nw-mwqr hoieAw Aqy byrz
u gwrI ivc byieMqhw
vwDw hoieAw [ ienHW pRsiQqIAW dw lwB au~Tw ky Aqy kwrporyt qy iv`qI-pUMjI dI mdd nwl modI
srkwr s`qw ivc AweI hY [ modI srkwr ny AwauNidAW hI mYnUPYkcirMg 'qy zor idMidAW ‘myk ien
ieMfIAw' rwhIN BwrqI audXog ivc nvIN rUh PUkx dw As&l Xqn kIqw [
A`j jdoN AsIN ivSvIkrn dy smùcy vrqwry 'qy nzr mwrdy hW qW AsIN vyKdy hW ik Awpxy
AMdrUnI qrk Aqy AMqr-ivroDW kwrn ivSvIkrn ies smyN Gor sMkt ivc Ps cu`kw hY [ kyvl
Bwrq ivc hI nhIN sgoN pUrI dunIAW ivc ies smyN AwriQk, smwijk, siBAwcwrk, isAwsI
gYr-brwbrIAW v`D rhIAW hn [ Bwrq ivc vI ivSvIkrn Awm lokW nUµ auh lwB phuMcwaux
ivc As&l irhw hY ijs dy vwAdy auh lgwqwr krdw Aw irhw hY [ BwrqI mMfIAW dy drvwzy
Kolx qoN bwAd nw qW auqpwdn ivc kwrjkuSlqw AweI hY, nw hI aupjW ivc vwDw hoieAw hY
Aqy nw hI BwrqI ArQcwrw ivkws dy nvyN idsh`ØidAW nUµ Coh sikAw hY [ ies dy ault BwrqI
ArQcwrw hyTW v`l jw irhw hY [ pMjwb vrgI AmIr pRWq dI AwriQkqw vI lVKVw cu`kI hY [
iesy qrHW hor keI pRWqW dI AwriQkqw dw burw hwl hY [ ies vyly swfy mulk dy iek ivSys smUh
nUµ C`f ky bwkI jn-smUh nUµ jIvn inrbwh dy lwly pey hoey hn [ swfy mulk dy bhu-igxqI lok
ijauNdy rihx leI vI j`do-jihd kr rhy hn [ mnu`KI jW jmhUrI AiDkwr ienHW qoN kohW dUr hn [
ies smyN Bwrq dw drjw mwnv-ivkws irport Anuswr dunIAW dy 177 ivkwsSIl qy grIb
mulkW ivcoN 127 vW sQwn hY [ ies qrHW AsIN bMglw dyS, pwiksqwn sihq sRIlMkW qoN vI nIvyN
p`Dr 'qy phuMc cu`ky hW [ pYNfU ielwikAW ivc rihx vwly grIbW dI hwlq bd qoN bdqr ho cu`kI
hY [ ivSvIkrn dI pRikirAW ny ijQy ikswnI dw aujwVw kIqw hY auQy AMn-dwqy nUµ rozI-rotI dy
drLrgwiV sj l.wB
sMvwd-04
191
swDnW qoN vI mihrUm kr id`qw hY [ ies sB kwsy ivc dilq Kyq-mzdUr Aqy smu`cw dilq
BweIcwrw sB qoN v`D ivSvIkrn dI mwr hyT AwieAw hY [ srkwrW dI Sih 'qy bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW
AKOqI ivkws dy nW 'qy ikswnW, Awid-vwsIAW Awid qoN zmInW Koh rhIAW hn [
ivSvIkrn ny swfIAW srkwrW dI BUimkw nUµ kOmI qy bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW dy eyjMt bxn
qk mihdUd kr id`qw hY [ swfIAW srkwrW rwStrI qy AMqr-rwStrI AmIr qbikAW v`loN
iqAwr kIqy pRqImwnw nUµ pRvwn krky, ienHW nUµ Aml ivc ilAwaux dw isrqoV Xqn kr
rhIAW hn [ ienHW pRqImwnW dw pwlx kridAW swfIAW srkwrW ishq qy isiKAw dI byhqrI,
mzdUrW dy kMm krn dy hwlwq suDwrn Awid vrgy smwijk mùØidAW qoN mUMh Pyr cùkIAW hn [ ies
dOr ivc srkwrW lokW nwl v`fy-v`fy vwAdy kr ky s`qw ivc AwauNdIAW hn pr ie`k vwr s`qw
ivc Awaux qoN bwAd auh ienHW vwAidAW nUµ inBwaux ivc kwmXwb nhIN huMdIAW [ Bwrq ivc
isr& kyNdrI srkwrW ny hI nhIN blik pRWqk srkwrW ny vI AwpxI sm`rQw dy bwvjUd smwijk
sYktr ivc lwgqwr ktOqIAW kIqIAW hn [ ies dy bwvjUd swfIAW srkwrW Bwrq nUµ ‘mhWSkqI' bxwaux leI A`fI cotI dw zor lgw rhIAW hn [ pihlW vI srkwrW duAwrw kdy
‘SwieinMg ieMfIA' vrgy supnmeI nwAry bulMd kIqy jw cu`ky hn [ Aijhy nwAry BwrqI lokW
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sMvwd-04
192
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193
sMvwd-04
dHlaigar ba[ fpiLar u{Gci bdZb{V sgbJ s' qh,arfPiV
wCgbJ hV m Vjigrjsg bdZb{ V sg v. W g y, v g fi. f ij lswj
#dHlaigar$ \Femininity| LWs ba[ l.wvf ldhu[ hg lqN bj uJsj
h{ m ljZjiV bioJ dry dHlaig Vjv u'C[ uJs[ v,ASJ dur[G dfbji@
dVqiaj@ ldhuaj@ w'qvaj bjds s[ u'C } dHlaigar dwhj uJsj h{ m
Femininity s[ lqjVJai drLr f,Zi $a[ Masculinity LWs f+y,Ddva
h{ m dHl LWs } f>ujWg dry blgG #fpiLar$ sg l.debj ds,ag h{ m dur[G
dHlaig s[ drL[L v,ASJ } dHlaigar dwhj uJsj h{ Rpl[ ai%J bjsqg
s[ epSJ-v,ASJ } fpiLar sj Vjq ds,aj uJsj h{ m fpiLar s[ b>aiea
bjRpGs[ v,AS dur[G wn'iaj@ lpc"vaj@ ajwa@ a[;g@ w+'Z bjds fpiL s[
fpiL h'S sg hjqg Fis[ hV m Rph epS u' bjsqg } b"ia a'G r,tig
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ai%J f>uJ fJcrJ } f"ipL uJ fpiLjio sg dqljv q>dVbj uJsj h{ m dHV%J
fjaiJ } RpKaq/dWhaigV fpiLJ sg L+[Sg dry i,Ddtbj uJsj h{ m dHV%J
s[ epSJ s[ q,s[-V;i blgG fpiLar } lqN lws[ hJ m dHh fpiL Lwag
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f+agdW.W hV m dHV%J } dqvj w[ u[ s[tgH[ aJ Vi/fpiL sg u' alrgi
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sgbJ dqljvJ ru'G RpKaq dHlaigbJ lgaj@ lag@ s+f
' sg bjds } s[dtbj
uj lwsj h{ m f>ujWg dry #dHlaigar$ LWs sg apvVj dry #fpiLar$
LWs Vjv ujS-fAjS bu[ VrgG h{ m dHh LWs bjfSg v.WjHg lswj
RpyjiV dry rg tBwsj h{ m dHl s[ RpyjiV sg b"dtbjHg ba[ dHl
Vjv ujS-fAjS sg wqg lswj dHl Wji[ e,v wiVg b"tg ba[ bV'tg
duhg vesg h{ m dHl b"t } sPi wiV vHg #fpiLar$ LWs } #qisar$
uJ #q{lwpdvdVBg$ rg dwhj uj lwsj h{ m
#fpiLar$ Wji[ e,v wiV uJ dHl sg dH,w lf,LB alrgi WSjRpS
dry b"t bjRpGsg h{ m dHl b"t sj r,cj wjiS h{ dw blgG fpiLJ sg e,v
wiV s[ bjsg VhgG hJ m dHl Wji[ W'vS-lpSV sg fdhvJ ws[ Vj aJ
v'C fHg ba[ Vj hg lW,W WdSbj m rghrgG lsg s[ V,W[r[G shjw[ dry
Vjigrjsg bdZb{V dry Rph fCjb bjRpGsj h{ us'G u{Gci } lqju ba[
ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 193-199)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
ldFbjyji sg dliuSj q>dVbj ujS v,Ddebj m1 dHl lq[G Vjigrjsg dy.awJ V[ dHlaigar/
Vjigar } b"ia sg wpsiag f+jfag q>VS a'G dHVwji wgaj lg m lgq"V sj woV@ #b"ia f{sj
VhgG hp.sg@ dliug uJsg h{$ dHh ZjiVj Vjigrjsg bdZb{V s[ blqjV dry eP.usg h{ m dHl sj
bio dHh h{ dw Vjig s[h dry uqJsiP hg wq;'i@ hgS@ dViqjS h'S duh[ v,AS q"uPs VhgG hV m
b"ia fdirji ba[ lqju dry idh w[ dHlaigar s[ v,ASJ } dl,tsg h{ m dqljv s[ a"i $a[
vCwg } vCdwbJ sg ai%J Fjig ?pijw v{S ba[ wlia wiV a'G riudsbJ bjq hg dwhj uJsj
h{@ #aP. dwhCj q,vgG zpvSj$ m dHl[ ai%J i,tCg sj daRphji vCwg b>si bdhljl f{sj wisj h{ dw
Rph lr{-i,Ddtbj vHg f+jZgV h{ m dHh f+ryV vCwg } vCw[ qpwjWv[ wq;'i WSjRpS ba[
dstjRpS r,v ipdya hV m dHl ai%J vCwg sg dliuSj dry bV[wJ dq,oJ@ dl,DdtbjrJ@ irjdHaJ
drL[L FPdqwj dVFjRpGsgbJ hV m fAjS sg dliuSj sg dHl ds+LBg V[ hg fpiLar } lqju sg
f{sjrji q>V[ ujS sj dryji f{sj wgaj h{ m Vjigrjsg dy.awJ V[ dHh dryji RpFjdibj dw
bjsqg Vjv u'Cg uJsg RpKaqaj/f"ipL/fpiLjio rg bjsqg sg wpsiag f+jfag VhgG h{ m dHh
df,ai-l,aj ba[ qVp,t s[ dHdahjlw drwjl sg s[S h{ m Vjigar rJe hg fpiLar sj f+Fjrg
liPf wpsiag ba[ ldoi VhgG h{ m2 dHl y[aVj V[ Vjig-dy.awJ } fpiLar l.W.Zg t'u sj ijh
dstjdHbj h{ m
fpiLar s[ bdZb{V l.W.Zg LpiPbjag lq,Ddlbj h{ m #fpiLar$ LWs ljZjiS iPf dry V;i
VhgG bjRpGsj ] m dHh q"uPs aJ h{ fi H[Vj ldhu ba[ ujdSbj-fAjdSbj h{ dw dHl r,v dZbjV
hg VhgG uJsj ] m igli bVplji fpiLar #bdy.V%a$ \Unmarked) idh>sj h{ m3 dHl a'G RpvB
dHlaigar #dy.Va
% $ \Marked| L+S
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fpiLar WjWa yp,f } Wiwiji i,Ddtbj uJsj h{ m dHl df,A[ FjrVj dHh w.q wisg h{ dw fpiLar
aJ f+ZjV h{ m dHl sg dwl[ sPli[ drhji Vjv w'Hg apvVj VhgG h{ m dHl vHg dHl Wji[ W'vS sg
;iPia VhgG h{ m
fpiL ba[ fpiLar } V[q ru'G lrgwjidsbJ dHlaigar } lq,Ddlbje+la eisjdVbj
ba[ f+yjdibj uJsj h{ m qisjrgG s[h dry fpiLar s[ v,ASJ sj lqjr[L ba[ dHl sg dHlaig
qpwjWv[ RpKyaj lqjduw V[q WSj w[ f[L wgag uJsg h{ m dHh V[q b{Vj lpFjdrw f[L wgaj uJsj
h{ dw dHl } dw.aP VhgG wgaj uJsj m4 sPu[ fjl[ ljig yiyj dHlaig s[h Vjv u'Cg uJsg hgSaj
$a[ w[Gds+a h' uJsg h{ m dHh lrjv RpnjRpS sg WujdH dw Vi } RpKaq dwRpG ba[ dwr[G dwhj
debj h{@ ljig yiyj Vi sg RpKyaj } lrgdw+a/ldhu ujS w[ Vjig-qpwag s[ f+ryV $a[
w[Gds+a h' uJsg h{ m ds+L ba[ ds+LBg sj ljij fjlji fpiL } fjl[ wi dHlaig Vjv u'Cg uJsg
yiyj s[ hrjv[ h' uJsj h{ m VagujaV@ dHlaig } s[h s[ sjdHi[ dry lq[B ds,aj uJsj h{ m qis
} dsqje/l,aj sj Zjiw WSj s[h s[ sjdHi[ y'G Wjhi wi ds,aj uJsj h{ m s'r[G hg ldoagbJ b,a
sgbJ lPyw hV m dHw } s[h a,w ba[ sPu[ } s[h a'G fji lojfa wiV sg f+dwdibj FjLj@ lqju
ba[ ldFbjyji sgbJ f+ryVqptg zjC%aJ bjli[ ldhu[ hg y,vsg idh>sg h{ m
fpiLar ba[ dHlaigar l.W.Zg f[Lwjig sg ijuVgag } wj`wj spbjij f+lapa #Before
the law$ sg ds+LBg a'G lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m dHl ds+LBg sj Fjr-bio l.t[f dry dHh
dVwvsj h{ dw wj}V s[ sirj;[ $a[ tC%g dZi blv dry wj}V sg l,aj } fdif,w wisg h{ m5
dHlaig ba[ fpiL s[ qjqv[ dry rg bduhj hg rjfisj h{ m dHlaig-rie r,v'G us'G tps vHg
WijWig sg ephji vejHg uJsg h{ aJ bdl,Z[ iPf dry dHl Vjv qis sj dHlaig a'G RpKyj ipaWj
lojdfa h' uJsj h{ m dHl ai%J dHlaig ba[ dHlaigar sg Vwjijaqw f+dl,Zg fpiLar } V[q
ru'G lojdfa wisg h{ m dHl a'G dHh a,o RpKFisj h{ dw fpiLar dHlaigar Vjv dri'Z a'G dWV%J
194
sMvwd-04
ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
h'GsLgv VhgG h' lwsj m6 dHl sg vpwrgG h'Gs WSjHg i,tS vHg hg dHlaigar } lq,Ddlbje+la
iPf dry f[L wgaj uJsj h{ m
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lq[G sj rhjb ba[ bVpwPv ldoagbJ s[ q,s[-V;i fpiLar sj iPf dH>Vj fdif,w h' debj h{ dw
dHh #wpsiag$ V;i bjRpGsj h{ m dHl sj dHh #wpsiagfS$ hg blv dry dHl } lrjvJ ba[
dB,fSgbJ s[ z[i[ dry'G Wjhi v{ uJsj h{ m #wpsiagfS$ wjiV hg lqju ba[ ldFbjyji fpiLar
Vjv sPhi[ diLa[ dry W,N[ idh>s[ hV m dHh dHw sPli[ } dlius[ rg hV ba[ Rpl } duRpGs[/
dVFjRpGs[ rg hV m7 dliuS@ duRpS ba[ dVFjRpS sg f+dwdibj fpiL s[h $a[ bli-b>sj; hp.sg
h{ m fpiL s[h a[ zdCbj h'dHbj #fpiLar$ bjdHs wgaj uJsj h{ m Wjv \vCw[| w'v fpiLar a'G
dWV%J w'Hg LwagLjvg Wsv q"uPs VhgG idhS ds,aj uJsj m fpiLar } Rpl s[ ljhqS[ ;iPig
WSjdHbj uJsj h{ m fpiLar } dHlaigar s[ qpwjWv[ RpKaq silj w[ Wjv \vCw[| } dHl r,v
bjwidLa rg wgaj uJsj h{ m dHlaigar sj dryji blv dry fpiLar s[ fAjS l.siF dry
Rps{ hp.sj h{ m dHl Vjv fpiLar fdif,w hp.sj h{ m
fpiLar sg fAjS l.W.Zg ds+LBg B"c igli (Todd Reeser) spbjij lpNjHg eHg h{ m igli
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196
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9!
198
Victoria Robinson, “Men, Masculinities and Feminism,” Gender and Women’s
Studies, Diane Richardson and Victoria Robinson (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan,
2008, Third edition, New York, p. 58
Ibid, p. 59
Todd W. Reeser, Masculinities in Theory, Wiley-Blackwell, U.,., 2010, p. 8
“Maculinity is, in effect, defined as non-femininity...In the semiotic opposition
of masculinity and femininity, masculinity is the unmarked term, the place of
symbolic authority. The phallus is master-signifier, and femininity is symbolically
defined by lack.” R.W. Connell, Masculinities, University of California Press,
Berkeley, 1995, Second edition 2005, p. 70
Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, Routledge, New York, First Indian Reprint, 2012,
“Preface (1999)”, p. xv
Connell, Masculinities, p. 68
Ibid, p. 25
Reeser, p. 1
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sMvwd-04
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julweI-dsµbr
2016
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
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WjWa dHl dryji } fia-si-fia RpzjCV sj IaV wgaj h{ m
Connell, p. 48
“Anthony Easthope in What a Man’s Gotta Do surveys issues and in easily able to
demonstrate how men’s bodies are being defined as masculine in the imagery of
advertising, film and news report.” ibid, p. 50
Connell, p. 45
Ibid, p. 47
Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, p. xv
Connell, p. 56
Ibid, p. 76-81
Ibid, p. 109
Ibid, p. 159-163
Reeser, p. 11
²
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>. 200-208)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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202
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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206
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ISSN : 2395-1273
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 209-217)
julweI-dsµbr
2016
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(pMjwbI) dw nW drj hY [ BwrqI sMivDwn v`loN mwnqw pRwpq Aqy pRvwinq hox qoN ielwvw ieh
pMjwb dI rwj BwSw vI hY [ ArQwq kwnUµnI jW sMivDwnk nukqw-ingwh qoN ies nUµ pMjwb dI
srkwrI BwSw hox dw mwx hwsl hY [ cOQw qrk ieh hY ik pMjwb dy swry skUlW AMdr pMjwbI nUµ
lwzmI qOr 'qy pVwaux dw kwnUµn/ib`l, pMjwb dI ivDwn sBw v`loN pws kIqw jw cu`kw hY [
aucyrI is`ØiKAw leI pMjwbI nUµ mwiDAm bxwaux dI vI pUrI Ku`lH hY [ pMjvW mn nUµ mohx vwlw
qrk ieh hY ik pMjwbI gIq-sMgIq dI smu`cy Bwrq Aqy sMswr ivc pUrI cVHql hY [ ies dI gUMj
cwry pwsy PYl rhI hY [
pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI BwSw, smwj Aqy siBAwcwr dI dSw Aqy idSw bwry dUjI iksm dI
rwie pihlI nwloN iblkul iBMn hY [ ivhwrk, sm`gr Aqy fUMGI smJ 'qy AwDwirq ieh dUsrI
pRkwr dI rwie ies g`l nUµ mMnx leI iblkul iqAwr nhIN ik kbUqr dy A`KW mIt ky bYT jwx
nwl ib`lI dI hoNd jW aus dw Kqrw Kqm ho jwvygw [ ies Anuswr ies smyN pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI
BwSw dI AxdyKI jW bykdrI dw ruJwn pUry zorW 'qy hY [ g`lIN-bwqIN Aqy isDWqk p`Dr 'qy BwvyN
pMjwbI nUµ ptrwxI d`ØisAw jw irhw hY pr AslIAq ivc Aqy ivvhwrk p`Dr 'qy pMjwb dy smu`cy
iv`ØidAk Aqy pRSwSink AdwirAW, srkwrI d&qrW, AdwlqW, hspqwlW Awid sB QwvW 'qy
nw kyvl mW-bolI pMjwbI dI AxdyKI kIqI jw rhI hY sgoN ies dI QW AMgryzI nUµ pRDwnqw Aqy
v`D mh`qv vI pRdwn kIqw jw irhw hY [
ies nzrIey vwly pMjwbI dy BwSw, swihq, is`ØiKAw Aqy siBAwcwrk icMqkW dw ieh vI
mMnxw hY ik pMjwb Aqy Bwrq dyS AMdr pMjwbI dI pRDwnqw, siqkwr Aqy mwnqw dIAW g`lW
kyvl sMivDwnk Aqy kwgzI hn [ XU.pI.AYs.sI. Aqy pI.pI.AYs.sI. duAwrw leIAW jWdIAW
mukwbly dIAW v`K-v`K pRIiKAwvW ivc is`DWqk p`Dr 'qy ArQwq g`lIN-bwqIN jW kwgzW ivc
BwvyN pMjwbI nUµ brwbr dI mwnqw dyx dI g`l kIqI jWdI hY pr ivvhwrk p`Dr 'qy Aqy AslI
ArQW ivc Aijhw kuJ nhIN hY [ jykr Aijhw huMdw qW inrsMdyh mwqw BwSw pMjwbI nUµ mwiDAm
r`K ky pRIiKAw dyx Aqy pws krn vwly aumIdvwrW dI igxqI Awty ivc lUx brwbr jW poitAW
'qy igxy jwx jogI nhIN sI hoxI [ kihx mwqr nUµ pMjwbI, pMjwb dI rwj BwSw hY pr Asl
siQqI ieh hY ik v`K-v`K srkwrI d&qrW, iv`ØidAk Aqy pRSwSink AdwirAW, hspqwlW,
AdwlqW Awid ivc bhuqw kMm-kwj AMgryzI ivc ho irhw hY [ kcihrIAW ivc vkIl AMgryzI
ivc muk`dmy lVdy hn, j`j AMgryzI ivc &Ysly suxwauNdy hn [ ies sB kwsy dOrwn inAW lYx
dI cwhvwn iDr Aqy mujrm lok hYrwnI, hIxqw, pyRSwnI Aqy inrwSqw dy Awlm ivc ibtribtr aunHW v`l q`kdy hn, kuJ vI smJ nw pYx krky Awpxy Awp 'qy JUrdy hn [ iehI hwl swfy
hspqwlW dw hY [ pMjwbI jwxn vwly bhuigxqI mrIzW nUµ fwktr dI BwSw smJ nhIN AwauNdI [
hYrwnI dI g`l hY ik ie`k pwsy qW swfIAW srkwrW Aqy swfy rwjnIqk nyqw jwxkwrI dy
AiDkwr dy qihq pwrdrSqw dy dmgjy mwrdy hn pr ijs BwSw ivc fwktr, j`j, vkIl Aqy
hor A&sr lok boldy, ilKdy jW jwxkwrI idMdy hn, bhu-igxqI lokW dy isr dy au~qoN dI lMG
jWdI hY [ ieh ie`k gMBIr B`KvW mslw hY [ iesdy smiv`Q pMjwb dI mu`FlI/pRwiemrI, imfl,
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hweI, +2 q`k dI skUlI is`ØiKAw Aqy AglyrI aucyrI is`ØiKAw dy Kyqr ivc pMjwbI dI jo
durgqI ho rhI hY, auh ies sm`ØisAw qoN vI ikqy v`D buinAwdI Aqy nwzuk mslw hY [
iv`ØidAk swl 1998-99 qoN lY ky hux q`k ij`Qy pMjwb dy srkwrI skUlW ivc pihlI
jmwq qoN pMjwbI dy nwl-nwl AMgryzI nUµ lwzmI ivSy vjoN pVHwaux dw islslw bdsqUr jwrI
hY, au`Qy ie`Qy siQq v`fI igxqI pRweIvyt skUlW, ivSyS krky pMjwb skUl is`ØiKAw borf dI QW
sYNtrl iv`ØidAk AdwirAW (sI.bI. AYs.eI., AweI.sI.AYs.eI. Awid) nwl juVy pRweIvyt skUlW
ivc pMjwbI dI QW nw kyvl is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAm hI AMgryzI hY sgoN bdnIqI ADIn pMjwbI nUµ
ie`k lwzmI ivSy vjoN pihlI jmwq qoN pVHwaux dy pMjwb srkwr dy hukm nUµ vI Awny-bhwny
mMnxoN ienkwr kIqw jWdw hY [ is`Øty vjoN ienHW pRweIvyt skUlW AMdr pMjwbI nUµ pihlI jmwq qoN
lwzmI ivSy vjoN pVHwaux dI QW qIsrI jW pMjvIN qoN dsvIN q`k ie`k AwpSnl ivSy vjoN, auh
vI bVy A`DmMny mn nwl pVHwey jwx dw Aisrjxwqmk ruJwn c`l irhw hY, jo ik ie`k pRkwr
nwl is`Dw-is`Dw srkwr dy &YsilAW nUµ nw mMnx Aqy mwq-BwSw nwl dgw kmwaux vwlw
kwrj hY [ ‘AwpixAW dy mYN ig`ty BMnW, cuMmW pYr prwieAW dy’ AKwx ivcly v`fy lok-s`c AnurUp
ieh AwpxI BwSw (pMjwbI) nUµ A`KoN proKy krky AMgryzI (ivdySI BwSw) nUµ A`KW 'qy ibTwaux vwlw
nWh-p`KI ruJwn hY [
qulnwqmk p`Dr 'qy pRclq cwlU ruJwn dy dbdby Anuswr Aqy sqhI nzry vyiKAW BwvyN
pihlI iksm dw ivcwr vI AwpxI QW TIk jwpdw hY pr jykr AsIN ies sqhI, A`Dy-ADUry Aqy
Bwrimk s`c nUµ mukMml s`c mMn leIey qW h`Qlw Koj prcw ilKx Aqy dUsrI pRkwr dy ivcwrW dy
ivAwiKAw-ivSlySx dw koeI mqlb Aqy mMqv nhIN rih jWdw [ drAsl pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI
BwSw dI siQqI bwry pyS pihlI iksm dy inpt isDWqk Aqy sMivDwnk (kwgzI) ivcwrW dy
mukwbly dUjI iksm dy ivcwr v`D ivhwrk, fUMGy Aqy AslIAq dy nyVHy hn [ ieh pihlI Dwrnw
vWg pyqly Aqy sqhI hox qoN ielwvw iksy A`Dy-ADUry jW Bwrimk s`c 'qy AwDwirq vI nhIN
hn [ pihlI rwie ieh mMndI hY ik pMjwb ivc Awm lokweI pMjwbI boldI hY, ArQwq lokW dI
Awm bol-cwl dI BwSw pMjwbI hY [ inrsMdyh ieh kQn s`c hY pr ies dy nwl nwl ieh mMnxw
ik is`ØiKAw Aqy smu`cy srkwrI qMqr dw mwiDAm pMjwbI hY, ieh ie`k AMSk s`c hY [ isAwixAW
dw kQn hY ik JUT dy mukwbly ADUrw s`c, s`c dw Brm/BulyKw jW Bwrimk s`c v`D Kqrnwk Aqy
ivnwSk huMdw hY [ gurbwxI Bwrimk s`c jW Brm nUµ mwieAw dw nW idMdI hY [ Bwrimk s`c jW
Brm (Illusion) auh huMdw hY jo jwpdw qW s`c hY pr huMdw korw JUT hY [ AjokI ivaupwrk
ieSiqhwrbwzI dI ivAwkrn AnurUp ievyN vI ikhw jw skdw hY ik JUT, k`c jW glq nUµ s`c,
p`k Aqy TIk dy mulMmy nwl auproN-auuproN eynw ruSnwieAw, ilSkwieAw, duhrwieAw Aqy idlkS
bxwieAw jWdw hY ik vyKx vwilAW nUµ BulyKyv`s ieh s`c hI jwpdw hY [
pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI dI siQqI bwry pyS donoN socDwrwvW dI qulnwqmk p`Dr 'qy kIqI
auprokq fUMGI GoK-pVqwl qoN spSt hY ik dUsrI socDwrw ivc pyS ivcwr, pihlI ivcly
Bwrimk s`c (Hyper Reality) dy mukwbly AslIAq (Reality) jW AslI qsvIr nUµ pyS krn
vwly hn [ ieh ies q`Q nUµ puSt krdy hn ik pMjwb AMdr mwq-BwSw pMjwbI dI hyTI, AxdyKI,
durgqI jW bykdrI lgwqwr ho rhI hY Aqy ies gMBIr msly nUµ pMjwbI icMqkW duAwrw aucc
y y qOr 'qy
sMjIdgI nwl ivcwry jwx dI s^q loV hY [ ies pRsMg ivc ivcwrn Aqy smJxXog buinAwdI
nukqw ieh vI hY ik pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI zubwn dI bykdrI jW ies pRqI glq phuc
M dI jo AvsQw
bxI hoeI hY, ies dy ie`k nhIN sgoN AnykW Tos kwrx hn [ ijs krky ieh ie`k iekihrI pRkwr dI
sm`ØisAw nw ho ky, ie`k bhu-prqI ArQwq jitl sm`ØisAw bx cu`kI hY [ jdoN q`k AsIN ies dy
mwq-BwSw Aqy is`ØiKAw pRqI AsMquilq phuMc : kwrx Aqy is`ty
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kwrxW Aqy ienHW dy mwVHy is`ØitAW jW nqIijAW dw sm`gr Aqy auicq post-mwrtm ArQwq
ivAwiKAw-ivSlySx nhIN krWgy, ies gMBIr msly dw h`l l`Bxw sMBv nhIN hovygw [ ies p`KoN
swfy Koj prcy dw Aglw swrw ih`sw ies v`fI sm`ØisAw dy mUl kwrxW, iehnW dy nqIijAW Aqy
is`ØitAW nUµ ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc smJx-smJwaux
u dy aucry y mMqv nUµ smripq hovg
y w[
pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI dI hyTI, bykdrI Aqy AxdyKI dw sB qoN v`fw Aqy buinAwdI kwrx,
AwpxI BwSw Aqy siBAwcwr pRqI bhu-igxqI pMjwbIAW dy mnW AMdr fUMGw DisAw hIxqw dw
Bwv hY [ hIxqw dw ieh Bwv ie`kdm pYdw nhIN hoieAw [ ies hIx Bwvnw dIAW jVHW bVIAW
gihrIAW Aqy pycIdw hn [ iesdw Awpxw ie`k lMmw ieiqhws hY [ sdIAW qoN swfw dyS pihlW
muZlW Aqy iPr AMgryzW dw gulwm irhw hY [ hr hmlwvr kOm dy Swqr hwkmW dI ieh nIqI jW
bdnIqI huMdI hY ik auh ADIn lokW nUµ mwnisk Aqy bOiDk p`Dr 'qy gulwm bxwaux leI lMmy
dwA dI Xojnw qihq aunHW dI BwSw Aqy sMsikRqI nUµ niK`D Aqy ausdy mukwbly Awpxy BwSweI
Aqy siBAwcwrk vrqwry nUµ au`cqm swbq krn dw BrvW idl luBwvxw pRwpygMfw krdy hn [
ienHW XqnW ADIn hI muZlW Aqy AMgryzW ny ieslwm Aqy iesweIAq dy pRcwr Aqy
pRswr ih`q bVy Xojnwb`D FMg nwl sQwnk BwSwvW Aqy siBAwcwrW dy iqRskwr dy smiv`Q
ArbI-&wrsI Aqy AMgryzI BwSw dw PYlwE kIqw [ BwrqIAW nUµ aunHW dy mUl siBAwcwrW nwloN
qoVn Aqy Awpo-Awpxy siBAwcwrW nwl joVn ih`q ivdySI hukmrwnW ny ArbI-&wrsI, aurdU
Aqy AMgryzI dy pRcln dw BrpUr Xqn kIqw [ Aijhw aunHW ny ies kwrx kIqw ikauNik auh
BlIBWq jwxdy sn ik koeI vI BwSw mihz sMcwr dw swDn nhIN huMdI sgoN sMbMiDq siBAwcwr
nUµ sunyimq, pyS Aqy pR&uilq krn dw bVw qwkqvr vwhn jW swDn vI huMdI hY [ is`Øty vjoN ij`Qy
ArbI-&wrsI BwSw swmI siBAwcwr nUµ Aqy AMgryzI zubwn p`CmI/XUrpI siBAwcwr nUµ
ivgswaux Aqy PYlwaux dw kwrgr vsIlw bxI, au`Qy ieh swnUµ swfy siBAwcwr nwloN qoVn dw
kwrx vI bxI [
AMgryzW ny ku`l imlw ky 1600 eIsvI qoN lY ky 1947 eIsvI q`k AMdwzn 350 swl swfy
dyS au`pr rwj kIqw Aqy jIvn dy hr p`Dr 'qy swnUµ gulwm bxwaux ivc koeI ksr bwkI nw
C`fI [ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq qoN bwAd pMjwb aùpr AMgryzW dI hkUmq sQwpq hoeI Aqy
auh 1947 q`k swfy aupr rwj krdy rhy [ ies qoN pihlW 1801 qoN lY ky 1839 q`k pMjwb 'qy
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj irhw [ hYrwnI dI g`l hY ik pMjwbI jW is`K rwj khwauNdy ies dOr
ivc vI pMjwbI rwj BwSw nhIN sI [ aus smyN vI aurdU-&wrsI nUµ v`fI qv`jo pRdwn kIqI geI
jdoN ik pMjwbI dI AxdyKI kIqI geI [ sQwnk dysI rwjy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny vI mugl/
ivdySI hwkmW dI qrz 'qy aurdU-&wrsI nUµ hI rwj-kwj dI BwSw bxweI r`Kx nUµ qrjIh id`qI [
iesy lIh 'qy c`lidAW A`goN AMgryzW ny vI aurdU-&wrsI Aqy AMgryzI nUµ hI jwrI r`ØiKAw [
1947 ivc BwvyN swfw smu`cw dyS Aqy pMjwb AMgryzW dy SwSn qoN Awzwd ho igAw pr
AslIAq ieh hY ik AsIN A`j vI mwnisk Aqy bOiDk p`Dr 'qy AMgryz, AMgryzI Aqy AMgryzIAq
dy Zulwm bxy hoey hW [ AsIN kyvl rwjnIqk qOr 'qy hI Awzwd hoey hW [ BwSweI, iv`ØidAk,
bOiDk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`Dr 'qy AsIN Ajy vI p`Cm/XUrp dy gulwm hW; ipCl`g hW [ iesdw
Tos kwrx ieh hY ik swfy dyS dy dysI hukmrwnW ny AMgryjW dy smyN qoN aunHW dy ih`qW dy Anuswr
clI Aw rhI smu`cI pRSwSink, BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrk ivvsQw nUµ nvyN isirauN
isrjx Aqy ivauNqx dy koeI sMjIdw Aqy Xojnwb`D auprwly nhIN kIqy [ AwpxI koeI in`gr Aqy
mOilk BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrk nIqI bxwaux dy suihrd Xqn krn dI QW AsIN
lok hwly q`k swfI mwnisk ZulwmI nUµ p`ky pYrIN krn dy audyS nwl bxweIAW AMgryzW dIAW
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purwxIAW nIqIAW nUµ hI au`pr-Q`ly krky jW QoVHI bhuq soD-suDweI krky jwrI r`Kx dy isry dy
pRiqBw mwrU Aqy kMm-clwaU Aisrjxwqmk Awhr ivc glqwn hW [ is`Øty vjoN AsIN AwpxI
mwq-BwSw nUµ aus dI bxdI QW dyxoN pUrI qrHW Asmr`Q rhy hW [
ies Avyslypx, AXogqw Aqy AsmrQw dw A`goN suBwvk ijhw nqIjw ieh inkilAw hY
ik A`j swfy dyS nUµ Awzwd hoieAW BwvyN lgBg 69 swl guzr cu`ky hn pr swfI kOm dw smu`cw
S^sI, bOiDk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`Dr auqWh au`Tx dI QW sgoN inrMqr inGwr v`l jw irhw hY [
Ajoky pUMjIvwdI dOr AMdr AsIN pdwrQk qOr 'qy BwvyN AmIr Aqy su`K-shUlqW nwl BrpUr hoey
hW pr bOiDk, ie^lwkI Aqy Awqimk p`Dr 'qy AsIN burI qrHW KwlI-KwlI Aqy kMgwl huMdy jw rhy
hW [ Awpxy mUl, AwpxI BwSw, AwpxIAW prMprwvW nwloN tu`t ky AsIN AwpxI mOilkqw gvw
leI hY [ ies pRsMg ivc swfy leI smJx vwlI buinAwdI g`l ieh hY ik A`j jykr AsIN BwrqI
Aqy pMjwbI lok iksy smyN AMgryzW dIAW bsqIAW rih cuk
` y qIjI dunIAW dy hor AnykW ivkwsSIl
khwauNdy dySW ivc vsdIAW kOmW vWg jIvn dy hr Kyqr ivc p`Cm dI AMDwDuMd nkl krn dI
pRivrqI Aqy ivSvIkrn dI pRikirAw kwrx Awpo-AwpxI invyklI BwSweI Aqy siBAwcwrk
pihcwx nUµ l`g rhy Kory dw duSvwrIAW BrpUr sMqwp hMFw rhy hW qW ies sB kwsy leI mùK qOr 'qy
bsqIvwdI lIhW 'qy ausirAw swfw gulwm mn izMmyvwr hY [
bsqIvwd qoN rwjnIqk p`Dr 'qy mukqI pRwpq kr lYx auprMq AsIN hwly vI mwnisk
qOr 'qy AMgryzI Aqy AMgryzIAq dy gulwm hW [ swfy bsqIvwdI mn (Colonized Mind) nUµ Ajy
vI iehI BulyKw hY ik swfI AwpxI mwq-BwSw Aqy swfy Awpxy siBAwcwr dy mukwbly AMgryzI
zubwn (Global Language) Aqy AMgryzIAq (Global Culture) hI srvoqm hY [ swfy ivcoN
bhuiqAW nUµ ie`k bhuq v`fw Brm ieh hY ik swfw hr pRkwr dw Aglyrw ivkws kyvl Aqy kyvl
AMgryzI pVHn nwl hI sMBv hY [ swfIAW swrIAW sm`ØisAwvW ivSyS krky nOjvwnW nUµ drpyS
byruzgwrI dI sm`ØisAw dw h`l Aqy cMgIAW nOkrIAW dI sMBwvnw AMgryzI bolx Aqy pVHnilKx qoN ibnW iblkul vI sMBv nhIN hY [
ies Bwrimk soc dw nqIjw ieh hoieAw hY ik AsIN A`j vI AMgryzI BwSw, p`CmI/XUrpI
igAwn Aqy siBAwcwr dI nkl krn dI mwnisk ZulwmI dw iSkwr hW [ auproN vwDw ieh
hoieAw hY ik Ajoky dOr ivc c`l rhy Gor pdwrQvwd, ivAkqIvwd, Kpqvwd, Ku`lHI mMfI,
ivSvIkrn dy vrqwry Aqy inpt vpwrk soc ny pihlW qoN hI cly Aw rhy ies Aisrjxwqmk
bsqIvwdI ruJwn nUµ hor vI iq`Kw Aqy p`ky pYrIN kr id`qw hY [ 1947 qoN bwAd swfy kOmI Aqy
sUbweI hukmrwnW Aqy aunHW dy JolI cu`k qQwkiQq bu`DIjIvIAW ny ijs FMg nwl is`ØiKAw dy
Kyqr ivc k`cGrV, kMm clwaU Aqy cwlU ruJwn vwlIAW nIqIAW Apxw ky sucyq jW Acyq
p`Dr 'qy mwqw-BwSw dI QW AMgryzI BwSw nUµ byloVw mh`qv pRdwn krn dw rwh ApxwieAw hY,
ausdy koeI lwhyvMdy is`Øty nhIN inkly [
aultw ies nwl siQqI sgoN hor vI vDyry jitl Aqy bdqr hoeI hY [ swfy auh qQwkiQq
nyqw, is`ØiKAw-vyqw Aqy Awm lok ijhVy mwq-BwSw Aqy rwStrI BwSw dw iqRskwr krky
AMgryzI pVHn-pVHwaux dy mgr h`Q Do ky pey hoey hn drAsl ie`k bhuq v`fy BulyKy dw iSkwr
hn [ AMgryzI pRqI aulwrpx ArQwq glq phuc
M kwrx auh AMgryzI nUµ is`ØiKAw pRdwn krn dw
ie`k mwiDAm mMnx dI QW sgoN ie`k pRkwr dw igAwn hI mMnIN bYTy hn [ aunHW nUµ ieh nhIN pqw
ik koeI vI BwSw Awpxy Awp ivc igAwn nhIN huMdI sgoN igAwn Arijq krn dw kyvl
vsIlw hI huMdI hY [ auh mnu`K jo pOVI (swDn) nUµ hI mMizl (swDX) mMn lvy, ausdw mMizl 'qy
phuMcxw AsMBv hY [
mwq-BwSw Aqy is`ØiKAw pRqI AsMquilq phuMc : kwrx Aqy is`ty
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Aijhy lokW nUµ ie`k hor BulyKw ieh vI hY ik AMgryzI BwSw dy mwiDAm rwhIN pRwpq kIqI
geI iksy vI ivSy dI pVHweI nwl nw kyvl smwijk ruqbw hI au~cw huMdw hY sgoN sMbMiDq ivSy
ivc muhwrq vI izAwdw pRwpq huMdI hY Aqy ruzgwr dy mOky vI vDyry aupl`bD huMdy hn [ ies
vihm ivcoN ie`k hor vihm ieh vI aupjdw hY ik Ajoky ivSvIkrn dy dOr ivc AMgryzI BwSw dy
igAwn qoN ibnW guzwrw hI nhIN ho skdw ArQwq ruzgwr iml hI nhIN skdw [ ieh JUT jW
vihm mobwiel kMpnIAW duAwrw Awpxy mobwiel Pon vycx ih`q v`fy p`Dr 'qy PYlwey aus vihm
Aqy DuMdlky (luBwvxy Aqy guMmrwhkuMn ieSiqhwr) vrgw hY ijs duAwrw auh “mobwiel hY qo
lweI& hY” jW “AYn AweIfIAw kYn cyz XUAr lweI&” dw DUMAWDwr pRcwr kridAW ie`k ingUxy
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ieh jcwaux ivc kwmXwb irhw hY ik mobwiel qoN ibnW aunHW dw jIvn ADUrw hY [ ie`k byloVI
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JMfw-brdwrW ny AMgryzI zubwn nUµ vI swfy leI bVI v`fI loV bxw id`qw hY[ siQqIAW dw v`fw
duKdweI pihlU ieh hY ik ivSvIkrn, Kul
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ieh TIk hY ik qknIk dI p`Dr 'qy nvyN Xu`g dy hwxI bxn leI Aqy AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr
'qy Ku`lH ky ivcrx leI iksy mnu`K nUµ kMipaUtr Aqy mwq-BwSw qoN ielwvw hor AnykW BwSwvW
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skrmk kOmI cyqnw nwl pRxweI hoeI koeI Xojnwb`D BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrk
nIqI GVn dI QW swfy AOsq bu`D nyqw lokW ivc Awm pRcilq pr glq ruJwn nUµ inpt
XQwrQk p`Dr 'qy nij`TidAW ies nUµ rokx dI QW sgoN hor hvw dyx vwlIAW Aqy votrW nUµ
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GVn Aqy lwgU krn dy Aisrjxwqmk Awhr ivc ruJy hoey hn [
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Aqy in`jI vpwrk GrwixAW nUµ hI pRdwn kr rhy hn [ smJx vwlI buinAwdI g`l ieh hY ik
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hoxw AsMBv hY [ ievyN hI AMgryzI BwSw dy pRBwv Q`ly swfy siBAwcwr AMdr ijs pRkwr 'AMkl'
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nwmwvlI Aqy pihcwx nUµ Korw lwieAw hY sgoN ienHW ivclI vMn-suvMnI in`GI Coh Aqy KuSbo nUµ
vI v`fw nukswn phuMcwieAw hY [ kihx qoN Bwv ieh hY ik rwjnyqwvW v`loN mwq-BwSw Aqy
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iv`ØidAw ijhy Aihm, nwzuk Aqy ivAwpk pRBwvW vwly mu`dy sMbMDI kOmI cyqnw vwlI
sm`gr qyj`svI smJ qoN ivhUxy Aqy pRiqmwnW Aqy AwdrSW qoN tu`ty inpt XQwrQk p`Dr 'qy ley
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sgoN hor vI sMGxIAW ho jwxgIAW [
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AMgryzI nhIN sgoN auQoN dIAW sQwnk BwSwvW hn[ bhuq hI A&sos dI g`l hY ik sMswr dIAW
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AslI ArQW ivc qr`kI kr skWgy [
hvwly Aqy it`pxIAW :
1.
suiKMdr : qU&wn dIAW jVHW ivc, iltrycr hwaUs AMimRqsr, 1985, pMnw 18
2.
kpUr, nirMdr isMMG, AMqr Jwq, lokgIq pRkwSn, cMfIgVH, 1999, pMnw 42
3.
Anand V. K. : Quantity outplaces Quality in growth of Universities, The Tribune (Education
Edition), Dated 23-07-2013, page 12
²
mwq-BwSw Aqy is`ØiKAw pRqI AsMquilq phuMc : kwrx Aqy is`ty
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[email protected]
[email protected]
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ISSN : 2395-1273
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2016